The Detection of Novel Stimulants in Oral Fluid from Users Reporting Ecstasy, Molly and MDMA Ingestion.
Identifieur interne : 000601 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000600; suivant : 000602The Detection of Novel Stimulants in Oral Fluid from Users Reporting Ecstasy, Molly and MDMA Ingestion.
Auteurs : Alex J. Krotulski ; Amanda L A. Mohr ; Melissa F. Fogarty ; Barry K. LoganSource :
- Journal of analytical toxicology [ 1945-2403 ] ; 2018.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , analysis : Central Nervous System Stimulants, Illicit Drugs, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine.
- chemistry : Saliva.
- methods : Forensic Toxicology, Substance Abuse Detection.
- Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Specimen Handling.
Abstract
"Ecstasy" and "Molly" are common drug slang terms used among club and rave cultures to denote preparations believed to contain 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). However, users of Ecstasy and Molly have increasingly tested positive for novel psychoactive substances (NPS), notably novel stimulants. To evaluate hypothesized non-specific and interchangeable use of the terms Ecstasy, Molly and MDMA, self-reported drug use was compared against toxicological findings in biological specimens. Oral fluid specimens were collected from participants attending large multi-day electronic dance music festivals in Miami, FL; Tampa, FL; and Atlanta, GA. Participants additionally completed a structured survey about recent recreational drug use. Collected specimens were screened for therapeutic drugs, common drugs of abuse and NPS using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF). Positive screen results were confirmed by validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) methods for MDMA, MDA, methylone, dimethylone, ethylone, butylone, dibutylone, eutylone, pentylone, N-ethyl pentylone (ephylone), alpha-PVP and 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA). During this 4-year study, 223 participants provided an oral fluid specimen and indicated recent use of Ecstasy, Molly and/or MDMA/MDA. Of these subjects, 203 (91.0%) indicated only one of these drug terms; while 20 (9.0%) participants indicated a combination of multiple terms. Of the 203 participants designating only one drug term, 123 (60.6%) reported Molly use, 55 (27.1%) reported MDMA use and 25 (12.3%) reported Ecstasy use. Seven participants reported the use of MDA, but these responses were paired with MDMA responses due to detection of MDA as a metabolite of MDMA. The results from this study indicate that there are inconsistencies between admission to drug use and toxicological findings in this population. Of the 223 participants who indicated use of Ecstasy, Molly and/or MDMA/MDA, MDMA without a novel stimulant was confirmed in 121 (54.3%) participants, while 66 (29.6%) tested positive for at least one novel stimulant.
DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky051
PubMed: 30371847
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The Detection of Novel Stimulants in Oral Fluid from Users Reporting Ecstasy, Molly and MDMA Ingestion.</title><author><name sortKey="Krotulski, Alex J" sort="Krotulski, Alex J" uniqKey="Krotulski A" first="Alex J" last="Krotulski">Alex J. Krotulski</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohr, Amanda L A" sort="Mohr, Amanda L A" uniqKey="Mohr A" first="Amanda L A" last="Mohr">Amanda L A. Mohr</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fogarty, Melissa F" sort="Fogarty, Melissa F" uniqKey="Fogarty M" first="Melissa F" last="Fogarty">Melissa F. Fogarty</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Logan, Barry K" sort="Logan, Barry K" uniqKey="Logan B" first="Barry K" last="Logan">Barry K. Logan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Rd, Willow Grove, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2018">2018</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:30371847</idno><idno type="pmid">30371847</idno><idno type="doi">10.1093/jat/bky051</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000601</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000601</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">The Detection of Novel Stimulants in Oral Fluid from Users Reporting Ecstasy, Molly and MDMA Ingestion.</title><author><name sortKey="Krotulski, Alex J" sort="Krotulski, Alex J" uniqKey="Krotulski A" first="Alex J" last="Krotulski">Alex J. Krotulski</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohr, Amanda L A" sort="Mohr, Amanda L A" uniqKey="Mohr A" first="Amanda L A" last="Mohr">Amanda L A. Mohr</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fogarty, Melissa F" sort="Fogarty, Melissa F" uniqKey="Fogarty M" first="Melissa F" last="Fogarty">Melissa F. Fogarty</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Logan, Barry K" sort="Logan, Barry K" uniqKey="Logan B" first="Barry K" last="Logan">Barry K. Logan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Rd, Willow Grove, PA, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of analytical toxicology</title><idno type="eISSN">1945-2403</idno><imprint><date when="2018" type="published">2018</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Central Nervous System Stimulants (analysis)</term><term>Forensic Toxicology (methods)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Illicit Drugs (analysis)</term><term>N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (analysis)</term><term>Reproducibility of Results (MeSH)</term><term>Saliva (chemistry)</term><term>Specimen Handling (MeSH)</term><term>Substance Abuse Detection (methods)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>Central Nervous System Stimulants</term><term>Illicit Drugs</term><term>N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Saliva</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Forensic Toxicology</term><term>Substance Abuse Detection</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Humans</term><term>Reproducibility of Results</term><term>Specimen Handling</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">"Ecstasy" and "Molly" are common drug slang terms used among club and rave cultures to denote preparations believed to contain 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). However, users of Ecstasy and Molly have increasingly tested positive for novel psychoactive substances (NPS), notably novel stimulants. To evaluate hypothesized non-specific and interchangeable use of the terms Ecstasy, Molly and MDMA, self-reported drug use was compared against toxicological findings in biological specimens. Oral fluid specimens were collected from participants attending large multi-day electronic dance music festivals in Miami, FL; Tampa, FL; and Atlanta, GA. Participants additionally completed a structured survey about recent recreational drug use. Collected specimens were screened for therapeutic drugs, common drugs of abuse and NPS using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF). Positive screen results were confirmed by validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) methods for MDMA, MDA, methylone, dimethylone, ethylone, butylone, dibutylone, eutylone, pentylone, N-ethyl pentylone (ephylone), alpha-PVP and 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA). During this 4-year study, 223 participants provided an oral fluid specimen and indicated recent use of Ecstasy, Molly and/or MDMA/MDA. Of these subjects, 203 (91.0%) indicated only one of these drug terms; while 20 (9.0%) participants indicated a combination of multiple terms. Of the 203 participants designating only one drug term, 123 (60.6%) reported Molly use, 55 (27.1%) reported MDMA use and 25 (12.3%) reported Ecstasy use. Seven participants reported the use of MDA, but these responses were paired with MDMA responses due to detection of MDA as a metabolite of MDMA. The results from this study indicate that there are inconsistencies between admission to drug use and toxicological findings in this population. Of the 223 participants who indicated use of Ecstasy, Molly and/or MDMA/MDA, MDMA without a novel stimulant was confirmed in 121 (54.3%) participants, while 66 (29.6%) tested positive for at least one novel stimulant.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">30371847</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2019</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>11</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2019</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>10</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1945-2403</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>42</Volume><Issue>8</Issue><PubDate><Year>2018</Year><Month>Oct</Month><Day>01</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Journal of analytical toxicology</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Anal Toxicol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>The Detection of Novel Stimulants in Oral Fluid from Users Reporting Ecstasy, Molly and MDMA Ingestion.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>544-553</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1093/jat/bky051</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>"Ecstasy" and "Molly" are common drug slang terms used among club and rave cultures to denote preparations believed to contain 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). However, users of Ecstasy and Molly have increasingly tested positive for novel psychoactive substances (NPS), notably novel stimulants. To evaluate hypothesized non-specific and interchangeable use of the terms Ecstasy, Molly and MDMA, self-reported drug use was compared against toxicological findings in biological specimens. Oral fluid specimens were collected from participants attending large multi-day electronic dance music festivals in Miami, FL; Tampa, FL; and Atlanta, GA. Participants additionally completed a structured survey about recent recreational drug use. Collected specimens were screened for therapeutic drugs, common drugs of abuse and NPS using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF). Positive screen results were confirmed by validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) methods for MDMA, MDA, methylone, dimethylone, ethylone, butylone, dibutylone, eutylone, pentylone, N-ethyl pentylone (ephylone), alpha-PVP and 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA). During this 4-year study, 223 participants provided an oral fluid specimen and indicated recent use of Ecstasy, Molly and/or MDMA/MDA. Of these subjects, 203 (91.0%) indicated only one of these drug terms; while 20 (9.0%) participants indicated a combination of multiple terms. Of the 203 participants designating only one drug term, 123 (60.6%) reported Molly use, 55 (27.1%) reported MDMA use and 25 (12.3%) reported Ecstasy use. Seven participants reported the use of MDA, but these responses were paired with MDMA responses due to detection of MDA as a metabolite of MDMA. The results from this study indicate that there are inconsistencies between admission to drug use and toxicological findings in this population. Of the 223 participants who indicated use of Ecstasy, Molly and/or MDMA/MDA, MDMA without a novel stimulant was confirmed in 121 (54.3%) participants, while 66 (29.6%) tested positive for at least one novel stimulant.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Krotulski</LastName><ForeName>Alex J</ForeName><Initials>AJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, PA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Mohr</LastName><ForeName>Amanda L A</ForeName><Initials>ALA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, PA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fogarty</LastName><ForeName>Melissa F</ForeName><Initials>MF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, PA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Logan</LastName><ForeName>Barry K</ForeName><Initials>BK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, PA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Rd, Willow Grove, PA, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>J Anal Toxicol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>7705085</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0146-4760</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000697">Central Nervous System Stimulants</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D013287">Illicit Drugs</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>KE1SEN21RM</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D018817">N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000697" MajorTopicYN="N">Central Nervous System Stimulants</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="Y">analysis</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D053593" MajorTopicYN="N">Forensic Toxicology</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="Y">methods</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013287" MajorTopicYN="N">Illicit Drugs</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="Y">analysis</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018817" MajorTopicYN="N">N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="Y">analysis</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015203" MajorTopicYN="N">Reproducibility of Results</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012463" MajorTopicYN="N">Saliva</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="Y">chemistry</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013048" MajorTopicYN="N">Specimen Handling</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015813" MajorTopicYN="N">Substance Abuse Detection</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="Y">methods</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2018</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>01</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2018</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>16</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2018</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>30</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2018</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>30</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2019</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>12</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">30371847</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">5145131</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1093/jat/bky051</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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