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Potent Inhibition of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the Causative Agent of White-Nose Syndrome in Bats, by Cold-Pressed, Terpeneless, Valencia Orange Oil

Identifieur interne : 000372 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000371; suivant : 000373

Potent Inhibition of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the Causative Agent of White-Nose Syndrome in Bats, by Cold-Pressed, Terpeneless, Valencia Orange Oil

Auteurs : Nicholas Boire [États-Unis] ; Sean Zhang [États-Unis] ; Joshua Khuvis [États-Unis] ; Rick Lee [États-Unis] ; Jennifer Rivers [États-Unis] ; Philip Crandall [États-Unis] ; M. Kevin Keel [États-Unis] ; Nicole Parrish [États-Unis]

Source :

RBID : PMC:4743999

Abstract

The causative agent of White-nose Syndrome (WNS), Pseudogymnoascus destructans, has been shown to be fatal to several species of bats in North America. To date, no compounds or chemical control measures have been developed which eliminates the growth of the fungus in the environment or in affected animals. In the current study, we evaluated the activity of cold-pressed, terpeneless orange oil (CPT) against multiple isolates of P. destructans in vitro. For all assays, a modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay was used. Standardized spore suspensions were prepared, adjusted to a specific optical density, and used to plate fungal lawns. Plates were incubated at either 15°C or 4°C for up to 6 months and checked at regular intervals for growth. Once controls had grown, zones of inhibition were measured (mm) on test plates and compared to those obtained using current antifungal drugs. All P. destructans isolates were completely inhibited by 100% CPT (10 μL) at 1 month of incubation regardless of temperature (4°C and 15°C). Complete inhibition persisted up to 6 months following a single exposure at this concentration. Of the standard antifungals, only amphotericin B demonstrated any activity, resulting in zone diameters ranging from 58 mm to 74 mm. CPT, at the highest concentration tested (100%), had no significant effect against a variety of other environmental organisms including various filamentous fungi, bacteria and aerobic actinomycetes. Given that CPT is relatively non-toxic, the possibility exists that the all-natural, mixture could be used as an environmental pre-treatment to eradicate P. destructans from bat habitats. Additional studies are needed to assess any undesirable effects of CPT on bat behavior and health and overall impacts on other members of the interconnected ecosystem(s).


Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148473
PubMed: 26849057
PubMed Central: 4743999

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PMC:4743999

Le document en format XML

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<p>The causative agent of White-nose Syndrome (WNS),
<italic>Pseudogymnoascus destructans</italic>
, has been shown to be fatal to several species of bats in North America. To date, no compounds or chemical control measures have been developed which eliminates the growth of the fungus in the environment or in affected animals. In the current study, we evaluated the activity of cold-pressed, terpeneless orange oil (CPT) against multiple isolates of
<italic>P</italic>
.
<italic>destructans in vitro</italic>
. For all assays, a modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay was used. Standardized spore suspensions were prepared, adjusted to a specific optical density, and used to plate fungal lawns. Plates were incubated at either 15°C or 4°C for up to 6 months and checked at regular intervals for growth. Once controls had grown, zones of inhibition were measured (mm) on test plates and compared to those obtained using current antifungal drugs. All
<italic>P</italic>
.
<italic>destructans</italic>
isolates were completely inhibited by 100% CPT (10 μL) at 1 month of incubation regardless of temperature (4°C and 15°C). Complete inhibition persisted up to 6 months following a single exposure at this concentration. Of the standard antifungals, only amphotericin B demonstrated any activity, resulting in zone diameters ranging from 58 mm to 74 mm. CPT, at the highest concentration tested (100%), had no significant effect against a variety of other environmental organisms including various filamentous fungi, bacteria and aerobic actinomycetes. Given that CPT is relatively non-toxic, the possibility exists that the all-natural, mixture could be used as an environmental pre-treatment to eradicate
<italic>P</italic>
.
<italic>destructans</italic>
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<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id>
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<journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26849057</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4743999</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0148473</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-14-20130</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3">
<subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Organisms</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Animals</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Vertebrates</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Mammals</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Bats</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
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<subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
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<subject>Organisms</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Fungi</subject>
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<subject>Pharmacology</subject>
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<subject>Drugs</subject>
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<subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
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<subject>Microbiology</subject>
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<subject>Microbial Control</subject>
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<subject>Antimicrobials</subject>
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<subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
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<subject>Biochemistry</subject>
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<subject>Lipids</subject>
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<subject>Oils</subject>
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<subject>Organisms</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Bacteria</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Nocardia</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
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<subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Microbiology</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Medical Microbiology</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Microbial Pathogens</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Bacterial Pathogens</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Nocardia</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
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<subject>Microbial Pathogens</subject>
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<subject>Bacterial Pathogens</subject>
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<subject>Nocardia</subject>
</subj-group>
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<subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Zoology</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Animal Diseases</subject>
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<subject>White Nose Syndrome</subject>
</subj-group>
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<subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group>
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<article-title>Potent Inhibition of
<italic>Pseudogymnoascus destructans</italic>
, the Causative Agent of White-Nose Syndrome in Bats, by Cold-Pressed, Terpeneless, Valencia Orange Oil</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Inhibition of
<italic>P</italic>
.
<italic>destructans</italic>
by CPT</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Boire</surname>
<given-names>Nicholas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Sean</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Khuvis</surname>
<given-names>Joshua</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>Rick</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rivers</surname>
<given-names>Jennifer</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Crandall</surname>
<given-names>Philip</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Keel</surname>
<given-names>M. Kevin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Parrish</surname>
<given-names>Nicole</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff001">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff002">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff003">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>The University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff004">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<name>
<surname>Baker</surname>
<given-names>Michelle L.</given-names>
</name>
<role>Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1">
<addr-line>CSIRO, AUSTRALIA</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001">
<p>
<bold>Competing Interests: </bold>
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001">
<p>Conceived and designed the experiments: NP SZ MKK PC. Performed the experiments: NB JK RL JR. Analyzed the data: NP NB JR PC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NP SZ MKK. Wrote the paper: NB NP SZ MKK PC.</p>
</fn>
<corresp id="cor001">* E-mail:
<email>nicholasboire@gmail.com</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>5</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e0148473</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>5</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>20</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>© 2016 Boire et al</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Boire et al</copyright-holder>
<license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>
, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pone.0148473.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The causative agent of White-nose Syndrome (WNS),
<italic>Pseudogymnoascus destructans</italic>
, has been shown to be fatal to several species of bats in North America. To date, no compounds or chemical control measures have been developed which eliminates the growth of the fungus in the environment or in affected animals. In the current study, we evaluated the activity of cold-pressed, terpeneless orange oil (CPT) against multiple isolates of
<italic>P</italic>
.
<italic>destructans in vitro</italic>
. For all assays, a modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay was used. Standardized spore suspensions were prepared, adjusted to a specific optical density, and used to plate fungal lawns. Plates were incubated at either 15°C or 4°C for up to 6 months and checked at regular intervals for growth. Once controls had grown, zones of inhibition were measured (mm) on test plates and compared to those obtained using current antifungal drugs. All
<italic>P</italic>
.
<italic>destructans</italic>
isolates were completely inhibited by 100% CPT (10 μL) at 1 month of incubation regardless of temperature (4°C and 15°C). Complete inhibition persisted up to 6 months following a single exposure at this concentration. Of the standard antifungals, only amphotericin B demonstrated any activity, resulting in zone diameters ranging from 58 mm to 74 mm. CPT, at the highest concentration tested (100%), had no significant effect against a variety of other environmental organisms including various filamentous fungi, bacteria and aerobic actinomycetes. Given that CPT is relatively non-toxic, the possibility exists that the all-natural, mixture could be used as an environmental pre-treatment to eradicate
<italic>P</italic>
.
<italic>destructans</italic>
from bat habitats. Additional studies are needed to assess any undesirable effects of CPT on bat behavior and health and overall impacts on other members of the interconnected ecosystem(s).</p>
</abstract>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement>The authors have no support or funding to report.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="3"></fig-count>
<table-count count="1"></table-count>
<page-count count="10"></page-count>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group>
<custom-meta id="data-availability">
<meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name>
<meta-value>Our circumstances are not covered by the questions above and we need the journal's help to make the data available.</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
<notes>
<title>Data Availability</title>
<p>Our circumstances are not covered by the questions above and we need the journal's help to make the data available.</p>
</notes>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>

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