Testing the elemental defense hypothesis with a woody plant species: Cadmium accumulation protects Populus yunnanensis from leaf herbivory and pathogen infection.
Identifieur interne : 000513 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000512; suivant : 000514Testing the elemental defense hypothesis with a woody plant species: Cadmium accumulation protects Populus yunnanensis from leaf herbivory and pathogen infection.
Auteurs : Tiantian Lin ; Jiaping Chen ; Shanshan Zhou ; Wenhui Yu ; Gang Chen ; Lianghua Chen ; Xuegui Wang ; Hongzhou Shi ; Shan Han ; Fan ZhangSource :
- Chemosphere [ 1879-1298 ] ; 2020.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals (MeSH), Cadmium (metabolism), Cadmium (pharmacology), Fungi (drug effects), Fungi (pathogenicity), Herbivory (drug effects), Infection Control (MeSH), Moths (MeSH), Plant Leaves (MeSH), Populus (drug effects), Populus (metabolism), Spodoptera (drug effects), Spodoptera (pathogenicity), Wood (metabolism).
- MESH :
- chemical , metabolism : Cadmium.
- chemical , pharmacology : Cadmium.
- drug effects : Fungi, Herbivory, Populus, Spodoptera.
- metabolism : Populus, Wood.
- pathogenicity : Fungi, Spodoptera.
- Animals, Infection Control, Moths, Plant Leaves.
Abstract
Elemental defense hypothesis states that metals accumulated in plant tissues may serve as defense against herbivores and pathogens. However, evidences collected so far are inconsistent and studies using woody plants as model species are still lacking. In this study we used a local woody plant species, Populus yunnanensis, to investigate whether cadmium (Cd) accumulation in leaves can protect plants from leaf herbivory and pathogen infection. Plants grown with or without Cd supplementation in the soil were subjected to herbivory by a specialist (Botyodes diniasalis) and a generalist (Spodoptera exigua), or to pathogen infection by a leaf pathogenic fungus (Pestalotiopsis microspora). Two additional tests with artificial media amended with a series of Cd concentrations were conducted for S. exigua and P. microspora to investigate the toxicity of Cd independently of other organic defenses present in P. yunnanensis leaves. The results showed that both herbivores strongly preferred control leaves over leaves containing high Cd. Feeding on leaves from Cd-treated plants significantly reduced the growth and survivals of both herbivores. Furthermore, plants grown on Cd-amended soil were more resistant to fungal infection. Growth of S. exigua and P. microspora on artificial media decreased with increasing Cd concentrations. In conclusion, we found that Cd accumulated in P. yunnanensis leaves could effectively reduce leaf herbivory and pathogen infection, which fully supported the Elemental defense hypothesis.
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125851
PubMed: 31931315
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Electronic address: tlin@sicau.edu.cn.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Jiaping" sort="Chen, Jiaping" uniqKey="Chen J" first="Jiaping" last="Chen">Jiaping Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Shanshan" sort="Zhou, Shanshan" uniqKey="Zhou S" first="Shanshan" last="Zhou">Shanshan Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Wenhui" sort="Yu, Wenhui" uniqKey="Yu W" first="Wenhui" last="Yu">Wenhui Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Gang" sort="Chen, Gang" uniqKey="Chen G" first="Gang" last="Chen">Gang Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Lianghua" sort="Chen, Lianghua" uniqKey="Chen L" first="Lianghua" last="Chen">Lianghua Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Xuegui" sort="Wang, Xuegui" uniqKey="Wang X" first="Xuegui" last="Wang">Xuegui Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Hongzhou" sort="Shi, Hongzhou" uniqKey="Shi H" first="Hongzhou" last="Shi">Hongzhou Shi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Liangshan State Institute of Forestry Science, 615000, Xichang, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Shan" sort="Han, Shan" uniqKey="Han S" first="Shan" last="Han">Shan Han</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Fan" sort="Zhang, Fan" uniqKey="Zhang F" first="Fan" last="Zhang">Fan Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:31931315</idno><idno type="pmid">31931315</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125851</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000513</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000513</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Testing the elemental defense hypothesis with a woody plant species: Cadmium accumulation protects Populus yunnanensis from leaf herbivory and pathogen infection.</title><author><name sortKey="Lin, Tiantian" sort="Lin, Tiantian" uniqKey="Lin T" first="Tiantian" last="Lin">Tiantian Lin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China. Electronic address: tlin@sicau.edu.cn.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Jiaping" sort="Chen, Jiaping" uniqKey="Chen J" first="Jiaping" last="Chen">Jiaping Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Shanshan" sort="Zhou, Shanshan" uniqKey="Zhou S" first="Shanshan" last="Zhou">Shanshan Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Wenhui" sort="Yu, Wenhui" uniqKey="Yu W" first="Wenhui" last="Yu">Wenhui Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Gang" sort="Chen, Gang" uniqKey="Chen G" first="Gang" last="Chen">Gang Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Lianghua" sort="Chen, Lianghua" uniqKey="Chen L" first="Lianghua" last="Chen">Lianghua Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Xuegui" sort="Wang, Xuegui" uniqKey="Wang X" first="Xuegui" last="Wang">Xuegui Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Hongzhou" sort="Shi, Hongzhou" uniqKey="Shi H" first="Hongzhou" last="Shi">Hongzhou Shi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Liangshan State Institute of Forestry Science, 615000, Xichang, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Shan" sort="Han, Shan" uniqKey="Han S" first="Shan" last="Han">Shan Han</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Fan" sort="Zhang, Fan" uniqKey="Zhang F" first="Fan" last="Zhang">Fan Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Chemosphere</title><idno type="eISSN">1879-1298</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals (MeSH)</term><term>Cadmium (metabolism)</term><term>Cadmium (pharmacology)</term><term>Fungi (drug effects)</term><term>Fungi (pathogenicity)</term><term>Herbivory (drug effects)</term><term>Infection Control (MeSH)</term><term>Moths (MeSH)</term><term>Plant Leaves (MeSH)</term><term>Populus (drug effects)</term><term>Populus (metabolism)</term><term>Spodoptera (drug effects)</term><term>Spodoptera (pathogenicity)</term><term>Wood (metabolism)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Cadmium</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Cadmium</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Fungi</term><term>Herbivory</term><term>Populus</term><term>Spodoptera</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Populus</term><term>Wood</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Fungi</term><term>Spodoptera</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Infection Control</term><term>Moths</term><term>Plant Leaves</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Elemental defense hypothesis states that metals accumulated in plant tissues may serve as defense against herbivores and pathogens. However, evidences collected so far are inconsistent and studies using woody plants as model species are still lacking. In this study we used a local woody plant species, Populus yunnanensis, to investigate whether cadmium (Cd) accumulation in leaves can protect plants from leaf herbivory and pathogen infection. Plants grown with or without Cd supplementation in the soil were subjected to herbivory by a specialist (Botyodes diniasalis) and a generalist (Spodoptera exigua), or to pathogen infection by a leaf pathogenic fungus (Pestalotiopsis microspora). Two additional tests with artificial media amended with a series of Cd concentrations were conducted for S. exigua and P. microspora to investigate the toxicity of Cd independently of other organic defenses present in P. yunnanensis leaves. The results showed that both herbivores strongly preferred control leaves over leaves containing high Cd. Feeding on leaves from Cd-treated plants significantly reduced the growth and survivals of both herbivores. Furthermore, plants grown on Cd-amended soil were more resistant to fungal infection. Growth of S. exigua and P. microspora on artificial media decreased with increasing Cd concentrations. In conclusion, we found that Cd accumulated in P. yunnanensis leaves could effectively reduce leaf herbivory and pathogen infection, which fully supported the Elemental defense hypothesis.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" IndexingMethod="Curated" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">31931315</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>24</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>24</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1879-1298</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>247</Volume><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>May</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Chemosphere</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Chemosphere</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Testing the elemental defense hypothesis with a woody plant species: Cadmium accumulation protects Populus yunnanensis from leaf herbivory and pathogen infection.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>125851</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0045-6535(20)30042-4</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125851</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Elemental defense hypothesis states that metals accumulated in plant tissues may serve as defense against herbivores and pathogens. However, evidences collected so far are inconsistent and studies using woody plants as model species are still lacking. In this study we used a local woody plant species, Populus yunnanensis, to investigate whether cadmium (Cd) accumulation in leaves can protect plants from leaf herbivory and pathogen infection. Plants grown with or without Cd supplementation in the soil were subjected to herbivory by a specialist (Botyodes diniasalis) and a generalist (Spodoptera exigua), or to pathogen infection by a leaf pathogenic fungus (Pestalotiopsis microspora). Two additional tests with artificial media amended with a series of Cd concentrations were conducted for S. exigua and P. microspora to investigate the toxicity of Cd independently of other organic defenses present in P. yunnanensis leaves. The results showed that both herbivores strongly preferred control leaves over leaves containing high Cd. Feeding on leaves from Cd-treated plants significantly reduced the growth and survivals of both herbivores. Furthermore, plants grown on Cd-amended soil were more resistant to fungal infection. Growth of S. exigua and P. microspora on artificial media decreased with increasing Cd concentrations. In conclusion, we found that Cd accumulated in P. yunnanensis leaves could effectively reduce leaf herbivory and pathogen infection, which fully supported the Elemental defense hypothesis.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lin</LastName><ForeName>Tiantian</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China. Electronic address: tlin@sicau.edu.cn.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chen</LastName><ForeName>Jiaping</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhou</LastName><ForeName>Shanshan</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yu</LastName><ForeName>Wenhui</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chen</LastName><ForeName>Gang</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chen</LastName><ForeName>Lianghua</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wang</LastName><ForeName>Xuegui</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shi</LastName><ForeName>Hongzhou</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Liangshan State Institute of Forestry Science, 615000, Xichang, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Han</LastName><ForeName>Shan</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Key Laboratory of National Forestry & Grassland Administration on Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhang</LastName><ForeName>Fan</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>07</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Chemosphere</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0320657</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0045-6535</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>00BH33GNGH</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D002104">Cadmium</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002104" MajorTopicYN="N">Cadmium</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="Y">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005658" MajorTopicYN="N">Fungi</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000472" MajorTopicYN="N">pathogenicity</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D060434" MajorTopicYN="N">Herbivory</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="Y">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017053" MajorTopicYN="Y">Infection Control</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009036" MajorTopicYN="N">Moths</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018515" MajorTopicYN="N">Plant Leaves</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D032107" MajorTopicYN="N">Populus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018411" MajorTopicYN="N">Spodoptera</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000472" MajorTopicYN="N">pathogenicity</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014934" MajorTopicYN="N">Wood</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Botyodes diniasalis</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Feeding preference</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Growth performance</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Heavy metals</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Pestalotiopsis microspora</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Spodoptera exigua</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2019</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>13</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>02</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>04</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>14</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>25</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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