Recommendations for Toxicological Investigation of Drug-Impaired Driving and Motor Vehicle Fatalities-2017 Update.
Identifieur interne : 000822 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000821; suivant : 000823Recommendations for Toxicological Investigation of Drug-Impaired Driving and Motor Vehicle Fatalities-2017 Update.
Auteurs : Barry K. Logan ; Amanda L. D'Orazio ; Amanda L A. Mohr ; Jennifer F. Limoges ; Amy K. Miles ; Colleen E. Scarneo ; Sarah Kerrigan ; Laura J. Liddicoat ; Karen S. Scott ; Marilyn A. HuestisSource :
- Journal of analytical toxicology [ 1945-2403 ] ; 2018.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Accidents, Traffic (mortality), Accidents, Traffic (prevention & control), Canada (MeSH), Driving Under the Influence (legislation & jurisprudence), Driving Under the Influence (psychology), Forensic Toxicology (methods), Guidelines as Topic (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Illicit Drugs (analysis), Substance Abuse Detection (methods).
- MESH :
- chemical , analysis : Illicit Drugs.
- geographic : Canada.
- legislation & jurisprudence : Driving Under the Influence.
- methods : Forensic Toxicology, Substance Abuse Detection.
- mortality : Accidents, Traffic.
- prevention & control : Accidents, Traffic.
- psychology : Driving Under the Influence.
- Guidelines as Topic, Humans.
Abstract
This report describes the outcomes of a process undertaken to review and update the National Safety Council's Alcohol, Drugs and Impairment Division's recommendations for the toxicological investigation of suspected alcohol and drug-impaired driving cases and motor vehicle fatalities. The updates to the recommendations are made based on a survey of practices in laboratories in the USA and Canada performing testing in these cases, consideration of existing epidemiological crash and arrest data, current drug use patterns, and practical considerations of widely available technology platforms in laboratories performing this work. The final recommendations updates are derived from a consensus meeting of experts recruited from survey respondents and the membership of the National Safety Council's Alcohol, Drug and Impairment Division. The principal changes in this round of recommendations include removal of butalbital, phenobarbital, and phencyclidine from Tier I (mandatory) to Tier II (optional) due to changes in prevalence. In addition, buprenorphine, fentanyl, tramadol, and their metabolites were moved from Tier II to Tier I due to increased prevalence and concerns about their potential for causing impairment. In addition, screening and confirmatory cutoffs for the oral fluid scope were further refined. Other additions were made to the list of Tier II compounds including fentanyl analogs (e.g., acetylfentanyl, butyrylfentanyl, furanylfentanyl, etc), mitragynine, novel opioids (e.g., MT-45, U-47700), atypical antipsychotics, and novel benzodiazepines (e.g., clonazolam, flubromazolam, etc).
DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx082
PubMed: 29186455
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:29186455Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Recommendations for Toxicological Investigation of Drug-Impaired Driving and Motor Vehicle Fatalities-2017 Update.</title><author><name sortKey="Logan, Barry K" sort="Logan, Barry K" uniqKey="Logan B" first="Barry K" last="Logan">Barry K. Logan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Orazio, Amanda L" sort="D Orazio, Amanda L" uniqKey="D Orazio A" first="Amanda L" last="D'Orazio">Amanda L. D'Orazio</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohr, Amanda L A" sort="Mohr, Amanda L A" uniqKey="Mohr A" first="Amanda L A" last="Mohr">Amanda L A. Mohr</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Limoges, Jennifer F" sort="Limoges, Jennifer F" uniqKey="Limoges J" first="Jennifer F" last="Limoges">Jennifer F. Limoges</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>New York State Police Forensic Investigation Center, 1220 Washington Avenue, Building 30, Albany, NY 12226-3000, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miles, Amy K" sort="Miles, Amy K" uniqKey="Miles A" first="Amy K" last="Miles">Amy K. Miles</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, PO Box 7996, Madison, WI 53707-7996, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scarneo, Colleen E" sort="Scarneo, Colleen E" uniqKey="Scarneo C" first="Colleen E" last="Scarneo">Colleen E. Scarneo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>New Hampshire Department of Safety, Division of State Police Forensic Laboratory, 33 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH 03305, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kerrigan, Sarah" sort="Kerrigan, Sarah" uniqKey="Kerrigan S" first="Sarah" last="Kerrigan">Sarah Kerrigan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Boulevard, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liddicoat, Laura J" sort="Liddicoat, Laura J" uniqKey="Liddicoat L" first="Laura J" last="Liddicoat">Laura J. Liddicoat</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, Karen S" sort="Scott, Karen S" uniqKey="Scott K" first="Karen S" last="Scott">Karen S. Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huestis, Marilyn A" sort="Huestis, Marilyn A" uniqKey="Huestis M" first="Marilyn A" last="Huestis">Marilyn A. Huestis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2018">2018</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:29186455</idno><idno type="pmid">29186455</idno><idno type="doi">10.1093/jat/bkx082</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000822</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000822</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Recommendations for Toxicological Investigation of Drug-Impaired Driving and Motor Vehicle Fatalities-2017 Update.</title><author><name sortKey="Logan, Barry K" sort="Logan, Barry K" uniqKey="Logan B" first="Barry K" last="Logan">Barry K. Logan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Orazio, Amanda L" sort="D Orazio, Amanda L" uniqKey="D Orazio A" first="Amanda L" last="D'Orazio">Amanda L. D'Orazio</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohr, Amanda L A" sort="Mohr, Amanda L A" uniqKey="Mohr A" first="Amanda L A" last="Mohr">Amanda L A. Mohr</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Limoges, Jennifer F" sort="Limoges, Jennifer F" uniqKey="Limoges J" first="Jennifer F" last="Limoges">Jennifer F. Limoges</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>New York State Police Forensic Investigation Center, 1220 Washington Avenue, Building 30, Albany, NY 12226-3000, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miles, Amy K" sort="Miles, Amy K" uniqKey="Miles A" first="Amy K" last="Miles">Amy K. Miles</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, PO Box 7996, Madison, WI 53707-7996, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scarneo, Colleen E" sort="Scarneo, Colleen E" uniqKey="Scarneo C" first="Colleen E" last="Scarneo">Colleen E. Scarneo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>New Hampshire Department of Safety, Division of State Police Forensic Laboratory, 33 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH 03305, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kerrigan, Sarah" sort="Kerrigan, Sarah" uniqKey="Kerrigan S" first="Sarah" last="Kerrigan">Sarah Kerrigan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Boulevard, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liddicoat, Laura J" sort="Liddicoat, Laura J" uniqKey="Liddicoat L" first="Laura J" last="Liddicoat">Laura J. Liddicoat</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, Karen S" sort="Scott, Karen S" uniqKey="Scott K" first="Karen S" last="Scott">Karen S. Scott</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huestis, Marilyn A" sort="Huestis, Marilyn A" uniqKey="Huestis M" first="Marilyn A" last="Huestis">Marilyn A. Huestis</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of analytical toxicology</title><idno type="eISSN">1945-2403</idno><imprint><date when="2018" type="published">2018</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Accidents, Traffic (mortality)</term><term>Accidents, Traffic (prevention & control)</term><term>Canada (MeSH)</term><term>Driving Under the Influence (legislation & jurisprudence)</term><term>Driving Under the Influence (psychology)</term><term>Forensic Toxicology (methods)</term><term>Guidelines as Topic (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Illicit Drugs (analysis)</term><term>Substance Abuse Detection (methods)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>Illicit Drugs</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Canada</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="legislation & jurisprudence" xml:lang="en"><term>Driving Under the Influence</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Forensic Toxicology</term><term>Substance Abuse Detection</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="mortality" xml:lang="en"><term>Accidents, Traffic</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Accidents, Traffic</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="psychology" xml:lang="en"><term>Driving Under the Influence</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Guidelines as Topic</term><term>Humans</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">This report describes the outcomes of a process undertaken to review and update the National Safety Council's Alcohol, Drugs and Impairment Division's recommendations for the toxicological investigation of suspected alcohol and drug-impaired driving cases and motor vehicle fatalities. The updates to the recommendations are made based on a survey of practices in laboratories in the USA and Canada performing testing in these cases, consideration of existing epidemiological crash and arrest data, current drug use patterns, and practical considerations of widely available technology platforms in laboratories performing this work. The final recommendations updates are derived from a consensus meeting of experts recruited from survey respondents and the membership of the National Safety Council's Alcohol, Drug and Impairment Division. The principal changes in this round of recommendations include removal of butalbital, phenobarbital, and phencyclidine from Tier I (mandatory) to Tier II (optional) due to changes in prevalence. In addition, buprenorphine, fentanyl, tramadol, and their metabolites were moved from Tier II to Tier I due to increased prevalence and concerns about their potential for causing impairment. In addition, screening and confirmatory cutoffs for the oral fluid scope were further refined. Other additions were made to the list of Tier II compounds including fentanyl analogs (e.g., acetylfentanyl, butyrylfentanyl, furanylfentanyl, etc), mitragynine, novel opioids (e.g., MT-45, U-47700), atypical antipsychotics, and novel benzodiazepines (e.g., clonazolam, flubromazolam, etc).</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">29186455</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2018</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>18</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2019</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>10</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1945-2403</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>42</Volume><Issue>2</Issue><PubDate><Year>2018</Year><Month>Mar</Month><Day>01</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Journal of analytical toxicology</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Anal Toxicol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Recommendations for Toxicological Investigation of Drug-Impaired Driving and Motor Vehicle Fatalities-2017 Update.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>63-68</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1093/jat/bkx082</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>This report describes the outcomes of a process undertaken to review and update the National Safety Council's Alcohol, Drugs and Impairment Division's recommendations for the toxicological investigation of suspected alcohol and drug-impaired driving cases and motor vehicle fatalities. The updates to the recommendations are made based on a survey of practices in laboratories in the USA and Canada performing testing in these cases, consideration of existing epidemiological crash and arrest data, current drug use patterns, and practical considerations of widely available technology platforms in laboratories performing this work. The final recommendations updates are derived from a consensus meeting of experts recruited from survey respondents and the membership of the National Safety Council's Alcohol, Drug and Impairment Division. The principal changes in this round of recommendations include removal of butalbital, phenobarbital, and phencyclidine from Tier I (mandatory) to Tier II (optional) due to changes in prevalence. In addition, buprenorphine, fentanyl, tramadol, and their metabolites were moved from Tier II to Tier I due to increased prevalence and concerns about their potential for causing impairment. In addition, screening and confirmatory cutoffs for the oral fluid scope were further refined. Other additions were made to the list of Tier II compounds including fentanyl analogs (e.g., acetylfentanyl, butyrylfentanyl, furanylfentanyl, etc), mitragynine, novel opioids (e.g., MT-45, U-47700), atypical antipsychotics, and novel benzodiazepines (e.g., clonazolam, flubromazolam, etc).</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Logan</LastName><ForeName>Barry K</ForeName><Initials>BK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>D'Orazio</LastName><ForeName>Amanda L</ForeName><Initials>AL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mohr</LastName><ForeName>Amanda L A</ForeName><Initials>ALA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Limoges</LastName><ForeName>Jennifer F</ForeName><Initials>JF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>New York State Police Forensic Investigation Center, 1220 Washington Avenue, Building 30, Albany, NY 12226-3000, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Miles</LastName><ForeName>Amy K</ForeName><Initials>AK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, PO Box 7996, Madison, WI 53707-7996, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Scarneo</LastName><ForeName>Colleen E</ForeName><Initials>CE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>New Hampshire Department of Safety, Division of State Police Forensic Laboratory, 33 Hazen Drive, Concord, NH 03305, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kerrigan</LastName><ForeName>Sarah</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Boulevard, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liddicoat</LastName><ForeName>Laura J</ForeName><Initials>LJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Scott</LastName><ForeName>Karen S</ForeName><Initials>KS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Arcadia University, 450 S Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Huestis</LastName><ForeName>Marilyn A</ForeName><Initials>MA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>J Anal Toxicol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>7705085</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0146-4760</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D013287">Illicit Drugs</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000063" MajorTopicYN="N">Accidents, Traffic</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000401" MajorTopicYN="N">mortality</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000517" MajorTopicYN="Y">prevention & control</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002170" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Canada</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000066448" MajorTopicYN="N">Driving Under the Influence</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000331" MajorTopicYN="N">legislation & jurisprudence</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000523" MajorTopicYN="Y">psychology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D053593" MajorTopicYN="N">Forensic Toxicology</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="Y">methods</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017408" MajorTopicYN="N">Guidelines as Topic</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013287" MajorTopicYN="N">Illicit Drugs</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="Y">analysis</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015813" MajorTopicYN="N">Substance Abuse Detection</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="Y">methods</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2017</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>15</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2017</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2018</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>19</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2017</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>30</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">29186455</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">4653729</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1093/jat/bkx082</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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