Cellular and Molecular Responses to Endocrine-Modulators and the Impact on Fish Reproduction
Identifieur interne : 001256 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001255; suivant : 001257Cellular and Molecular Responses to Endocrine-Modulators and the Impact on Fish Reproduction
Auteurs : Augustine ArukweSource :
- Marine Pollution Bulletin [ 0025-326X ] ; 2001.
Abstract
Anthropogenic chemicals in the aquatic environment are known to cause reproductive disturbances in vertebrate and invertebrate organisms, by interfering with the endocrine systems. Laboratory-based in vivo and in vitro studies have indicated that several of the anthropogenic and other naturally occurring chemicals in the environment can cause adverse reproductive effects. Various definite or possible reproductive abnormalities caused by endocrine disruption have been identified, but in majority of the reported cases, it is not known whether adverse effects have occurred in the population level of biological organization. Disruption of the hormonal functions in fish may have effects on a number of events, including sexual maturation, gamete production and transport, sexual behaviour, fertility, gestation, lactation or modifications in other functions that are dependent on the integrity of the reproductive system. Although several reproductive effects have been reported, but the degree of causality established between the abnormalities observed and exposure to particular chemicals is variable, and understanding of the mechanism(s) is limited. Fishes are a vital source of proteins and lipids for humans and domestic animals, forming the basis for economically important fisheries and aquaculture. Large efforts have recently been devoted to dissect the mechanisms of action of xenobiotics in aquatic species, with the ultimate aim of detecting, controlling and possibly intervening in chemical exposure and its effects on the aquatic ecosystem and humans. In this context, we ought to be concerned with the health and safety of aquatic species per se, as well as a resource for human needs.
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DOI: 10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00062-5
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>Cellular and Molecular Responses to Endocrine-Modulators and the Impact on Fish Reproduction</title><author><name sortKey="Arukwe, Augustine" sort="Arukwe, Augustine" uniqKey="Arukwe A" first="Augustine" last="Arukwe">Augustine Arukwe</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, HIB, P.O. Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: augustine.arukwe@mbi.uib.no</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:4F98EB020969793740F97C512FC6566F5A47AF93</idno><date when="2001" year="2001">2001</date><idno type="doi">10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00062-5</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/4F98EB020969793740F97C512FC6566F5A47AF93/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001256</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001256</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a">Cellular and Molecular Responses to Endocrine-Modulators and the Impact on Fish Reproduction</title><author><name sortKey="Arukwe, Augustine" sort="Arukwe, Augustine" uniqKey="Arukwe A" first="Augustine" last="Arukwe">Augustine Arukwe</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, HIB, P.O. Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: augustine.arukwe@mbi.uib.no</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Marine Pollution Bulletin</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">MPB</title><idno type="ISSN">0025-326X</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2001">2001</date><biblScope unit="volume">42</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">8</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="643">643</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="655">655</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0025-326X</idno></series><idno type="istex">4F98EB020969793740F97C512FC6566F5A47AF93</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00062-5</idno><idno type="PII">S0025-326X(01)00062-5</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0025-326X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Anthropogenic chemicals in the aquatic environment are known to cause reproductive disturbances in vertebrate and invertebrate organisms, by interfering with the endocrine systems. Laboratory-based in vivo and in vitro studies have indicated that several of the anthropogenic and other naturally occurring chemicals in the environment can cause adverse reproductive effects. Various definite or possible reproductive abnormalities caused by endocrine disruption have been identified, but in majority of the reported cases, it is not known whether adverse effects have occurred in the population level of biological organization. Disruption of the hormonal functions in fish may have effects on a number of events, including sexual maturation, gamete production and transport, sexual behaviour, fertility, gestation, lactation or modifications in other functions that are dependent on the integrity of the reproductive system. Although several reproductive effects have been reported, but the degree of causality established between the abnormalities observed and exposure to particular chemicals is variable, and understanding of the mechanism(s) is limited. Fishes are a vital source of proteins and lipids for humans and domestic animals, forming the basis for economically important fisheries and aquaculture. Large efforts have recently been devoted to dissect the mechanisms of action of xenobiotics in aquatic species, with the ultimate aim of detecting, controlling and possibly intervening in chemical exposure and its effects on the aquatic ecosystem and humans. In this context, we ought to be concerned with the health and safety of aquatic species per se, as well as a resource for human needs.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Augustine Arukwe</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, HIB, P.O. Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway</json:string><json:string>E-mail: augustine.arukwe@mbi.uib.no</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>biological effects</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>cellular and molecular responses</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>endocrine-modulators</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>fish</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>reproduction</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>Full-length article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Anthropogenic chemicals in the aquatic environment are known to cause reproductive disturbances in vertebrate and invertebrate organisms, by interfering with the endocrine systems. Laboratory-based in vivo and in vitro studies have indicated that several of the anthropogenic and other naturally occurring chemicals in the environment can cause adverse reproductive effects. Various definite or possible reproductive abnormalities caused by endocrine disruption have been identified, but in majority of the reported cases, it is not known whether adverse effects have occurred in the population level of biological organization. Disruption of the hormonal functions in fish may have effects on a number of events, including sexual maturation, gamete production and transport, sexual behaviour, fertility, gestation, lactation or modifications in other functions that are dependent on the integrity of the reproductive system. Although several reproductive effects have been reported, but the degree of causality established between the abnormalities observed and exposure to particular chemicals is variable, and understanding of the mechanism(s) is limited. Fishes are a vital source of proteins and lipids for humans and domestic animals, forming the basis for economically important fisheries and aquaculture. Large efforts have recently been devoted to dissect the mechanisms of action of xenobiotics in aquatic species, with the ultimate aim of detecting, controlling and possibly intervening in chemical exposure and its effects on the aquatic ecosystem and humans. In this context, we ought to be concerned with the health and safety of aquatic species per se, as well as a resource for human needs.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.964</score><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>595 x 842 pts (A4)</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>5</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1706</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>9280</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>61239</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>13</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>247</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Cellular and Molecular Responses to Endocrine-Modulators and the Impact on Fish Reproduction</title><pii><json:string>S0025-326X(01)00062-5</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>42</volume><pii><json:string>S0025-326X(00)X0088-4</json:string></pii><pages><last>655</last><first>643</first></pages><issn><json:string>0025-326X</json:string></issn><issue>8</issue><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Marine Pollution Bulletin</title><publicationDate>2001</publicationDate></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>marine & freshwater biology</json:string><json:string>environmental sciences</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>natural sciences</json:string><json:string>biology</json:string><json:string>marine biology & hydrobiology</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2001</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2001</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00062-5</json:string></doi><id>4F98EB020969793740F97C512FC6566F5A47AF93</id><score>0.016667139</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/4F98EB020969793740F97C512FC6566F5A47AF93/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/4F98EB020969793740F97C512FC6566F5A47AF93/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/4F98EB020969793740F97C512FC6566F5A47AF93/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a">Cellular and Molecular Responses to Endocrine-Modulators and the Impact on Fish Reproduction</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>©2001 Elsevier Science Ltd</p></availability><date>2001</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content">Fig. 1: Schematic pathways of maturation/reproductive stimulation (+) and inhibition (−), consisting of factors or substances which regulate structures or behaviours in adult teleost fish. GnRH = gonadotropin releasing hormone; GtH = gonadotropin I and II; Vtg and Zrp=vitellogenin and Zr-proteins, respectively.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Simplified schematic representation of estradiol-17β (E2) stimulated zonagenesis and vitellogenesis (eggshell zona radiata proteins and egg yolk protein precursor, vitellogenin, respectively, their secretion and transport in blood to the ovary and thier uptake into maturing oocytes) in female teleosts. Number indicates individual steps: (1) E2 produced by the ovarian follicular cells in response to GtH I enters the cell by diffusion and retained in target cells by high affinity binding to a specific steroid-receptor protein (such as the E2 -receptor, ER); (2) The hormone-receptor complex binds tightly in the nucleus at estrogen responsive elements (ERE) located upstream of, or within the estrogen-responsive genes in DNA and results in the activation or enhanced transcription of Vtg genes (and possibly Zr-protein genes) and subsequent increase and stabilization of Vtg messenger RNA (mRNA). At present, ERE for zona radiata protein genes have not been identified in fish. Given the speculation that different EREs on the DNA may be temporarily masked by associated proteins, thus resulting in sequential or partial induction of various estrogenic responses (Ruh et al., 1988), it is possible that there may be subtle differences in the responsive elements for Zrp and Vtg; (3) Zrp and (4) Vtg precursors are modified extensively in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER); (5) modified Zr-protein and (6) Vtg are secreted into the serum for transport to the ovary.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Structures of different naturally occurring and industrial estrogenic chemicals.</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Immunochemical analysis using indirect ELISA with homologous antisera against Atlantic salmon zona radiata proteins (Zr-proteins) and vitellogenin (Vtg) from control juvenile salmon or after 4-week exposure to 1%, 10% and 50% mixture of oil refinery treamnent plant (ORTP) effluent. Data are given as mean ELISA absorbance values (492 nm) ± SD (n=6 per treatment group). Data were log-transformed before analysis using Dunnett's tests for comparison with control group. *p<0.001;**p<0.0001. Reproduced with permission from Arukwe et al. (1997a).</note><note type="content">Fig. 5: Visualization of the sequential order by which endocrine modulators and other environmental agents affect the reproductive health and survival of aquatic wildlife populations. Effects at higher levels are normally preceded by changes in the `earlier' biological processes, allowing the development of screening tests for early warning signals of effects at `later' response level. Modified from Campbell and Hutchinson (1998).</note><note type="content">Table 1: Classes of environmental estrogens.a</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a">Cellular and Molecular Responses to Endocrine-Modulators and the Impact on Fish Reproduction</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Augustine</forename><surname>Arukwe</surname></persName><email>augustine.arukwe@mbi.uib.no</email><note type="biography">Tel.: +47-55-584257; fax: +47-55-584373</note><affiliation>Tel.: +47-55-584257; fax: +47-55-584373</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, HIB, P.O. Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Marine Pollution Bulletin</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">MPB</title><idno type="pISSN">0025-326X</idno><idno type="PII">S0025-326X(00)X0088-4</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2001"></date><biblScope unit="volume">42</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">8</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="643">643</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="655">655</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">4F98EB020969793740F97C512FC6566F5A47AF93</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00062-5</idno><idno type="PII">S0025-326X(01)00062-5</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2001</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Anthropogenic chemicals in the aquatic environment are known to cause reproductive disturbances in vertebrate and invertebrate organisms, by interfering with the endocrine systems. Laboratory-based in vivo and in vitro studies have indicated that several of the anthropogenic and other naturally occurring chemicals in the environment can cause adverse reproductive effects. Various definite or possible reproductive abnormalities caused by endocrine disruption have been identified, but in majority of the reported cases, it is not known whether adverse effects have occurred in the population level of biological organization. Disruption of the hormonal functions in fish may have effects on a number of events, including sexual maturation, gamete production and transport, sexual behaviour, fertility, gestation, lactation or modifications in other functions that are dependent on the integrity of the reproductive system. Although several reproductive effects have been reported, but the degree of causality established between the abnormalities observed and exposure to particular chemicals is variable, and understanding of the mechanism(s) is limited. Fishes are a vital source of proteins and lipids for humans and domestic animals, forming the basis for economically important fisheries and aquaculture. Large efforts have recently been devoted to dissect the mechanisms of action of xenobiotics in aquatic species, with the ultimate aim of detecting, controlling and possibly intervening in chemical exposure and its effects on the aquatic ecosystem and humans. In this context, we ought to be concerned with the health and safety of aquatic species per se, as well as a resource for human needs.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>biological effects</term></item><item><term>cellular and molecular responses</term></item><item><term>endocrine-modulators</term></item><item><term>fish</term></item><item><term>reproduction</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2001">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/4F98EB020969793740F97C512FC6566F5A47AF93/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: ce:floats; body; tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr1" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr1"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr2" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr2"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr3" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr3"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr4" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr4"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr5" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr5"></istex:entity></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla"><item-info><jid>MPB</jid><aid>1657</aid><ce:pii>S0025-326X(01)00062-5</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00062-5</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="full-transfer" year="2001">Elsevier Science Ltd</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:title>Cellular and Molecular Responses to Endocrine-Modulators and the Impact on Fish Reproduction</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>Augustine</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Arukwe</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="CORR1">*</ce:cross-ref><ce:e-address>augustine.arukwe@mbi.uib.no</ce:e-address></ce:author><ce:affiliation><ce:textfn>Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, HIB, P.O. Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="CORR1"><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:text>Tel.: +47-55-584257; fax: +47-55-584373</ce:text></ce:correspondence></ce:author-group><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>Anthropogenic chemicals in the aquatic environment are known to cause reproductive disturbances in vertebrate and invertebrate organisms, by interfering with the endocrine systems. Laboratory-based <ce:italic>in vivo</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>in vitro</ce:italic> studies have indicated that several of the anthropogenic and other naturally occurring chemicals in the environment can cause adverse reproductive effects. Various definite or possible reproductive abnormalities caused by endocrine disruption have been identified, but in majority of the reported cases, it is not known whether adverse effects have occurred in the population level of biological organization. Disruption of the hormonal functions in fish may have effects on a number of events, including sexual maturation, gamete production and transport, sexual behaviour, fertility, gestation, lactation or modifications in other functions that are dependent on the integrity of the reproductive system. Although several reproductive effects have been reported, but the degree of causality established between the abnormalities observed and exposure to particular chemicals is variable, and understanding of the mechanism(s) is limited. Fishes are a vital source of proteins and lipids for humans and domestic animals, forming the basis for economically important fisheries and aquaculture. Large efforts have recently been devoted to dissect the mechanisms of action of xenobiotics in aquatic species, with the ultimate aim of detecting, controlling and possibly intervening in chemical exposure and its effects on the aquatic ecosystem and humans. In this context, we ought to be concerned with the health and safety of aquatic species per se, as well as a resource for human needs.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords class="keyword"><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>biological effects</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>cellular and molecular responses</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>endocrine-modulators</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>fish</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>reproduction</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>Cellular and Molecular Responses to Endocrine-Modulators and the Impact on Fish Reproduction</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>Cellular and Molecular Responses to Endocrine-Modulators and the Impact on Fish Reproduction</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Augustine</namePart><namePart type="family">Arukwe</namePart><affiliation>Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, HIB, P.O. Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: augustine.arukwe@mbi.uib.no</affiliation><description>Tel.: +47-55-584257; fax: +47-55-584373</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2001</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2001</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Anthropogenic chemicals in the aquatic environment are known to cause reproductive disturbances in vertebrate and invertebrate organisms, by interfering with the endocrine systems. Laboratory-based in vivo and in vitro studies have indicated that several of the anthropogenic and other naturally occurring chemicals in the environment can cause adverse reproductive effects. Various definite or possible reproductive abnormalities caused by endocrine disruption have been identified, but in majority of the reported cases, it is not known whether adverse effects have occurred in the population level of biological organization. Disruption of the hormonal functions in fish may have effects on a number of events, including sexual maturation, gamete production and transport, sexual behaviour, fertility, gestation, lactation or modifications in other functions that are dependent on the integrity of the reproductive system. Although several reproductive effects have been reported, but the degree of causality established between the abnormalities observed and exposure to particular chemicals is variable, and understanding of the mechanism(s) is limited. Fishes are a vital source of proteins and lipids for humans and domestic animals, forming the basis for economically important fisheries and aquaculture. Large efforts have recently been devoted to dissect the mechanisms of action of xenobiotics in aquatic species, with the ultimate aim of detecting, controlling and possibly intervening in chemical exposure and its effects on the aquatic ecosystem and humans. In this context, we ought to be concerned with the health and safety of aquatic species per se, as well as a resource for human needs.</abstract><note type="content">Fig. 1: Schematic pathways of maturation/reproductive stimulation (+) and inhibition (−), consisting of factors or substances which regulate structures or behaviours in adult teleost fish. GnRH = gonadotropin releasing hormone; GtH = gonadotropin I and II; Vtg and Zrp=vitellogenin and Zr-proteins, respectively.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Simplified schematic representation of estradiol-17β (E2) stimulated zonagenesis and vitellogenesis (eggshell zona radiata proteins and egg yolk protein precursor, vitellogenin, respectively, their secretion and transport in blood to the ovary and thier uptake into maturing oocytes) in female teleosts. Number indicates individual steps: (1) E2 produced by the ovarian follicular cells in response to GtH I enters the cell by diffusion and retained in target cells by high affinity binding to a specific steroid-receptor protein (such as the E2 -receptor, ER); (2) The hormone-receptor complex binds tightly in the nucleus at estrogen responsive elements (ERE) located upstream of, or within the estrogen-responsive genes in DNA and results in the activation or enhanced transcription of Vtg genes (and possibly Zr-protein genes) and subsequent increase and stabilization of Vtg messenger RNA (mRNA). At present, ERE for zona radiata protein genes have not been identified in fish. Given the speculation that different EREs on the DNA may be temporarily masked by associated proteins, thus resulting in sequential or partial induction of various estrogenic responses (Ruh et al., 1988), it is possible that there may be subtle differences in the responsive elements for Zrp and Vtg; (3) Zrp and (4) Vtg precursors are modified extensively in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER); (5) modified Zr-protein and (6) Vtg are secreted into the serum for transport to the ovary.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Structures of different naturally occurring and industrial estrogenic chemicals.</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Immunochemical analysis using indirect ELISA with homologous antisera against Atlantic salmon zona radiata proteins (Zr-proteins) and vitellogenin (Vtg) from control juvenile salmon or after 4-week exposure to 1%, 10% and 50% mixture of oil refinery treamnent plant (ORTP) effluent. Data are given as mean ELISA absorbance values (492 nm) ± SD (n=6 per treatment group). Data were log-transformed before analysis using Dunnett's tests for comparison with control group. *p<0.001;**p<0.0001. Reproduced with permission from Arukwe et al. (1997a).</note><note type="content">Fig. 5: Visualization of the sequential order by which endocrine modulators and other environmental agents affect the reproductive health and survival of aquatic wildlife populations. Effects at higher levels are normally preceded by changes in the `earlier' biological processes, allowing the development of screening tests for early warning signals of effects at `later' response level. Modified from Campbell and Hutchinson (1998).</note><note type="content">Table 1: Classes of environmental estrogens.a</note><subject><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>biological effects</topic><topic>cellular and molecular responses</topic><topic>endocrine-modulators</topic><topic>fish</topic><topic>reproduction</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Marine Pollution Bulletin</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>MPB</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">200108</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0025-326X</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0025-326X(00)X0088-4</identifier><part><date>200108</date><detail type="volume"><number>42</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>8</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>EX1</start><end>EX2</end></extent><extent unit="issue pages"><start>621</start><end>702</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>643</start><end>655</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">4F98EB020969793740F97C512FC6566F5A47AF93</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00062-5</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0025-326X(01)00062-5</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">©2001 Elsevier Science Ltd</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>ELSEVIER</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Elsevier Science Ltd, ©2001</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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