Assessing the genetic impact of massive restocking on wild mallard
Identifieur interne : 001418 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001417; suivant : 001419Assessing the genetic impact of massive restocking on wild mallard
Auteurs : J. Champagnon ; P-A. Crochet ; J. Kreisinger ; D. Ková ; M. Gauthier-Clerc ; G. Massez ; P. Söderquist ; T. Albrecht ; M. GuillemainSource :
- Animal Conservation [ 1367-9430 ] ; 2013-06.
Abstract
Captive‐bred mallards Anas platyrhynchos have been released for hunting purposes at a very large scale in Europe since the mid‐1970s. In spite of a potential genetic impact, the actual contribution of restocked mallards to the genome of the target population has received little attention. The genetic structure of modern wild mallards in the Camargue, Southern France, was assessed from two samples: one originating from shot birds in hunting bags and one from presumed wild ducks captured alive in a hunting‐free reserve. Reference samples originated from five mallard farms, as well as from museum samples collected before the mid‐1970s (i.e. before massive mallard releases started). Our results revealed that the genetic signature of wild wintering mallards has not changed significantly because museum and presumed wild samples from the Camargue hunting‐free nature reserve were genetically similar, and clearly differentiated from the farm mallards. This suggests that mallard releases in the Camargue or elsewhere in France, although massive, have not actually translated into complete admixture of wild and captive genomes, most likely due to low survival of released birds once in the wild. Nevertheless, although genetic introgression of the wild population by captive‐bred was contained, we found significant rates of hybridization between wild and captive‐bred mallards in modern samples. This result suggests that long‐term releases of captive‐bred mallards, if carried on at such large scale, could compromise irreversibly the genetic structure and composition of European mallards. This work contributes to fill in the gap on the monitoring of the genetic consequences of large‐scale game releases for exploitation.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00600.x
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Champagnon</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, CNERA Avifaune Migratrice, Arles, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 – CNRS, Montpellier Cedex 5, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Jocelyn Champagnon, ONCFS, Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France. Tel: +33 490 97 29 46; Fax: +33 490 97 27 88Email:</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: jchampagnon@gmail.com</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crochet, P" sort="Crochet, P" uniqKey="Crochet P" first="P-A." last="Crochet">P-A. Crochet</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 – CNRS, Montpellier Cedex 5, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kreisinger, J" sort="Kreisinger, J" uniqKey="Kreisinger J" first="J." last="Kreisinger">J. Kreisinger</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Praha 2, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey=" Kova, D" sort=" Kova, D" uniqKey=" Kova D" first="D." last=" Ková">D. Ková</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Population Biology, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gauthier Lerc, M" sort="Gauthier Lerc, M" uniqKey="Gauthier Lerc M" first="M." last="Gauthier-Clerc">M. Gauthier-Clerc</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Département Chrono‐Environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 USC INRA, Université de Franche‐Comté, Besançon, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Massez, G" sort="Massez, G" uniqKey="Massez G" first="G." last="Massez">G. Massez</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Les Marais du Vigueirat, Arles, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soderquist, P" sort="Soderquist, P" uniqKey="Soderquist P" first="P." last="Söderquist">P. Söderquist</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Division of Natural Sciences, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Albrecht, T" sort="Albrecht, T" uniqKey="Albrecht T" first="T." last="Albrecht">T. Albrecht</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Praha 2, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Population Biology, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guillemain, M" sort="Guillemain, M" uniqKey="Guillemain M" first="M." last="Guillemain">M. Guillemain</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, CNERA Avifaune Migratrice, Arles, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Animal Conservation</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Anim Conserv</title><idno type="ISSN">1367-9430</idno><idno type="eISSN">1469-1795</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2013-06">2013-06</date><biblScope unit="volume">16</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="295">295</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="305">305</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1367-9430</idno></series><idno type="istex">55E72C8F8515EE8C918162D886BB24BDE47312F3</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00600.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">ACV600</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1367-9430</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Captive‐bred mallards Anas platyrhynchos have been released for hunting purposes at a very large scale in Europe since the mid‐1970s. In spite of a potential genetic impact, the actual contribution of restocked mallards to the genome of the target population has received little attention. The genetic structure of modern wild mallards in the Camargue, Southern France, was assessed from two samples: one originating from shot birds in hunting bags and one from presumed wild ducks captured alive in a hunting‐free reserve. Reference samples originated from five mallard farms, as well as from museum samples collected before the mid‐1970s (i.e. before massive mallard releases started). Our results revealed that the genetic signature of wild wintering mallards has not changed significantly because museum and presumed wild samples from the Camargue hunting‐free nature reserve were genetically similar, and clearly differentiated from the farm mallards. This suggests that mallard releases in the Camargue or elsewhere in France, although massive, have not actually translated into complete admixture of wild and captive genomes, most likely due to low survival of released birds once in the wild. Nevertheless, although genetic introgression of the wild population by captive‐bred was contained, we found significant rates of hybridization between wild and captive‐bred mallards in modern samples. This result suggests that long‐term releases of captive‐bred mallards, if carried on at such large scale, could compromise irreversibly the genetic structure and composition of European mallards. This work contributes to fill in the gap on the monitoring of the genetic consequences of large‐scale game releases for exploitation.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>J. Champagnon</name><affiliations><json:string>Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, CNERA Avifaune Migratrice, Arles, France</json:string><json:string>Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France</json:string><json:string>Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 – CNRS, Montpellier Cedex 5, France</json:string><json:string>Jocelyn Champagnon, ONCFS, Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France. Tel: +33 490 97 29 46; Fax: +33 490 97 27 88Email:</json:string><json:string>E-mail: jchampagnon@gmail.com</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>P‐A. Crochet</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 – CNRS, Montpellier Cedex 5, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. Kreisinger</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Praha 2, Czech Republic</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>D. Čížková</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Population Biology, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>M. Gauthier‐Clerc</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France</json:string><json:string>Département Chrono‐Environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 USC INRA, Université de Franche‐Comté, Besançon, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>G. Massez</name><affiliations><json:string>Les Marais du Vigueirat, Arles, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>P. Söderquist</name><affiliations><json:string>Division of Natural Sciences, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden</json:string><json:string>Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>T. Albrecht</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Praha 2, Czech Republic</json:string><json:string>Department of Population Biology, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>M. Guillemain</name><affiliations><json:string>Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, CNERA Avifaune Migratrice, Arles, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Anas platyrhynchos</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>game bird</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>hybridization</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>introgression</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>microsatellite</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>restocking</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>ACV600</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Captive‐bred mallards Anas platyrhynchos have been released for hunting purposes at a very large scale in Europe since the mid‐1970s. In spite of a potential genetic impact, the actual contribution of restocked mallards to the genome of the target population has received little attention. The genetic structure of modern wild mallards in the Camargue, Southern France, was assessed from two samples: one originating from shot birds in hunting bags and one from presumed wild ducks captured alive in a hunting‐free reserve. Reference samples originated from five mallard farms, as well as from museum samples collected before the mid‐1970s (i.e. before massive mallard releases started). Our results revealed that the genetic signature of wild wintering mallards has not changed significantly because museum and presumed wild samples from the Camargue hunting‐free nature reserve were genetically similar, and clearly differentiated from the farm mallards. This suggests that mallard releases in the Camargue or elsewhere in France, although massive, have not actually translated into complete admixture of wild and captive genomes, most likely due to low survival of released birds once in the wild. Nevertheless, although genetic introgression of the wild population by captive‐bred was contained, we found significant rates of hybridization between wild and captive‐bred mallards in modern samples. This result suggests that long‐term releases of captive‐bred mallards, if carried on at such large scale, could compromise irreversibly the genetic structure and composition of European mallards. This work contributes to fill in the gap on the monitoring of the genetic consequences of large‐scale game releases for exploitation.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>595.276 x 782.362 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>1731</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>6944</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>45045</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>11</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>254</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Assessing the genetic impact of massive restocking on wild mallard</title><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><volume>16</volume><publisherId><json:string>ACV</json:string></publisherId><pages><total>11</total><last>305</last><first>295</first></pages><issn><json:string>1367-9430</json:string></issn><issue>3</issue><subject><json:item><value>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</value></json:item></subject><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>1469-1795</json:string></eissn><title>Animal Conservation</title><doi><json:string>10.1111/(ISSN)1469-1795</json:string></doi></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>ecology</json:string><json:string>biodiversity conservation</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>natural sciences</json:string><json:string>biology</json:string><json:string>ecology</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2013</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2013</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00600.x</json:string></doi><id>55E72C8F8515EE8C918162D886BB24BDE47312F3</id><score>0.1403512</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/55E72C8F8515EE8C918162D886BB24BDE47312F3/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/55E72C8F8515EE8C918162D886BB24BDE47312F3/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/55E72C8F8515EE8C918162D886BB24BDE47312F3/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Assessing the genetic impact of massive restocking on wild mallard</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><availability><p>Animal Conservation © 2012 The Zoological Society of London© 2012 The Authors. Animal Conservation © 2012 The Zoological Society of London</p></availability><date>2012-09-18</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note>Appendix S1. Laboratory procedures for DNA analyses.Appendix S2. Molecular phylogenetic analysis from mtDNA samples.</note><note>Czech Republic Ministry of Environment VAV - No. SP/2d3/60/08;</note><note>Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS)</note><note>MAVA Foundation</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Assessing the genetic impact of massive restocking on wild mallard</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">J.</forename><surname>Champagnon</surname></persName><email>jchampagnon@gmail.com</email><affiliation>Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, CNERA Avifaune Migratrice, Arles, France</affiliation><affiliation>Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France</affiliation><affiliation>Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 – CNRS, Montpellier Cedex 5, France</affiliation><affiliation>Jocelyn Champagnon, ONCFS, Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France. Tel: +33 490 97 29 46; Fax: +33 490 97 27 88Email:</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">P‐A.</forename><surname>Crochet</surname></persName><affiliation>Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 – CNRS, Montpellier Cedex 5, France</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">J.</forename><surname>Kreisinger</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Praha 2, Czech Republic</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">D.</forename><surname>Čížková</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Population Biology, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-5"><persName><forename type="first">M.</forename><surname>Gauthier‐Clerc</surname></persName><affiliation>Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France</affiliation><affiliation>Département Chrono‐Environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 USC INRA, Université de Franche‐Comté, Besançon, France</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-6"><persName><forename type="first">G.</forename><surname>Massez</surname></persName><affiliation>Les Marais du Vigueirat, Arles, France</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-7"><persName><forename type="first">P.</forename><surname>Söderquist</surname></persName><affiliation>Division of Natural Sciences, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-8"><persName><forename type="first">T.</forename><surname>Albrecht</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Praha 2, Czech Republic</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Population Biology, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-9"><persName><forename type="first">M.</forename><surname>Guillemain</surname></persName><affiliation>Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, CNERA Avifaune Migratrice, Arles, France</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Animal Conservation</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Anim Conserv</title><idno type="pISSN">1367-9430</idno><idno type="eISSN">1469-1795</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1469-1795</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2013-06"></date><biblScope unit="volume">16</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="295">295</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="305">305</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">55E72C8F8515EE8C918162D886BB24BDE47312F3</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00600.x</idno><idno type="ArticleID">ACV600</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2012-09-18</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract><p>Captive‐bred mallards Anas platyrhynchos have been released for hunting purposes at a very large scale in Europe since the mid‐1970s. In spite of a potential genetic impact, the actual contribution of restocked mallards to the genome of the target population has received little attention. The genetic structure of modern wild mallards in the Camargue, Southern France, was assessed from two samples: one originating from shot birds in hunting bags and one from presumed wild ducks captured alive in a hunting‐free reserve. Reference samples originated from five mallard farms, as well as from museum samples collected before the mid‐1970s (i.e. before massive mallard releases started). Our results revealed that the genetic signature of wild wintering mallards has not changed significantly because museum and presumed wild samples from the Camargue hunting‐free nature reserve were genetically similar, and clearly differentiated from the farm mallards. This suggests that mallard releases in the Camargue or elsewhere in France, although massive, have not actually translated into complete admixture of wild and captive genomes, most likely due to low survival of released birds once in the wild. Nevertheless, although genetic introgression of the wild population by captive‐bred was contained, we found significant rates of hybridization between wild and captive‐bred mallards in modern samples. This result suggests that long‐term releases of captive‐bred mallards, if carried on at such large scale, could compromise irreversibly the genetic structure and composition of European mallards. This work contributes to fill in the gap on the monitoring of the genetic consequences of large‐scale game releases for exploitation.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>Anas platyrhynchos</term></item><item><term>game bird</term></item><item><term>hybridization</term></item><item><term>introgression</term></item><item><term>microsatellite</term></item><item><term>restocking</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>article-category</head><item><term>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2011-10-05">Received</change><change when="2012-09-03">Registration</change><change when="2012-09-18">Created</change><change when="2013-06">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/55E72C8F8515EE8C918162D886BB24BDE47312F3/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component type="serialArticle" version="2.0" xml:id="acv600" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/(ISSN)1469-1795</doi><issn type="print">1367-9430</issn><issn type="electronic">1469-1795</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="ACV"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title sort="ANIMAL CONSERVATION" type="main">Animal Conservation</title><title type="short">Anim Conserv</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="06103"><doi>10.1111/acv.2013.16.issue-3</doi><copyright ownership="thirdParty">Animal Conservation © 2012 The Zoological Society of London</copyright><numberingGroup><numbering number="16" type="journalVolume">16</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">3</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2013-06">June 2013</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" status="forIssue" type="article" position="80"><doi>10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00600.x</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="ACV600"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count number="11" type="pageTotal"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1">ORIGINAL ARTICLES</title><title type="articleCategory">ORIGINAL ARTICLE</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="thirdParty">© 2012 The Authors. Animal Conservation © 2012 The Zoological Society of London</copyright><eventGroup><event agent="bestset" date="2012-09-18" type="xmlCreated"></event><event date="2011-10-05" type="manuscriptReceived"></event><event date="2012-09-03" type="manuscriptAccepted"></event><event type="publishedOnlineEarlyUnpaginated" date="2012-11-06"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2012-11-06"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2013-05-30"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2013-12-31"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.6.4 mode:FullText" date="2015-10-01"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">295</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">305</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo><lineatedText><line><b>Correspondence</b></line><line>Jocelyn Champagnon, ONCFS, Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France. Tel: +33 490 97 29 46; Fax: +33 490 97 27 88</line><line>Email: <email>jchampagnon@gmail.com</email></line></lineatedText></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:ACV.ACV600.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><titleGroup><title type="short">Restocking consequences on wild mallard genetics</title><title type="shortAuthors">J. <fc>C</fc>hampagnon <i>et al</i>.</title><title type="main">Assessing the genetic impact of massive restocking on wild mallard</title></titleGroup><creators><creator affiliationRef="#acv600-aff-0001 #acv600-aff-0002 #acv600-aff-0003" corresponding="yes" creatorRole="author" xml:id="acv600-cr-0001"><personName><givenNames>J.</givenNames><familyName>Champagnon</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#acv600-aff-0003" creatorRole="author" xml:id="acv600-cr-0002"><personName><givenNames>P‐A.</givenNames><familyName>Crochet</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#acv600-aff-0004" creatorRole="author" xml:id="acv600-cr-0003"><personName><givenNames>J.</givenNames><familyName>Kreisinger</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#acv600-aff-0005" creatorRole="author" xml:id="acv600-cr-0004"><personName><givenNames>D.</givenNames><familyName>Čížková</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#acv600-aff-0002 #acv600-aff-0009" creatorRole="author" xml:id="acv600-cr-0005"><personName><givenNames>M.</givenNames><familyName>Gauthier‐Clerc</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#acv600-aff-0006" creatorRole="author" xml:id="acv600-cr-0006"><personName><givenNames>G.</givenNames><familyName>Massez</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#acv600-aff-0007 #acv600-aff-0008" creatorRole="author" xml:id="acv600-cr-0007"><personName><givenNames>P.</givenNames><familyName>Söderquist</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#acv600-aff-0004 #acv600-aff-0005" creatorRole="author" xml:id="acv600-cr-0008"><personName><givenNames>T.</givenNames><familyName>Albrecht</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#acv600-aff-0001" creatorRole="author" xml:id="acv600-cr-0009"><personName><givenNames>M.</givenNames><familyName>Guillemain</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation countryCode="FR" xml:id="acv600-aff-0001"><orgDiv>Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage</orgDiv><orgName>CNERA Avifaune Migratrice</orgName><address><city>Arles</city><country>France</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="FR" xml:id="acv600-aff-0002"><orgName>Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat</orgName><address><city>Arles</city><country>France</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="FR" xml:id="acv600-aff-0003"><orgDiv>Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive</orgDiv><orgName>UMR 5175 – CNRS</orgName><address><city>Montpellier Cedex 5</city><country>France</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="CZ" xml:id="acv600-aff-0004"><orgDiv>Department of Zoology</orgDiv><orgDiv>Faculty of Science</orgDiv><orgName>Charles University in Prague</orgName><address><city>Praha 2</city><country>Czech Republic</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="CZ" xml:id="acv600-aff-0005"><orgDiv>Department of Population Biology</orgDiv><orgDiv>Institute of Vertebrate Biology</orgDiv><orgName>Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic</orgName><address><city>Brno</city><country>Czech Republic</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="FR" xml:id="acv600-aff-0006"><orgName>Les Marais du Vigueirat</orgName><address><city>Arles</city><country>France</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="SE" xml:id="acv600-aff-0007"><orgDiv>Division of Natural Sciences</orgDiv><orgName>Kristianstad University</orgName><address><city>Kristianstad</city><country>Sweden</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="SE" xml:id="acv600-aff-0008"><orgDiv>Department of Wildlife</orgDiv><orgDiv>Fish and Environmental Studies</orgDiv><orgName>Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences</orgName><address><city>Umeå</city><country>Sweden</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="SE" xml:id="acv600-aff-0009"><orgDiv>Département Chrono‐Environnement</orgDiv><orgDiv>UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 USC INRA</orgDiv><orgName>Université de Franche‐Comté</orgName><address><city>Besançon</city><country>France</country></address></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="acv600-kwd-0001"><i><fc>A</fc>nas platyrhynchos</i></keyword><keyword xml:id="acv600-kwd-0002">game bird</keyword><keyword xml:id="acv600-kwd-0003">hybridization</keyword><keyword xml:id="acv600-kwd-0004">introgression</keyword><keyword xml:id="acv600-kwd-0005">microsatellite</keyword><keyword xml:id="acv600-kwd-0006">restocking</keyword></keywordGroup><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Czech Republic Ministry of Environment VAV</fundingAgency><fundingNumber>SP/2d3/60/08</fundingNumber></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS)</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>MAVA Foundation</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><supportingInformation><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="pdf" href="urn-x:wiley:13679430:media:acv600:acv600-sup-0001-si"></mediaResource><caption><p><b>Appendix S1.</b> Laboratory procedures for DNA analyses.</p></caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="pdf" href="urn-x:wiley:13679430:media:acv600:acv600-sup-0002-si"></mediaResource><caption><p><b>Appendix S2.</b> Molecular phylogenetic analysis from mtDNA samples.</p></caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p><fc>C</fc>aptive‐bred mallards <i><fc>A</fc>nas platyrhynchos</i> have been released for hunting purposes at a very large scale in <fc>E</fc>urope since the mid‐1970s. In spite of a potential genetic impact, the actual contribution of restocked mallards to the genome of the target population has received little attention. The genetic structure of modern wild mallards in the <fc>C</fc>amargue, <fc>S</fc>outhern <fc>F</fc>rance, was assessed from two samples: one originating from shot birds in hunting bags and one from presumed wild ducks captured alive in a hunting‐free reserve. Reference samples originated from five mallard farms, as well as from museum samples collected before the mid‐1970s (i.e. before massive mallard releases started). Our results revealed that the genetic signature of wild wintering mallards has not changed significantly because museum and presumed wild samples from the <fc>C</fc>amargue hunting‐free nature reserve were genetically similar, and clearly differentiated from the farm mallards. This suggests that mallard releases in the <fc>C</fc>amargue or elsewhere in <fc>F</fc>rance, although massive, have not actually translated into complete admixture of wild and captive genomes, most likely due to low survival of released birds once in the wild. Nevertheless, although genetic introgression of the wild population by captive‐bred was contained, we found significant rates of hybridization between wild and captive‐bred mallards in modern samples. This result suggests that long‐term releases of captive‐bred mallards, if carried on at such large scale, could compromise irreversibly the genetic structure and composition of <fc>E</fc>uropean mallards. This work contributes to fill in the gap on the monitoring of the genetic consequences of large‐scale game releases for exploitation.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta><noteGroup><note numbered="no" xml:id="acv12000-note-7001"><p>Editor: Todd Katzner</p><p>Associate Editor: Jeff Johnson</p></note></noteGroup></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Assessing the genetic impact of massive restocking on wild mallard</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Restocking consequences on wild mallard genetics</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Assessing the genetic impact of massive restocking on wild mallard</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Champagnon</namePart><affiliation>Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, CNERA Avifaune Migratrice, Arles, France</affiliation><affiliation>Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France</affiliation><affiliation>Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 – CNRS, Montpellier Cedex 5, France</affiliation><affiliation>Jocelyn Champagnon, ONCFS, Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France. Tel: +33 490 97 29 46; Fax: +33 490 97 27 88Email:</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: jchampagnon@gmail.com</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P‐A.</namePart><namePart type="family">Crochet</namePart><affiliation>Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 – CNRS, Montpellier Cedex 5, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kreisinger</namePart><affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Praha 2, Czech Republic</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Čížková</namePart><affiliation>Department of Population Biology, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Gauthier‐Clerc</namePart><affiliation>Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France</affiliation><affiliation>Département Chrono‐Environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 USC INRA, Université de Franche‐Comté, Besançon, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Massez</namePart><affiliation>Les Marais du Vigueirat, Arles, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P.</namePart><namePart type="family">Söderquist</namePart><affiliation>Division of Natural Sciences, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T.</namePart><namePart type="family">Albrecht</namePart><affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Praha 2, Czech Republic</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Population Biology, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Guillemain</namePart><affiliation>Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, CNERA Avifaune Migratrice, Arles, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2013-06</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2012-09-18</dateCreated><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2011-10-05</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2012-09-03</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2013</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract>Captive‐bred mallards Anas platyrhynchos have been released for hunting purposes at a very large scale in Europe since the mid‐1970s. In spite of a potential genetic impact, the actual contribution of restocked mallards to the genome of the target population has received little attention. The genetic structure of modern wild mallards in the Camargue, Southern France, was assessed from two samples: one originating from shot birds in hunting bags and one from presumed wild ducks captured alive in a hunting‐free reserve. Reference samples originated from five mallard farms, as well as from museum samples collected before the mid‐1970s (i.e. before massive mallard releases started). Our results revealed that the genetic signature of wild wintering mallards has not changed significantly because museum and presumed wild samples from the Camargue hunting‐free nature reserve were genetically similar, and clearly differentiated from the farm mallards. This suggests that mallard releases in the Camargue or elsewhere in France, although massive, have not actually translated into complete admixture of wild and captive genomes, most likely due to low survival of released birds once in the wild. Nevertheless, although genetic introgression of the wild population by captive‐bred was contained, we found significant rates of hybridization between wild and captive‐bred mallards in modern samples. This result suggests that long‐term releases of captive‐bred mallards, if carried on at such large scale, could compromise irreversibly the genetic structure and composition of European mallards. This work contributes to fill in the gap on the monitoring of the genetic consequences of large‐scale game releases for exploitation.</abstract><note type="additional physical form">Appendix S1. Laboratory procedures for DNA analyses.Appendix S2. Molecular phylogenetic analysis from mtDNA samples.</note><note type="funding">Czech Republic Ministry of Environment VAV - No. SP/2d3/60/08; </note><note type="funding">Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS)</note><note type="funding">MAVA Foundation</note><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Anas platyrhynchos</topic><topic>game bird</topic><topic>hybridization</topic><topic>introgression</topic><topic>microsatellite</topic><topic>restocking</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Animal Conservation</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Anim Conserv</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">1367-9430</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1469-1795</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1469-1795</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">ACV</identifier><part><date>2013</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>16</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>295</start><end>305</end><total>11</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">55E72C8F8515EE8C918162D886BB24BDE47312F3</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00600.x</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">ACV600</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Animal Conservation © 2012 The Zoological Society of London© 2012 The Authors. 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