EsturgeonV1, Istex, Corpus, bibRecord, 000270

Threats and Protection of Freshwater Fishes in Poland

Identifieur interne : 000270 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000269; suivant : 000271

Threats and Protection of Freshwater Fishes in Poland

Auteurs : Andrzej Witkowski

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Netherlands Journal of Zoology [ 0028-2960 ] ; 1991.

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 <p>THREATS AND PROTECTION OF FRESHWATER FISHES IN POLAND by ANDRZEJ WITKOWSKI (Wroclaw University, Museum ofNatural History, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland) SUMMARY After World War II two fish species (Acipenser sturio and Salmo salar) became extinct in Poland. At present there are 8 most endangered species, mostly anadromous and ecologically highly specialized (Petromyzon marinus, Eudontomyzon mariae, Lampetra fluviatilis, Salmo trutta lacustris, Pelecus cultratus, Moroco percnurus, Gobio kessleri, and G. albipinnatus). As much as 58.9% of fishes and lampreys are threatened to various extents. Conservation of species that are going extinct depends upon artificial spawning and stocking, with simultaneous improvement of water quality and prevention of destruc- tion of aquatic habitats. KEY WORDS: Poland, ichthyofauna, red data list, threat, protection. INTRODUCTION The freshwater ichthyofauna of Poland comprises 74 species, sub- species and forms of fishes and lampreys, 56 of them being auto- chthonous, and the remaining 18 introduced, half of them after World War II (WITKOWSKI, 1989) (table I). At that time especially, distinct negative changes became apparent which brought about a descrease in distribution areas or in abundance, or even the extinction, of some species. At present anadromous species of fish and lampreys are the most threatened, as well as those which show a strict ecological special- ization, and those having the limits of their distribution in Poland. The main reasons for their receding or extinction are: - pollution: municipal and industrial pollution, acid precipitation, heated water from electric power plants, chemicals used in agriculture and forestry, eutrophication; - changes in hydrological relations in drainage systems: constructing dam reservoirs, regulation, canalization, amelioration, draining swamps, deforestation; - fishery: excessive catches, lack of protection of spawning grounds, catching fish under legal size, poaching, introducing foreign species.</p>
 <p>244 RED DATA LIST OF LAMPREYS AND FISHES OF POLAND DEGREE OF THREAT - CATEGORIES All the autochthonous species have been assigned various categories depending on degree and character of threats in Poland. The catego- ries have been based on the proposals of the Commission for Conserva- tion of Species of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN, 1980) with some modifications according to conditions specific to Poland. The categories of taxa/ species are as follows: Extinct (Ex) - taxa extinct in the wild, which were present during the last 400 years, but have not been recorded within the last 20 years. Endangered (E) - taxa immediately threatened. They will not survive if the present factors continue operating. Their population size has dropped to a critical low level or the localities are being drastically reduced. Vulnerable (V) - taxa whose abundance is decreasing, whose localities are being affected and destroyed. If the present factors con- tinue operating, they will move to category E. Rare (R) - taxa occurring rarely, and in low abundance in small areas. Even if their populations are not numerous, they cannot be classified in any of the above categories. Indeterminate (I) - taxa regarded as threatened and probably belong- ing to one of the above groups/categories, but which because of a lack of objective information cannot be classified more precisely. Not threatened (Nt) - taxa which are not endangered. Compared with the estimates of the degree of threat to ichthyofauna made by GLOWACINSKI et al. (1980) and WITKOWSKI ( 1990a), further, negative changes have taken place. The present degree of threat to the autochthonous fish and lamprey species is as follows: extinct species - 5.37%, endangered - 14.28%, vulnerable - 12.50%, rare - 10.71 %, indeterminate - 16.07%, not threatened - 41.07%. Table I lists species according to the categories of threat. The Polish Red Data Book of Animals (GLOWACINSKI, 1991) con- tains 11 I species of fish and lamprey. The main reasons for disap- pearance, the present state of populations, and proposed means of protection of the most endangered taxa (extinct and endangered) in Poland are presented below. EXTINCT TAXA Acipenseriformes Sturgeon - Acipenser sturio. Though the species was under complete protection from 1936, it is no longer a part of Polish ichthyofauna. It</p>
 <p>245 TABLE I List of Polish lampreys and fishes (according to WITKOWSKI, 1989, slightly modified) (N - native species, In - introduced, P - protected, Rdb - in Polish red data book. Degree of threat: Ex - extinct, E - endangered, V - vulnerable, R - rare, I - indeterminate, Nt - not threatened) Petromyzontidae: Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, 1758 N, E Eudontomyzon mariae (Berg, 1931) N, Rdb, E Lampetra fluUialilis (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Rdb, E Lampetra planeri (Bloch, 1784) N, Rdb, V Acipenseridae: Acipenser sturio Linnaeus, 1758 N, P, Rdb, Ex Huso huso (Linnaeus, 1758) x Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus, 1758 In Anguillidae: Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Nt Salmonidae: Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758 N, P, Rdb, Ex Salmo trutta trutta Linnaeus, 1758 N, V l Salmo trutta lacustris Linnaeus, 1758 N, E Salmo trutta fario Linnaeus, 1758 N, Nt Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792) In Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) In Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill, 1814 In Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Rdb, Exz Coregonidae: Coregonus albula Linnaeus, 1758 N, I Coregonus lavaretus Linnaeus, 1758 N, V Coregonus peled Gmelin, 1789 In Coregonus muksun (Pallas, 1776) In Thymallidae: Thymallus thymallus (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Nt Thymallus arcticus baicalensis Dybowski, 1786 In Osmeridae: Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus, 1758) N, I Umbridae: Umbra krameri Walbaum, 1792 In Esocidae: Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758 N, I Cyprinidae: Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Nt Leuciscus leuciscus (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Nt Leuciscus cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Nt Leuciscus idus (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Nt Phoxinus phoxinus (Linnaeus, 1758) N, P, Nt Moroco percnurus (Pallas, 181 1 ) N, P, Rdb, E Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Nt Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844) In Aspius aspius (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Nt Leucasplus delineatus (Heckel, 1843) N, Nt Alburnus alburnus (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Nt Alburnoides bipunctatus (Bloch, 1782) N, V</p>
 <p>246 TABLE 1 (continued) Blicca bjoerkna (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Nt Abramis brama (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Nt Abramis ballerus (Linnaeus, 1758) N, I Abramis sapa (Pallas, 181 1 ) N, R Vimba vimba (Linnaeus, 1758) N, V Chondrostoma nasu.s (Linnaeus, 1758) N, I Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Nt Pelecus cultratus (Linnaeus, 1758) N, P, Rdb, E Rhodeus sericeus amarus (Bloch, 1782) N, R Pseudorasbora parva (Schlegel, 1842) In Gobio gobio (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Nt Gobio kessleri Dybowski, 1862 N, P, Rdb, E Gobio albipinnatus Lukasch, 1933 N, P, Rdb, E Barbus barbus (Linnaeus, 1758) N, I Barbus meridionalis Risso, 1826 N, V Barbus cyclolepis waleckii Rolik, 1970 N, R Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 In Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Nt Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch, 1783) In Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) In Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson, 1845) In Catostomidae: Ictiobus niger Rafinesque, 1820 In Cobitidae: Orthrias barbatulus (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Nt Misgurnus fossilis (Linnaeus, 1758) N, I Cobitis taenia Linnaeus, 1758 N, I Sabanejewia aurata (de Filippi, 1865) N, Rdb, R Siluridae: Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758 N, R Ictaluridae: Ictalurus nebulous (Le Sueur, 1819) In Gadidae: Lota lota (Linnaeus, 1758) N, I Gasterosteidae: Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Nt Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758 N, Nt Cottidae: Cottus gobio Linnaeus, 1758 N, R Cottus poecilopus Heckel, 1836 6 N, V Centrarchidae: Micropterus salmoides Lacépède, 1802 In Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) In Percidae: Perca fluaiatilis Linnaeus, 1758 N, Nt G mnocephalus cernuus (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Nt Stizostedion lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) N, Nt 1 only in Carpathian and Sudetic rivers 2 only in autochthonous localities</p>
 <p>247 Fig. 1. Occurrence of Acipenser sturio in Poland. Circles - historical localities, dots - localities after 1945. became completely extinct, though in the 19th Century it was still common in both the Vistula and Odra basins (GRABDA, 1968). After World War II it was recorded in Poland on about 20 occasions, the last being in the Gulf of Gdansk in 1967 (fig. 1). The decline and extinction of the sturgeon was a prolonged process, and the main reasons changed gradually. Their chronological order was probably as follows: exces- sive catches over centuries, resulting from the demand for its flesh and caviar; regulation of rivers and destruction of natural river beds (thus destruction of spawning grounds); hydrotechnical constructions (power plants, man-made lakes, ill-constructed fish ladders, weirs) which ren- dered spawning migrations difficult; change of physico-chemical con- ditions as a result of increased polution (DYDUCH-FAI,NIOWSKA, 1991).</p>
 <p>248 Fig. 2. Occurrence of threatened salmonids in Poland. Salmo salar: hatched fields - historical data, solid triangle - last record. Salmo trutta m. lacustris: solid squares. Hucho hucho: big dots - autochthonous localities where the species became extinct, small dots - rivers where the species was introduced. Salmoniformes Atlantic salmon - Salmo salar. The last individuals of the species were observed on their spawning grounds in the river Drawa and its tribu- taries (Odra basin) in 1984. In subsequent years no fry or adult fish have been recorded there. The species has become completely extinct in Poland. In 1970-1980 from 20 to 50 individuals were recorded each year from the Drawa basin, and earlier the species occurred in nearly all Carpathian tributaries to the river Vistula (fig. 2). It already started receding in the 19th Century. This was associated with increased exploitation by fishery (catches, poaching). Attempts at saving the Atlantic salmon by intense stocking did not have the expected result and its abundance continued dropping (BARTEL, 1986). An especially</p>
 <p>249 rapid drop after World War II was caused by an increase in river pollution and by the construction (in 1968) of the Wloclawek Dam on the Vistula river (CHELKOWSKI & CHELKOWSKA, 1991). At present attempts at a restitution of the species are being made in some coastal rivers (N Poland) (GoRYCZKO, pers. comm.). Huchen - Hucho hucho. The largest salmonid (HOLCIK et al., 1988), endemic to the Danube basin, is receding especially rapidly in Europe. In only a few rivers in Austria, CSFR, Germany, and Yugoslavia does it still breed naturally. The dramatic decrease in its distribution area and the decrease in abundance result from excessive catches, hydro- technical constructions, increased pollution and the decrease in abun- dance of species which constitute its food (LELEK, 1987; HOLCIK, 1990; WITKOWSKI, 1990b). In Poland the huchen no longer occurs at autochthonous localities. Until recently it lived in the rivers Czarna Orawa and Czadeczka (fig. 2). The main reasons for its disappearance were capture below legal size and poaching, which, especially after World War II, drastically reduced the abundance of the already depleted population (WIT- KOWSKI & KOWALEWSKI, 1980). Because of its high angling value the huchen is kept in two fishery stations (Lopuszna, Zawoja), where from 1955 to 1990 over 3 million fry and over 50 thousand fingerlings (WITKOWSKI & KOWALEWSKI, 1988a) were produced. Owing to its successful introduction in a few rivers (Dunajec, Poprad, San, Sola, Skawa, Raba, B6br, Nysa Klodzka) of the Vistula and Odra basins, the species was saved and is still on the list of Polish ichthyofauna (WIT- KOWSKI & KOWALEWSKI, 1988b). Nevertheless, restocking attempts should be undertaken at natural localities (WITKOWSKI, 1991a). ENDANGERED TAXA Petromyzontiformes Sea lamprey - Petromyzon marinus. The occurrence of this lamprey species in Polish waters is problematic. In the 19th Century it was found in several rivers during spawning migrations and on spawning grounds (REMBISZEWSKI & ROLIK, 1975), though never abundantly. It was more common and abundant in coastal rivers, and locally subject even to commercial catches. It was extremely rare in the centre of the country (fig. 3). After World War II it was recorded only once in the middle Vistula basin (PENCZAK, 1964). At present only single individ- uals are found in catches in Vistula Bay. The main reasons for the disappearance of this species are excessive catches, river pollution, and dam-building which prevent it from reaching its spawning grounds.</p>
 <p>250 Fig. 3. Occurrence of threatened lampreys in Poland. Petromyzon marinus: circles - historical localities, dots - localities after 1945. Eudontomyzon mariae: solid triangles - current localities, open triangles - localities where the species does not occur at present. Lampetra fluviatilis: solid squares - current localities, open squares - localities where the species does not occur at present. Ukrainian brook lamprey - Eudontomyzon mariae. The eastern part of Poland constitutes the north-western border of its distribution. In that area until recently there were 14 localities of E. mariae: 1 in the Strwiaz (Dnestr basin), 2 in Czarna Orawa (Danube basin), 10 in the Vistula basin ?Jeziorka, Rzadza, Bug, Skawa, Raba, Rudawa, Dunajec, Biebrza and its two tributaries (Brzozowka and Wissa)] and 1 in the Nemen basin (Lososna) (WITKOWSKI & BLACHUTA, 1983). In recent years its presence has not been confirmed at three localities (Rudawa, Raba, Skawa) (fig. 3). Because of the low abundance of this species and because its occurrence is limited to the lotic sections of rivers of the highest water quality, increased pollution and regulation of the small</p>
 <p>251 rivers and streams which are its typical habitats constitute the greatest threats to it. Survival of E. mariae in Poland therefore depends upon preserving its habitats in an unchanged state (WITKOWSKI, 1991b). River lamprey - Lampelra fluvialilis. In Poland the river lamprey enters only rivers of the northern part of the country to spawn. Its localities are most numerous in the lower Vistula basin (Vistula, Nogat, Drweca, Vistula Bay) and in some coastal rivers (Molstowa, Parseta, Wieprza). In the south it its found sporadically ( locality in the upper Vistula, 2 in Warta, 1 in B6br). These localities, however, have not been confirmed for over 20 years (fig. 3). In the north it is still locally abundant, though even there a distinct tendency to decrease is observed. The disappearance of this species results from very strong fishery expolitation of individuals migrating to their spawning grounds. Both between the wars (e.g. 1930-1938) and after World War II over 100 tons of lamprey were caught in the Vistula near Gdansk JOKIEL, 1964). At the end of the 1950s the quantity of lamprey caught in the lower Vistula was so low (up to a dozen kg per year) that catches ceased (PoczoPKO & SLONOWSKI, 1958). In the recent period hydro- technical constructions (dams) and pollution have had a decisive effect on the abundance of the river lamprey. Conservation of the species in Poland depends on an improvement of water quality in its spawning rivers (WITKOWSKI, 1991 c). Salmoniformes Lake trout - Salmo trutta m. lacustris. This form of trout occurs in Poland only in the Kaszuby Lakeland (NW of Poland) (KAj, 1961 ) (fig. 2). Until recently the most abundant populations existed in Lake Wdzydze and two neighbouring lakes - Smolnik and Wiecko (BAR- TEL, 1988). As late as in 1963 c. 600 kg were caught in Lake Wdzydze, but in 1971 only 100 kg of lake trout (SZC:ZERBOWSKI, 1973), and at present only single individuals are found there. Recently catches were abandoned and the species is under protection in those lakes. For more than 20 years the lake trout was spawned artificially, but this did not increase its abundance. In the 1970s attempts were made to introduce it to several dam reservoirs (Solina, Roznow, Przeczyce, Besko), but they did not bring the expected result. Mainly poachers catching individuals migrating from lakes to spawning streams, and overex- ploitation, contributed to the near extinction of this form of trout (SAKOWICZ, 1961). Cypriniformes Swamp minnow - Moroco (= Phoxinus) percnurus. The western distribu- tion border of the species crosses Poland. It occurred there in isolated</p>
 <p>252 Fig. 4. Occurrence of threatened cyprinids in Poland. Moroco percnurus: circles - localities destroyed, dots - current localities. Pelecus cultratus: solid squares - current localities, empty squares - localities where the species does not occur at present. areas (E Poland, Leczynsko-Wlodawskie Lakeland, Podlasie region; N Poland: Kaszuby Lakeland; C Poland: Wielkopolskie Lakeland, Mazowsze Lowland) (fig. 4). Until recently c. 45 localities of the species were known from those areas (GASOWSKA & REMBIS7EWSKI, 1967). Its typical habitats are turf-pits, small reservoirs remaining after clay excavation, neglected ponds and some small and slow-flowing rivers (DANILKIEWICL, 1973, 1985a). The rapid disappearance of the species within the last dozen years resulted from destruction of these habitats, mainly as a result of swamp draining, amelioration and filling of small field water patches. According to recent estimates, the swamp minnow occurs at only c. 30% of its earlier localities, and exclusively in the eastern part of Poland (DANILKIEWICZ, 1985b). Conservation of this</p>
 <p>253 species depends on protection of its habitats and localities as nature reserves (WIESER, 1991 a). Knife (Ziege) - Pelecus cultratus. The species only remains abundant in Poland in Vistula Bay and the mouth of the Vistula. It is sporadically noted in Szczecin Bay. Single individuals have also been found inland (Vistula near Tczew, Vistula near Warsaw, San, Konopnica, Warta, Wirynka) (TERLECKI, 1986; ROLIK & REMBISZEWSKI, 1987) (fig. 4), but its presence there has not been confirmed for over 20 years. Because of the local occurrence of the species, its biological-ecological requirements (among others its migratory mode of life during spawn- ing), hydrotechnical constructions and pollution, its future existence is uncertain (WIESER, 1991 b). Kessler's gudgeon - Gobio kessleri. The area of Poland constitutes the northern distribution border of the species. Only five localities are known: 4 in the Vistula basin (San, Wislok, Raba) and 1 in the Danube basin (Czarna Orawa) (REMBISZEWSKI & ROLIK, 1975) (fig. 5). The abundance of the species is very low, probably amounting to a few thousand (3-4?) sexually mature individuals. It inhabits submontane sections of large rivers, dwelling in their lotic parts, on gravelly-stony bottoms, upstream from the habitat of G. gobio. Because of increasing river pollution it is possible that these few local populations might disappear completely. In order to save the species it is necessary to preserve its habitats unchanged (WITKOWSKI, 1991 d). White-fin gudgeon - Gobio albipinnatus. The eastern part of Poland constitutes the eastern distribution border of this species, represented as subspecies G. albipinnatus belingi. In Poland it occurs at only three localities-the Vistula near Warsaw, Vistula near Nieszawa, and Narew (fig. 5). The white-fin gudgeon is the least common and the least abundant of the endangered fishes of Poland. The species inhabits lotic parts of mid sections of large lowland rivers. Its abundance is difficult to estimate. It is supposed that the populations may amount to 2 thousand adult individuals. The greatest threat is a further increase in river pollution (WITKOWSKI, 1991 e). PROTECTION In Poland only 6 fish species are protected by law: Acipenser sturio, Pelecus cultratus, Gobio kessleri, G. albipinnatus, Moroco percnurus and Phox- inus phoxinus (Dz. Ustaw PRL, 1984, no 2). Furthermore, since 1985 catches of Salmo salar have been completely forbidden in inland waters and at sea (Dz. Ustaw PRL, 1985, no 21 ). Eleven species are under seasonal protection (durng spawning), and for 23 there is a legal size which theoretically allows them at least one</p>
 <p>254 TABLE II Closed fishing seasons (CFS) and legal size (LS) for native fish species in Poland. TABLE III Ichthyological reserves in Poland.</p>
 <p>255 Fig. 5. Occurrence of threatened cyprinids (Gobio spp.) in Poland. Gobio kessleri: dots. Gobio albipinnatus: triangles. spawning (Dz. Ustaw PRL, 1985, no 33: Regulations of the Amateur Fishing, Polish Angling Union, 1990) (table II). In the case of several rare and economically valuable species, the habitats and spawning grounds are under protection. According to CzUBINSKI et al. (1977), in Poland after World War II there existed 6 ichthyological reserves of a total area of 2,172.61 ha (table III, fig. 6). Compared with the total number of reserves (both landscape and nature) in Poland (data of December 31st 1987: 937 reserves with a total area of 107,100 ha), the ichthyological reserves occupied only 2.03%. It should be stressed that at present the number of reserves has dropped to 4 because of pollution of their water, and two ('Slonawy' and 'Grabowa') now exist only in theory. Besides, in Poland fishes are under protection in other nature reserves situated within all the 17 national parks.</p>
 <p>256 Fig. 6. Ichthyological reserves (squares) and national parks (hatched fields). Reserves are numbered as in table III. Fishery management of Polish inland waters is effected by the Polish Angling Union and the State Fishery Management. Both these organi- zations include the protection of the native ichthyofauna among their activities. Their research made it possible to invent methods of artifi- cial spawning, culture and stocking for some species, though mostly those of economic value. Thanks to them Hucho hucho could be saved (WITKOWSKI & KOWALEWSKI, 1988a,b), and the abundance of Salmo trutta trutta in coastal rivers increased (BARTEL, 1989). The area and number of rivers stocked with the grayling, Thymallus thymallus, a species seriously endangered until recently, is constantly increasing (WITKOWSKI et al., 1984). Artificial spawning has contributed to a small extent also to protection of a few further fish species [e.g. Barbus barbus, Chondrostoma nasus, Leuciscus idus, Aspius aspius JAKUCEWICZ et</p>
 <p>257 al., 1989)]. Artificial spawning of species of no economic importance is also planned. Results obtained hitherto indicate that artificial farming is very effective and might be one way to prevent the decrease in abundance of endangered rare species. Such methods are particularly useful for re- naturalizing the ichthyofauna in previously polluted and human- affected waters. In order to make these methods really effective, apart from the protection (complete or seasonal) of fishes and lampreys, first of all their natural habitats should be protected from further degradation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to Dr. J. Blachuta (Museum of Natural History, Wroclaw University) and Prof. Z. Glowacinski (Department of Nature Protec- tion, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow) for their valuable com- ments and discussion, and to Prof. K. Goryczko and Prof. R. Bartel (Inland Fishery Institute, Olsztyn) for making available their unpublished data on some rare species. REFERENCES BARTEL, R., 1986. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758. In: M. BRYLINSKA (Ed.): Freshwater fishes of Poland: 107-116, PWN, Warszawa (in Polish). BARTEL, R., 1988. Trouts in Poland. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol. 34: 321-339. BARTEL, R., 1989. Sea trout husbandry in Poland-the present state and prospects. Gosp. Ryb. 41: 3-7 (in Polish). CHELKOWSKI, Z. & B. CHELKOWSKA, 1991. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758. In: Z. GLOWACINSKI (Ed.): Polish Red Data Book of Animals. PWRiL, War- szawa (in press). CZUBINSKI, Z., J. GAWLOWSKA & K. ZABIEROWSKI, 1977. Nature reserves in Poland. Studia Naturae, PWN, Warszawa-Kraków (in Polish). DANILKIEWICZ, Z., 1973. Ichthyofauna of the Tysmienica and Wlodawka rivers. Fragm. Faun. 29: 121-147 (in Polish). DANILKIEWICZ, Z., 1985a. The swamp-minnow, Phoxinus percnurus, and the problem of its protection. Chro � . Przyr. Ojcz. 1: 10-15 (in Polish). DANILKIEWICZ, Z., 1985b. Ichthyofauna of the Southern Podlasie. Roczn. Mie- dzyrzecki 17: 31-55 (in Polish). DYDUCH-FALNIOWSKA, A., 1991. Sturgeon Acipenser sturio Linnaeus 1758. In: Z. GLOWACINSKI (Ed.): Polish Red Data Book ofAnimals. PWRiL, Warszawa (in press). GASOWSKA, M. & J.M. REMBISZEWSKI, 1967. The revision of the subspecies of the swamp-minnow Phoxinus percnurus (Pallas) in Poland. Ann. Zool. 24: 305-341. GLOWACINSKI, Z., (Ed.), 1991. Polish Red Data Book of Animals. PWRiL, Warszawa (in press). GLOWACINSKI Z., M. BIENIEK, A. DYDUCH, R. GERTYCHOWA, Z. JAKUBIEC, A. KOSIOR & M. ZEMANEK, 1980. Situation of all vertebrates and selected invertebrates in Poland - list of species, their occurrence, endangerment and status of protection. Studia Naturae, A, PWN, Warszawa-Kraków. GRABDA, E., 1968. L'Esturgeon - poisson dépérissant. Ochr. Przyr. 33: 177-191.</p>
 <p>258 HOL � IK, J., 1990. Conservation of the huchen, Hucho hucho (L.) (Salmonidae) with special reference to Slovakian rivers. J. Fish. Biol. 37 (Suppl. A): 113-121. HOL � IK,J., K. HENSEL, J. NIESLANIK & L. SKACEL, 1988. The Eurasian Huchen, Hucho hucho - the largest salmon of the World. Dr W. Junk Publ., Dordrecht-Boston- Lancaster. JAKUCEWICZ, H., H. JAKUBOWSKI & Z. GIRSZTOWTT, 1989. Próby rozrodu ryb z nizinnych rzek - Leuciscus idus, Barbus barbus, Leuciscus cephalus, Aspius aspius. Gosp. Ryb. 41: 20-22. JOKIEL, J.,1964. Lampreys. Gosp. Ryb. 16: 14-16 (in Polish). KAJ, J., 1961. Systematic position and autochthonism of trout (Salmo trutta m. lacustris L.) in Wdzydze Lake. Rocz. Nauk. Roln. 93-D: 465-500. LELEK, A., 1987. The Freshwater Fishes of Europe. Vol.9. Threatened Fishes of Europe. Aula Verl., Wiesbaden. PENCZAK, T., 1964. Sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. caught in river Pilica, the left tributary of middle Vistula. Przegl. Zool. 8: 264-265 (in Polish). POCZOPKO, P. & A. SLONOWSKI, 1958. A contribution to the fishery-biological charac- teristic of the lower Vistula. Zesz. Nauk. UMK, Biol. 3: 3-36 (in Polish). REMBISZEWSKI, J.M. & H. ROLIK, 1975. Catalogus faunae Poloniae. 38. Cyclostomata et Pisces. PWN, Warszawa (in Polish). ROLIK, H. & J.M. REMBISZEWSKI, 1987. Fishes and lampreys of Poland. 5. Fauna Slodkowodna Polski. PWN, Warszawa (in Polish). SAKOWICZ, S., 1961. The migration of trout (Salmo trutta m. lacustris) in the Wdzydze Lake. Rocz. Nauk. Roln. D-93: 703-734. SZCZERBOWSKI, J., 1973. Przebieg tarla troci (Salmo trutta m. lacustris L.) w jeziorze Wdzydze w latach 1968-1971. Acta Hydrobiol. 15: 321-330. TERLECKI, J., 1986. Knife - Pelecus cultratus (Linnaeus, 1758). In: M. BRYLI � SKA (Ed.): Freshwater Fishes of Poland: 282-285. PWN, Warszawa (in Polish). WIESER, T., 1991a. Swamp minnow - Phoxinus percnurus (Pallas, 1811). In: Z. GLOWACINSKI (Ed.): Polish Red Data Book ofAnimals. PWRiL, Warszawa (in press). WIESER, T., 1991 b. Knife - Pelecus cultratus (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Z. GLOWACI � SKI (Ed.): Polish Red Data Book of Animals. PWRiL, Warszawa (in press). WITKOWSKI, A., 1989. Fishes introduced to Polish waters and their effect on environ- ment. Przegl. Zool. 33: 383-398 (in Polish). WITKOWSKI, A., 1990a. Gefährdung und Schutz der Fische in Polen. Ichthyofaunistik, 2-20. WITKOWSKI, A., 1990b. The huchen, Hucho hucho (L.) is endangered in Europe. Chro � . Przyr. Ojcz.: 48-54 (in Polish). WITKOWSKI, A., 1991a. Huchen - Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Z. GLOWACI � SKI (Ed.): Polish Red Data Book of Animals. PWRiL, Warszawa (in press). WITKOWSKI, A., 1991 b. Ukrainian lamprey - Eudontomyzon mariae (Berg, 1931). In: Z. GLOWACI � SKI (Ed.): Polish Red Data Book of Animals. PWRiL, Warszawa (in press). WITKOWSKI, A., 1991c. River lamprey - Lampetra fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Z. GLOWACI � SKI (Ed.): Polish Red Data Book ofAnimals. PWRiL, Warszawa (in press). WITKOWSKI, A., 1991d. Kessler's gudgeon - Gobio kessleri Dybowski, 1862. In: Z. GLOWACI � SKI (Ed.): Polish Red Data Book of Animals. PWRiL, Warszawa (in press). WITKOWSKI, A., 1991e. White-fin gudgeon - Gobio albipinnatus Lukasch, 1933. In: Z. GLOWACI � SKI (Ed.): Polish Red Data Book ofAnimals. PWRiL, Warszawa (in press). WITKOWSKI, A. & J. BLACHUTA, 1983. New locality of the Eudontomyzon mariae (Berg, 1931) (Petromyzonidae) in the Biebrza river system (NE Poland). Przegl. Zool. 27: 339-347 (in Polish). WITKOWSKI, A. & M. KOWALEWSKI, 1980. Aklimatisation und Verbreitungsgebiet des Huchen in Polen. Gosp. Ryb. 32: 6-9.</p>
 <p>259 WITKOWSKI, A. & M. KOWALEWSKI, 1988a. Huchen in Poland-the present state and prospects. Gosp. Ryb. 40: 9-11 (in Polish). WITKOWSKI, A. & M. KOWALEWSKI, 1988b. The huchen - Hucho hucho (L.) in Poland. I Intern. Konf. 'Schutz und Erhaltung der Huchenbestände', 5-7 Sept. 1988, Lindbergmühle-Wielenbach, BRD. WITKOWSKI, A., M. KOWALEWSKI & B. KOKUREWICZ, 1984. The grayling (Thymallus thymallus (L.)). PWRil, Warszawa (in Polish).</p>
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