Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil from Hallabong flower
Identifieur interne : 000286 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000285; suivant : 000287Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil from Hallabong flower
Auteurs : Min-Jin Kim [Corée du Sud] ; Kyong-Wol Yang [Corée du Sud] ; Sang Suk Kim [Corée du Sud] ; Suk Man Park [Corée du Sud] ; Kyung Jin Park [Corée du Sud] ; Kwang Sik Kim [Corée du Sud] ; Young Hun Choi [Corée du Sud] ; Kwang Keun Cho [Corée du Sud] ; Nam Ho Lee [Corée du Sud] ; Chang-Gu Hyun [Corée du Sud]Source :
- EXCLI Journal [ 1611-2156 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
A number of essential oils derived from plants are claimed to have several medicinal functions, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammation effects. However, the chemical composition and biological activities of flower-derived components have not been sufficiently characterized. Therefore, we investigated the composition of essential oils from Hallabong flower [(
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PubMed: 27366141
PubMed Central: 4928015
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil from Hallabong flower</title><author><name sortKey="Kim, Min Jin" sort="Kim, Min Jin" uniqKey="Kim M" first="Min-Jin" last="Kim">Min-Jin Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cosmetic Center Science, Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Cosmetic Center Science, Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Kyong Wol" sort="Yang, Kyong Wol" uniqKey="Yang K" first="Kyong-Wol" last="Yang">Kyong-Wol Yang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Jeju Love Co., Ltd., 542-5 Haengwon-ri, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 695-975, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Jeju Love Co., Ltd., 542-5 Haengwon-ri, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 695-975</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Animal Resources Technology, Kyungnam University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Animal Resources Technology, Kyungnam University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Sang Suk" sort="Kim, Sang Suk" uniqKey="Kim S" first="Sang Suk" last="Kim">Sang Suk Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Suk Man" sort="Park, Suk Man" uniqKey="Park S" first="Suk Man" last="Park">Suk Man Park</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Kyung Jin" sort="Park, Kyung Jin" uniqKey="Park K" first="Kyung Jin" last="Park">Kyung Jin Park</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Kwang Sik" sort="Kim, Kwang Sik" uniqKey="Kim K" first="Kwang Sik" last="Kim">Kwang Sik Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, Young Hun" sort="Choi, Young Hun" uniqKey="Choi Y" first="Young Hun" last="Choi">Young Hun Choi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cho, Kwang Keun" sort="Cho, Kwang Keun" uniqKey="Cho K" first="Kwang Keun" last="Cho">Kwang Keun Cho</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Animal Resources Technology, Kyungnam University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Animal Resources Technology, Kyungnam University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Nam Ho" sort="Lee, Nam Ho" uniqKey="Lee N" first="Nam Ho" last="Lee">Nam Ho Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cosmetic Center Science, Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Cosmetic Center Science, Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hyun, Chang Gu" sort="Hyun, Chang Gu" uniqKey="Hyun C" first="Chang-Gu" last="Hyun">Chang-Gu Hyun</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cosmetic Center Science, Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Cosmetic Center Science, Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">LINC Agency, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>LINC Agency, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27366141</idno><idno type="pmc">4928015</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4928015</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4928015</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000287</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000286</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil from Hallabong flower</title><author><name sortKey="Kim, Min Jin" sort="Kim, Min Jin" uniqKey="Kim M" first="Min-Jin" last="Kim">Min-Jin Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cosmetic Center Science, Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Cosmetic Center Science, Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Kyong Wol" sort="Yang, Kyong Wol" uniqKey="Yang K" first="Kyong-Wol" last="Yang">Kyong-Wol Yang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Jeju Love Co., Ltd., 542-5 Haengwon-ri, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 695-975, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Jeju Love Co., Ltd., 542-5 Haengwon-ri, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 695-975</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Animal Resources Technology, Kyungnam University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Animal Resources Technology, Kyungnam University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Sang Suk" sort="Kim, Sang Suk" uniqKey="Kim S" first="Sang Suk" last="Kim">Sang Suk Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Suk Man" sort="Park, Suk Man" uniqKey="Park S" first="Suk Man" last="Park">Suk Man Park</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Kyung Jin" sort="Park, Kyung Jin" uniqKey="Park K" first="Kyung Jin" last="Park">Kyung Jin Park</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Kwang Sik" sort="Kim, Kwang Sik" uniqKey="Kim K" first="Kwang Sik" last="Kim">Kwang Sik Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, Young Hun" sort="Choi, Young Hun" uniqKey="Choi Y" first="Young Hun" last="Choi">Young Hun Choi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cho, Kwang Keun" sort="Cho, Kwang Keun" uniqKey="Cho K" first="Kwang Keun" last="Cho">Kwang Keun Cho</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Animal Resources Technology, Kyungnam University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Animal Resources Technology, Kyungnam University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Nam Ho" sort="Lee, Nam Ho" uniqKey="Lee N" first="Nam Ho" last="Lee">Nam Ho Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cosmetic Center Science, Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Cosmetic Center Science, Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hyun, Chang Gu" sort="Hyun, Chang Gu" uniqKey="Hyun C" first="Chang-Gu" last="Hyun">Chang-Gu Hyun</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Cosmetic Center Science, Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Cosmetic Center Science, Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">LINC Agency, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756, Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>LINC Agency, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">EXCLI Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1611-2156</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>A number of essential oils derived from plants are claimed to have several medicinal functions, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammation effects. However, the chemical composition and biological activities of flower-derived components have not been sufficiently characterized. Therefore, we investigated the composition of essential oils from Hallabong flower [(<italic>Citrus unshiu</italic> Marcov × <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic> Osbeck) × <italic>Citrus reticulata</italic> Blanco] and their anti-inflammatory effects. Hydro-distilled essential oils (HEOs) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In total, 21 components were identified, representing more than 98 % of the oils, with sabinene (34.75 %), linalool (14.77 %), β-ocimene (11.07 %), 4-terpineol (9.63 %), l-limonene (5.88 %), and γ-terpinene (4.67 %) as the main components. In the present study, we also investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of HEOs on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. HEOs were found to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> (PGE<sub>2</sub>) production and to suppress the LPS-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein. In addition, HEOs downregulated the production of the inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β (IC<sub>50</sub> values are 0.05 %, 0.02 %, and 0.01 %, respectively). On the basis of these results, we suggest that HEOs can be considered potential anti-inflammatory candidates for therapeutic use in humans.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adams, Rp" uniqKey="Adams R">RP Adams</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Asnaashari, S" uniqKey="Asnaashari S">S Asnaashari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Delazar, A" uniqKey="Delazar A">A Delazar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Habibi, B" uniqKey="Habibi B">B Habibi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vasfi, R" uniqKey="Vasfi R">R Vasfi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nahar, L" uniqKey="Nahar L">L Nahar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hamedeyazdan, S" uniqKey="Hamedeyazdan S">S Hamedeyazdan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baik, Js" uniqKey="Baik J">JS Baik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Ss" uniqKey="Kim 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uniqKey="Song G">G Song</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Yk" uniqKey="Lee Y">YK Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Ms" uniqKey="Han M">MS Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Js" uniqKey="Lee J">JS Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">EXCLI J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">EXCLI J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">EXCLI J</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>EXCLI Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1611-2156</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27366141</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4928015</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2013-455</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">Doc933</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil from Hallabong flower</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Min-Jin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Kyong-Wol</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Sang Suk</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>Suk Man</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>Kyung Jin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Kwang Sik</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Choi</surname><given-names>Young Hun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cho</surname><given-names>Kwang Keun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Nam Ho</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hyun</surname><given-names>Chang-Gu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="COR1">*</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Cosmetic Center Science, Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756, Korea</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Jeju Love Co., Ltd., 542-5 Haengwon-ri, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 695-975, Korea</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>Animal Resources Technology, Kyungnam University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Korea</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science, Seogwipo 697-943, Korea</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label>LINC Agency, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756, Korea</aff><author-notes><corresp id="COR1">*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Chang-Gu Hyun, Cosmetic Center Science and LINC Agency, Jeju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756, Korea; Tel: +82-64-754-4419; Fax: +82-64-751-3127, E-mail: <email>cghyun@jejunu.ac.kr</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>11</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><fpage>933</fpage><lpage>942</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>08</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>05</day><month>11</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013 Kim et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://www.excli.de/documents/assignment_of_rights.pdf"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the following Assignment of Rights http://www.excli.de/documents/assignment_of_rights.pdf. You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.excli.de/vol12/Hyun_07112013_proof.pdf">This article is available from http://www.excli.de/vol12/Hyun_07112013_proof.pdf</self-uri><abstract><p>A number of essential oils derived from plants are claimed to have several medicinal functions, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammation effects. However, the chemical composition and biological activities of flower-derived components have not been sufficiently characterized. Therefore, we investigated the composition of essential oils from Hallabong flower [(<italic>Citrus unshiu</italic> Marcov × <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic> Osbeck) × <italic>Citrus reticulata</italic> Blanco] and their anti-inflammatory effects. Hydro-distilled essential oils (HEOs) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In total, 21 components were identified, representing more than 98 % of the oils, with sabinene (34.75 %), linalool (14.77 %), β-ocimene (11.07 %), 4-terpineol (9.63 %), l-limonene (5.88 %), and γ-terpinene (4.67 %) as the main components. In the present study, we also investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of HEOs on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. HEOs were found to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> (PGE<sub>2</sub>) production and to suppress the LPS-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein. In addition, HEOs downregulated the production of the inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β (IC<sub>50</sub> values are 0.05 %, 0.02 %, and 0.01 %, respectively). On the basis of these results, we suggest that HEOs can be considered potential anti-inflammatory candidates for therapeutic use in humans.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>chemical composition</kwd><kwd>citrus flower</kwd><kwd>essential oil</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>Hallabong</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Chemical composition of the essential oils from Hallabong flower</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="EXCLI-12-933-t-001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Inhibitory effects of HEOs on nitric oxide production and cell viability in RAW 264.7 cells. We measured nitric oxide content in the culture medium of cells stimulated with LPS (1 µg/mL) for 24 h in the presence of HEOs (0.01, 0.02 or 0.04 %), dexamethasone (20 µM), and NS-398 (20 µM). Cytotoxicity was determined using the LDH method. Values are the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. <italic>*p </italic>< 0.05; <italic>**p </italic>< 0.01</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="EXCLI-12-933-g-001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Inhibitory effects of HEOs on PGE<sub>2 </sub>production and COX-2 protein expression in RAW 264.7 cells. RAW 264.7 cells (1.0 × 10<sup>6</sup> cells/mL) were pre-incubated for 18 h, and PGE<sub>2 </sub>production determined after stimulation for 24 h with LPS (1 µg/mL) in the presence of HEOs (0.01, 0.02 or 0.04 %) and A) dexamethasone (20 µM) and NS-398 (20 µM). The concentration of PGE<sub>2</sub> in supernatants was determined by ELISA. Immunoblotting was used to determine the COX-2 protein levels.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="EXCLI-12-933-g-002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>Inhibitory effects of HEOs on TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 production in RAW 264.7 cells. Cells (1.5 × 10<sup>5</sup> cells/mL) were stimulated by LPS (1 µg/mL) for 24 h in the presence of HEOs (0.01, 0.02, or 0.04 %). Supernatants were collected, and the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were determined by ELISA. Values are the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. *<italic>p</italic> < 0.05; **<italic>p</italic> < 0.01</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="EXCLI-12-933-g-003"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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