Application of Ethnobotanical Indices on the Use of Traditional Medicines against Common Diseases
Identifieur interne : 000E97 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000E96; suivant : 000E98Application of Ethnobotanical Indices on the Use of Traditional Medicines against Common Diseases
Auteurs : Imran Khan [Pakistan] ; Naser M. Abdelsalam [Arabie saoudite] ; Hassan Fouad [Arabie saoudite, Égypte] ; Akash Tariq [Pakistan] ; Riaz Ullah [Pakistan] ; Muhammad Adnan [Pakistan]Source :
- Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM [ 1741-427X ] ; 2014.
Abstract
The present study was aimed at documenting the detailed ethnomedicinal knowledge of an unexplored area of Pakistan. Semistructured interviews were taken with 55 informants randomly chosen regarding detailed ethnomedicinal and sociocultural information. The study exposed 67 medicinal plant species used to prepare 110 recipes and the major modes of herbal formulation were decoction and powdering (20% each). The disease categories with the highest Fic values were gastrointestinal and dermatological (0.87 each). The study determined 3 plant species, i.e.,
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DOI: 10.1155/2014/635371
PubMed: 24963328
PubMed Central: 4055084
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Application of Ethnobotanical Indices on the Use of Traditional Medicines against Common Diseases</title><author><name sortKey="Khan, Imran" sort="Khan, Imran" uniqKey="Khan I" first="Imran" last="Khan">Imran Khan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdelsalam, Naser M" sort="Abdelsalam, Naser M" uniqKey="Abdelsalam N" first="Naser M." last="Abdelsalam">Naser M. Abdelsalam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Riyadh Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Riyadh Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fouad, Hassan" sort="Fouad, Hassan" uniqKey="Fouad H" first="Hassan" last="Fouad">Hassan Fouad</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Riyadh Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Riyadh Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, P.O. Box 11792, Helwan, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, P.O. Box 11792, Helwan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tariq, Akash" sort="Tariq, Akash" uniqKey="Tariq A" first="Akash" last="Tariq">Akash Tariq</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ullah, Riaz" sort="Ullah, Riaz" uniqKey="Ullah R" first="Riaz" last="Ullah">Riaz Ullah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Chemistry, Government College Ara Khel, FR Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 26000, Pakistan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, Government College Ara Khel, FR Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 26000</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adnan, Muhammad" sort="Adnan, Muhammad" uniqKey="Adnan M" first="Muhammad" last="Adnan">Muhammad Adnan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24963328</idno><idno type="pmc">4055084</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4055084</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4055084</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2014/635371</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000E98</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000E97</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Application of Ethnobotanical Indices on the Use of Traditional Medicines against Common Diseases</title><author><name sortKey="Khan, Imran" sort="Khan, Imran" uniqKey="Khan I" first="Imran" last="Khan">Imran Khan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdelsalam, Naser M" sort="Abdelsalam, Naser M" uniqKey="Abdelsalam N" first="Naser M." last="Abdelsalam">Naser M. Abdelsalam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Riyadh Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Riyadh Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fouad, Hassan" sort="Fouad, Hassan" uniqKey="Fouad H" first="Hassan" last="Fouad">Hassan Fouad</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Riyadh Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Riyadh Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, P.O. Box 11792, Helwan, Egypt</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, P.O. Box 11792, Helwan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tariq, Akash" sort="Tariq, Akash" uniqKey="Tariq A" first="Akash" last="Tariq">Akash Tariq</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ullah, Riaz" sort="Ullah, Riaz" uniqKey="Ullah R" first="Riaz" last="Ullah">Riaz Ullah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Chemistry, Government College Ara Khel, FR Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 26000, Pakistan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, Government College Ara Khel, FR Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 26000</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adnan, Muhammad" sort="Adnan, Muhammad" uniqKey="Adnan M" first="Muhammad" last="Adnan">Muhammad Adnan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pakistan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</title><idno type="ISSN">1741-427X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1741-4288</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The present study was aimed at documenting the detailed ethnomedicinal knowledge of an unexplored area of Pakistan. Semistructured interviews were taken with 55 informants randomly chosen regarding detailed ethnomedicinal and sociocultural information. The study exposed 67 medicinal plant species used to prepare 110 recipes and the major modes of herbal formulation were decoction and powdering (20% each). The disease categories with the highest Fic values were gastrointestinal and dermatological (0.87 each). The study determined 3 plant species, i.e., <italic> Acacia modesta </italic>Wall., <italic> Caralluma tuberculata </italic>R.Br., and <italic> Withania somnifera </italic>(L.) Dunal with a FL of 100%. DMR results showed that <italic> Olea ferruginea </italic>(Sol.) Steud. ranked first, <italic> Morus alba </italic>L. ranked second, and <italic> Melia azedarach </italic>L. ranked third. Among the 55 informants, the male concentration was high (61%) and most of them were over 40 years old while a leading quantity of respondents (45%) was uneducated. There is a dire need to take necessary steps for the conservation of important medicinal plants by inhibiting overgrazing and providing alternate fuel resources. Young generations should be educated regarding the importance of ethnomedicinal knowledge and plants with high Fic and FL values should be further checked chemically and pharmacologically for future exploration of modern medicine.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Feo, Dv" uniqKey="Feo D">DV Feo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Breevort, P" uniqKey="Breevort P">P Breevort</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wright, Cw" uniqKey="Wright C">CW Wright</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hamayun, M" uniqKey="Hamayun M">M Hamayun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Sa" uniqKey="Khan S">SA Khan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Hy" uniqKey="Kim H">HY Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leechae, Ij" uniqKey="Leechae I">IJ 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ECAM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1741-427X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1741-4288</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24963328</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4055084</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/635371</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Application of Ethnobotanical Indices on the Use of Traditional Medicines against Common Diseases</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>Imran</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>AbdElsalam</surname><given-names>Naser M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fouad</surname><given-names>Hassan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tariq</surname><given-names>Akash</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ullah</surname><given-names>Riaz</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Adnan</surname><given-names>Muhammad</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Riyadh Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, P.O. Box 11792, Helwan, Egypt</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>Department of Chemistry, Government College Ara Khel, FR Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 26000, Pakistan</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Muhammad Adnan: <email>ghurzang@hotmail.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Rainer W. Bussmann</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>20</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>2014</volume><elocation-id>635371</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>22</day><month>2</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>24</day><month>4</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Imran Khan et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The present study was aimed at documenting the detailed ethnomedicinal knowledge of an unexplored area of Pakistan. Semistructured interviews were taken with 55 informants randomly chosen regarding detailed ethnomedicinal and sociocultural information. The study exposed 67 medicinal plant species used to prepare 110 recipes and the major modes of herbal formulation were decoction and powdering (20% each). The disease categories with the highest Fic values were gastrointestinal and dermatological (0.87 each). The study determined 3 plant species, i.e., <italic> Acacia modesta </italic>Wall., <italic> Caralluma tuberculata </italic>R.Br., and <italic> Withania somnifera </italic>(L.) Dunal with a FL of 100%. DMR results showed that <italic> Olea ferruginea </italic>(Sol.) Steud. ranked first, <italic> Morus alba </italic>L. ranked second, and <italic> Melia azedarach </italic>L. ranked third. Among the 55 informants, the male concentration was high (61%) and most of them were over 40 years old while a leading quantity of respondents (45%) was uneducated. There is a dire need to take necessary steps for the conservation of important medicinal plants by inhibiting overgrazing and providing alternate fuel resources. Young generations should be educated regarding the importance of ethnomedicinal knowledge and plants with high Fic and FL values should be further checked chemically and pharmacologically for future exploration of modern medicine.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002383 King Saud University</funding-source><award-id>RGP-VPP-210</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Map of the study area.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2014-635371.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Plant parts used for remedy preparation.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2014-635371.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Methods of preparation of ethnomedicines.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2014-635371.003"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Medicinal plants and their preparation methods and administration.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scientific names</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Local names</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Families</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Habit </th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Part used</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medicinal uses</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herbal formulation</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Administration </th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dosage</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acacia modesta </italic>Wall.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palosa</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mimosaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tree</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gum, leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Backache</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gum and powder of fresh leaves of <italic>Acacia modesta</italic> are mixed with wheat flour and desi ghee and make <italic>Halwa</italic> that is used for backache.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Acacia nilotica </italic>(L.) Delile</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Kikar</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Mimosaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Tree</td><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Narcotic</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extraction of fresh root and leaves are taken as alcohol (<italic>Sharab</italic>).</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aphrodisiac</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Four grams of gum is taken as paste with water.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Once a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Earache</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">About 30 flowers are heated in 10 mL mustard oil and filtered.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Through ear</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Two to four drops for 5 days</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Allium cepa </italic>L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Pyaaz </td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Alliaceae </td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antipyretic </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Equal amount of extract of onion bulb and mint are mixed and used against cholera.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">One teaspoon of this mixture is taken per hour for a period as needed. </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skin infection</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poultice of onion bulb is used against abscesses.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Two times a day for one week </td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Allium sativum </italic>Linn.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Ugga</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Alliaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Leaves, roots</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blood disorders</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Small pieces of <italic>Allium sativum</italic> are chewed to reduce blood pressure.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twice a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The powder of leaves and roots are also used against stomach problems.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed </td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aloe barbadensis </italic>Mill.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zarpati</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aloeaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herb </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Veterinary (gastrointestinal)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Two leaves are made spineless and each one is divided lengthwise into 2 or 3 slices. These slices of leaves along with common salt are given to the animals for stomach disorders.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Three doses after every 48 hours period</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Amaranthus viridis</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Sarkoomal.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Amaranthaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Leaves </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves are crushed with sugar and taken along with black tea for curing constipation.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Four times a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skin infection</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poultice of leaf is prepared along with mustard oil for the treatment of abscesses.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed </td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anagallis arvensis</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dhabbar</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primulaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rheumatism </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The whole plant is crushed into powder after drying. Two gm of the powder with 5 gm of wheat flour is mixed for the treatment of rheumatism.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Once a day for a week </td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Cannabis sativa</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Bhaang</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Cannabaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Herb </td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Leaves, flowering tops, and seed</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Narcotic</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The fruit and leaves are used as narcotic, commonly called “<italic>Charas.</italic>”</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Veterinary</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The decoction of seeds is given to cattle for increasing milk.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Caralluma tuberculata </italic>R.Br</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pawany</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asclepiadaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shrub</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antidiabetic and anticancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant is dried, powdered, and taken with water. Fresh plant is directly eaten by diabetic patient and is very effective in cancer treatment as well.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Once a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Cuscuta reflexa</italic> Roxb.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Chum bud</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Cuscutaceae.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Stem and seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wound </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A paste of the plant powder in butter is prepared and is externally applied for wounds.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skin infection </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The whole plant is crushed and then boiled in 8 liters of water for an hour. It is filtered and the patient is advised to take a bath with this decoction without using soap for scabies.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Carthamus oxycantha</italic> Co.Cr.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Spena zagai</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Asteraceae </td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Seed oil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jaundice </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds are collected, dried under shade, and ground to obtain powder and taken to treat jaundice.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 teaspoon of powder is taken twice a day for 3-4 weeks</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skin infection </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Few drops of honey are added in seed powder to make paste. This paste is applied on the face. It is effective to remove white spots of skin.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sinensis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malta </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rutaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shrub</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit, leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit is eaten for reducing constipation.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 fruits per day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1"><italic>Cynodon dactylon</italic>var. <italic>coursii</italic> (A. Camus) <break></break>J.R. Harlan and de Wet</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Wakha</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Poaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Herb </td><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wounds </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The paste made of fresh leaves is applied on cuts and bleeding wounds.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Piles</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Same as above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juice of the plant is given in diarrhea.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twice a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antipyretic</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Same as above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twice a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Dalbergia sissoo</italic> DC.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Shawa</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Papilionaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tree</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Piles</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70 gm of young leaves of buds are crushed. One glass of water is added to it and strained. The strained decoction is taken daily.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taken daily for 10 days</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jaundice</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Same as above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taken daily for 10 days</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Datura stramonium</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tora torii.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Solanaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Herb </td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Earache</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The juice of flower is useful for earache.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Narcotic</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds and leaves are smoked for their narcotic action.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dicliptera bupleuroides</italic> Nees.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Somni</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Acanthaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herb </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skin infection</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poultice is used for scabies.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Once a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Digera muricata</italic> (L.) Mart.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tandola</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amaranthaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herb </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juice is extracted from the whole plants and used as laxative.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dodonaea viscosa</italic> (L.) Jacquin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zetawoni</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sapindaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shrub</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rheumatism </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The leaves are warmed and kept on joints to relieve pains.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Once a day </td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eriobotrya japanica</italic> (Thunb.) Lindl.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lokat </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tree</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chest problems</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit is taken directly to treat cough.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eucalyptus lanceolatus</italic> Dehnh.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lachi</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Myrtaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tree</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves and bark are boiled in water. Filtrate and decoction are used for abdominal pains. Fruit is added to green tea and taken as antiemetic.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twice a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Euphorbia helioscopia</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Katta saarai</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Euphorbiaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mature leaves (5 g) are mixed with 3 spoonfuls of sugar to prepare recipe to treat constipation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twice a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Euphorbia hirta</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chapa tray.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Euphorbiaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diabetes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves juice is taken for diabetes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1"><italic>Fagonia indica</italic> Burm.f.</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Mazgha Kai.</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Zygophyllaceae.</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Aerial parts</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blood purifier</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Extract of aerial parts is used</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thrice a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skin infection</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Same as above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thrice a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diabetes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Same as above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thrice a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antipyretic</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Half kg of the whole plant is boiled in 2 liters of water; patients with hepatitis are advised to take bath with this decoction.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thrice a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ficus carica</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inzeer</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moraceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tree</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Piles</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Two to four fruits are soaked in water or milk at night and used in the morning on empty stomach.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Daily for 10 days</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ficus elastica</italic> Roxb. ex Hornem.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rubber Plant</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moraceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tree</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves, Bark</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antipyretic</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves and bark are crushed and taken along honey in small quantity to reduce fever.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Once a day </td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ficus religiosa</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peppal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moraceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tree</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vomiting </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decoction of bark is used.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic> Mill.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soonphf</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Umbelliferae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds and roots</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Take sonf with white zeera, grind it, and use after meal; it is good to remove ulcer and stomach pain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1"><italic>Fumaria indica</italic> (Hausskn.) Pugsley</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Khatee soii.</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Fumariaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Aerial parts</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blood purification</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Two kg of aerial parts is dried under shade and crushed to obtain powder; 2-3 gm powder with one glass of water is taken.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twice a day for one week</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jaundice</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Same as above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twice a day for one week </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juice of fresh parts is used as laxative.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Once a day for four days </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antipyretic</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juice of fresh parts is used to reduce fever.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Once a day for two days</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Jasminum humile</italic> f.kensuense</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zeet chumbeli</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oleaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shrub</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flower, root, and latex.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skin infection</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flowers and roots are boiled to make paste and rub on skin for treating pimples.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twice a day for one week</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Jasminum officinale</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Chumbeli </td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Oleaceae </td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Shrub </td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Whole plant.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decoction of leaves and roots are prepared and used as anthelmintic.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Once a day </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kidney problems</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crushed leaves are mixed with flour and taken along water to treat kidney stones.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twice a day for one month</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1"><italic>Justicia adhatoda</italic> L</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Shna Baza</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Acanthaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Shrub</td><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diabetes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Half kg of fresh leaves of this plant is extracted with 500 mL water and used against diabetes.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 mL of extract is used twice a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blood purification</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Same as above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 mL of extract is used twice a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chest infection</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves and flowers are plucked, dried under shade, ground to obtain powder; 50 gm of this powder is mixed in 15 mL of honey.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Half teaspoon twice a day for 15 days </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skin infection</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Half kg leaves are boiled in 4 liters of water and decoction is used.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twice a day </td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lathyrus aphaca</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jee Wareen</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Papilionaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herb </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seed and flower</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skin infection</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decoction is used for skin problems.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Malva neglecta</italic> Wallr.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panderak </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malvaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kidney problems</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Roots are taken and boiled in 2 glasses of water and after boiling when 1 glass of water remains, it is taken for kidney stones.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Once a day for 40 days</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Melia azedarach</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tora Draka</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Meliaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tree</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diabetes </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Powder of seeds is used.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit is ground and its juice is mixed with oil and taken as anthelmintic.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Mentha arvensis</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Podeena.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Lamiaceae.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70 gm dried leaves of wild mint and 30–40 gm of bishops' weed are ground together and 10–12 gm of common salt is also added. It is used for gas problems and stomach pain.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thrice a day after meal</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vomiting </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tea of dried leaves is taken to stop vomiting.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mentha longifolia</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Venalai</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lamiaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decoction of leaves is used as carminative.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Monotheca buxifolia</italic> (Falc.) A. DC.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gorgola</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sapotaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shrub</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit, stem</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skin infection</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poultice is used against skin infection.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Morus alba</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Toot </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moraceae </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tree</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit, leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crushed leaves are taken along honey to treat diarrhea.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twice a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Morus nigra</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tor Toot</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moraceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tree</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit, leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kidney problems</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit is directly eaten as diuretic.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twice a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Nannorrhops ritchiana</italic>. (Griff.) Aitch.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Mazzari</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Arecaceae/Palmae</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Shrub</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crushed leaves are used as carminative.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Veterinary </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fresh leaves are given to animals as purgative.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Nerium oleander</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Gand derai</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Apocynaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Shrub</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Dental pain <break></break>Wound </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The fresh leaves are washed and crushed, and then 3 cups of water are added. The filtrate is given to the patients suffering from dental pain.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twice a day for 5 days</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poultice of leaves is applied externally to reduce swelling.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twice a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Olea ferruginea</italic> (Sol.) Steud. </td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Kawwaan</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Oleaceae.</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Tree</td><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Fruit, leaves, <break></break>seeds, and bark</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dental </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decoction is used for toothache.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The decoction of fresh leaves is kept in the mouth at night till recovery.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rheumatism</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The oil extracted from the fruits is used as massage in the treatment of rheumatism.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skeletomuscular</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Same as above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Otostegia limbata</italic> Benth.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Spin azghai</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Lamiaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Shrub</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Throat infection</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 gm fresh leaves are ground and 3-4 teaspoons of water are added to it. This mixture is filtered through a cloth and is given to the patient suffering from mouth gums and throat pains.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wound</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crushed leaves are applied for curing of wounds.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Once a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Oxalis corniculata</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tokee pi.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oxalidaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herb </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves, root</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juice of leaves and roots are used against stomach problem.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Peganum harmala </italic>L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spin nali</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zygophyllaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spiritual</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The smoke from burning seeds and leaves is believed to be devil repellent and also used as protection against evil eyes.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Periploca aphylla</italic> Decne.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Barada</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Periplocaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shrub</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem, bark, and latex.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Branches and flower are dried under shade, ground to obtain powder, and taken along water for constipation and stomach ulcer.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–4 gm of is powder twice a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Phoenix dactylifera</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Khajoor</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Arecaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tree</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Fruit, leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Take four dried khobani and three khajoor and keep it in milk and boil it. After cooling take it on an empty stomach with 1 teaspoon of isapagul; it is good for controlling constipation.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex power</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Same as above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus roxburghii</italic> Sarg.</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Nakthar</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Pinaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Tree</td><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">All aerial</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dental</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juice is extracted from fresh leaves and bark by grinding. This is mixed with water and taken for toothache.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twice a day before meal and at bed time </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Similarly, the bark and leaves of <italic>Pinus</italic> are dried and crushed, and then the powder is dissolved in cold water and taken for diarrhea.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twice a day before meal and at bed time </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skin infection</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves of the plant are boiled and the extract is obtained and taken before meal as remedy for scabies.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Pistacia chinensis</italic> Bunge.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Shenai</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Tree</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Powdered galls fried with ghee are given internally in dysentery.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Once a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skin infections</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The stem gum is added to the mustard oil, warmed, and mixed. The prepared poultice is then applied to the ruptured heels at night.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At night for once</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Plantago lanceolata</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Gwayo zhabe</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Plantaginaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dental</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves are crushed and kept in mouth to relieve toothache.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds and fruits are drunk as purgative and laxative.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skin infections</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fresh leaves are crushed for athlete's foot.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Plantanus orientalis</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chenar</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Platanaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tree</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The peel of the fruit is dried, soaked, and ground. The powder so formed, called “Narsaway,” is mixed in small quantity in a cup of curd and is used for dysentery.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twice in a day till recovery for the treatment</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Punica granatum</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Anar</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Punicaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Shrub</td><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Fruit, bark</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The fruit pericarp is dried, powdered, mixed with sugar, and used for diarrhea and dysentery.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chest infections</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The fruit pericarp is mixed with tea and is given for whooping cough.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blood purifier</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit is directly eaten.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Rumex dentatus</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Reen zakai</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Polygonaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Leaves </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex enhancer</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decoction of leaves is used.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Once at night</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skeletomuscular</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Same as above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ricinus communis</italic> L. </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Raanda</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Euphorbiaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shrub</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds, leaf, bark, <break></break>and root.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The small quantity of oil is rubbed on the abdomen, which is slowly and gradually absorbed through sweat glands to release constipation.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twice a day for one day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sageretia thea</italic> (Osbeck) M.C. Johnst.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mamoti</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhamnaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shrub</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit, roots</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jaundice</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The extraction of roots is used as cooling agent in jaundice.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Once a day </td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Saccharum spontaneum</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shaat</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chest infection</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juice of whole plants is mixed with milk for the treatment of cough.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twice a day for two days</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Solanum incanum</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tarkha Mowtngee</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solanaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shrub</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves and roots</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kidney problems</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decoction of leaves and roots are used to break kidney stones.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Solanum villosum</italic> Miller.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Koot soab</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solanaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herb </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kidney problems</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decoction of leaves and roots are used to break kidney stones.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sonchus arvensis</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kroo Konai</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asteraceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole plant </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wounds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The whole plant is crushed to form a paste. The paste is applied as a poultice on wounds and boils.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Topical </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Silybummarianum</italic> (L.)</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Azghai</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Asteraceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Leaves, seeds, and flowers head</td><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Antipyretic <break></break>Jaundice <break></break>Liver problems</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds are collected, dried under shade, and roasted in vegetable oil. Roasted seeds are ground to obtain powder. This is used to treat hepatitis.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Half teaspoon of this powder is taken thrice a day for a month</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Same as above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Same as above</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Same as above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Same as above</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Taraxacum officinale</italic> F.H. Wigg.</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Asteraceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Leaves, root</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jaundice</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20–30 gm dried aerial parts are boiled in 1 liter of water for 15–20 min to which 15–20 gm sugar is added. This decoction is filtered and used against jaundice.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Half cup is given twice a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diabetes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Half kg dried aerial parts are boiled in 2 liters water and decoction is filtered and used for diabetes.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">One cup of this decoction is taken twice a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Terminalia arjuna</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Combretaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tree</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bark, fruits, and leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiovascular </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits and leaves are ground to make powder and mix with essential additives.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Once a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1"><italic>Vitex negundo</italic> L.</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Marmandi</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Verbenaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Shrub</td><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Leaves, root, stem, and seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 gm dried seeds of this plant, 30 gm Bishop's weed, and 2-3 teaspoon of common salt are ground together to powder.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antipyretic</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Same as above</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jaundice</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The decoction of leaves is used for jaundice.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kidney problem</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The seeds are ground to obtain powder and are taken with water for kidney stone.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Half spoon once a day</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Withania somnifera</italic> (L.) Dunal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kapyanga</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solanaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herb</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves, roots, and seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kidney problems</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The decoction of leaves is taken to break kidney stones.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ziziphus mauritiana</italic> var.<italic> abyssinica </italic>(Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Fiori</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bera</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhamnaceae</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tree</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit, root, and leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The decoction of fruit and bark is taken with a cup of milk to treat constipation and dysentery.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">As needed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="9" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ziziphus nummularia</italic> (Burm. f.) Wight and Arn.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Karkata</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhamnaceae </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shrub</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit, leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Powder of fruits and leaves are used to treat constipation.</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thrice a day for 2 days</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Fic values of traditional medicinal plants for treating human ailments in district Hangu.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S. Number </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Disease categories</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nur</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nt</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fic</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dermatological </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skeletomuscular</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blood disorders</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chest infections</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jaundice</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ear nose throat problems</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antipyretic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Narcotic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex power</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kidney problems</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wounds </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rheumatism</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Veterinary</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dental</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Piles</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liver problems</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cardiovascular</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Fidelity level value of medicinal plants commonly reported against a given ailment.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medicinal plants</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ailments</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">lp</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">lu</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FL value %</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acacia modesta </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skeletomuscular</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Caralluma tuberculata </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antidiabetic </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Withania somnifera </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Allium sativum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blood pressure</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mentha arvensis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mentha longifolia </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cannabis sativa </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Narcotic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Punica granatum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blood purifier</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Morus alba </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Respiratory tract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Morus nigra </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Respiratory tract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Oxalis corniculata </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gastrointestinal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fagonia indica </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dermatological</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fagonia indica </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blood purifier</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ricinus communis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pregnancy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Olea ferruginea </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dermatological</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Olea ferruginea </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sore throat</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Justicia adhatoda </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skeletomuscular</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cuscuta reflexa </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dermatological</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ziziphus nummularia </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antidiabetic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sageretia thea </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antidiabetic</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.1</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>DMR score of fifteen key informants for eleven medicinal plants species with additional uses besides medicinal value.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Use <break></break>diversity</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. modesta </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. chinensis </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. viscosa </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. sissoo </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. azedarach </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. alba nigra </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. ferruginea </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>F. religiosa </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. roxburghii </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. nilotica </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Z. mauritiana </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rank </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Agricultural <break></break>tool</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>25</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>4</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Construction</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>38</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>3</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fodder </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>23</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>5</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fire wood</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>45</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medicine </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>39</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>17</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>13</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>11</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>11</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>18</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>20</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>23</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>14</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>11</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>16</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>12</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rank</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>4</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>7</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>9</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>9</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>3</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>1</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>6</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>9</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>5</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>8</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Based on use criteria (5 = best; 4 = very good; 3 = good; 2 = less used; 1 = least used; and 0 = no value).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Gender, age group and literacy level frequencies, and occupation of the interviewed people in the region.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Percentage</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gender</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.81</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.18</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age groups </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 20–29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.63</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 30–39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.45</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 40–49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.72</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 50–59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.72</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 60–69</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.27</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 70–79</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.81</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 80–89</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Educational attainment</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Illiterate </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.45</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Primary </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.09</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Middle </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.18</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secondary </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.63</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> University</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.63</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Occupation </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Females</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> House wives </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.47</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Primary teacher </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.52</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Males</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Shopkeepers </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Farmers </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Labours </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Primary teachers</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.7</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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