Sap flux in pure aspen and mixed aspen-birch forests exposed to elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide and ozone.
Identifieur interne : 003820 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 003819; suivant : 003821Sap flux in pure aspen and mixed aspen-birch forests exposed to elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide and ozone.
Auteurs : Johan Uddling [États-Unis] ; Ronald M. Teclaw ; Mark E. Kubiske ; Kurt S. Pregitzer ; David S. EllsworthSource :
- Tree physiology [ 0829-318X ] ; 2008.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Arbres (anatomie et histologie), Arbres (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Arbres (métabolisme), Betula (anatomie et histologie), Betula (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Betula (métabolisme), Dioxyde de carbone (pharmacologie), Exsudats végétaux (métabolisme), Feuilles de plante (anatomie et histologie), Feuilles de plante (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Feuilles de plante (métabolisme), Ozone (pharmacologie), Populus (anatomie et histologie), Populus (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Populus (métabolisme), Transport biologique (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques).
- MESH :
- anatomie et histologie : Arbres, Betula, Feuilles de plante, Populus.
- effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques : Arbres, Betula, Feuilles de plante, Populus, Transport biologique.
- métabolisme : Arbres, Betula, Exsudats végétaux, Feuilles de plante, Populus.
- pharmacologie : Dioxyde de carbone, Ozone.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Betula (anatomy & histology), Betula (drug effects), Betula (metabolism), Biological Transport (drug effects), Carbon Dioxide (pharmacology), Ozone (pharmacology), Plant Exudates (metabolism), Plant Leaves (anatomy & histology), Plant Leaves (drug effects), Plant Leaves (metabolism), Populus (anatomy & histology), Populus (drug effects), Populus (metabolism), Trees (anatomy & histology), Trees (drug effects), Trees (metabolism).
- MESH :
- chemical , metabolism : Plant Exudates.
- chemical , pharmacology : Carbon Dioxide, Ozone.
- anatomy & histology : Betula, Plant Leaves, Populus, Trees.
- drug effects : Betula, Biological Transport, Plant Leaves, Populus, Trees.
- metabolism : Betula, Plant Leaves, Populus, Trees.
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO2]) and tropospheric ozone ([O3]) have the potential to affect tree physiology and structure and hence forest water use, which has implications for climate feedbacks. We investigated how a 40% increase above ambient values in [CO2] and [O3], alone and in combination, affect tree water use of pure aspen and mixed aspen-birch forests in the free air CO2-O3 enrichment experiment near Rhinelander, Wisconsin (Aspen FACE). Measurements of sap flux and canopy leaf area index (L) were made during two growing seasons, when steady-state L had been reached after more than 6 years of exposure to elevated [CO2] and [O3]. Maximum stand-level sap flux was not significantly affected by elevated [O3], but was increased by 18% by elevated [CO2] averaged across years, communities and O(3) regimes. Treatment effects were similar in pure aspen and mixed aspen-birch communities. Increased tree water use in response to elevated [CO2] was related to positive CO2 treatment effects on tree size and L (+40%). Tree water use was not reduced by elevated [O3] despite strong negative O3 treatment effects on tree size and L (-22%). Elevated [O3] predisposed pure aspen stands to drought-induced sap flux reductions, whereas increased tree water use in response to elevated [CO2] did not result in lower soil water content in the upper soil or decreasing sap flux relative to control values during dry periods. Maintenance of soil water content in the upper soil in the elevated [CO2] treatment was at least partly a function of enhanced soil water-holding capacity, probably a result of increased organic matter content from increased litter inputs. Our findings that larger trees growing in elevated [CO2] used more water and that tree size, but not maximal water use, was negatively affected by elevated [O3] suggest that the long-term cumulative effects on stand structure may be more important than the expected primary stomatal closure responses to elevated [CO2] and [O3] in determining stand-level water use under possible future atmospheric conditions.
DOI: 10.1093/treephys/28.8.1231
PubMed: 18519254
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Sap flux in pure aspen and mixed aspen-birch forests exposed to elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide and ozone.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Uddling, Johan" sort="Uddling, Johan" uniqKey="Uddling J" first="Johan" last="Uddling">Johan Uddling</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. johan.uddling@dpes.gu.se</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Teclaw, Ronald M" sort="Teclaw, Ronald M" uniqKey="Teclaw R" first="Ronald M" last="Teclaw">Ronald M. Teclaw</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kubiske, Mark E" sort="Kubiske, Mark E" uniqKey="Kubiske M" first="Mark E" last="Kubiske">Mark E. Kubiske</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pregitzer, Kurt S" sort="Pregitzer, Kurt S" uniqKey="Pregitzer K" first="Kurt S" last="Pregitzer">Kurt S. Pregitzer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ellsworth, David S" sort="Ellsworth, David S" uniqKey="Ellsworth D" first="David S" last="Ellsworth">David S. Ellsworth</name>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
<date when="2008">2008</date>
<idno type="RBID">pubmed:18519254</idno>
<idno type="pmid">18519254</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1093/treephys/28.8.1231</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">003873</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">003873</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">003873</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">003873</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">003873</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Sap flux in pure aspen and mixed aspen-birch forests exposed to elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide and ozone.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Uddling, Johan" sort="Uddling, Johan" uniqKey="Uddling J" first="Johan" last="Uddling">Johan Uddling</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. johan.uddling@dpes.gu.se</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Teclaw, Ronald M" sort="Teclaw, Ronald M" uniqKey="Teclaw R" first="Ronald M" last="Teclaw">Ronald M. Teclaw</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kubiske, Mark E" sort="Kubiske, Mark E" uniqKey="Kubiske M" first="Mark E" last="Kubiske">Mark E. Kubiske</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pregitzer, Kurt S" sort="Pregitzer, Kurt S" uniqKey="Pregitzer K" first="Kurt S" last="Pregitzer">Kurt S. Pregitzer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ellsworth, David S" sort="Ellsworth, David S" uniqKey="Ellsworth D" first="David S" last="Ellsworth">David S. Ellsworth</name>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Tree physiology</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0829-318X</idno>
<imprint><date when="2008" type="published">2008</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Betula (anatomy & histology)</term>
<term>Betula (drug effects)</term>
<term>Betula (metabolism)</term>
<term>Biological Transport (drug effects)</term>
<term>Carbon Dioxide (pharmacology)</term>
<term>Ozone (pharmacology)</term>
<term>Plant Exudates (metabolism)</term>
<term>Plant Leaves (anatomy & histology)</term>
<term>Plant Leaves (drug effects)</term>
<term>Plant Leaves (metabolism)</term>
<term>Populus (anatomy & histology)</term>
<term>Populus (drug effects)</term>
<term>Populus (metabolism)</term>
<term>Trees (anatomy & histology)</term>
<term>Trees (drug effects)</term>
<term>Trees (metabolism)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Arbres (anatomie et histologie)</term>
<term>Arbres (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term>
<term>Arbres (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Betula (anatomie et histologie)</term>
<term>Betula (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term>
<term>Betula (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Dioxyde de carbone (pharmacologie)</term>
<term>Exsudats végétaux (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Feuilles de plante (anatomie et histologie)</term>
<term>Feuilles de plante (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term>
<term>Feuilles de plante (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Ozone (pharmacologie)</term>
<term>Populus (anatomie et histologie)</term>
<term>Populus (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term>
<term>Populus (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Transport biologique (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Plant Exudates</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Carbon Dioxide</term>
<term>Ozone</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="anatomie et histologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Arbres</term>
<term>Betula</term>
<term>Feuilles de plante</term>
<term>Populus</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="anatomy & histology" xml:lang="en"><term>Betula</term>
<term>Plant Leaves</term>
<term>Populus</term>
<term>Trees</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Betula</term>
<term>Biological Transport</term>
<term>Plant Leaves</term>
<term>Populus</term>
<term>Trees</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques" xml:lang="fr"><term>Arbres</term>
<term>Betula</term>
<term>Feuilles de plante</term>
<term>Populus</term>
<term>Transport biologique</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Betula</term>
<term>Plant Leaves</term>
<term>Populus</term>
<term>Trees</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Arbres</term>
<term>Betula</term>
<term>Exsudats végétaux</term>
<term>Feuilles de plante</term>
<term>Populus</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pharmacologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Dioxyde de carbone</term>
<term>Ozone</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO2]) and tropospheric ozone ([O3]) have the potential to affect tree physiology and structure and hence forest water use, which has implications for climate feedbacks. We investigated how a 40% increase above ambient values in [CO2] and [O3], alone and in combination, affect tree water use of pure aspen and mixed aspen-birch forests in the free air CO2-O3 enrichment experiment near Rhinelander, Wisconsin (Aspen FACE). Measurements of sap flux and canopy leaf area index (L) were made during two growing seasons, when steady-state L had been reached after more than 6 years of exposure to elevated [CO2] and [O3]. Maximum stand-level sap flux was not significantly affected by elevated [O3], but was increased by 18% by elevated [CO2] averaged across years, communities and O(3) regimes. Treatment effects were similar in pure aspen and mixed aspen-birch communities. Increased tree water use in response to elevated [CO2] was related to positive CO2 treatment effects on tree size and L (+40%). Tree water use was not reduced by elevated [O3] despite strong negative O3 treatment effects on tree size and L (-22%). Elevated [O3] predisposed pure aspen stands to drought-induced sap flux reductions, whereas increased tree water use in response to elevated [CO2] did not result in lower soil water content in the upper soil or decreasing sap flux relative to control values during dry periods. Maintenance of soil water content in the upper soil in the elevated [CO2] treatment was at least partly a function of enhanced soil water-holding capacity, probably a result of increased organic matter content from increased litter inputs. Our findings that larger trees growing in elevated [CO2] used more water and that tree size, but not maximal water use, was negatively affected by elevated [O3] suggest that the long-term cumulative effects on stand structure may be more important than the expected primary stomatal closure responses to elevated [CO2] and [O3] in determining stand-level water use under possible future atmospheric conditions.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">18519254</PMID>
<DateCompleted><Year>2008</Year>
<Month>09</Month>
<Day>18</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised><Year>2019</Year>
<Month>05</Month>
<Day>13</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">0829-318X</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>28</Volume>
<Issue>8</Issue>
<PubDate><Year>2008</Year>
<Month>Aug</Month>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>Tree physiology</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Tree Physiol</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>Sap flux in pure aspen and mixed aspen-birch forests exposed to elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide and ozone.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination><MedlinePgn>1231-43</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<Abstract><AbstractText>Elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO2]) and tropospheric ozone ([O3]) have the potential to affect tree physiology and structure and hence forest water use, which has implications for climate feedbacks. We investigated how a 40% increase above ambient values in [CO2] and [O3], alone and in combination, affect tree water use of pure aspen and mixed aspen-birch forests in the free air CO2-O3 enrichment experiment near Rhinelander, Wisconsin (Aspen FACE). Measurements of sap flux and canopy leaf area index (L) were made during two growing seasons, when steady-state L had been reached after more than 6 years of exposure to elevated [CO2] and [O3]. Maximum stand-level sap flux was not significantly affected by elevated [O3], but was increased by 18% by elevated [CO2] averaged across years, communities and O(3) regimes. Treatment effects were similar in pure aspen and mixed aspen-birch communities. Increased tree water use in response to elevated [CO2] was related to positive CO2 treatment effects on tree size and L (+40%). Tree water use was not reduced by elevated [O3] despite strong negative O3 treatment effects on tree size and L (-22%). Elevated [O3] predisposed pure aspen stands to drought-induced sap flux reductions, whereas increased tree water use in response to elevated [CO2] did not result in lower soil water content in the upper soil or decreasing sap flux relative to control values during dry periods. Maintenance of soil water content in the upper soil in the elevated [CO2] treatment was at least partly a function of enhanced soil water-holding capacity, probably a result of increased organic matter content from increased litter inputs. Our findings that larger trees growing in elevated [CO2] used more water and that tree size, but not maximal water use, was negatively affected by elevated [O3] suggest that the long-term cumulative effects on stand structure may be more important than the expected primary stomatal closure responses to elevated [CO2] and [O3] in determining stand-level water use under possible future atmospheric conditions.</AbstractText>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Uddling</LastName>
<ForeName>Johan</ForeName>
<Initials>J</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. johan.uddling@dpes.gu.se</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Teclaw</LastName>
<ForeName>Ronald M</ForeName>
<Initials>RM</Initials>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kubiske</LastName>
<ForeName>Mark E</ForeName>
<Initials>ME</Initials>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pregitzer</LastName>
<ForeName>Kurt S</ForeName>
<Initials>KS</Initials>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ellsworth</LastName>
<ForeName>David S</ForeName>
<Initials>DS</Initials>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<Language>eng</Language>
<PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType>
<PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType>
<PublicationType UI="D013486">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</PublicationType>
</PublicationTypeList>
</Article>
<MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Canada</Country>
<MedlineTA>Tree Physiol</MedlineTA>
<NlmUniqueID>100955338</NlmUniqueID>
<ISSNLinking>0829-318X</ISSNLinking>
</MedlineJournalInfo>
<ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D053147">Plant Exudates</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical><RegistryNumber>142M471B3J</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D002245">Carbon Dioxide</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical><RegistryNumber>66H7ZZK23N</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D010126">Ozone</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
</ChemicalList>
<CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
<MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D029662" MajorTopicYN="N">Betula</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000033" MajorTopicYN="N">anatomy & histology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug effects</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001692" MajorTopicYN="N">Biological Transport</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002245" MajorTopicYN="N">Carbon Dioxide</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="Y">pharmacology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010126" MajorTopicYN="N">Ozone</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="Y">pharmacology</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D053147" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Exudates</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018515" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Leaves</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000033" MajorTopicYN="N">anatomy & histology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D032107" MajorTopicYN="N">Populus</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000033" MajorTopicYN="N">anatomy & histology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug effects</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014197" MajorTopicYN="N">Trees</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000033" MajorTopicYN="N">anatomy & histology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
</MeshHeadingList>
</MedlineCitation>
<PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2008</Year>
<Month>6</Month>
<Day>4</Day>
<Hour>9</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2008</Year>
<Month>9</Month>
<Day>19</Day>
<Hour>9</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2008</Year>
<Month>6</Month>
<Day>4</Day>
<Hour>9</Hour>
<Minute>0</Minute>
</PubMedPubDate>
</History>
<PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus>
<ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">18519254</ArticleId>
<ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1093/treephys/28.8.1231</ArticleId>
</ArticleIdList>
</PubmedData>
</pubmed>
<affiliations><list><country><li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Michigan</li>
</region>
</list>
<tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Ellsworth, David S" sort="Ellsworth, David S" uniqKey="Ellsworth D" first="David S" last="Ellsworth">David S. Ellsworth</name>
<name sortKey="Kubiske, Mark E" sort="Kubiske, Mark E" uniqKey="Kubiske M" first="Mark E" last="Kubiske">Mark E. Kubiske</name>
<name sortKey="Pregitzer, Kurt S" sort="Pregitzer, Kurt S" uniqKey="Pregitzer K" first="Kurt S" last="Pregitzer">Kurt S. Pregitzer</name>
<name sortKey="Teclaw, Ronald M" sort="Teclaw, Ronald M" uniqKey="Teclaw R" first="Ronald M" last="Teclaw">Ronald M. Teclaw</name>
</noCountry>
<country name="États-Unis"><region name="Michigan"><name sortKey="Uddling, Johan" sort="Uddling, Johan" uniqKey="Uddling J" first="Johan" last="Uddling">Johan Uddling</name>
</region>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Bois/explor/PoplarV1/Data/Main/Exploration
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 003820 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd -nk 003820 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Bois |area= PoplarV1 |flux= Main |étape= Exploration |type= RBID |clé= pubmed:18519254 |texte= Sap flux in pure aspen and mixed aspen-birch forests exposed to elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide and ozone. }}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:18519254" \ | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd \ | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a PoplarV1
![]() | This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.37. | ![]() |