Reciprocal diversification in a complex plant-herbivore-parasitoid food web.
Identifieur interne : 001983 ( Main/Curation ); précédent : 001982; suivant : 001984Reciprocal diversification in a complex plant-herbivore-parasitoid food web.
Auteurs : Tommi Nyman [Finlande] ; Folmer Bokma ; Jens-Peter KopelkeSource :
- BMC biology [ 1741-7007 ] ; 2007.
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- KwdFr :
- MESH :
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Plants, plant-feeding insects, and insect parasitoids form some of the most complex and species-rich food webs. According to the classic escape-and-radiate (EAR) hypothesis, these hyperdiverse communities result from coevolutionary arms races consisting of successive cycles of enemy escape, radiation, and colonization by new enemy lineages. It has also been suggested that "enemy-free space" provided by novel host plants could promote host shifts by herbivores, and that parasitoids could similarly drive diversification of gall form in insects that induce galls on plants. Because these central coevolutionary hypotheses have never been tested in a phylogenetic framework, we combined phylogenetic information on willow-galling sawflies with data on their host plants, gall types, and enemy communities.
RESULTS
We found that evolutionary shifts in host plant use and habitat have led to dramatic prunings of parasitoid communities, and that changes in gall phenotype can provide "enemy-free morphospace" for millions of years even in the absence of host plant shifts. Some parasites have nevertheless managed to colonize recently-evolved gall types, and this has apparently led to adaptive speciation in several enemy groups. However, having fewer enemies does not in itself increase speciation probabilities in individual sawfly lineages, partly because the high diversity of the enemy community facilitates compensatory attack by remaining parasite taxa.
CONCLUSION
Taken together, our results indicate that niche-dependent parasitism is a major force promoting ecological divergence in herbivorous insects, and that prey divergence can cause speciation in parasite lineages. However, the results also show that the EAR hypothesis is too simplistic for species-rich food webs: instead, diversification seems to be spurred by a continuous stepwise process, in which ecological and phenotypic shifts in prey lineages are followed by a lagged evolutionary response by some of the associated enemies.
DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-5-49
PubMed: 17976232
PubMed Central: PMC2203972
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<author><name sortKey="Nyman, Tommi" sort="Nyman, Tommi" uniqKey="Nyman T" first="Tommi" last="Nyman">Tommi Nyman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Biosciences, University of Joensuu, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland. Tommi.Nyman@joensuu.fi</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Biosciences, University of Joensuu, FI-80101 Joensuu</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Bokma, Folmer" sort="Bokma, Folmer" uniqKey="Bokma F" first="Folmer" last="Bokma">Folmer Bokma</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Kopelke, Jens Peter" sort="Kopelke, Jens Peter" uniqKey="Kopelke J" first="Jens-Peter" last="Kopelke">Jens-Peter Kopelke</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Nyman, Tommi" sort="Nyman, Tommi" uniqKey="Nyman T" first="Tommi" last="Nyman">Tommi Nyman</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Kopelke, Jens Peter" sort="Kopelke, Jens Peter" uniqKey="Kopelke J" first="Jens-Peter" last="Kopelke">Jens-Peter Kopelke</name>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals (MeSH)</term>
<term>Biological Evolution (MeSH)</term>
<term>Ecosystem (MeSH)</term>
<term>Food Chain (MeSH)</term>
<term>Genetic Speciation (MeSH)</term>
<term>Host-Parasite Interactions (MeSH)</term>
<term>Hymenoptera (genetics)</term>
<term>Insecta (genetics)</term>
<term>Phylogeny (MeSH)</term>
<term>Plants (genetics)</term>
<term>Predatory Behavior (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux (MeSH)</term>
<term>Chaine alimentaire (MeSH)</term>
<term>Comportement prédateur (MeSH)</term>
<term>Hymenoptera (génétique)</term>
<term>Insectes (génétique)</term>
<term>Interactions hôte-parasite (MeSH)</term>
<term>Phylogenèse (MeSH)</term>
<term>Plantes (génétique)</term>
<term>Spéciation génétique (MeSH)</term>
<term>Écosystème (MeSH)</term>
<term>Évolution biologique (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Hymenoptera</term>
<term>Insecta</term>
<term>Plants</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Hymenoptera</term>
<term>Insectes</term>
<term>Plantes</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Biological Evolution</term>
<term>Ecosystem</term>
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<term>Host-Parasite Interactions</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term>
<term>Chaine alimentaire</term>
<term>Comportement prédateur</term>
<term>Interactions hôte-parasite</term>
<term>Phylogenèse</term>
<term>Spéciation génétique</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b>
</p>
<p>Plants, plant-feeding insects, and insect parasitoids form some of the most complex and species-rich food webs. According to the classic escape-and-radiate (EAR) hypothesis, these hyperdiverse communities result from coevolutionary arms races consisting of successive cycles of enemy escape, radiation, and colonization by new enemy lineages. It has also been suggested that "enemy-free space" provided by novel host plants could promote host shifts by herbivores, and that parasitoids could similarly drive diversification of gall form in insects that induce galls on plants. Because these central coevolutionary hypotheses have never been tested in a phylogenetic framework, we combined phylogenetic information on willow-galling sawflies with data on their host plants, gall types, and enemy communities.</p>
</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b>
</p>
<p>We found that evolutionary shifts in host plant use and habitat have led to dramatic prunings of parasitoid communities, and that changes in gall phenotype can provide "enemy-free morphospace" for millions of years even in the absence of host plant shifts. Some parasites have nevertheless managed to colonize recently-evolved gall types, and this has apparently led to adaptive speciation in several enemy groups. However, having fewer enemies does not in itself increase speciation probabilities in individual sawfly lineages, partly because the high diversity of the enemy community facilitates compensatory attack by remaining parasite taxa.</p>
</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>
</p>
<p>Taken together, our results indicate that niche-dependent parasitism is a major force promoting ecological divergence in herbivorous insects, and that prey divergence can cause speciation in parasite lineages. However, the results also show that the EAR hypothesis is too simplistic for species-rich food webs: instead, diversification seems to be spurred by a continuous stepwise process, in which ecological and phenotypic shifts in prey lineages are followed by a lagged evolutionary response by some of the associated enemies.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Plants, plant-feeding insects, and insect parasitoids form some of the most complex and species-rich food webs. According to the classic escape-and-radiate (EAR) hypothesis, these hyperdiverse communities result from coevolutionary arms races consisting of successive cycles of enemy escape, radiation, and colonization by new enemy lineages. It has also been suggested that "enemy-free space" provided by novel host plants could promote host shifts by herbivores, and that parasitoids could similarly drive diversification of gall form in insects that induce galls on plants. Because these central coevolutionary hypotheses have never been tested in a phylogenetic framework, we combined phylogenetic information on willow-galling sawflies with data on their host plants, gall types, and enemy communities.</AbstractText>
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