In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Activity of Punica granatum Peel Ethanol Extract against Salmonella
Identifieur interne : 000A29 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000A28; suivant : 000A30In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Activity of Punica granatum Peel Ethanol Extract against Salmonella
Auteurs : Jang-Gi Choi [Corée du Sud] ; Ok-Hwa Kang [Corée du Sud] ; Young-Seob Lee [Corée du Sud] ; Hee-Sung Chae [Corée du Sud] ; You-Chang Oh [Corée du Sud] ; Obiang-Obounou Brice [Corée du Sud] ; Min-San Kim [Corée du Sud] ; Dong-Hwan Sohn [Corée du Sud] ; Hun-Soo Kim [Corée du Sud] ; Hyun Park [Corée du Sud] ; Dong-Won Shin [Corée du Sud] ; Jung-Rae Rho [Corée du Sud] ; Dong-Yeul Kwon [Corée du Sud]Source :
- Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM [ 1741-427X ] ; 2011.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep105
PubMed: 19687188
PubMed Central: 3137154
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University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Young Seob" sort="Lee, Young Seob" uniqKey="Lee Y" first="Young-Seob" last="Lee">Young-Seob Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chae, Hee Sung" sort="Chae, Hee Sung" uniqKey="Chae H" first="Hee-Sung" last="Chae">Hee-Sung Chae</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff 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570-749</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sohn, Dong Hwan" sort="Sohn, Dong Hwan" uniqKey="Sohn D" first="Dong-Hwan" last="Sohn">Dong-Hwan Sohn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Hun Soo" sort="Kim, Hun Soo" uniqKey="Kim H" first="Hun-Soo" last="Kim">Hun-Soo Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk 570-749</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Hyun" sort="Park, Hyun" uniqKey="Park H" first="Hyun" last="Park">Hyun 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University, Jeonbuk 573-701, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oceanography, Kunsan National University, Jeonbuk 573-701</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kwon, Dong Yeul" sort="Kwon, Dong Yeul" uniqKey="Kwon D" first="Dong-Yeul" last="Kwon">Dong-Yeul Kwon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">19687188</idno><idno type="pmc">3137154</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137154</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3137154</idno><idno type="doi">10.1093/ecam/nep105</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000A30</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000A29</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Activity of <italic>Punica granatum</italic> Peel Ethanol Extract against <italic>Salmonella</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Choi, Jang Gi" sort="Choi, Jang Gi" uniqKey="Choi J" first="Jang-Gi" last="Choi">Jang-Gi Choi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kang, Ok Hwa" sort="Kang, Ok Hwa" uniqKey="Kang O" first="Ok-Hwa" last="Kang">Ok-Hwa Kang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Young Seob" sort="Lee, Young Seob" uniqKey="Lee Y" first="Young-Seob" last="Lee">Young-Seob Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chae, Hee Sung" sort="Chae, Hee Sung" uniqKey="Chae H" first="Hee-Sung" last="Chae">Hee-Sung Chae</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, You Chang" sort="Oh, You Chang" uniqKey="Oh Y" first="You-Chang" last="Oh">You-Chang Oh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brice, Obiang Obounou" sort="Brice, Obiang Obounou" uniqKey="Brice O" first="Obiang-Obounou" last="Brice">Obiang-Obounou Brice</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Min San" sort="Kim, Min San" uniqKey="Kim M" first="Min-San" last="Kim">Min-San Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sohn, Dong Hwan" sort="Sohn, Dong Hwan" uniqKey="Sohn D" first="Dong-Hwan" last="Sohn">Dong-Hwan Sohn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Hun Soo" sort="Kim, Hun Soo" uniqKey="Kim H" first="Hun-Soo" last="Kim">Hun-Soo Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk 570-749</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Hyun" sort="Park, Hyun" uniqKey="Park H" first="Hyun" last="Park">Hyun Park</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk 570-749</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Dong Won" sort="Shin, Dong Won" uniqKey="Shin D" first="Dong-Won" last="Shin">Dong-Won Shin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Sunchon National University, Jeonnam 540-742, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Sunchon National University, Jeonnam 540-742</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rho, Jung Rae" sort="Rho, Jung Rae" uniqKey="Rho J" first="Jung-Rae" last="Rho">Jung-Rae Rho</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Department of Oceanography, Kunsan National University, Jeonbuk 573-701, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Oceanography, Kunsan National University, Jeonbuk 573-701</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kwon, Dong Yeul" sort="Kwon, Dong Yeul" uniqKey="Kwon D" first="Dong-Yeul" last="Kwon">Dong-Yeul Kwon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</title><idno type="ISSN">1741-427X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1741-4288</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Punica granatum</italic> is commonly used in Korea as a traditional medicine for the treatment of pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we investigated the <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> antimicrobial activity of <italic>P. granatum</italic> peel EtOH extract (PGPE) against 16 strains of <italic>Salmonella</italic>. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of PGPE were in the range of 62.5–1000 x03BCg mL<sup>−1</sup>. In addition, the <italic>in vivo</italic> antibacterial activity of the PGPE extract was examined in a <italic>S. typhimurium</italic> infection mouse model. Mice were initially infected with <italic>S. typhimurium</italic> and then with PGPE. The extract was found to have significant effects on mortality and the numbers of viable <italic>S. typhimurium</italic> recovered from feces. Although clinical signs and histological damage were rarely observed in the treated mice, the untreated controls showed signs of lethargy and histological damage in the liver and spleen. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that PGPE has the potential to provide an effective treatment for salmonellosis.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fink, Sl" uniqKey="Fink S">SL Fink</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cookson, Bt" uniqKey="Cookson B">BT Cookson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Grassl, Ga" uniqKey="Grassl G">GA Grassl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Valdez, Y" uniqKey="Valdez Y">Y Valdez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bergstrom, Ksb" uniqKey="Bergstrom K">KSB Bergstrom</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vallance, Ba" uniqKey="Vallance B">BA Vallance</name></author><author><name sortKey="Finlay, Bb" uniqKey="Finlay B">BB Finlay</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mead, Ps" uniqKey="Mead P">PS Mead</name></author><author><name sortKey="Slutsker, L" uniqKey="Slutsker 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ECAM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1741-427X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1741-4288</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">19687188</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3137154</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ecam/nep105</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">nep105</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Activity of <italic>Punica granatum</italic> Peel Ethanol Extract against <italic>Salmonella</italic></article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Choi</surname><given-names>Jang-Gi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kang</surname><given-names>Ok-Hwa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Young-Seob</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chae</surname><given-names>Hee-Sung</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Oh</surname><given-names>You-Chang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brice</surname><given-names>Obiang-Obounou</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Min-San</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sohn</surname><given-names>Dong-Hwan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Hun-Soo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>Hyun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>Dong-Won</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rho</surname><given-names>Jung-Rae</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kwon</surname><given-names>Dong-Yeul</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Republic of Korea</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Sunchon National University, Jeonnam 540-742, Republic of Korea</aff><aff id="I5"><sup>5</sup>Department of Oceanography, Kunsan National University, Jeonbuk 573-701, Republic of Korea</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Dong-Yeul Kwon: <email>sssimi@wku.ac.kr</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>1</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>12</day><month>1</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>2011</volume><elocation-id>690518</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>10</day><month>12</month><year>2008</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>8</day><month>7</month><year>2009</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2011 Jang-Gi Choi et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2011</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Punica granatum</italic> is commonly used in Korea as a traditional medicine for the treatment of pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we investigated the <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> antimicrobial activity of <italic>P. granatum</italic> peel EtOH extract (PGPE) against 16 strains of <italic>Salmonella</italic>. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of PGPE were in the range of 62.5–1000 x03BCg mL<sup>−1</sup>. In addition, the <italic>in vivo</italic> antibacterial activity of the PGPE extract was examined in a <italic>S. typhimurium</italic> infection mouse model. Mice were initially infected with <italic>S. typhimurium</italic> and then with PGPE. The extract was found to have significant effects on mortality and the numbers of viable <italic>S. typhimurium</italic> recovered from feces. Although clinical signs and histological damage were rarely observed in the treated mice, the untreated controls showed signs of lethargy and histological damage in the liver and spleen. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that PGPE has the potential to provide an effective treatment for salmonellosis.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>The chemical structure of punicalagin (a), ellagic acid (b) and gallic acid (c).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2011-690518.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>HPLC analysis of PGPE (a) and 3D HPLC analysis (b). (1) and (2) punicalagin isomers; (3) gallic acid; (4) ellagic acid.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2011-690518.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Importance of PGPE against <italic>S. typhimurium</italic> infection.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2011-690518.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Histopathological changes in organs in CON, SI and SIPG. (a) spleen (×200) and (b) liver (×200).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2011-690518.004"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>List of <italic>Salmonella</italic> strains used in this study.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Strain</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serotypes</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Origin</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Resistant antibiotics</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 380</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. typhi</italic> ATCC 19943</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 381</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. paratyphi</italic> A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 386</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. enteritidis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chicken</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 387</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. typhimurium</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cattle</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 388</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. typhimurium</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cattle</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 389</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. typhimurium</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pig</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AM, C, G, S, TIC</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 407</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. enteritidis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chicken</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 408</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. typhimurium</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pig</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 409</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. dublin</italic> ATCC 39184</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cattle</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 410</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. derby</italic> ATCC 6960</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pig</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 411</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. choleraesuis</italic> ATCC 7001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pig</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AM, SXT</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 419</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. gallinarum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chicken</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CF, G, SXT</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 420</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. gallinarum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chicken</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CF, CIP, NA</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 421</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. gallinarum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chicken</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">G, NA, S</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 422</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S</italic>. <italic>gallinarum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chicken</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 423</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. gallinarum</italic> ATCC 9184</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chicken</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AM, AMC, C, G, S</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>AM, ampicillin; AMC, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; C, chloramphenicol; CF, cephalothin; G, sulfisoxazole; NA, nalidixic acid; S, streptomycin; SXT, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; TIC, ticarcillin.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Antimicrobial activity (as inhibition zone diameters) of PGPE and ampicillin (APCL) against 16 strains of <italic>Salmonella</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Strain</th><th align="center" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Serotypes</th><th align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Diameter of clear zone (mm)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">PGPE</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">APCL<sup>a</sup></th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 <italic>μ</italic>g</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200 <italic>μ</italic>g</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500 <italic>μ</italic>g</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 <italic>μ</italic>g</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 380</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. typhi</italic> ATCC 19943</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.3 ± 1.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.3 ± 1.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.3 ± 1.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.2 ± 1.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 381</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. paratyphi</italic> A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.3 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.6 ± 1.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.6 ± 1.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.5 ± 1.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 386</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. enteritidis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.0 ± 1.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.6 ± 1.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.3 ± 1.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.1 ± 0.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 387</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. typhimurium</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.6 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.6 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.6 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.5 ± 1.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 388</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. typhimurium</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.0 ± 1.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.0 ± 1.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.0 ± 1.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.0 ± 1.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 389</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. typhimurium</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.0 ± 1.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.0 ± 1.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.6 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 407</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. enteritidis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.3 ± 1.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.3 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.6 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.7 ± 1.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 408</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. typhimurium</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.6 ± 1.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.6 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.0 ± 2.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.2 ± 0.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 409</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. dublin</italic> ATCC 39184</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.0 ± 0.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0 ± 0.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.3 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.0 ± 1.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 410</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. derby</italic> ATCC 6960</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0 ± 0.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.0 ± 0.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.3 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.6 ± 1.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 411</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. choleraesuis</italic> ATCC 7001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.6 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.6 ± 1.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.0 ± 0.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.2 ± 1.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 419</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. gallinarum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.3 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.0 ± 1.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.6 ± 1.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.3 ± 1.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 420</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. gallinarum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.0 ± 0.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.0 ± 0.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.6 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.8 ± 1.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 421</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. gallinarum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.3 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.0 ± 0.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.3 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.2 ± 0.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 422</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S</italic>. <italic>gallinarum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.0 ± 0.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.0 ± 1.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.0 ± 1.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.5 ± 0.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 423</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. gallinarum</italic> ATCC 9184</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.6 ± 0.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0 ± 0.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.3 ± 1.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Data shown represent the mean ± SE of three experiments that consisted of three replicates. ND, No activity detected.</p></fn><fn><p><sup>a</sup>Positive control.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Antimicrobial activity of PGPE and ampicillin (APCL) against 16 strains of <italic>Salmonella</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Strain</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Serotypes</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">MIC (<italic>μ</italic>g mL<sup>−1</sup>)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PGPE</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">APCL<sup>a</sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 380</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. typhi</italic> ATCC 19943</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 381</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. paratyphi</italic> A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.95</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 386</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. enteritidis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.95</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 387</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. typhimurium</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.95</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 388</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. typhimurium</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 389</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. typhimurium</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>></italic>250</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 407</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. enteritidis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.95</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 408</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. typhimurium</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.95</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 409</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. dublin</italic> ATCC 39184</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 410</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. derby</italic> ATCC 6960</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.95</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 411</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. choleraesuis</italic> ATCC 7001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>></italic>250</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 419</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. gallinarum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.95</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 420</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. gallinarum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.95</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 421</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. gallinarum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.95</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 422</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S</italic>. <italic>gallinarum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.95</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JOL 423</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. gallinarum</italic> ATCC 9184</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>250</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup>Positive control.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Effects of treatment with PGPE on fecal shedding of <italic>S. typhimurium</italic> (CFU g<sup>−1</sup>) by mice.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Group</th><th align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1">Day of post-feeding</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Day 0</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Day 1</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Day 2</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Day 3</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Day 4</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Day 5</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Day 6</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SI-1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 × 10<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 × 10<sup>4</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>4</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 × 10<sup>4</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Death</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SI-2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>4</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 × 10<sup>4</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 × 10<sup>5</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Death</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Death</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Death</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SI-3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 × 10<sup>4</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 × 10<sup>5</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>5</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Death</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Death</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Death</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SI-4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 × 10<sup>4</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 × 10<sup>4</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>4</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 × 10<sup>6</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Death</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Death</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SI-5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 × 10<sup>5</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>5</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 × 10<sup>5</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 × 10<sup>6</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Death</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Death</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SIPG-1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 × 10<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 × 10<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 × 10<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 × 10<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SIPG-2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 × 10<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 × 10<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SIPG-3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 × 10<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 × 10<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 × 10<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SIPG-4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 × 10<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 × 10<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 × 10<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 × 10<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SIPG-5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 × 10<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 × 10<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 × 10<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 × 10<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 × 10<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 × 10<sup>2</sup></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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