Effects of an intervention to reduce insecticide exposure on insecticide-related knowledge and attitude: a quasi-experimental study in Shogun orange farmers in Krabi Province, Thailand
Identifieur interne : 001276 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 001275; suivant : 001277Effects of an intervention to reduce insecticide exposure on insecticide-related knowledge and attitude: a quasi-experimental study in Shogun orange farmers in Krabi Province, Thailand
Auteurs : Paisit Boonyakawee [Thaïlande] ; Surasak Taneepanichskul [Thaïlande] ; Robert S. Chapman [Thaïlande]Source :
- Risk Management and Healthcare Policy [ 1179-1594 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
An intervention to reduce insecticide exposure in Shogun orange farmers was implemented in Krabi Province, Thailand. Intervention effects on insecticide-related knowledge and attitude were evaluated in a quasi-experimental study in two farms about 20 kilometers (km) apart. The intervention was conducted at one farm; the other served as control. The study included 42 and 50 farmers at the intervention and control farms, respectively. The intervention included several components, including didactic instruction, practical demonstrations, use of a fluorescent tracer, and continuing guidance on insecticide use via a small, specially trained group within the overall intervention group. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first such intervention in Thailand. Knowledge and attitude were measured at baseline (pre-intervention), and at 2 and 5 months after the intervention (follow-up 1 and follow-up 2, respectively). Intervention effects were assessed with linear mixed models, specified to enable testing of effects at each follow-up time. The intervention was associated with substantial and statistically significant improvements in both knowledge score and attitude score (
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DOI: 10.2147/RMHP.S50409
PubMed: 24082797
PubMed Central: 3785400
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Effects of an intervention to reduce insecticide exposure on insecticide-related knowledge and attitude: a quasi-experimental study in Shogun orange farmers in Krabi Province, Thailand</title><author><name sortKey="Boonyakawee, Paisit" sort="Boonyakawee, Paisit" uniqKey="Boonyakawee P" first="Paisit" last="Boonyakawee">Paisit Boonyakawee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-rmhp-6-033">College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taneepanichskul, Surasak" sort="Taneepanichskul, Surasak" uniqKey="Taneepanichskul S" first="Surasak" last="Taneepanichskul">Surasak Taneepanichskul</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-rmhp-6-033">College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chapman, Robert S" sort="Chapman, Robert S" uniqKey="Chapman R" first="Robert S" last="Chapman">Robert S. Chapman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-rmhp-6-033">College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24082797</idno><idno type="pmc">3785400</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3785400</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3785400</idno><idno type="doi">10.2147/RMHP.S50409</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001278</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001276</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Effects of an intervention to reduce insecticide exposure on insecticide-related knowledge and attitude: a quasi-experimental study in Shogun orange farmers in Krabi Province, Thailand</title><author><name sortKey="Boonyakawee, Paisit" sort="Boonyakawee, Paisit" uniqKey="Boonyakawee P" first="Paisit" last="Boonyakawee">Paisit Boonyakawee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-rmhp-6-033">College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taneepanichskul, Surasak" sort="Taneepanichskul, Surasak" uniqKey="Taneepanichskul S" first="Surasak" last="Taneepanichskul">Surasak Taneepanichskul</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-rmhp-6-033">College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chapman, Robert S" sort="Chapman, Robert S" uniqKey="Chapman R" first="Robert S" last="Chapman">Robert S. Chapman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-rmhp-6-033">College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Risk Management and Healthcare Policy</title><idno type="eISSN">1179-1594</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>An intervention to reduce insecticide exposure in Shogun orange farmers was implemented in Krabi Province, Thailand. Intervention effects on insecticide-related knowledge and attitude were evaluated in a quasi-experimental study in two farms about 20 kilometers (km) apart. The intervention was conducted at one farm; the other served as control. The study included 42 and 50 farmers at the intervention and control farms, respectively. The intervention included several components, including didactic instruction, practical demonstrations, use of a fluorescent tracer, and continuing guidance on insecticide use via a small, specially trained group within the overall intervention group. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first such intervention in Thailand. Knowledge and attitude were measured at baseline (pre-intervention), and at 2 and 5 months after the intervention (follow-up 1 and follow-up 2, respectively). Intervention effects were assessed with linear mixed models, specified to enable testing of effects at each follow-up time. The intervention was associated with substantial and statistically significant improvements in both knowledge score and attitude score (<italic>P</italic> < 0.001 for each score at each follow-up time). Intervention-related improvements in knowledge score and attitude score were equivalent to about 27% and 14% of baseline mean knowledge and attitude scores, respectively. Intervention-related benefits were similar at both follow-up times. Findings were similar before and after adjustment for covariates. These findings increase confidence that well-designed interventions can reduce farmers’ insecticide exposure in Thailand and elsewhere. In future research, it would be desirable to address long-term intervention effects on farmers’ health and quality of life.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rawn, Df" uniqKey="Rawn D">DF Rawn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roscoe, V" uniqKey="Roscoe V">V Roscoe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krakalovich, T" uniqKey="Krakalovich T">T Krakalovich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hanson, C" uniqKey="Hanson C">C Hanson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahunhawuthi, C" uniqKey="Ahunhawuthi C">C Ahunhawuthi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sorat, W" uniqKey="Sorat W">W Sorat</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boonyakawee, P" uniqKey="Boonyakawee P">P Boonyakawee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bandura, A" uniqKey="Bandura A">A Bandura</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bandura, A" uniqKey="Bandura A">A Bandura</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bandura, A" uniqKey="Bandura A">A Bandura</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bandura, A" uniqKey="Bandura A">A Bandura</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcalister, Al" uniqKey="Mcalister A">AL McAlister</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perry, Cl" uniqKey="Perry C">CL Perry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parcel, Gs" uniqKey="Parcel G">GS Parcel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Risk Manag Healthc Policy</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Risk Manag Healthc Policy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Risk Management and Healthcare Policy</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1179-1594</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24082797</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3785400</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/RMHP.S50409</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">rmhp-6-033</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Effects of an intervention to reduce insecticide exposure on insecticide-related knowledge and attitude: a quasi-experimental study in Shogun orange farmers in Krabi Province, Thailand</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boonyakawee</surname><given-names>Paisit</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-rmhp-6-033"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Taneepanichskul</surname><given-names>Surasak</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-rmhp-6-033"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-rmhp-6-033"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chapman</surname><given-names>Robert S</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-rmhp-6-033"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-rmhp-6-033">College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-rmhp-6-033">Correspondence: Surasak Taneepanichskul, College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Tel +66 0 2218 8194, Fax +66 0 2251 7041, Email <email>surasakta@yahoo.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>41</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2013 Boonyakawee et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Ltd, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license><license-p>The full terms of the License are available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Ltd, provided the work is properly attributed.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>An intervention to reduce insecticide exposure in Shogun orange farmers was implemented in Krabi Province, Thailand. Intervention effects on insecticide-related knowledge and attitude were evaluated in a quasi-experimental study in two farms about 20 kilometers (km) apart. The intervention was conducted at one farm; the other served as control. The study included 42 and 50 farmers at the intervention and control farms, respectively. The intervention included several components, including didactic instruction, practical demonstrations, use of a fluorescent tracer, and continuing guidance on insecticide use via a small, specially trained group within the overall intervention group. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first such intervention in Thailand. Knowledge and attitude were measured at baseline (pre-intervention), and at 2 and 5 months after the intervention (follow-up 1 and follow-up 2, respectively). Intervention effects were assessed with linear mixed models, specified to enable testing of effects at each follow-up time. The intervention was associated with substantial and statistically significant improvements in both knowledge score and attitude score (<italic>P</italic> < 0.001 for each score at each follow-up time). Intervention-related improvements in knowledge score and attitude score were equivalent to about 27% and 14% of baseline mean knowledge and attitude scores, respectively. Intervention-related benefits were similar at both follow-up times. Findings were similar before and after adjustment for covariates. These findings increase confidence that well-designed interventions can reduce farmers’ insecticide exposure in Thailand and elsewhere. In future research, it would be desirable to address long-term intervention effects on farmers’ health and quality of life.</p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>insecticides</kwd><kwd>pesticides</kwd><kwd>intervention</kwd><kwd>farmers</kwd><kwd>knowledge</kwd><kwd>attitude</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-rmhp-6-033" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Adjusted mean knowledge scores in the intervention and control groups at baseline, follow-up 1, and follow-up 2. Scores were adjusted for positive chronic illness history, burning mosquito coils, and spraying pesticides in the home.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="rmhp-6-033Fig1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-rmhp-6-033" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Adjusted mean attitude scores in the intervention and control groups at baseline, follow-up 1, and follow-up 2. Scores were adjusted for positive chronic illness history, burning mosquito coils, and spraying pesticides in the home.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="rmhp-6-033Fig2"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-rmhp-6-033" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Baseline characteristics compared between the intervention group and control group: continuous independent variables</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Characteristics</th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Intervention group (<italic>n</italic> = 42)
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Control group (<italic>n</italic> = 50)
<hr></hr></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-rmhp-6-033">*</xref></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (y)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.74</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.84</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.08</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.40</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.893</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Years using insecticides</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.43</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.01</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.86</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.104</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Days since most recent insecticide contact</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.17</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.69</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.96</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.77</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.227</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Note:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn1-rmhp-6-033"><label>*</label><p>By independent <italic>t</italic>-test.</p></fn><fn id="tfn2-rmhp-6-033"><p><bold>Abbreviation:</bold> SD, standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-rmhp-6-033" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Baseline characteristics compared between the intervention group and control group: categorical independent variables</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Characteristics</th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Intervention group (<italic>n</italic> = 42)
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Control group (<italic>n</italic> = 50)
<hr></hr></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-rmhp-6-033">*</xref></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.877</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Education grade 5 or higher</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.675</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Smoke at present</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.882</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥1 drink per day</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.352</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Positive chronic disease history</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.010</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Growing crops in addition to oranges</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.214</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Insecticide sprayer</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.757</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spray insecticide before 8 am</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.330</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spray insecticide 8 am–12 pm</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.648</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spray insecticide after 12 pm</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.837</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Been trained in insecticide application</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.746</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Usually uses herbicides or rodenticides</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.837</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Usually uses insecticides</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.969</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Usually uses fungicides</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.707</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uses insecticides >15 times/year</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.169</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sprays insecticides ≤200 cc/rai<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-rmhp-6-033">†</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.909</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sprays insecticides ≥200 cc/rai<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-rmhp-6-033">†</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.313</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uses insecticides in powder form</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.636</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uses insecticides in liquid form</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.367</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uses chemical fertilizer</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.242</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uses mosquito coils</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.022</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uses household pesticide spray</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn3-rmhp-6-033"><label>*</label><p>By Chi-square test</p></fn><fn id="tfn4-rmhp-6-033"><label>†</label><p>1 rai = 1,600 square meters, 1 acre = 2.53 rai.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-rmhp-6-033" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Absolute magnitudes of unadjusted intervention effects on knowledge score and attitude score, and intervention effects as percentages of baseline mean scores, at follow-up 1 and follow-up 2</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Overall mean at baseline</th><th colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Intervention effects (unadjusted)
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Follow-up 1
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Follow-up 2
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absolute magnitude (95% CI)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As % of baseline mean</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absolute magnitude (95% CI)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As % of baseline mean</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Knowledge score</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.9 (2.2–3.6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.8 (2.0–3.6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Attitude score</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.2 (10.7–15.7)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.8</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.0 (12.1–18.0)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.6</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn5-rmhp-6-033"><p><bold>Abbreviation:</bold> CI, confidence interval.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-rmhp-6-033" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Absolute magnitudes of adjusted<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-rmhp-6-033">*</xref> intervention effects on knowledge score and attitude score, and intervention effects as percentages of baseline mean scores, at follow-up 1 and follow-up 2</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Overall mean at baseline</th><th colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Intervention effects (unadjusted)
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Follow-up 1
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Follow-up 2
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absolute magnitude (95% CI)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As % of baseline mean</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absolute magnitude (95% CI)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As % of baseline mean</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Knowledge score</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1 (2.4–3.9)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2 (2.4–4.0)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Attitude score</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5 (9.8–15.3)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.6 (11.3–17.9)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.2</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Note:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn6-rmhp-6-033"><label>*</label><p>Adjusted for positive chronic disease history, burning mosquito coils, and spraying pesticides in the home.</p></fn><fn id="tfn7-rmhp-6-033"><p><bold>Abbreviation:</bold> CI, confidence interval.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t5-rmhp-6-033" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Relationship between insecticide-related attitude score and knowledge score in study participants over all three measurement times</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Independent variable</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Coefficient</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>t</italic></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">95% confidence interval
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lower bound</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper bound</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intercept</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.17</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.97</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.6</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Knowledge score</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.53</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn8-rmhp-6-033"><p><bold>Note:</bold> Dependent variable = attitude score.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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