Effects of Resveratrol and Essential Oils on Growth Performance, Immunity, Digestibility and Fecal Microbial Shedding in Challenged Piglets
Identifieur interne : 000D92 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000D91; suivant : 000D93Effects of Resveratrol and Essential Oils on Growth Performance, Immunity, Digestibility and Fecal Microbial Shedding in Challenged Piglets
Auteurs : S. T. Ahmed ; M. E. Hossain ; G. M. Kim ; J. A. Hwang ; H. Ji ; C. J. YangSource :
- Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences [ 1011-2367 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of resveratrol and essential oils from medicinal plants on the growth performance, immunity, digestibility, and fecal microbial shedding of weaned piglets. A total of 48 weaned piglets (8 kg initial weight, 28-d-old) were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments with 3 replications of 4 piglets each. The dietary treatments were NC (negative control; basal diet), PC (positive control; basal diet+0.002% apramycin), T1 (basal diet+0.2% resveratrol), and T2 (basal diet+0.0125% essential oil blend). All piglets were orally challenged with 5 ml culture fluid containing 2.3×108 cfu/ml of
Url:
DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12683
PubMed: 25049839
PubMed Central: 4093338
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Effects of Resveratrol and Essential Oils on Growth Performance, Immunity, Digestibility and Fecal Microbial Shedding in Challenged Piglets</title><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, S T" sort="Ahmed, S T" uniqKey="Ahmed S" first="S. T." last="Ahmed">S. T. Ahmed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hossain, M E" sort="Hossain, M E" uniqKey="Hossain M" first="M. E." last="Hossain">M. E. Hossain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, G M" sort="Kim, G M" uniqKey="Kim G" first="G. M." last="Kim">G. M. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hwang, J A" sort="Hwang, J A" uniqKey="Hwang J" first="J. A." last="Hwang">J. A. Hwang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ji, H" sort="Ji, H" uniqKey="Ji H" first="H." last="Ji">H. Ji</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, C J" sort="Yang, C J" uniqKey="Yang C" first="C. J." last="Yang">C. J. Yang</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25049839</idno><idno type="pmc">4093338</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4093338</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4093338</idno><idno type="doi">10.5713/ajas.2012.12683</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000D93</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000D92</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Effects of Resveratrol and Essential Oils on Growth Performance, Immunity, Digestibility and Fecal Microbial Shedding in Challenged Piglets</title><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, S T" sort="Ahmed, S T" uniqKey="Ahmed S" first="S. T." last="Ahmed">S. T. Ahmed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hossain, M E" sort="Hossain, M E" uniqKey="Hossain M" first="M. E." last="Hossain">M. E. Hossain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, G M" sort="Kim, G M" uniqKey="Kim G" first="G. M." last="Kim">G. M. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hwang, J A" sort="Hwang, J A" uniqKey="Hwang J" first="J. A." last="Hwang">J. A. Hwang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ji, H" sort="Ji, H" uniqKey="Ji H" first="H." last="Ji">H. Ji</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, C J" sort="Yang, C J" uniqKey="Yang C" first="C. J." last="Yang">C. J. Yang</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences</title><idno type="ISSN">1011-2367</idno><idno type="eISSN">1976-5517</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of resveratrol and essential oils from medicinal plants on the growth performance, immunity, digestibility, and fecal microbial shedding of weaned piglets. A total of 48 weaned piglets (8 kg initial weight, 28-d-old) were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments with 3 replications of 4 piglets each. The dietary treatments were NC (negative control; basal diet), PC (positive control; basal diet+0.002% apramycin), T1 (basal diet+0.2% resveratrol), and T2 (basal diet+0.0125% essential oil blend). All piglets were orally challenged with 5 ml culture fluid containing 2.3×10<sup>8</sup> cfu/ml of <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> KCTC 2571 and 5.9×10<sup>8</sup> cfu/ml <italic>Salmonella enterica</italic> serover Typhimurium. The PC group (p<0.05) showed the highest average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) throughout the experimental period, although feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved in the T1 group (p>0.05). Serum IgG level was increased in the T1 group, whereas TNF-α levels was reduced in the supplemented groups compared to control (p<0.05). The PC diet improved the dry matter (DM) digestibility, whereas PC and T2 diets improved nitrogen (N) digestibility compared to NC and T1 diets (p<0.05). Fecal <italic>Salmonella</italic> and <italic>E. coli</italic> counts were reduced in all treatment groups compared to control (p<0.05). Fecal <italic>Lactobacillus</italic> spp. count was increased in the T2 group compared to others (p<0.05). Dietary treatments had no significant effect on fecal <italic>Bacillus</italic> spp. count throughout the entire experimental period. Based on these results, resveratrol showed strong potential as antibiotic alternatives for reversing the adverse effects of weaning stress on growth performance, immunity and microbial environment in <italic>E. coli</italic> and <italic>Salmonella</italic>-challenged piglets.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alexandre, Dp" uniqKey="Alexandre D">DP Alexandre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stephane, B" uniqKey="Stephane B">B Stéphane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fabienne, A" uniqKey="Fabienne A">A Fabienne</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Balaji, R" uniqKey="Balaji R">R Balaji</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, Kj" uniqKey="Wright K">KJ Wright</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hill, Cm" uniqKey="Hill C">CM Hill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dritz, Ss" uniqKey="Dritz S">SS 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Asian-Australas J Anim Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Asian-australas. J. Anim. Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">AJAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1011-2367</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1976-5517</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (AAAP) and Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology (KSAST)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25049839</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4093338</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5713/ajas.2012.12683</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ajas-26-5-683-11</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Effects of Resveratrol and Essential Oils on Growth Performance, Immunity, Digestibility and Fecal Microbial Shedding in Challenged Piglets</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahmed</surname><given-names>S. T.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hossain</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1-ajas-26-5-683-11"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>G. M.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hwang</surname><given-names>J. A.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ji</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>C. J.</given-names></name><xref rid="c1-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="corresp"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="af1-ajas-26-5-683-11">Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540–742,<country>Korea</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ajas-26-5-683-11"><label>*</label>Corresponding Author: Chul-Ju Yang. Tel: +82-61-750-3235, Fax: +82-61-750-3239, E-mail: <email>yangcj@scnu.kr</email></corresp><fn id="fn1-ajas-26-5-683-11"><label>1</label><p>Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>5</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>683</fpage><lpage>690</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>11</day><month>12</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>18</day><month>2</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>21</day><month>3</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013 by Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link> which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of resveratrol and essential oils from medicinal plants on the growth performance, immunity, digestibility, and fecal microbial shedding of weaned piglets. A total of 48 weaned piglets (8 kg initial weight, 28-d-old) were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments with 3 replications of 4 piglets each. The dietary treatments were NC (negative control; basal diet), PC (positive control; basal diet+0.002% apramycin), T1 (basal diet+0.2% resveratrol), and T2 (basal diet+0.0125% essential oil blend). All piglets were orally challenged with 5 ml culture fluid containing 2.3×10<sup>8</sup> cfu/ml of <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> KCTC 2571 and 5.9×10<sup>8</sup> cfu/ml <italic>Salmonella enterica</italic> serover Typhimurium. The PC group (p<0.05) showed the highest average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) throughout the experimental period, although feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved in the T1 group (p>0.05). Serum IgG level was increased in the T1 group, whereas TNF-α levels was reduced in the supplemented groups compared to control (p<0.05). The PC diet improved the dry matter (DM) digestibility, whereas PC and T2 diets improved nitrogen (N) digestibility compared to NC and T1 diets (p<0.05). Fecal <italic>Salmonella</italic> and <italic>E. coli</italic> counts were reduced in all treatment groups compared to control (p<0.05). Fecal <italic>Lactobacillus</italic> spp. count was increased in the T2 group compared to others (p<0.05). Dietary treatments had no significant effect on fecal <italic>Bacillus</italic> spp. count throughout the entire experimental period. Based on these results, resveratrol showed strong potential as antibiotic alternatives for reversing the adverse effects of weaning stress on growth performance, immunity and microbial environment in <italic>E. coli</italic> and <italic>Salmonella</italic>-challenged piglets.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Resveratrol</kwd><kwd>Essential Oil Blend</kwd><kwd>Growth</kwd><kwd>Immunity</kwd><kwd>Microorganism</kwd><kwd>Challenged Piglets</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-ajas-26-5-683-11" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1.</label><caption><p>Basic structural formula of resveratrol and the main bioactive components of essential oils blend</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ajas-26-5-683-11f1"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-ajas-26-5-683-11" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>Ingredients and chemical compositions of the basal diets (starter)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Item</th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ingredients (%, as-fed basis)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yellow corn</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Wheat</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Wheat bran</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Soybean meal</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Limestone</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Calcium phosphate</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.10</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Salt</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Vitamin and mineral premix<xref rid="tfn1-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>1</sup></xref></td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Animal fat</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.50</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Molasses</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.30</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> L-lysine</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chemical composition (as-fed basis)<xref rid="tfn2-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>2</sup></xref></td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ME (kcal/kg)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,265.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Crude protein (%)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Ca (%)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.70</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Available phosphorus (%)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Lysine (%)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.95</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Methionine (%)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-ajas-26-5-683-11"><label>1</label><p>Vitamin and mineral premix provided the following nutrients per kg of complete diet: vitamin A, 6,000 IU; vitamin D<sub>3</sub>, 800 IU; vitamin E, 20 IU; vitamin K<sub>3</sub>, 2 mg; thiamin, 2 mg; riboflavin, 4 mg; vitamin B<sub>6</sub>, 2 mg; vitamin B<sub>12</sub>, 1 mg; pantothenicacid, 11 mg; niacin, 10 mg; biotin, 0.02 mg; Cu (copper sulfate), 21 mg; Fe (ferrous sulfate), 100 mg; Zn (zinc sulfate), 60 mg; Mn (manganese sulfate), 90 mg; I (calcium iodate), 1.0 mg; Co (cobalt nitrate), 0.3 mg; Se (sodium selenite), 0.3 mg.</p></fn><fn id="tfn2-ajas-26-5-683-11"><label>2</label><p>Calculated values.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-ajas-26-5-683-11" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2.</label><caption><p>Effects of resveratrol and essential oils blend on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of challenged piglets<xref rid="tfn4-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>1</sup></xref></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Items</th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Treatments<xref rid="tfn5-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>2</sup></xref><hr></hr></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">SE<xref rid="tfn6-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>3</sup></xref></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">p-value</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NC</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PC</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T1</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T2</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Initial body weight (kg)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.96</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average daily gain (g/d)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0 to 2 wk</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">291<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">400<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">295<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">246<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2 to 4 wk</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">176<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">317<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">294<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">206<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0 to 4 wk</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">234<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>c</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">358<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">294<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">226<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>c</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average daily feed intake (g/d)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0 to 2 wk</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">440<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">521<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">410<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>c</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">499<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2 to 4 wk</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">516<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>c</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">866<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">714<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">470<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>d</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0 to 4 wk</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">478<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>c</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">694<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">562<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">484<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>c</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Feed conversion ratio (feed/gain)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0 to 2 wk</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.52<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.35<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.45<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.10<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2 to 4 wk</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.94</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.81</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.44</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.42</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0 to 4 wk</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.05</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.97</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.92</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.17</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.22</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.41</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Digestibility of nutrients (%)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Dry matter</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.7<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>c</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.0<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.4<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>bc</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.7<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.55</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Nitrogen</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.6<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.4<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.6<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.6<xref rid="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.83</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn3-ajas-26-5-683-11"><label>a,b,c,d</label><p>Means in a row with no common superscripts significantly differ (p<0.05).</p></fn><fn id="tfn4-ajas-26-5-683-11"><label>1</label><p>Values represent the means of three pens with four pigs per pen.</p></fn><fn id="tfn5-ajas-26-5-683-11"><label>2</label><p>NC (Negative control), basal diet; PC (Positive control), basal diet+0.002% Apramycin; T1, basal diet+0.2% Respig (containing resveratrol); T2, basal diet+0.0125% Biomin PEP; (essential oils blend).</p></fn><fn id="tfn6-ajas-26-5-683-11"><label>3</label><p>Pooled standard error.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-ajas-26-5-683-11" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3.</label><caption><p>Effects of resveratrol and essential oils blend on serum levels of immunoglobulins (mg/mL) and TNF-α (pg/mL) of challenged piglets<xref rid="tfn8-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>1</sup></xref></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Items</th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Treatments<xref rid="tfn9-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>2</sup></xref><hr></hr></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">SE<xref rid="tfn10-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>3</sup></xref></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">p-value</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NC</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PC</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T1</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T2</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IgG (mg/ml)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">304<xref rid="tfn7-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>c</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">366<xref rid="tfn7-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">466<xref rid="tfn7-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">409<xref rid="tfn7-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.7</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IgM (mg/ml)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IgA (mg/ml)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.80</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.85</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.87</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TNF-α (pg/ml)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">136<xref rid="tfn7-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.0<xref rid="tfn7-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">115<xref rid="tfn7-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>ab</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108<xref rid="tfn7-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>ab</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.7</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn7-ajas-26-5-683-11"><label>a,b,c</label><p>Means in a row with no common superscripts significantly differ (p<0.05) or tend to differ (p<0.10).</p></fn><fn id="tfn8-ajas-26-5-683-11"><label>1</label><p>Values represent the means of three pens with four pigs per pen.</p></fn><fn id="tfn9-ajas-26-5-683-11"><label>2</label><p>NC (Negative control), basal diet; PC (Positive control), basal diet+0.002% Apramycin; T1, basal diet+0.2% Respig (containing resveratrol); T2, basal diet+0.0125% Biomin PEP; (essential oils blend).</p></fn><fn id="tfn10-ajas-26-5-683-11"><label>3</label><p>Pooled standard error.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-ajas-26-5-683-11" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4.</label><caption><p>Effects of dietary treatments on fecal microbial concentrations in challenged piglets (cfu/ml)<xref rid="tfn12-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>1</sup></xref></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Week</th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1">Treatments<xref rid="tfn13-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>2</sup></xref><hr></hr></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">SE<xref rid="tfn14-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>3</sup></xref></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">p-value</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NC</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PC</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T1</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T2</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. typhimurium</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.54</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.68</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.09<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.88<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.82<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.37<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.26<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.33<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.66<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.99<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.34<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>c</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.34<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.39<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E. coli</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.88</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.46</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.45</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.64</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.19</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.58</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.75</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.08<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.06<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.34<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.25<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.23<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.07<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.26<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.13<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lactobacillus</italic> spp.</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.04<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.23<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.21<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.62<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>ab</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.73</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.29</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.12<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>ab</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.55<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.08<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>ab</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.50<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.95<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.18<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.79<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.71<xref rid="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11" ref-type="table-fn"><sup>a</sup></xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Bacillus</italic> spp.</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.91</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.17</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.21</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.53</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.64</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.38</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.43</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.29</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.56</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.22</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.75</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn11-ajas-26-5-683-11"><label>a,b</label><p>Means in a row with no common superscripts significantly differ (p<0.05) or tend to differ (p<0.10).</p></fn><fn id="tfn12-ajas-26-5-683-11"><label>1</label><p>Values represent the means of three pens with four pigs per pen.</p></fn><fn id="tfn13-ajas-26-5-683-11"><label>2</label><p>NC (Negative control), basal diet; PC (Positive control), basal diet+0.002% Apramycin; T1, basal diet+0.2% Respig (containing resveratrol); T2, basal diet+0.0125% Biomin PEP; (essential oils blend).</p></fn><fn id="tfn14-ajas-26-5-683-11"><label>3</label><p>Pooled standard error.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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