Proximate weather patterns and spring green‐up phenology effect Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) body mass and reproductive success: the implications of climate change and topography
Identifieur interne : 001400 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001399; suivant : 001401Proximate weather patterns and spring green‐up phenology effect Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) body mass and reproductive success: the implications of climate change and topography
Auteurs : Ruairidh D. Campbell ; Chris Newman ; David W. Macdonald ; Frank RosellSource :
- Global Change Biology [ 1354-1013 ] ; 2013-04.
Abstract
Low spring temperatures have been found to benefit mobile herbivores by reducing the rate of spring‐flush, whereas high rainfall increases forage availability. Cold winters prove detrimental, by increasing herbivore thermoregulatory burdens. Here we examine the effects of temperature and rainfall variability on a temperate sedentary herbivore, the Eurasian beaver, Castor fiber, in terms of inter‐annual variation in mean body weight and per territory offspring production. Data pertain to 198 individuals, over 11 years, using capture‐mark‐recapture. We use plant growth (tree cores) and fAPAR (a satellite‐derived plant productivity index) to examine potential mechanisms through which weather conditions affect the availability and the seasonal phenology of beaver forage. Juvenile body weights were lighter after colder winters, whereas warmer spring temperatures were associated with lighter adult body weights, mediated by enhanced green‐up phenology rates. Counter‐intuitively, we observed a negative association between rainfall and body weight in juveniles and adults, and also with reproductive success. Alder, Alnus incana, (n = 68) growth rings (principal beaver food in the study area) exhibited a positive relationship with rainfall for trees growing at elevations >2 m above water level, but a negative relationship for trees growing <0.5 m. We deduce that temperature influences beavers at the landscape scale via effects on spring green‐up phenology and winter thermoregulation. Rainfall influences beavers at finer spatial scales through topographical interactions with plant growth, where trees near water level, prone to water logging, producing poorer forage in wetter years. Unlike most other herbivores, beavers are an obligate aquatic species that utilize a restricted ‘central‐place’ foraging range, limiting their ability to take advantage of better forage growth further from water during wetter years. With respect to anthropogenic climate change, interactions between weather variables, plant phenology and topography on forage growth are instructive, and consequently warrant examination when developing conservation management strategies for populations of medium to large herbivores.
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DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12114
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Macdonald</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxfordshire, OX13 5QL, Abingdon</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosell, Frank" sort="Rosell, Frank" uniqKey="Rosell F" first="Frank" last="Rosell">Frank Rosell</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University College, N‐3800 Bø, Telemark, Norway</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Global Change Biology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Glob Change Biol</title><idno type="ISSN">1354-1013</idno><idno type="eISSN">1365-2486</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2013-04">2013-04</date><biblScope unit="volume">19</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="1311">1311</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="1324">1324</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1354-1013</idno></series><idno type="istex">D18C000AD067F6C07D53CC7CD2AA3BFAB691A109</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/gcb.12114</idno><idno type="ArticleID">GCB12114</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1354-1013</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Low spring temperatures have been found to benefit mobile herbivores by reducing the rate of spring‐flush, whereas high rainfall increases forage availability. Cold winters prove detrimental, by increasing herbivore thermoregulatory burdens. Here we examine the effects of temperature and rainfall variability on a temperate sedentary herbivore, the Eurasian beaver, Castor fiber, in terms of inter‐annual variation in mean body weight and per territory offspring production. Data pertain to 198 individuals, over 11 years, using capture‐mark‐recapture. We use plant growth (tree cores) and fAPAR (a satellite‐derived plant productivity index) to examine potential mechanisms through which weather conditions affect the availability and the seasonal phenology of beaver forage. Juvenile body weights were lighter after colder winters, whereas warmer spring temperatures were associated with lighter adult body weights, mediated by enhanced green‐up phenology rates. Counter‐intuitively, we observed a negative association between rainfall and body weight in juveniles and adults, and also with reproductive success. Alder, Alnus incana, (n = 68) growth rings (principal beaver food in the study area) exhibited a positive relationship with rainfall for trees growing at elevations >2 m above water level, but a negative relationship for trees growing <0.5 m. We deduce that temperature influences beavers at the landscape scale via effects on spring green‐up phenology and winter thermoregulation. Rainfall influences beavers at finer spatial scales through topographical interactions with plant growth, where trees near water level, prone to water logging, producing poorer forage in wetter years. Unlike most other herbivores, beavers are an obligate aquatic species that utilize a restricted ‘central‐place’ foraging range, limiting their ability to take advantage of better forage growth further from water during wetter years. With respect to anthropogenic climate change, interactions between weather variables, plant phenology and topography on forage growth are instructive, and consequently warrant examination when developing conservation management strategies for populations of medium to large herbivores.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Ruairidh D. 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Cold winters prove detrimental, by increasing herbivore thermoregulatory burdens. Here we examine the effects of temperature and rainfall variability on a temperate sedentary herbivore, the Eurasian beaver, Castor fiber, in terms of inter‐annual variation in mean body weight and per territory offspring production. Data pertain to 198 individuals, over 11 years, using capture‐mark‐recapture. We use plant growth (tree cores) and fAPAR (a satellite‐derived plant productivity index) to examine potential mechanisms through which weather conditions affect the availability and the seasonal phenology of beaver forage. Juvenile body weights were lighter after colder winters, whereas warmer spring temperatures were associated with lighter adult body weights, mediated by enhanced green‐up phenology rates. Counter‐intuitively, we observed a negative association between rainfall and body weight in juveniles and adults, and also with reproductive success. Alder, Alnus incana, (n = 68) growth rings (principal beaver food in the study area) exhibited a positive relationship with rainfall for trees growing at elevations >2 m above water level, but a negative relationship for trees growing >0.5 m. We deduce that temperature influences beavers at the landscape scale via effects on spring green‐up phenology and winter thermoregulation. Rainfall influences beavers at finer spatial scales through topographical interactions with plant growth, where trees near water level, prone to water logging, producing poorer forage in wetter years. Unlike most other herbivores, beavers are an obligate aquatic species that utilize a restricted ‘central‐place’ foraging range, limiting their ability to take advantage of better forage growth further from water during wetter years. 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All rightsreserved© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd</p></availability><date>2012-12-13</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note>Appendix S1. Images of the study area.Appendix S2. Plant productivity as measured by fAPAR.Appendix S3. Tables of statistical results and correlations within climate factors.Appendix S4. Means, sample sizes, and variation in body weight and reproductive success.Appendix S5. Plot of beaver kit weight and Apr–Sept rainfall.Appendix S6. Plot of yearling beaver weight and Apr–Sept rainfall.Appendix S7. Plot of adult body weight and rate of plant phonological development.Appendix S8. Plot of the interaction of rain and elevation on Gray alder growth.Appendix S9. Effects of rainfall on the behaviour of the Eurasian beaver.</note><note>Telemark University College</note><note>Peoples Trust for Endangered Species</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Proximate weather patterns and spring green‐up phenology effect Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) body mass and reproductive success: the implications of climate change and topography</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Ruairidh D.</forename><surname>Campbell</surname></persName><email>roocampbell@gmail.com</email><affiliation>Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University College, N‐3800 Bø, Telemark, Norway</affiliation><affiliation>Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxfordshire, OX13 5QL, Abingdon</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Chris</forename><surname>Newman</surname></persName><affiliation>Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxfordshire, OX13 5QL, Abingdon</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">David W.</forename><surname>Macdonald</surname></persName><affiliation>Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxfordshire, OX13 5QL, Abingdon</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-4"><persName><forename type="first">Frank</forename><surname>Rosell</surname></persName><affiliation>Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University College, N‐3800 Bø, Telemark, Norway</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Global Change Biology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Glob Change Biol</title><idno type="pISSN">1354-1013</idno><idno type="eISSN">1365-2486</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2486</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2013-04"></date><biblScope unit="volume">19</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="1311">1311</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="1324">1324</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">D18C000AD067F6C07D53CC7CD2AA3BFAB691A109</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/gcb.12114</idno><idno type="ArticleID">GCB12114</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2012-12-13</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Low spring temperatures have been found to benefit mobile herbivores by reducing the rate of spring‐flush, whereas high rainfall increases forage availability. Cold winters prove detrimental, by increasing herbivore thermoregulatory burdens. Here we examine the effects of temperature and rainfall variability on a temperate sedentary herbivore, the Eurasian beaver, Castor fiber, in terms of inter‐annual variation in mean body weight and per territory offspring production. Data pertain to 198 individuals, over 11 years, using capture‐mark‐recapture. We use plant growth (tree cores) and fAPAR (a satellite‐derived plant productivity index) to examine potential mechanisms through which weather conditions affect the availability and the seasonal phenology of beaver forage. Juvenile body weights were lighter after colder winters, whereas warmer spring temperatures were associated with lighter adult body weights, mediated by enhanced green‐up phenology rates. Counter‐intuitively, we observed a negative association between rainfall and body weight in juveniles and adults, and also with reproductive success. Alder, Alnus incana, (n = 68) growth rings (principal beaver food in the study area) exhibited a positive relationship with rainfall for trees growing at elevations >2 m above water level, but a negative relationship for trees growing <0.5 m. We deduce that temperature influences beavers at the landscape scale via effects on spring green‐up phenology and winter thermoregulation. Rainfall influences beavers at finer spatial scales through topographical interactions with plant growth, where trees near water level, prone to water logging, producing poorer forage in wetter years. Unlike most other herbivores, beavers are an obligate aquatic species that utilize a restricted ‘central‐place’ foraging range, limiting their ability to take advantage of better forage growth further from water during wetter years. 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All rights reserved</copyright><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="19">19</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">4</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2013-04">April 2013</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" position="300" status="forIssue" type="article"><doi>10.1111/gcb.12114</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="GCB12114"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count number="14" type="pageTotal"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="articleCategory">Primary Research Article</title><title type="tocHeading1">Primary Research Articles</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="publisher">© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd</copyright><eventGroup><event date="2011-09-26" type="manuscriptReceived"></event><event date="2012-09-26" type="manuscriptRevised"></event><event date="2012-11-06" type="manuscriptAccepted"></event><event agent="SPS" date="2012-12-13" type="xmlCreated"></event><event type="publishedOnlineAccepted" date="2012-12-07"></event><event type="publishedOnlineEarlyUnpaginated" date="2013-01-25"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2013-03-05"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2013-01-25"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2014-01-25"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.6.4 mode:FullText" date="2015-10-03"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">1311</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">1324</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>Correspondence: Ruairidh D. Campbell, Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX13 5QL, tel. +44 (0)1463 751 762, fax +44 (0)1865 611 101, e‐mail: <email>roocampbell@gmail.com</email></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:GCB.GCB12114.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><titleGroup><title type="main">Proximate weather patterns and spring green‐up phenology effect Eurasian beaver (<i>Castor fiber</i>) body mass and reproductive success: the implications of climate change and topography</title><title type="shortAuthors">R. D .Campbell et al.</title></titleGroup><creators><creator affiliationRef="#gcb12114-aff-0001 #gcb12114-aff-0002" corresponding="yes" creatorRole="author" xml:id="gcb12114-cr-0001"><personName><givenNames>Ruairidh D.</givenNames> <familyName>Campbell</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#gcb12114-aff-0002" creatorRole="author" xml:id="gcb12114-cr-0002"><personName><givenNames>Chris</givenNames> <familyName>Newman</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#gcb12114-aff-0002" creatorRole="author" xml:id="gcb12114-cr-0003"><personName><givenNames>David W.</givenNames> <familyName>Macdonald</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#gcb12114-aff-0001" creatorRole="author" xml:id="gcb12114-cr-0004"><personName><givenNames>Frank</givenNames> <familyName>Rosell</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation countryCode="NO" type="organization" xml:id="gcb12114-aff-0001"><orgDiv>Faculty of Arts and Sciences</orgDiv> <orgDiv>Department of Environmental and Health Studies</orgDiv> <orgName>Telemark University College</orgName> <address><postCode>N‐3800 Bø</postCode> <city>Telemark</city> <country>Norway</country></address></affiliation><affiliation type="organization" xml:id="gcb12114-aff-0002"><orgDiv>Wildlife Conservation Research Unit</orgDiv> <orgDiv>Department of Zoology</orgDiv> <orgDiv>University of Oxford</orgDiv> <orgName>The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre</orgName> <address><street>Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney</street> <city>Abingdon</city> <countryPart>Oxfordshire</countryPart> <postCode>OX13 5QL</postCode></address></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="gcb12114-kwd-0001">dendrochronology</keyword><keyword xml:id="gcb12114-kwd-0002">effective rainfall</keyword><keyword xml:id="gcb12114-kwd-0003">habitat use</keyword><keyword xml:id="gcb12114-kwd-0004">herbivore</keyword><keyword xml:id="gcb12114-kwd-0005">phenology</keyword><keyword xml:id="gcb12114-kwd-0006">precipitation</keyword><keyword xml:id="gcb12114-kwd-0007">predation‐risk</keyword><keyword xml:id="gcb12114-kwd-0008">riparian</keyword><keyword xml:id="gcb12114-kwd-0009">topoedaphic</keyword><keyword xml:id="gcb12114-kwd-0010">water logging</keyword></keywordGroup><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Telemark University College</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Peoples Trust for Endangered Species</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><supportingInformation><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting" mimeType="application/msword" href="urn-x:wiley:13541013:media:gcb12114:gcb12114-sup-0001-AppendixS1"></mediaResource><caption><b>Appendix S1.</b> Images of the study area.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting" mimeType="application/msword" href="urn-x:wiley:13541013:media:gcb12114:gcb12114-sup-0002-AppendixS2"></mediaResource><caption><b>Appendix S2.</b> Plant productivity as measured by fAPAR.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting" mimeType="application/msword" href="urn-x:wiley:13541013:media:gcb12114:gcb12114-sup-0003-AppendixS3"></mediaResource><caption><b>Appendix S3.</b> Tables of statistical results and correlations within climate factors.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting" mimeType="application/msword" href="urn-x:wiley:13541013:media:gcb12114:gcb12114-sup-0004-AppendixS4"></mediaResource><caption><b>Appendix S4.</b> Means, sample sizes, and variation in body weight and reproductive success.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting" mimeType="application/msword" href="urn-x:wiley:13541013:media:gcb12114:gcb12114-sup-0005-AppendixS5"></mediaResource><caption><b>Appendix S5.</b> Plot of beaver kit weight and Apr–Sept rainfall.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting" mimeType="application/msword" href="urn-x:wiley:13541013:media:gcb12114:gcb12114-sup-0006-AppendixS6"></mediaResource><caption><b>Appendix S6.</b> Plot of yearling beaver weight and Apr–Sept rainfall.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting" mimeType="application/msword" href="urn-x:wiley:13541013:media:gcb12114:gcb12114-sup-0007-AppendixS7"></mediaResource><caption><b>Appendix S7.</b> Plot of adult body weight and rate of plant phonological development.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting" mimeType="application/msword" href="urn-x:wiley:13541013:media:gcb12114:gcb12114-sup-0008-AppendixS8"></mediaResource><caption><b>Appendix S8.</b> Plot of the interaction of rain and elevation on Gray alder growth.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting" mimeType="application/msword" href="urn-x:wiley:13541013:media:gcb12114:gcb12114-sup-0009-AppendixS9"></mediaResource><caption><b>Appendix S9.</b> Effects of rainfall on the behaviour of the Eurasian beaver.</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:id="gcb12114-abs-0001" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>Low spring temperatures have been found to benefit mobile herbivores by reducing the rate of spring‐flush, whereas high rainfall increases forage availability. Cold winters prove detrimental, by increasing herbivore thermoregulatory burdens. Here we examine the effects of temperature and rainfall variability on a temperate sedentary herbivore, the <fc>E</fc>urasian beaver, <i>Castor fiber</i>, in terms of inter‐annual variation in mean body weight and per territory offspring production. Data pertain to 198 individuals, over 11 years, using capture‐mark‐recapture. We use plant growth (tree cores) and <fc>fAPAR</fc> (a satellite‐derived plant productivity index) to examine potential mechanisms through which weather conditions affect the availability and the seasonal phenology of beaver forage. Juvenile body weights were lighter after colder winters, whereas warmer spring temperatures were associated with lighter adult body weights, mediated by enhanced green‐up phenology rates. Counter‐intuitively, we observed a negative association between rainfall and body weight in juveniles and adults, and also with reproductive success. Alder, <i>Alnus incana</i>, (<i>n</i> = 68) growth rings (principal beaver food in the study area) exhibited a positive relationship with rainfall for trees growing at elevations >2 m above water level, but a negative relationship for trees growing <0.5 m. We deduce that temperature influences beavers at the landscape scale via effects on spring green‐up phenology and winter thermoregulation. Rainfall influences beavers at finer spatial scales through topographical interactions with plant growth, where trees near water level, prone to water logging, producing poorer forage in wetter years. Unlike most other herbivores, beavers are an obligate aquatic species that utilize a restricted ‘central‐place’ foraging range, limiting their ability to take advantage of better forage growth further from water during wetter years. With respect to anthropogenic climate change, interactions between weather variables, plant phenology and topography on forage growth are instructive, and consequently warrant examination when developing conservation management strategies for populations of medium to large herbivores.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Proximate weather patterns and spring green‐up phenology effect Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) body mass and reproductive success: the implications of climate change and topography</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Proximate weather patterns and spring green‐up phenology effect Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) body mass and reproductive success: the implications of climate change and topography</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ruairidh D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Campbell</namePart><affiliation>Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University College, N‐3800 Bø, Telemark, Norway</affiliation><affiliation>Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxfordshire, OX13 5QL, Abingdon</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: roocampbell@gmail.com</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Chris</namePart><namePart type="family">Newman</namePart><affiliation>Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxfordshire, OX13 5QL, Abingdon</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">David W.</namePart><namePart type="family">Macdonald</namePart><affiliation>Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Oxfordshire, OX13 5QL, Abingdon</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Frank</namePart><namePart type="family">Rosell</namePart><affiliation>Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University College, N‐3800 Bø, Telemark, Norway</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2013-04</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2012-12-13</dateCreated><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2011-09-26</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2012-11-06</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2013</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Low spring temperatures have been found to benefit mobile herbivores by reducing the rate of spring‐flush, whereas high rainfall increases forage availability. Cold winters prove detrimental, by increasing herbivore thermoregulatory burdens. Here we examine the effects of temperature and rainfall variability on a temperate sedentary herbivore, the Eurasian beaver, Castor fiber, in terms of inter‐annual variation in mean body weight and per territory offspring production. Data pertain to 198 individuals, over 11 years, using capture‐mark‐recapture. We use plant growth (tree cores) and fAPAR (a satellite‐derived plant productivity index) to examine potential mechanisms through which weather conditions affect the availability and the seasonal phenology of beaver forage. Juvenile body weights were lighter after colder winters, whereas warmer spring temperatures were associated with lighter adult body weights, mediated by enhanced green‐up phenology rates. Counter‐intuitively, we observed a negative association between rainfall and body weight in juveniles and adults, and also with reproductive success. Alder, Alnus incana, (n = 68) growth rings (principal beaver food in the study area) exhibited a positive relationship with rainfall for trees growing at elevations >2 m above water level, but a negative relationship for trees growing <0.5 m. We deduce that temperature influences beavers at the landscape scale via effects on spring green‐up phenology and winter thermoregulation. Rainfall influences beavers at finer spatial scales through topographical interactions with plant growth, where trees near water level, prone to water logging, producing poorer forage in wetter years. Unlike most other herbivores, beavers are an obligate aquatic species that utilize a restricted ‘central‐place’ foraging range, limiting their ability to take advantage of better forage growth further from water during wetter years. With respect to anthropogenic climate change, interactions between weather variables, plant phenology and topography on forage growth are instructive, and consequently warrant examination when developing conservation management strategies for populations of medium to large herbivores.</abstract><note type="additional physical form">Appendix S1. Images of the study area.Appendix S2. Plant productivity as measured by fAPAR.Appendix S3. Tables of statistical results and correlations within climate factors.Appendix S4. Means, sample sizes, and variation in body weight and reproductive success.Appendix S5. Plot of beaver kit weight and Apr–Sept rainfall.Appendix S6. Plot of yearling beaver weight and Apr–Sept rainfall.Appendix S7. Plot of adult body weight and rate of plant phonological development.Appendix S8. Plot of the interaction of rain and elevation on Gray alder growth.Appendix S9. Effects of rainfall on the behaviour of the Eurasian beaver.</note><note type="funding">Telemark University College</note><note type="funding">Peoples Trust for Endangered Species</note><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>dendrochronology</topic><topic>effective rainfall</topic><topic>habitat use</topic><topic>herbivore</topic><topic>phenology</topic><topic>precipitation</topic><topic>predation‐risk</topic><topic>riparian</topic><topic>topoedaphic</topic><topic>water logging</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Global Change Biology</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Glob Change Biol</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>Primary Research Article</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">1354-1013</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1365-2486</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2486</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">GCB</identifier><part><date>2013</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>19</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>4</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>1311</start><end>1324</end><total>14</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">D18C000AD067F6C07D53CC7CD2AA3BFAB691A109</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/gcb.12114</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">GCB12114</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright © 2013 Blackwell Publishing. 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