Agonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs ( Canis familiaris ) in relation to season, sex and age
Identifieur interne : 000E32 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000E31; suivant : 000E33Agonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs ( Canis familiaris ) in relation to season, sex and age
Auteurs : S. K Pal ; B. Ghosh ; S. RoySource :
- Applied Animal Behaviour Science [ 0168-1591 ] ; 1998.
Abstract
Observations on the agonistic behaviour of 12 free-ranging dogs from two neighbouring groups were recorded in Katwa town, India. Both intra- and inter-group agonistic encounters were recorded on a seasonal basis. Mean (±S.E.) seasonal number of intra-group agonistic encounters of individual dog was greatest in winter (13.33±1.89) and then in late monsoon (12.33±1.99), when the females were lactating and in oestrus, respectively. Similarly, the mean (±S.E.) seasonal number of inter-group agonistic encounters of individual dog was greatest in winter (32.25±4.43) and then in late monsoon (27.75±2.01). There was a significant difference between the intra- and inter-group agonistic encounters. Dominance hierarchies were established among the adult dogs of either sex based on aggressive encounters. Although individual differences in agonism were observed, overall levels of aggression were higher among the adult females than for other groups. In contrast, overall levels of submission were higher among the juvenile males than for other groups. The results from this study suggest that reproductive season, sex and age have a significant effect on the agonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs.
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DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00108-7
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title>Agonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs ( Canis familiaris ) in relation to season, sex and age</title><author><name sortKey="Pal, S K" sort="Pal, S K" uniqKey="Pal S" first="S. K" last="Pal">S. K Pal</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Katwa Bharati Bhaban, Katwa, Burdwan, WB, 713130, India</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghosh, B" sort="Ghosh, B" uniqKey="Ghosh B" first="B" last="Ghosh">B. Ghosh</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya, Burdwan, WB, 713104, India</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, S" sort="Roy, S" uniqKey="Roy S" first="S" last="Roy">S. Roy</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Burdwan, Burdwan WB, 713104, India</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:4847FECE0A5FCF18E551469637BA1501879FAD8C</idno><date when="1998" year="1998">1998</date><idno type="doi">10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00108-7</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/4847FECE0A5FCF18E551469637BA1501879FAD8C/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000E32</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000E32</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a">Agonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs ( Canis familiaris ) in relation to season, sex and age</title><author><name sortKey="Pal, S K" sort="Pal, S K" uniqKey="Pal S" first="S. K" last="Pal">S. K Pal</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Katwa Bharati Bhaban, Katwa, Burdwan, WB, 713130, India</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghosh, B" sort="Ghosh, B" uniqKey="Ghosh B" first="B" last="Ghosh">B. Ghosh</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya, Burdwan, WB, 713104, India</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, S" sort="Roy, S" uniqKey="Roy S" first="S" last="Roy">S. Roy</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Burdwan, Burdwan WB, 713104, India</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Applied Animal Behaviour Science</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">APPLAN</title><idno type="ISSN">0168-1591</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1998">1998</date><biblScope unit="volume">59</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="331">331</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="348">348</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0168-1591</idno></series><idno type="istex">4847FECE0A5FCF18E551469637BA1501879FAD8C</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00108-7</idno><idno type="PII">S0168-1591(98)00108-7</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0168-1591</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Observations on the agonistic behaviour of 12 free-ranging dogs from two neighbouring groups were recorded in Katwa town, India. Both intra- and inter-group agonistic encounters were recorded on a seasonal basis. Mean (±S.E.) seasonal number of intra-group agonistic encounters of individual dog was greatest in winter (13.33±1.89) and then in late monsoon (12.33±1.99), when the females were lactating and in oestrus, respectively. Similarly, the mean (±S.E.) seasonal number of inter-group agonistic encounters of individual dog was greatest in winter (32.25±4.43) and then in late monsoon (27.75±2.01). There was a significant difference between the intra- and inter-group agonistic encounters. Dominance hierarchies were established among the adult dogs of either sex based on aggressive encounters. Although individual differences in agonism were observed, overall levels of aggression were higher among the adult females than for other groups. In contrast, overall levels of submission were higher among the juvenile males than for other groups. The results from this study suggest that reproductive season, sex and age have a significant effect on the agonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><author><json:item><name>S.K Pal</name><affiliations><json:string>Katwa Bharati Bhaban, Katwa, Burdwan, WB, 713130, India</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>B Ghosh</name><affiliations><json:string>Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya, Burdwan, WB, 713104, India</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>S Roy</name><affiliations><json:string>Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Burdwan, Burdwan WB, 713104, India</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Dog</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Agonistic behaviour</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Aggression</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Submission</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Courting</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Seasonal dynamics</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Sex influence</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Age influence</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>Full-length article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Observations on the agonistic behaviour of 12 free-ranging dogs from two neighbouring groups were recorded in Katwa town, India. Both intra- and inter-group agonistic encounters were recorded on a seasonal basis. Mean (±S.E.) seasonal number of intra-group agonistic encounters of individual dog was greatest in winter (13.33±1.89) and then in late monsoon (12.33±1.99), when the females were lactating and in oestrus, respectively. Similarly, the mean (±S.E.) seasonal number of inter-group agonistic encounters of individual dog was greatest in winter (32.25±4.43) and then in late monsoon (27.75±2.01). There was a significant difference between the intra- and inter-group agonistic encounters. Dominance hierarchies were established among the adult dogs of either sex based on aggressive encounters. Although individual differences in agonism were observed, overall levels of aggression were higher among the adult females than for other groups. In contrast, overall levels of submission were higher among the juvenile males than for other groups. The results from this study suggest that reproductive season, sex and age have a significant effect on the agonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.076</score><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>435 x 643 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>8</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1200</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>6735</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>39399</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>18</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>173</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Agonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs ( Canis familiaris ) in relation to season, sex and age</title><pii><json:string>S0168-1591(98)00108-7</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>59</volume><pii><json:string>S0168-1591(00)X0042-1</json:string></pii><pages><last>348</last><first>331</first></pages><issn><json:string>0168-1591</json:string></issn><issue>4</issue><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Applied Animal Behaviour Science</title><publicationDate>1998</publicationDate></host><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>veterinary sciences</json:string><json:string>behavioral sciences</json:string><json:string>agriculture, dairy & animal science</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>health sciences</json:string><json:string>psychology & cognitive sciences</json:string><json:string>behavioral science & comparative psychology</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>1998</publicationDate><copyrightDate>1998</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00108-7</json:string></doi><id>4847FECE0A5FCF18E551469637BA1501879FAD8C</id><score>0.17926168</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/4847FECE0A5FCF18E551469637BA1501879FAD8C/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/4847FECE0A5FCF18E551469637BA1501879FAD8C/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/4847FECE0A5FCF18E551469637BA1501879FAD8C/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a">Agonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs ( Canis familiaris ) in relation to season, sex and age</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>©1998 Elsevier Science B.V.</p></availability><date>1998</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content">Fig. 1: Seasonal variation in home range size (ha) for two groups of dogs.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Mean daily number of intra- and inter-group agonistic encounters for each dog in each season.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Aggressive encounters (%) recorded in different situations in different seasons.</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Submissive encounters (%) recorded in different situations in different seasons.</note><note type="content">Table 1: Subject of the study</note><note type="content">Table 2: Intra- and inter-group aggressive encounters recorded for individual dogs</note><note type="content">Table 3: Intra- and inter-group submissive encounters recorded for individual dogs</note><note type="content">Table 4: Numbers of intra- and inter-group agonistic encounters recorded in each season</note><note type="content">Table 5: Number of agonistic encounters performed by individual dogs in the feeding places in different seasons</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a">Agonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs ( Canis familiaris ) in relation to season, sex and age</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">S.K</forename><surname>Pal</surname></persName><note type="correspondence"><p>Corresponding author.</p></note><affiliation>Katwa Bharati Bhaban, Katwa, Burdwan, WB, 713130, India</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">B</forename><surname>Ghosh</surname></persName><affiliation>Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya, Burdwan, WB, 713104, India</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-3"><persName><forename type="first">S</forename><surname>Roy</surname></persName><affiliation>Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Burdwan, Burdwan WB, 713104, India</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Applied Animal Behaviour Science</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">APPLAN</title><idno type="pISSN">0168-1591</idno><idno type="PII">S0168-1591(00)X0042-1</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1998"></date><biblScope unit="volume">59</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="331">331</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="348">348</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">4847FECE0A5FCF18E551469637BA1501879FAD8C</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00108-7</idno><idno type="PII">S0168-1591(98)00108-7</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1998</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Observations on the agonistic behaviour of 12 free-ranging dogs from two neighbouring groups were recorded in Katwa town, India. Both intra- and inter-group agonistic encounters were recorded on a seasonal basis. Mean (±S.E.) seasonal number of intra-group agonistic encounters of individual dog was greatest in winter (13.33±1.89) and then in late monsoon (12.33±1.99), when the females were lactating and in oestrus, respectively. Similarly, the mean (±S.E.) seasonal number of inter-group agonistic encounters of individual dog was greatest in winter (32.25±4.43) and then in late monsoon (27.75±2.01). There was a significant difference between the intra- and inter-group agonistic encounters. Dominance hierarchies were established among the adult dogs of either sex based on aggressive encounters. Although individual differences in agonism were observed, overall levels of aggression were higher among the adult females than for other groups. In contrast, overall levels of submission were higher among the juvenile males than for other groups. The results from this study suggest that reproductive season, sex and age have a significant effect on the agonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Dog</term></item><item><term>Agonistic behaviour</term></item><item><term>Aggression</term></item><item><term>Submission</term></item><item><term>Courting</term></item><item><term>Seasonal dynamics</term></item><item><term>Sex influence</term></item><item><term>Age influence</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1998">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/4847FECE0A5FCF18E551469637BA1501879FAD8C/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: ce:floats; body; tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr1" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr1"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr2" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr2"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr3" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr3"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr4" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr4"></istex:entity></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla"><item-info><jid>APPLAN</jid><aid>1382</aid><ce:pii>S0168-1591(98)00108-7</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00108-7</ce:doi><ce:copyright year="1998" type="full-transfer">Elsevier Science B.V.</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:title>Agonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs (<ce:italic>Canis familiaris</ce:italic>) in relation to season, sex and age</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>S.K</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Pal</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1">a</ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="CORR1">*</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>B</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Ghosh</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF2">b</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>S</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Roy</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF3">c</ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:affiliation id="AFF1"><ce:label>a</ce:label><ce:textfn>Katwa Bharati Bhaban, Katwa, Burdwan, WB, 713130, India</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="AFF2"><ce:label>b</ce:label><ce:textfn>Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya, Burdwan, WB, 713104, India</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="AFF3"><ce:label>c</ce:label><ce:textfn>Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Burdwan, Burdwan WB, 713104, India</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="CORR1"><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:text>Corresponding author.</ce:text></ce:correspondence></ce:author-group><ce:date-accepted day="26" month="1" year="1998"></ce:date-accepted><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>Observations on the agonistic behaviour of 12 free-ranging dogs from two neighbouring groups were recorded in Katwa town, India. Both intra- and inter-group agonistic encounters were recorded on a seasonal basis. Mean (±S.E.) seasonal number of intra-group agonistic encounters of individual dog was greatest in winter (13.33±1.89) and then in late monsoon (12.33±1.99), when the females were lactating and in oestrus, respectively. Similarly, the mean (±S.E.) seasonal number of inter-group agonistic encounters of individual dog was greatest in winter (32.25±4.43) and then in late monsoon (27.75±2.01). There was a significant difference between the intra- and inter-group agonistic encounters. Dominance hierarchies were established among the adult dogs of either sex based on aggressive encounters. Although individual differences in agonism were observed, overall levels of aggression were higher among the adult females than for other groups. In contrast, overall levels of submission were higher among the juvenile males than for other groups. The results from this study suggest that reproductive season, sex and age have a significant effect on the agonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords class="keyword"><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>Dog</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Agonistic behaviour</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Aggression</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Submission</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Courting</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Seasonal dynamics</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Sex influence</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Age influence</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>Agonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs ( Canis familiaris ) in relation to season, sex and age</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>Agonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs (</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S.K</namePart><namePart type="family">Pal</namePart><affiliation>Katwa Bharati Bhaban, Katwa, Burdwan, WB, 713130, India</affiliation><description>Corresponding author.</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">B</namePart><namePart type="family">Ghosh</namePart><affiliation>Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya, Burdwan, WB, 713104, India</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S</namePart><namePart type="family">Roy</namePart><affiliation>Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Burdwan, Burdwan WB, 713104, India</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1998</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1998</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Observations on the agonistic behaviour of 12 free-ranging dogs from two neighbouring groups were recorded in Katwa town, India. Both intra- and inter-group agonistic encounters were recorded on a seasonal basis. Mean (±S.E.) seasonal number of intra-group agonistic encounters of individual dog was greatest in winter (13.33±1.89) and then in late monsoon (12.33±1.99), when the females were lactating and in oestrus, respectively. Similarly, the mean (±S.E.) seasonal number of inter-group agonistic encounters of individual dog was greatest in winter (32.25±4.43) and then in late monsoon (27.75±2.01). There was a significant difference between the intra- and inter-group agonistic encounters. Dominance hierarchies were established among the adult dogs of either sex based on aggressive encounters. Although individual differences in agonism were observed, overall levels of aggression were higher among the adult females than for other groups. In contrast, overall levels of submission were higher among the juvenile males than for other groups. The results from this study suggest that reproductive season, sex and age have a significant effect on the agonistic behaviour of free-ranging dogs.</abstract><note type="content">Fig. 1: Seasonal variation in home range size (ha) for two groups of dogs.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Mean daily number of intra- and inter-group agonistic encounters for each dog in each season.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Aggressive encounters (%) recorded in different situations in different seasons.</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Submissive encounters (%) recorded in different situations in different seasons.</note><note type="content">Table 1: Subject of the study</note><note type="content">Table 2: Intra- and inter-group aggressive encounters recorded for individual dogs</note><note type="content">Table 3: Intra- and inter-group submissive encounters recorded for individual dogs</note><note type="content">Table 4: Numbers of intra- and inter-group agonistic encounters recorded in each season</note><note type="content">Table 5: Number of agonistic encounters performed by individual dogs in the feeding places in different seasons</note><subject><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Dog</topic><topic>Agonistic behaviour</topic><topic>Aggression</topic><topic>Submission</topic><topic>Courting</topic><topic>Seasonal dynamics</topic><topic>Sex influence</topic><topic>Age influence</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Applied Animal Behaviour Science</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>APPLAN</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal">journal</genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">199809</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0168-1591</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0168-1591(00)X0042-1</identifier><part><date>199809</date><detail type="volume"><number>59</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>4</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue pages"><start>253</start><end>416</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>331</start><end>348</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">4847FECE0A5FCF18E551469637BA1501879FAD8C</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00108-7</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0168-1591(98)00108-7</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">©1998 Elsevier Science B.V.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>ELSEVIER</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Elsevier Science B.V., ©1998</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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