Antioxidant Potential of a Polyherbal Antimalarial as an Indicator of Its Therapeutic Value
Identifieur interne : 000D86 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000D85; suivant : 000D87Antioxidant Potential of a Polyherbal Antimalarial as an Indicator of Its Therapeutic Value
Auteurs : Protus Arrey Tarkang [Cameroun, Kenya] ; Achille Parfait Nwachiban Atchan [Cameroun] ; Jules-Roger Kuiate [Cameroun] ; Faith Apoelot Okalebo [Kenya] ; Anastasia Nkatha Guantai [Kenya] ; Gabriel Agbor Agbor [Cameroun]Source :
- Advances in Pharmacological Sciences [ 1687-6334 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2013/678458
PubMed: 24454347
PubMed Central: 3880729
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<author><name sortKey="Arrey Tarkang, Protus" sort="Arrey Tarkang, Protus" uniqKey="Arrey Tarkang P" first="Protus" last="Arrey Tarkang">Protus Arrey Tarkang</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Nwachiban Atchan, Achille Parfait" sort="Nwachiban Atchan, Achille Parfait" uniqKey="Nwachiban Atchan A" first="Achille Parfait" last="Nwachiban Atchan">Achille Parfait Nwachiban Atchan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Kuiate, Jules Roger" sort="Kuiate, Jules Roger" uniqKey="Kuiate J" first="Jules-Roger" last="Kuiate">Jules-Roger Kuiate</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Okalebo, Faith Apoelot" sort="Okalebo, Faith Apoelot" uniqKey="Okalebo F" first="Faith Apoelot" last="Okalebo">Faith Apoelot Okalebo</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Guantai, Anastasia Nkatha" sort="Guantai, Anastasia Nkatha" uniqKey="Guantai A" first="Anastasia Nkatha" last="Guantai">Anastasia Nkatha Guantai</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Agbor, Gabriel Agbor" sort="Agbor, Gabriel Agbor" uniqKey="Agbor G" first="Gabriel Agbor" last="Agbor">Gabriel Agbor Agbor</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Antioxidant Potential of a Polyherbal Antimalarial as an Indicator of Its Therapeutic Value</title>
<author><name sortKey="Arrey Tarkang, Protus" sort="Arrey Tarkang, Protus" uniqKey="Arrey Tarkang P" first="Protus" last="Arrey Tarkang">Protus Arrey Tarkang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nwachiban Atchan, Achille Parfait" sort="Nwachiban Atchan, Achille Parfait" uniqKey="Nwachiban Atchan A" first="Achille Parfait" last="Nwachiban Atchan">Achille Parfait Nwachiban Atchan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kuiate, Jules Roger" sort="Kuiate, Jules Roger" uniqKey="Kuiate J" first="Jules-Roger" last="Kuiate">Jules-Roger Kuiate</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Okalebo, Faith Apoelot" sort="Okalebo, Faith Apoelot" uniqKey="Okalebo F" first="Faith Apoelot" last="Okalebo">Faith Apoelot Okalebo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Guantai, Anastasia Nkatha" sort="Guantai, Anastasia Nkatha" uniqKey="Guantai A" first="Anastasia Nkatha" last="Guantai">Anastasia Nkatha Guantai</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Agbor, Gabriel Agbor" sort="Agbor, Gabriel Agbor" uniqKey="Agbor G" first="Gabriel Agbor" last="Agbor">Gabriel Agbor Agbor</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea>
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<series><title level="j">Advances in Pharmacological Sciences</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1687-6334</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1687-6342</idno>
<imprint><date when="2013">2013</date>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Nefang</italic>
is a polyherbal product composed of <italic>Mangifera indica</italic>
(bark and leaf), <italic>Psidium guajava, Carica papaya, Cymbopogon citratus, Citrus sinensis, and Ocimum gratissimum</italic>
(leaves), used for the treatment of malaria. Compounds with antioxidant activity are believed to modulate plasmodial infection. Antioxidant activity of the constituent aqueous plants extracts, <italic>in vitro</italic>
, was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total phenolic content (TPC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods and, <italic>in vivo</italic>
, <italic>Nefang</italic>
(100 and 500 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>
) activity was evaluated in carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stressed Wistar rats. Superoxide dismutase, catalase activities, and lipid peroxidation by the malondialdehyde and total proteins assays were carried out. <italic>P. guajava, M. indica</italic>
leaf, and bark extracts had the highest antioxidant properties in all three assays, with no statistically significant difference. Rats treated with the carbon tetrachloride had a statistically significant decrease in levels of triglycerides, superoxide dismutase, and catalase (<italic>P</italic>
< 0.05) and increase in malondialdehyde activity, total protein levels, and liver and renal function markers, whereas rats treated with <italic>Nefang</italic>
showed increased levels in the former and dose-dependent decrease towards normal levels in the later. These results reveal the constituent plants of <italic>Nefang</italic>
that contribute to its <italic>in vivo</italic>
antioxidant potential. This activity is a good indication of the therapeutic potential of <italic>Nefang</italic>
.</p>
</div>
</front>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Adv Pharmacol Sci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Adv Pharmacol Sci</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">APS</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Advances in Pharmacological Sciences</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1687-6334</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1687-6342</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24454347</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3880729</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2013/678458</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Antioxidant Potential of a Polyherbal Antimalarial as an Indicator of Its Therapeutic Value</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arrey Tarkang</surname>
<given-names>Protus</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nwachiban Atchan</surname>
<given-names>Achille Parfait</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kuiate</surname>
<given-names>Jules-Roger</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Okalebo</surname>
<given-names>Faith Apoelot</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guantai</surname>
<given-names>Anastasia Nkatha</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Agbor</surname>
<given-names>Gabriel Agbor</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>
Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon</aff>
<aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>
Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</aff>
<aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>
Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Protus Arrey Tarkang: <email>ptarkang@yahoo.co.uk</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Alex Chen</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2013</volume>
<elocation-id>678458</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>26</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>24</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013 Protus Arrey Tarkang et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p><italic>Nefang</italic>
is a polyherbal product composed of <italic>Mangifera indica</italic>
(bark and leaf), <italic>Psidium guajava, Carica papaya, Cymbopogon citratus, Citrus sinensis, and Ocimum gratissimum</italic>
(leaves), used for the treatment of malaria. Compounds with antioxidant activity are believed to modulate plasmodial infection. Antioxidant activity of the constituent aqueous plants extracts, <italic>in vitro</italic>
, was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total phenolic content (TPC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods and, <italic>in vivo</italic>
, <italic>Nefang</italic>
(100 and 500 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>
) activity was evaluated in carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stressed Wistar rats. Superoxide dismutase, catalase activities, and lipid peroxidation by the malondialdehyde and total proteins assays were carried out. <italic>P. guajava, M. indica</italic>
leaf, and bark extracts had the highest antioxidant properties in all three assays, with no statistically significant difference. Rats treated with the carbon tetrachloride had a statistically significant decrease in levels of triglycerides, superoxide dismutase, and catalase (<italic>P</italic>
< 0.05) and increase in malondialdehyde activity, total protein levels, and liver and renal function markers, whereas rats treated with <italic>Nefang</italic>
showed increased levels in the former and dose-dependent decrease towards normal levels in the later. These results reveal the constituent plants of <italic>Nefang</italic>
that contribute to its <italic>in vivo</italic>
antioxidant potential. This activity is a good indication of the therapeutic potential of <italic>Nefang</italic>
.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Pearson's correlation analysis between DPPH and FCR assays. Aqueous extracts: MiB—<italic>Mangifera indica bark</italic>
, MiL—<italic>Mangifera indica leaf</italic>
, Pg—<italic>Psidium guajava</italic>
, Cp—<italic>Carica papaya</italic>
, Cc—<italic>Cymbopogon citratus</italic>
, Cs—<italic>Citrus sinensis</italic>
, and Og—<italic>Ocimum gratissimum</italic>
(leaves).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="APS2013-678458.001"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><p>Pearson's correlation analysis between DPPH and FRAP assays. Aqueous extracts: MiB—<italic>Mangifera indica bark</italic>
, MiL—<italic>Mangifera indica leaf</italic>
, Pg—<italic>Psidium guajava</italic>
, Cp—<italic>Carica papaya</italic>
, Cc—<italic>Cymbopogon citratus</italic>
, Cs—<italic>Citrus sinensis</italic>
, and Og—<italic>Ocimum gratissimum</italic>
(leaves).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="APS2013-678458.002"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><p>Pearson's correlation analysis between FCR and FRAP assays. Aqueous extracts: MiB—<italic>Mangifera indica bark</italic>
, MiL—<italic>Mangifera indica leaf</italic>
, Pg—<italic>Psidium guajava</italic>
, Cp—<italic>Carica papaya</italic>
, Cc—<italic>Cymbopogon citratus</italic>
, Cs—<italic>Citrus sinensis</italic>
, and Og—<italic>Ocimum gratissimum</italic>
(leaves).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="APS2013-678458.003"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><p>Percentage weight gain in CCl<sub>4</sub>
-treated rats compared to nontreated rats. Bars represent means ± SD; <italic>n</italic>
= 5.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="APS2013-678458.004"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p><italic>In vitro</italic>
antioxidant activity of constituent plant extracts of <italic>Nefang</italic>
.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqueous extract <break></break>
(10 mg/mL)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DPPH <break></break>
inhibition of radical activity (%)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total phenolic content (TPC) <break></break>
(mg catechine equivalent/g extract)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FRAP <break></break>
(mg catechine equivalent/g extract)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mangifera indica bark </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.11 ± 0.73<sup>(3)</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.33 ± 1.92<sup>(3)</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">587.08 ± 8.01<sup>(3)</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mangifera indica leaf </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.76 ± 0.10<sup>(2)</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.73 ± 2.68<sup>(2)</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">590.17 ± 6.76<sup>(2)</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Psidium guajava leaf </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.65 ± 0.38<sup>(1)</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.15 ± 10.57<sup>(1)</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">644.17 ± 25.69<sup>(1)</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carica papaya leaf </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.88 ± 3.10<sup>(6)</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.41 ± 0.90<sup>(7)</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">117.95 ± 31.23<sup>(6)</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cymbopogon citratus leaf </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.74 ± 4.01<sup>(5)</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.03 ± 0.39<sup>(5)</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">166.72 ± 78.37<sup>(5)</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sinensis leaf </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.81 ± 4.42<sup>(7)</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.59 ± 0.98<sup>(6)</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.09 ± 0.76<sup>(7)</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ocimum gratissimum leaf </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.52 ± 7.93<sup>(4)</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.42 ± 1.74<sup>(4)</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">353.00 ± 9.43<sup>(4)</sup>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Results presented as mean ± SD; <italic>n</italic>
= 3. In the same column, values that designated different superscripts are significantly different. <sup>( )</sup>
Ranking.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Effect of <italic>Nefang</italic>
on selected physiologic parameters.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physiologic parameters</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group A <break></break>
(corn oil)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group B <break></break>
( CCl<sub>4</sub>
)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group C <break></break>
(CCl<sub>4</sub>
+ 100 mg/kg <italic>Nefang</italic>
)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group D <break></break>
(CCl<sub>4</sub>
+ 500 mg/kg <italic>Nefang</italic>
)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Food intake (g)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125.92 ± 16.64</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.69 ± 30.04*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93.53 ± 33.39*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.30 ± 29.11*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">H<sub>2</sub>
O intake (mL)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.76 ± 20.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.69 ± 27.43*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.61 ± 24.95*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.46 ± 26.81*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Relative weight of Heart (g)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33 ± 0.19</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33 ± 0.19</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29 ± 0.02</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32 ± 0.03</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Relative weight of liver (g)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.36 ± 0.39</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.78 ± 0.49*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.37 ± 0.25*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.02 ± 0.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Relative weight of kidneys (g)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34 ± 0.01</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36 ± 0.01</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36 ± 0.01</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.39 ± 0.01</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Results presented as mean ± SD; <italic>n</italic>
= 5; significant difference: *<italic>P</italic>
< 0.05, **<italic>P</italic>
< 0.01.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Effect of <italic>Nefang</italic>
on biochemical parameters in CCl<sub>4</sub>
-treated Wistar rats.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biochemical parameters</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group A <break></break>
(corn oil)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group B <break></break>
( CCl<sub>4</sub>
)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group C <break></break>
(CCl<sub>4</sub>
+ 100 mg/kg <italic>Nefang</italic>
)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group D <break></break>
(CCl<sub>4</sub>
+ 500 mg/kg <italic>Nefang</italic>
)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GLU (mg/dL)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124.07 ± 5.69</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">151.87 ± 5.03*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">160.04 ± 4.31</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">154.30 ± 10.69</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CHOL (mg/dL)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.98 ± 7.60</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.92 ± 7.69*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">135.71 ± 23.80<sup>##</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.42 ± 5.03</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TGY (mg/dL)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">227.47 ± 5.89</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">142.28 ± 25.27**</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">154.89 ± 18.60<sup>#</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">166.01 ± 3.35<sup>#</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ALT (UI/L)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.97 ± 2.05</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.38 ± 5.26**</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126.67 ± 12.08<sup>##</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.78 ± 2.85<sup>##</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AST (UI/L)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.52 ± 3.94</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.52 ± 1.29**</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.77 ± 7.01<sup>#</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.84 ± 7.75<sup>#</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BUN (mg/dL)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.63 ± 3.01</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.73 ± 1.50*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.08 ± 3.32</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.12 ± 0.38<sup>#</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CRE (mg/dL)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77 ± 0.09</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88 ± 0.83*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88 ± 0.04</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76 ± 0.05<sup>#</sup>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>GLU: glucose, CHOL: cholesterol, TGY: triglycerides, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, CRE: creatinine. results presented as mean ± SD; <italic>n</italic>
= 5; significant difference: compared to normal control—*<italic>P</italic>
< 0.05, **<italic>P</italic>
< 0.01, compared to untreated control— <sup>#</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
< 0.05, <sup>##</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
< 0.01.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label>
<caption><p>Effect of <italic>Nefang</italic>
on oxidative stress markers in CCl<sub>4</sub>
-treated wistar rats.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biochemical parameters</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group A <break></break>
(corn oil)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group B <break></break>
( CCl<sub>4</sub>
)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group C <break></break>
(CCl<sub>4</sub>
+ 100 mg/kg <italic>Nefang</italic>
)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group D <break></break>
(CCl<sub>4</sub>
+ 500 mg/kg <italic>Nefang</italic>
)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SOD (UI/mg)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.15 ± 0.35</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.77 ± 0.19*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.54 ± 0.53</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.56 ± 0.43<sup>#</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CAT (UI/mg)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1 ± 0.20</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04 ± 0.00**</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14 ± 0.04<sup>#</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12 ± 0.30<sup>#</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MDA (<italic>µ</italic>
Mol/L)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.15 ± 0.30</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.18 ± 0.19*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17 ± 0.07</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.07 ± 0.05<sup>#</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TP (mg/mL)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.05 ± 1.06</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.72 ± 1.06*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.51 ± 1.53<sup>#</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.15 ± 2.8</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>SOD: superoxide dismutase, CAT: catalase, MDA: malondialdehyde, TP: total proteins.Results presented as mean ± SD; <italic>n</italic>
= 5; significant difference: compared to normal control—*<italic>P</italic>
< 0.05, **<italic>P</italic>
< 0.01, compared to untreated control—<sup>#</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
< 0.05, <sup>##</sup>
<italic>P</italic>
< 0.01.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
</record>
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