Repellent Activity of Botanical Oils against Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae)
Identifieur interne : 000F66 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000F65; suivant : 000F67Repellent Activity of Botanical Oils against Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae)
Auteurs : Emily H. Kuhns ; Xavier Martini [États-Unis] ; Angel Hoyte ; Lukasz L. StelinskiSource :
- Insects [ 2075-4450 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid,
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/insects7030035
PubMed: 27429006
PubMed Central: 5039548
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Repellent Activity of Botanical Oils against Asian Citrus Psyllid, <italic>Diaphorina citri</italic> (Hemiptera: Liviidae)</title><author><name sortKey="Kuhns, Emily H" sort="Kuhns, Emily H" uniqKey="Kuhns E" first="Emily H." last="Kuhns">Emily H. Kuhns</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-insects-07-00035">Citrus Research and Education Center, Entomological and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 700 Experimentation road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;<email>emilyhkuhns@gmail.com</email> (E.H.K.);<email>xmartini@ufl.edu</email> (X.M.);<email>ahoyte@ufl.edu</email> (A.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martini, Xavier" sort="Martini, Xavier" uniqKey="Martini X" first="Xavier" last="Martini">Xavier Martini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-insects-07-00035">Citrus Research and Education Center, Entomological and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 700 Experimentation road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;<email>emilyhkuhns@gmail.com</email> (E.H.K.);<email>xmartini@ufl.edu</email> (X.M.);<email>ahoyte@ufl.edu</email> (A.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-insects-07-00035">North Florida Research and Education Center, Entomological and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 155 Experiment Road, Quincy, FL 32351, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>North Florida Research and Education Center, Entomological and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 155 Experiment Road, Quincy, FL 32351</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoyte, Angel" sort="Hoyte, Angel" uniqKey="Hoyte A" first="Angel" last="Hoyte">Angel Hoyte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-insects-07-00035">Citrus Research and Education Center, Entomological and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 700 Experimentation road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;<email>emilyhkuhns@gmail.com</email> (E.H.K.);<email>xmartini@ufl.edu</email> (X.M.);<email>ahoyte@ufl.edu</email> (A.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stelinski, Lukasz L" sort="Stelinski, Lukasz L" uniqKey="Stelinski L" first="Lukasz L." last="Stelinski">Lukasz L. Stelinski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-insects-07-00035">Citrus Research and Education Center, Entomological and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 700 Experimentation road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;<email>emilyhkuhns@gmail.com</email> (E.H.K.);<email>xmartini@ufl.edu</email> (X.M.);<email>ahoyte@ufl.edu</email> (A.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27429006</idno><idno type="pmc">5039548</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5039548</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5039548</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/insects7030035</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000F67</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000F66</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Repellent Activity of Botanical Oils against Asian Citrus Psyllid, <italic>Diaphorina citri</italic> (Hemiptera: Liviidae)</title><author><name sortKey="Kuhns, Emily H" sort="Kuhns, Emily H" uniqKey="Kuhns E" first="Emily H." last="Kuhns">Emily H. Kuhns</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-insects-07-00035">Citrus Research and Education Center, Entomological and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 700 Experimentation road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;<email>emilyhkuhns@gmail.com</email> (E.H.K.);<email>xmartini@ufl.edu</email> (X.M.);<email>ahoyte@ufl.edu</email> (A.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martini, Xavier" sort="Martini, Xavier" uniqKey="Martini X" first="Xavier" last="Martini">Xavier Martini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-insects-07-00035">Citrus Research and Education Center, Entomological and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 700 Experimentation road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;<email>emilyhkuhns@gmail.com</email> (E.H.K.);<email>xmartini@ufl.edu</email> (X.M.);<email>ahoyte@ufl.edu</email> (A.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-insects-07-00035">North Florida Research and Education Center, Entomological and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 155 Experiment Road, Quincy, FL 32351, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>North Florida Research and Education Center, Entomological and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 155 Experiment Road, Quincy, FL 32351</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoyte, Angel" sort="Hoyte, Angel" uniqKey="Hoyte A" first="Angel" last="Hoyte">Angel Hoyte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-insects-07-00035">Citrus Research and Education Center, Entomological and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 700 Experimentation road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;<email>emilyhkuhns@gmail.com</email> (E.H.K.);<email>xmartini@ufl.edu</email> (X.M.);<email>ahoyte@ufl.edu</email> (A.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stelinski, Lukasz L" sort="Stelinski, Lukasz L" uniqKey="Stelinski L" first="Lukasz L." last="Stelinski">Lukasz L. Stelinski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-insects-07-00035">Citrus Research and Education Center, Entomological and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 700 Experimentation road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;<email>emilyhkuhns@gmail.com</email> (E.H.K.);<email>xmartini@ufl.edu</email> (X.M.);<email>ahoyte@ufl.edu</email> (A.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Insects</title><idno type="eISSN">2075-4450</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The Asian citrus psyllid, <italic>Diaphorina citri</italic> Kuwayama, is the insect vector of the pathogen causing huanglongbing. We selected three botanical oils to evaluate behavioral activity against <italic>D. citri</italic>. In laboratory olfactometer assays, fir oil was repellent to <italic>D. citri</italic> females, while litsea and citronella oils elicited no response from <italic>D. citri</italic> females. In choice settling experiments, <italic>D. citri</italic> settled almost completely on control plants rather than on plants treated with fir oil at a 9.5 mg/day release rate. Therefore, we conducted field trials to determine if fir oil reduced <italic>D. citri</italic> densities in citrus groves. We found no repellency of <italic>D. citri</italic> from sweet orange resets that were treated with fir oil dispensers releasing 10.4 g/day/tree as compared with control plots. However, we found a two-week decrease in populations of <italic>D. citri</italic> as compared with controls when the deployment rate of these dispensers was doubled. Our results suggest that treatment of citrus with fir oil may have limited activity as a stand-alone management tool for <italic>D. citri</italic> and would require integration with other management practices.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dagulo, L" uniqKey="Dagulo L">L. Dagulo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Danyluk, M D" uniqKey="Danyluk M">M.D. Danyluk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spann, T M" uniqKey="Spann T">T.M. Spann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Valim, M F" uniqKey="Valim M">M.F. Valim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goodrich Schneider, R" uniqKey="Goodrich Schneider R">R. Goodrich-Schneider</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sims, C" uniqKey="Sims C">C. Sims</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rouseff, R" uniqKey="Rouseff R">R. Rouseff</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcclean, P D" uniqKey="Mcclean P">P.D. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Insects</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Insects</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">insects</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Insects</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2075-4450</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27429006</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5039548</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/insects7030035</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">insects-07-00035</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Repellent Activity of Botanical Oils against Asian Citrus Psyllid, <italic>Diaphorina citri</italic> (Hemiptera: Liviidae)</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kuhns</surname><given-names>Emily H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-insects-07-00035">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martini</surname><given-names>Xavier</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-insects-07-00035">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-insects-07-00035">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hoyte</surname><given-names>Angel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-insects-07-00035">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stelinski</surname><given-names>Lukasz L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-insects-07-00035">1</xref><xref rid="c1-insects-07-00035" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Hassan</surname><given-names>Errol</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-insects-07-00035"><label>1</label>Citrus Research and Education Center, Entomological and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 700 Experimentation road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA;<email>emilyhkuhns@gmail.com</email> (E.H.K.);<email>xmartini@ufl.edu</email> (X.M.);<email>ahoyte@ufl.edu</email> (A.H.)</aff><aff id="af2-insects-07-00035"><label>2</label>North Florida Research and Education Center, Entomological and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 155 Experiment Road, Quincy, FL 32351, USA</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-insects-07-00035"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>stelinski@ufl.edu</email>; Tel.: +1-863-956-8851</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>9</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>3</issue><elocation-id>35</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>04</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>11</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The Asian citrus psyllid, <italic>Diaphorina citri</italic> Kuwayama, is the insect vector of the pathogen causing huanglongbing. We selected three botanical oils to evaluate behavioral activity against <italic>D. citri</italic>. In laboratory olfactometer assays, fir oil was repellent to <italic>D. citri</italic> females, while litsea and citronella oils elicited no response from <italic>D. citri</italic> females. In choice settling experiments, <italic>D. citri</italic> settled almost completely on control plants rather than on plants treated with fir oil at a 9.5 mg/day release rate. Therefore, we conducted field trials to determine if fir oil reduced <italic>D. citri</italic> densities in citrus groves. We found no repellency of <italic>D. citri</italic> from sweet orange resets that were treated with fir oil dispensers releasing 10.4 g/day/tree as compared with control plots. However, we found a two-week decrease in populations of <italic>D. citri</italic> as compared with controls when the deployment rate of these dispensers was doubled. Our results suggest that treatment of citrus with fir oil may have limited activity as a stand-alone management tool for <italic>D. citri</italic> and would require integration with other management practices.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>citrus greening disease</kwd><kwd>essential oil</kwd><kwd>repellent</kwd><kwd>push-pull</kwd><kwd>integrated pest management</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="insects-07-00035-f001" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Mean (±SE) number of <italic>Diaphorina citri</italic> settling per plant on citrus seedlings treated with fir oil after 24 and 72 h as compared with blank control seedlings in a choice bioassays ** <0.01.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="insects-07-00035-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="insects-07-00035-f002" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Average, minimal, and maximal temperatures recorded in Lake Alfred, FL during examination of dispenser release rates in 2013 (<bold>A</bold>); in Winter Garden, FL during 2013 (<bold>B</bold>) and 2014 (<bold>C</bold>) field trials of fir oil as a repellent for <italic>D. citri</italic>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="insects-07-00035-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="insects-07-00035-f003" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Mean (±SE) number of <italic>Diaphorina citri</italic> tap counted on fir oil-treated (4 dispensers/tree) vs. control plots in field trials for four weeks in 2013 (<bold>A</bold>) and on fir oil-treated (8 dispensers/tree) vs. control plots in field trials for three weeks in 2014 (<bold>B</bold>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="insects-07-00035-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="insects-07-00035-f004" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Exponential decay curves for botanical oil dispensers. Laboratory fir oil dispensers with (squares) and without (diamonds) a hole drilled into the lid (<bold>A</bold>); High release fir oil dispensers used in field trials (2013 only) (<bold>B</bold>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="insects-07-00035-g004"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="insects-07-00035-t001" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">insects-07-00035-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Response of <italic>Diaphorina citri</italic> to odors of three botanical oils vs. a blank control in a T-olfactometer. Odors of five botanical oils were assayed against clean air in a T-olfactometer to determine the behavioral response of female <italic>D. citri</italic>. The percentage of <italic>D. citri</italic> choosing each odor, as well as the percentage of non-responding <italic>D. citri</italic>, are listed in the table. The corresponding <italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup> values and <italic>p</italic>-values are listed <sup>a</sup>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Arm</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treatment Arm</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. citri</italic> Choosing Control Arm (%)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. citri</italic> Choosing Treatment Arm (%)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non Responding <italic>D. citri</italic> (%)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup> Value</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">clean air</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethylene glycol</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.773</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethylene glycol</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fir Oil, 1 mg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.424</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethylene glycol</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fir Oil, 5 mg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>80</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>5.71</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.017 <sup>†</sup></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethylene glycol</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fir Oil, 15 mg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>60</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>14.70</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><0.001 <sup>†</sup></bold></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethylene glycol</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citronella, 1 mg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.336</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethylene glycol</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citronella, 5 mg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.553</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethylene glycol</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citronella, 15 mg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.466</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethylene glycol</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Litsea, 1 mg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.508</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethylene glycol</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Litsea, 5 mg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.442</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethylene glycol</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Litsea, 15 mg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.274</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup> Botanical oil treatments exhibiting significant repellency to <italic>D. citri</italic> are listed in bold and noted with a <bold><sup>†</sup></bold>.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="insects-07-00035-t002" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">insects-07-00035-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Response of <italic>Diaphorina citri</italic> to fir oil treated citrus vs. untreated citrus in a T-olfactometer. To determine the degree of repellency of fir oil, female <italic>D. citri</italic> were challenged in a T-olfactometer. In the first experiment, odors from fir oil-treated crushed Valencia sour orange leaves were compared to odors from crushed citrus leaves. In the second experiment, odors from a fir oil-treated Valencia sour orange plants were compared to odors from an untreated citrus plants. The percentage of <italic>D. citri</italic> choosing each odor, as well as the percentage of non-responding <italic>D. citri</italic>, are listed in the table. The corresponding <italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup> values and <italic>p</italic>-values are listed <sup>a</sup>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control Arm</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treatment Arm</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. citri</italic> Choosing Control Arm (%)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. citri</italic> Choosing Treatment Arm (%)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non Responding <italic>D. citri</italic> (%)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup> Value</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crushed Citrus</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crushed Citrus + Ethylene glycol</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.492</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crushed Citrus</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fir Oil, 15 mg + Crushed Citrus</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.362</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intact Citrus</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intact Citrus + Ethylene glycol</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.564</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intact Citrus</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fir Oil, 1 mg + Intact Citrus</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.286</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intact Citrus</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fir Oil, 5 mg + Intact Citrus</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intact Citrus</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fir Oil, 15 mg + Intact Citrus</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>5.33</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.021 <sup>†</sup></bold></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup> Botanical oil treatments exhibiting significant repellency at the <italic>p</italic> < 0.05 are listed in bold and noted with a <bold><sup>†</sup></bold>.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="insects-07-00035-t003" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">insects-07-00035-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Relative peak area (%), and Kovats retention indexes (KRI) of compounds comprising fir oil used in these experiments.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compounds</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KRI</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Relative Peak Area (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Santene</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">907</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.11</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tricyclene</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">921</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.19</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">α-Pinene</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">945</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.90</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Camphene</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">964</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.17</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-β-pinene</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">992</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.29</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">δ-3-Carene</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1018</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.11</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">para-Cymene</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1022</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.58</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1036</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">dl-limonene</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1041</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.76</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">β-Phellandrene</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1058</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.82</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">γ-Terpinene</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1062</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Terpinolene</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1104</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bornyl acetate</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1297</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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