Improving Nutritional Quality of Cocoa Pod (Theobroma cacao) through Chemical and Biological Treatments for Ruminant Feeding: In vitro and In vivo Evaluation.
Identifieur interne : 000260 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000259; suivant : 000261Improving Nutritional Quality of Cocoa Pod (Theobroma cacao) through Chemical and Biological Treatments for Ruminant Feeding: In vitro and In vivo Evaluation.
Auteurs : Erika B. Laconi ; Anuraga JayanegaraSource :
- Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences [ 1011-2367 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Cocoa pod is among the by-products of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) plantations. The aim of this study was to apply a number of treatments in order to improve nutritional quality of cocoa pod for feeding of ruminants. Cocoa pod was subjected to different treatments, i.e. C (cocoa pod without any treatment or control), CAm (cocoa pod+1.5% urea), CMo (cocoa pod+3% molasses), CRu (cocoa pod+3% rumen content) and CPh (cocoa pod+3% molasses+Phanerochaete chrysosporium inoculum). Analysis of proximate and Van Soest's fiber fraction were performed on the respective treatments. The pods were then subjected to an in vitro digestibility evaluation by incubation in rumen fluid-buffer medium, employing a randomized complete block design (n = 3 replicates). Further, an in vivo evaluation of the pods (35% inclusion level in total mixed ration) was conducted by feeding to young Holstein steers (average body weight of 145±3.6 kg) with a 5×5 latin square design arrangement (n = 5 replicates). Each experimental period lasted for 30 d; the first 20 d was for feed adaptation, the next 3 d was for sampling of rumen liquid, and the last 7 d was for measurements of digestibility and N balance. Results revealed that lignin content was reduced significantly when cocoa pod was treated with urea, molasses, rumen content or P. chrysosporium (p<0.01) with the following order of effectiveness: CPh>CAm>CRu>CMo. Among all treatments, CAm and CPh treatments significantly improved the in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility (p<0.05) of cocoa pod. Average daily gain of steers receiving CAm or CPh treatment was significantly higher than that of control (p<0.01) with an increase of 105% and 92%, respectively. Such higher daily gain was concomitant with higher N retention and proportion of N retention to N intake in CAm and CPh treatments than those of control (p<0.05). It can be concluded from this study that treatment with either urea or P. chrysosporium is effective in improving the nutritive value of cocoa pod.
DOI: 10.5713/ajas.13.0798
PubMed: 25656198
PubMed Central: PMC4341078
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Improving Nutritional Quality of Cocoa Pod (Theobroma cacao) through Chemical and Biological Treatments for Ruminant Feeding: In vitro and In vivo Evaluation.</title><author><name sortKey="Laconi, Erika B" sort="Laconi, Erika B" uniqKey="Laconi E" first="Erika B" last="Laconi">Erika B. Laconi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jayanegara, Anuraga" sort="Jayanegara, Anuraga" uniqKey="Jayanegara A" first="Anuraga" last="Jayanegara">Anuraga Jayanegara</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:25656198</idno><idno type="pmid">25656198</idno><idno type="doi">10.5713/ajas.13.0798</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC4341078</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000266</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000266</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000266</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000266</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000266</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Improving Nutritional Quality of Cocoa Pod (Theobroma cacao) through Chemical and Biological Treatments for Ruminant Feeding: In vitro and In vivo Evaluation.</title><author><name sortKey="Laconi, Erika B" sort="Laconi, Erika B" uniqKey="Laconi E" first="Erika B" last="Laconi">Erika B. Laconi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jayanegara, Anuraga" sort="Jayanegara, Anuraga" uniqKey="Jayanegara A" first="Anuraga" last="Jayanegara">Anuraga Jayanegara</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences</title><idno type="ISSN">1011-2367</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Cocoa pod is among the by-products of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) plantations. The aim of this study was to apply a number of treatments in order to improve nutritional quality of cocoa pod for feeding of ruminants. Cocoa pod was subjected to different treatments, i.e. C (cocoa pod without any treatment or control), CAm (cocoa pod+1.5% urea), CMo (cocoa pod+3% molasses), CRu (cocoa pod+3% rumen content) and CPh (cocoa pod+3% molasses+Phanerochaete chrysosporium inoculum). Analysis of proximate and Van Soest's fiber fraction were performed on the respective treatments. The pods were then subjected to an in vitro digestibility evaluation by incubation in rumen fluid-buffer medium, employing a randomized complete block design (n = 3 replicates). Further, an in vivo evaluation of the pods (35% inclusion level in total mixed ration) was conducted by feeding to young Holstein steers (average body weight of 145±3.6 kg) with a 5×5 latin square design arrangement (n = 5 replicates). Each experimental period lasted for 30 d; the first 20 d was for feed adaptation, the next 3 d was for sampling of rumen liquid, and the last 7 d was for measurements of digestibility and N balance. Results revealed that lignin content was reduced significantly when cocoa pod was treated with urea, molasses, rumen content or P. chrysosporium (p<0.01) with the following order of effectiveness: CPh>CAm>CRu>CMo. Among all treatments, CAm and CPh treatments significantly improved the in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility (p<0.05) of cocoa pod. Average daily gain of steers receiving CAm or CPh treatment was significantly higher than that of control (p<0.01) with an increase of 105% and 92%, respectively. Such higher daily gain was concomitant with higher N retention and proportion of N retention to N intake in CAm and CPh treatments than those of control (p<0.05). It can be concluded from this study that treatment with either urea or P. chrysosporium is effective in improving the nutritive value of cocoa pod. </div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">25656198</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2015</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>26</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>30</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">1011-2367</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>28</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><PubDate><Year>2015</Year><Month>Mar</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Asian-Australas J Anim Sci</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Improving Nutritional Quality of Cocoa Pod (Theobroma cacao) through Chemical and Biological Treatments for Ruminant Feeding: In vitro and In vivo Evaluation.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>343-50</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.5713/ajas.13.0798</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Cocoa pod is among the by-products of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) plantations. The aim of this study was to apply a number of treatments in order to improve nutritional quality of cocoa pod for feeding of ruminants. Cocoa pod was subjected to different treatments, i.e. C (cocoa pod without any treatment or control), CAm (cocoa pod+1.5% urea), CMo (cocoa pod+3% molasses), CRu (cocoa pod+3% rumen content) and CPh (cocoa pod+3% molasses+Phanerochaete chrysosporium inoculum). Analysis of proximate and Van Soest's fiber fraction were performed on the respective treatments. The pods were then subjected to an in vitro digestibility evaluation by incubation in rumen fluid-buffer medium, employing a randomized complete block design (n = 3 replicates). Further, an in vivo evaluation of the pods (35% inclusion level in total mixed ration) was conducted by feeding to young Holstein steers (average body weight of 145±3.6 kg) with a 5×5 latin square design arrangement (n = 5 replicates). Each experimental period lasted for 30 d; the first 20 d was for feed adaptation, the next 3 d was for sampling of rumen liquid, and the last 7 d was for measurements of digestibility and N balance. Results revealed that lignin content was reduced significantly when cocoa pod was treated with urea, molasses, rumen content or P. chrysosporium (p<0.01) with the following order of effectiveness: CPh>CAm>CRu>CMo. Among all treatments, CAm and CPh treatments significantly improved the in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility (p<0.05) of cocoa pod. Average daily gain of steers receiving CAm or CPh treatment was significantly higher than that of control (p<0.01) with an increase of 105% and 92%, respectively. Such higher daily gain was concomitant with higher N retention and proportion of N retention to N intake in CAm and CPh treatments than those of control (p<0.05). It can be concluded from this study that treatment with either urea or P. chrysosporium is effective in improving the nutritive value of cocoa pod. </AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Laconi</LastName><ForeName>Erika B</ForeName><Initials>EB</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jayanegara</LastName><ForeName>Anuraga</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Korea (South)</Country><MedlineTA>Asian-Australas J Anim Sci</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9884245</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1011-2367</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Cocoa Pod</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Digestibility</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Rumen</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Steer</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Treatment</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2013</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>06</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2014</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>25</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2014</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>09</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2015</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>7</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2015</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>7</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2015</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>7</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">25656198</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.5713/ajas.13.0798</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">ajas.13.0798</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC4341078</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>J Dairy Sci. 1992 Aug;75(8):2304-23</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">1401380</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2012 Nov;25(11):1575-81</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">25049519</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Appl Microbiol. 1973 Apr;25(4):504-13</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">4699214</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Microbiol Rev. 1993 Sep;57(3):605-22</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8246842</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Int J Biol Sci. 2009 Sep 04;5(6):578-95</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">19774110</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008 Dec;81(3):399-417</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">18810426</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Biochem J. 1933;27(2):419-29</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">16745115</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Dairy Sci. 1991 Oct;74(10):3583-97</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">1660498</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Trop Anim Health Prod. 2002 Jul;34(4):339-48</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">12166335</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Dairy Sci. 2005 May;88 Suppl 1:E9-21</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">15876575</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Jayanegara, Anuraga" sort="Jayanegara, Anuraga" uniqKey="Jayanegara A" first="Anuraga" last="Jayanegara">Anuraga Jayanegara</name><name sortKey="Laconi, Erika B" sort="Laconi, Erika B" uniqKey="Laconi E" first="Erika B" last="Laconi">Erika B. 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