Identifying patterns of diversity of the actinopterygian fulcra
Identifieur interne : 001213 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001212; suivant : 001214Identifying patterns of diversity of the actinopterygian fulcra
Auteurs : Gloria ArratiaSource :
- Acta Zoologica [ 0001-7272 ] ; 2009-05.
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Abstract
Fin rays, scutes or ridge scales, and fulcra have been traditionally interpreted as modified scales, but their diversity has been almost ignored. Based on results presented here, revised definitions of these elements are provided. At least two patterns of basal fulcra are found in actinopterygians: in Pattern I all or most basal fulcra are paired elements, whereas in Pattern II, a series of unpaired basal fulcra that are bifurcated proximally, and whose forking gradually becomes larger caudad, are followed by a series of paired elements. Basal fulcra are commonly present on unpaired fins of lower actinopterygians, including basal neopterygians. Among living fish they are absent in polypteriforms, Amia and teleosts. Fringing fulcra are always paired. Three patterns of fringing fulcra series are described: the series of fringing fulcra in basal actinopterygians is formed by expanded terminal segments of marginal lepidotrichia (Pattern A). Another series is formed by a combination of slightly expanded or modified terminal segments of rays and independent spiny, small elements (Pattern B). The third series is formed of small, spiny ossified elements positioned along the leading marginal fin ray(s) (Pattern C). Other patterns of basal and fringing fulcra remain to be investigated, along with their phylogenetic implications.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00375.x
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Based on results presented here, revised definitions of these elements are provided. At least two patterns of basal fulcra are found in actinopterygians: in Pattern I all or most basal fulcra are paired elements, whereas in Pattern II, a series of unpaired basal fulcra that are bifurcated proximally, and whose forking gradually becomes larger caudad, are followed by a series of paired elements. Basal fulcra are commonly present on unpaired fins of lower actinopterygians, including basal neopterygians. Among living fish they are absent in polypteriforms, Amia and teleosts. Fringing fulcra are always paired. Three patterns of fringing fulcra series are described: the series of fringing fulcra in basal actinopterygians is formed by expanded terminal segments of marginal lepidotrichia (Pattern A). Another series is formed by a combination of slightly expanded or modified terminal segments of rays and independent spiny, small elements (Pattern B). The third series is formed of small, spiny ossified elements positioned along the leading marginal fin ray(s) (Pattern C). Other patterns of basal and fringing fulcra remain to be investigated, along with their phylogenetic implications.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Gloria Arratia</name><affiliations><json:string>Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas, Dyche Hall, Lawrence, Kansas 66045‐7561, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>actinopterygians</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>fins</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>basal fulcra</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>fringing fulcra</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>AZO375</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Fin rays, scutes or ridge scales, and fulcra have been traditionally interpreted as modified scales, but their diversity has been almost ignored. 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Based on results presented here, revised definitions of these elements are provided. At least two patterns of basal fulcra are found in actinopterygians: in Pattern I all or most basal fulcra are paired elements, whereas in Pattern II, a series of unpaired basal fulcra that are bifurcated proximally, and whose forking gradually becomes larger caudad, are followed by a series of paired elements. Basal fulcra are commonly present on unpaired fins of lower actinopterygians, including basal neopterygians. Among living fish they are absent in polypteriforms, Amia and teleosts. Fringing fulcra are always paired. Three patterns of fringing fulcra series are described: the series of fringing fulcra in basal actinopterygians is formed by expanded terminal segments of marginal lepidotrichia (Pattern A). Another series is formed by a combination of slightly expanded or modified terminal segments of rays and independent spiny, small elements (Pattern B). The third series is formed of small, spiny ossified elements positioned along the leading marginal fin ray(s) (Pattern C). Other patterns of basal and fringing fulcra remain to be investigated, along with their phylogenetic implications.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>actinopterygians</term></item><item><term>fins</term></item><item><term>basal fulcra</term></item><item><term>fringing fulcra</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2009-05">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8B59D4C7FF6C87B99A7A9EF9E991FF9B34B39A45/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisherName><publisherLoc>Oxford, UK</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1463-6395</doi><issn type="print">0001-7272</issn><issn type="electronic">1463-6395</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="AZO"></id><id type="publisherDivision" value="ST"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="ACTA ZOOLOGICA">Acta Zoologica</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="05000"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/azo.2009.90.issue-s1</doi><titleGroup><title type="specialIssueTitle">Forty Years of Early Vertebrates
Papers from the 11th International Symposium on Early and Lower Vertebrates</title></titleGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="90">90</numbering><numbering type="supplement">s1</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2009-05">May 2009</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="19" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00375.x</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="AZO375"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="16"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">Forty Years of Early Vertebrates
Papers from the 11th International Symposium on Early and Lower Vertebrates</title><title type="tocHeading2">Original Articles</title></titleGroup><copyright>© 2009 The Author. Journal compilation © 2009 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</copyright><eventGroup><event type="firstOnline" date="2008-10-23"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2009-05-19"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:BPG_TO_WML3G version:2.3.5 mode:FullText source:FullText result:FullText" date="2010-04-06"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:4.0.1" date="2014-03-15"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-14"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst" number="220">220</numbering><numbering type="pageLast" number="235">235</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>Gloria Arratia, Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas, Dyche Hall, Lawrence, Kansas 66045‐7561, USA. E‐mail: <email>garratia@ku.edu</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:AZO.AZO375.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><unparsedEditorialHistory><i>Accepted for publication: </i> 10 September 2008</unparsedEditorialHistory><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="15"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="0"></count><count type="formulaTotal" number="0"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="45"></count><count type="wordTotal" number="7165"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Identifying patterns of diversity of the actinopterygian fulcra</title><title type="shortAuthors"><i>Arratia</i></title><title type="short">Patterns of actinopterygian fulcra</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#aff-1-1"><personName><givenNames>Gloria</givenNames><familyName>Arratia</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="aff-1-1" countryCode="US"><unparsedAffiliation>Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas, Dyche Hall, Lawrence, Kansas 66045‐7561, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en"><keyword xml:id="k1">actinopterygians</keyword><keyword xml:id="k2">fins</keyword><keyword xml:id="k3">basal fulcra</keyword><keyword xml:id="k4">fringing fulcra</keyword></keywordGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><!-- Arratia, G. 2009. Identifying patterns of diversity of the actinopterygian fulcra. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 90 (Suppl. 1): 220–235
<p>Fin rays, scutes or ridge scales, and fulcra have been traditionally interpreted as modified scales, but their diversity has been almost ignored. Based on results presented here, revised definitions of these elements are provided. At least two patterns of basal fulcra are found in actinopterygians: in Pattern I all or most basal fulcra are paired elements, whereas in Pattern II, a series of unpaired basal fulcra that are bifurcated proximally, and whose forking gradually becomes larger caudad, are followed by a series of paired elements. Basal fulcra are commonly present on unpaired fins of lower actinopterygians, including basal neopterygians. Among living fish they are absent in polypteriforms, <i>Amia</i> and teleosts. Fringing fulcra are always paired. Three patterns of fringing fulcra series are described: the series of fringing fulcra in basal actinopterygians is formed by expanded terminal segments of marginal lepidotrichia (Pattern A). Another series is formed by a combination of slightly expanded or modified terminal segments of rays and independent spiny, small elements (Pattern B). The third series is formed of small, spiny ossified elements positioned along the leading marginal fin ray(s) (Pattern C). Other patterns of basal and fringing fulcra remain to be investigated, along with their phylogenetic implications.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Identifying patterns of diversity of the actinopterygian fulcra</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Patterns of actinopterygian fulcra</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Identifying patterns of diversity of the actinopterygian fulcra</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Gloria</namePart><namePart type="family">Arratia</namePart><affiliation>Biodiversity Research Center, University of Kansas, Dyche Hall, Lawrence, Kansas 66045‐7561, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2009-05</dateIssued><edition>Accepted for publication: 10 September 2008</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2009</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">15</extent><extent unit="references">45</extent><extent unit="words">7165</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Fin rays, scutes or ridge scales, and fulcra have been traditionally interpreted as modified scales, but their diversity has been almost ignored. Based on results presented here, revised definitions of these elements are provided. At least two patterns of basal fulcra are found in actinopterygians: in Pattern I all or most basal fulcra are paired elements, whereas in Pattern II, a series of unpaired basal fulcra that are bifurcated proximally, and whose forking gradually becomes larger caudad, are followed by a series of paired elements. Basal fulcra are commonly present on unpaired fins of lower actinopterygians, including basal neopterygians. Among living fish they are absent in polypteriforms, Amia and teleosts. Fringing fulcra are always paired. Three patterns of fringing fulcra series are described: the series of fringing fulcra in basal actinopterygians is formed by expanded terminal segments of marginal lepidotrichia (Pattern A). Another series is formed by a combination of slightly expanded or modified terminal segments of rays and independent spiny, small elements (Pattern B). The third series is formed of small, spiny ossified elements positioned along the leading marginal fin ray(s) (Pattern C). Other patterns of basal and fringing fulcra remain to be investigated, along with their phylogenetic implications.</abstract><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>actinopterygians</topic><topic>fins</topic><topic>basal fulcra</topic><topic>fringing fulcra</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Acta Zoologica</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><identifier type="ISSN">0001-7272</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1463-6395</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1463-6395</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">AZO</identifier><part><date>2009</date><detail type="title"><title>Forty Years of Early VertebratesPapers from the 11th International Symposium on Early and Lower Vertebrates</title></detail><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>90</number></detail><detail type="supplement"><caption>Suppl. no.</caption><number>s1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>220</start><end>235</end><total>16</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">8B59D4C7FF6C87B99A7A9EF9E991FF9B34B39A45</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00375.x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">AZO375</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© 2009 The Author. 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