Ozone-induced impairment of night-time stomatal closure in O3-sensitive poplar clone is affected by nitrogen but not by phosphorus enrichment.
Identifieur interne : 000701 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000700; suivant : 000702Ozone-induced impairment of night-time stomatal closure in O3-sensitive poplar clone is affected by nitrogen but not by phosphorus enrichment.
Auteurs : Yasutomo Hoshika ; Anna De Carlo ; Rita Baraldi ; Luisa Neri ; Elisa Carrari ; Evgenios Agathokleous ; Lu Zhang ; Silvano Fares ; Elena PaolettiSource :
- The Science of the total environment [ 1879-1026 ] ; 2019.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , adverse effects : Ozone.
- chemical , analysis : Fertilizers.
- chemical , physiology : Nitrogen, Phosphorus.
- geographic : Italy.
- drug effects : Plant Stomata, Populus.
- physiology : Plant Stomata, Populus.
- Circadian Rhythm.
Abstract
Nocturnal transpiration may be a key factor influencing water use in plants. Tropospheric ozone (O3) and availability of nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the soil can affect daytime water use through stomata, but the combined effects of O3, N and P on night-time stomatal conductance (gs) are not known. We investigated the effects of O3 and soil availability of N and P on nocturnal gs and the dynamics of stomatal response after leaf severing in an O3-sensitive poplar clone (Oxford) subjected to combined treatments over a growing season in an O3 free air controlled exposure (FACE) facility. The treatments were two soil N levels (0 and 80 kg N ha-1; N0 and N80), three soil P levels (0, 40 and 80 kg P ha-1; P0, P40 and P80) and three O3 levels (ambient concentration, AA [35.0 ppb as hourly mean]; 1.5 × AA; 2.0 × AA). The analysis of stomatal dynamics after leaf severing suggested that O3 impaired stomatal closure execution. As a result, nocturnal gs was increased by 2.0 × AA O3 in August (+39%) and September (+108%). Night-time gs was correlated with POD0 (phytotoxic O3 dose) and increased exponentially after 40 mmol m-2 POD0. Such increase of nocturnal gs was attributed to the emission of ethylene due to 2.0 × AA O3 exposure, while foliar abscisic acid (ABA) or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) did not affect gs at night. Interestingly, the O3-induced stomatal opening at night was limited by N treatments in August, but not limited in September. Phosphorus decreased nocturnal gs, although P did not modify the O3-induced stomatal dysfunction. The results suggest that the increased nocturnal gs may be associated with a need to improve N acquisition to cope with O3 stress.
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.288
PubMed: 31539979
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:31539979Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Ozone-induced impairment of night-time stomatal closure in O<sub>3</sub>-sensitive poplar clone is affected by nitrogen but not by phosphorus enrichment.</title><author><name sortKey="Hoshika, Yasutomo" sort="Hoshika, Yasutomo" uniqKey="Hoshika Y" first="Yasutomo" last="Hoshika">Yasutomo Hoshika</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. Electronic address: yasutomo.hoshika@cnr.it.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Carlo, Anna" sort="De Carlo, Anna" uniqKey="De Carlo A" first="Anna" last="De Carlo">Anna De Carlo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Bioeconomia (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baraldi, Rita" sort="Baraldi, Rita" uniqKey="Baraldi R" first="Rita" last="Baraldi">Rita Baraldi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Bioeconomia (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Neri, Luisa" sort="Neri, Luisa" uniqKey="Neri L" first="Luisa" last="Neri">Luisa Neri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Bioeconomia (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carrari, Elisa" sort="Carrari, Elisa" uniqKey="Carrari E" first="Elisa" last="Carrari">Elisa Carrari</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agathokleous, Evgenios" sort="Agathokleous, Evgenios" uniqKey="Agathokleous E" first="Evgenios" last="Agathokleous">Evgenios Agathokleous</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Lu" sort="Zhang, Lu" uniqKey="Zhang L" first="Lu" last="Zhang">Lu Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, 150030 Harbin, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fares, Silvano" sort="Fares, Silvano" uniqKey="Fares S" first="Silvano" last="Fares">Silvano Fares</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Roma, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paoletti, Elena" sort="Paoletti, Elena" uniqKey="Paoletti E" first="Elena" last="Paoletti">Elena Paoletti</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2019">2019</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:31539979</idno><idno type="pmid">31539979</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.288</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000701</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000701</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Ozone-induced impairment of night-time stomatal closure in O<sub>3</sub>-sensitive poplar clone is affected by nitrogen but not by phosphorus enrichment.</title><author><name sortKey="Hoshika, Yasutomo" sort="Hoshika, Yasutomo" uniqKey="Hoshika Y" first="Yasutomo" last="Hoshika">Yasutomo Hoshika</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. Electronic address: yasutomo.hoshika@cnr.it.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Carlo, Anna" sort="De Carlo, Anna" uniqKey="De Carlo A" first="Anna" last="De Carlo">Anna De Carlo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Bioeconomia (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baraldi, Rita" sort="Baraldi, Rita" uniqKey="Baraldi R" first="Rita" last="Baraldi">Rita Baraldi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Bioeconomia (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Neri, Luisa" sort="Neri, Luisa" uniqKey="Neri L" first="Luisa" last="Neri">Luisa Neri</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Bioeconomia (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carrari, Elisa" sort="Carrari, Elisa" uniqKey="Carrari E" first="Elisa" last="Carrari">Elisa Carrari</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agathokleous, Evgenios" sort="Agathokleous, Evgenios" uniqKey="Agathokleous E" first="Evgenios" last="Agathokleous">Evgenios Agathokleous</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Lu" sort="Zhang, Lu" uniqKey="Zhang L" first="Lu" last="Zhang">Lu Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, 150030 Harbin, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fares, Silvano" sort="Fares, Silvano" uniqKey="Fares S" first="Silvano" last="Fares">Silvano Fares</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Roma, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paoletti, Elena" sort="Paoletti, Elena" uniqKey="Paoletti E" first="Elena" last="Paoletti">Elena Paoletti</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Science of the total environment</title><idno type="eISSN">1879-1026</idno><imprint><date when="2019" type="published">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Circadian Rhythm (MeSH)</term><term>Fertilizers (analysis)</term><term>Italy (MeSH)</term><term>Nitrogen (physiology)</term><term>Ozone (adverse effects)</term><term>Phosphorus (physiology)</term><term>Plant Stomata (drug effects)</term><term>Plant Stomata (physiology)</term><term>Populus (drug effects)</term><term>Populus (physiology)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="adverse effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Ozone</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>Fertilizers</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Nitrogen</term><term>Phosphorus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Italy</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Plant Stomata</term><term>Populus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Plant Stomata</term><term>Populus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Circadian Rhythm</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Nocturnal transpiration may be a key factor influencing water use in plants. Tropospheric ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) and availability of nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the soil can affect daytime water use through stomata, but the combined effects of O<sub>3</sub>, N and P on night-time stomatal conductance (g<sub>s</sub>) are not known. We investigated the effects of O<sub>3</sub> and soil availability of N and P on nocturnal g<sub>s</sub> and the dynamics of stomatal response after leaf severing in an O<sub>3</sub>-sensitive poplar clone (Oxford) subjected to combined treatments over a growing season in an O<sub>3</sub> free air controlled exposure (FACE) facility. The treatments were two soil N levels (0 and 80 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>; N0 and N80), three soil P levels (0, 40 and 80 kg P ha<sup>-1</sup>; P0, P40 and P80) and three O<sub>3</sub> levels (ambient concentration, AA [35.0 ppb as hourly mean]; 1.5 × AA; 2.0 × AA). The analysis of stomatal dynamics after leaf severing suggested that O<sub>3</sub> impaired stomatal closure execution. As a result, nocturnal g<sub>s</sub> was increased by 2.0 × AA O<sub>3</sub> in August (+39%) and September (+108%). Night-time g<sub>s</sub> was correlated with POD<sub>0</sub> (phytotoxic O<sub>3</sub> dose) and increased exponentially after 40 mmol m<sup>-2</sup> POD<sub>0</sub>. Such increase of nocturnal g<sub>s</sub> was attributed to the emission of ethylene due to 2.0 × AA O<sub>3</sub> exposure, while foliar abscisic acid (ABA) or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) did not affect g<sub>s</sub> at night. Interestingly, the O<sub>3</sub>-induced stomatal opening at night was limited by N treatments in August, but not limited in September. Phosphorus decreased nocturnal g<sub>s</sub>, although P did not modify the O<sub>3</sub>-induced stomatal dysfunction. The results suggest that the increased nocturnal g<sub>s</sub> may be associated with a need to improve N acquisition to cope with O<sub>3</sub> stress.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">31539979</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2019</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>18</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2019</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>18</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1879-1026</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>692</Volume><PubDate><Year>2019</Year><Month>Nov</Month><Day>20</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>The Science of the total environment</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Sci Total Environ</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Ozone-induced impairment of night-time stomatal closure in O<sub>3</sub>-sensitive poplar clone is affected by nitrogen but not by phosphorus enrichment.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>713-722</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0048-9697(19)33402-3</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.288</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Nocturnal transpiration may be a key factor influencing water use in plants. Tropospheric ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) and availability of nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the soil can affect daytime water use through stomata, but the combined effects of O<sub>3</sub>, N and P on night-time stomatal conductance (g<sub>s</sub>) are not known. We investigated the effects of O<sub>3</sub> and soil availability of N and P on nocturnal g<sub>s</sub> and the dynamics of stomatal response after leaf severing in an O<sub>3</sub>-sensitive poplar clone (Oxford) subjected to combined treatments over a growing season in an O<sub>3</sub> free air controlled exposure (FACE) facility. The treatments were two soil N levels (0 and 80 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>; N0 and N80), three soil P levels (0, 40 and 80 kg P ha<sup>-1</sup>; P0, P40 and P80) and three O<sub>3</sub> levels (ambient concentration, AA [35.0 ppb as hourly mean]; 1.5 × AA; 2.0 × AA). The analysis of stomatal dynamics after leaf severing suggested that O<sub>3</sub> impaired stomatal closure execution. As a result, nocturnal g<sub>s</sub> was increased by 2.0 × AA O<sub>3</sub> in August (+39%) and September (+108%). Night-time g<sub>s</sub> was correlated with POD<sub>0</sub> (phytotoxic O<sub>3</sub> dose) and increased exponentially after 40 mmol m<sup>-2</sup> POD<sub>0</sub>. Such increase of nocturnal g<sub>s</sub> was attributed to the emission of ethylene due to 2.0 × AA O<sub>3</sub> exposure, while foliar abscisic acid (ABA) or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) did not affect g<sub>s</sub> at night. Interestingly, the O<sub>3</sub>-induced stomatal opening at night was limited by N treatments in August, but not limited in September. Phosphorus decreased nocturnal g<sub>s</sub>, although P did not modify the O<sub>3</sub>-induced stomatal dysfunction. The results suggest that the increased nocturnal g<sub>s</sub> may be associated with a need to improve N acquisition to cope with O<sub>3</sub> stress.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hoshika</LastName><ForeName>Yasutomo</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. Electronic address: yasutomo.hoshika@cnr.it.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>De Carlo</LastName><ForeName>Anna</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Bioeconomia (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Baraldi</LastName><ForeName>Rita</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Bioeconomia (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Neri</LastName><ForeName>Luisa</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Bioeconomia (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Carrari</LastName><ForeName>Elisa</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Agathokleous</LastName><ForeName>Evgenios</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhang</LastName><ForeName>Lu</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, 150030 Harbin, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fares</LastName><ForeName>Silvano</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Roma, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Paoletti</LastName><ForeName>Elena</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2019</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>19</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Netherlands</Country><MedlineTA>Sci Total Environ</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0330500</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0048-9697</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D005308">Fertilizers</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>27YLU75U4W</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D010758">Phosphorus</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>66H7ZZK23N</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D010126">Ozone</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>N762921K75</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D009584">Nitrogen</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002940" MajorTopicYN="N">Circadian Rhythm</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005308" MajorTopicYN="N">Fertilizers</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="N">analysis</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007558" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Italy</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009584" MajorTopicYN="N">Nitrogen</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010126" MajorTopicYN="N">Ozone</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="Y">adverse effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010758" MajorTopicYN="N">Phosphorus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D054046" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Stomata</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D032107" MajorTopicYN="N">Populus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Nitrogen</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Phosphorus</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Poplar</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Stomatal sluggishness</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Tropospheric ozone</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2019</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>07</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2019</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>15</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2019</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>18</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2019</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>22</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2019</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>22</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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