In Vitro Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Properties of Isosteviol Isolated from Endangered Medicinal Plant Pittosporum tetraspermum
Identifieur interne : 000050 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000049; suivant : 000051In Vitro Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Properties of Isosteviol Isolated from Endangered Medicinal Plant Pittosporum tetraspermum
Auteurs : Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi [Arabie saoudite] ; Mariadhas Valan Arasu [Arabie saoudite] ; Thankappan Sarasam Rejiniemon [Inde]Source :
- Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM [ 1741-427X ] ; 2015.
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2015/164261
PubMed: 26101532
PubMed Central: 4460244
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en"><italic>In Vitro</italic> Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Properties of Isosteviol Isolated from Endangered Medicinal Plant <italic>Pittosporum tetraspermum</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Abdullah Al Dhabi, Naif" sort="Abdullah Al Dhabi, Naif" uniqKey="Abdullah Al Dhabi N" first="Naif" last="Abdullah Al-Dhabi">Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valan Arasu, Mariadhas" sort="Valan Arasu, Mariadhas" uniqKey="Valan Arasu M" first="Mariadhas" last="Valan Arasu">Mariadhas Valan Arasu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rejiniemon, Thankappan Sarasam" sort="Rejiniemon, Thankappan Sarasam" uniqKey="Rejiniemon T" first="Thankappan Sarasam" last="Rejiniemon">Thankappan Sarasam Rejiniemon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Botany and Biotechnology, AJ College of Science and Technology, Thonnakkal, Trivandrum, Kerala 695 317, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany and Biotechnology, AJ College of Science and Technology, Thonnakkal, Trivandrum, Kerala 695 317</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26101532</idno><idno type="pmc">4460244</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4460244</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4460244</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2015/164261</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000050</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000050</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main"><italic>In Vitro</italic> Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Properties of Isosteviol Isolated from Endangered Medicinal Plant <italic>Pittosporum tetraspermum</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Abdullah Al Dhabi, Naif" sort="Abdullah Al Dhabi, Naif" uniqKey="Abdullah Al Dhabi N" first="Naif" last="Abdullah Al-Dhabi">Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valan Arasu, Mariadhas" sort="Valan Arasu, Mariadhas" uniqKey="Valan Arasu M" first="Mariadhas" last="Valan Arasu">Mariadhas Valan Arasu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rejiniemon, Thankappan Sarasam" sort="Rejiniemon, Thankappan Sarasam" uniqKey="Rejiniemon T" first="Thankappan Sarasam" last="Rejiniemon">Thankappan Sarasam Rejiniemon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Botany and Biotechnology, AJ College of Science and Technology, Thonnakkal, Trivandrum, Kerala 695 317, India</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany and Biotechnology, AJ College of Science and Technology, Thonnakkal, Trivandrum, Kerala 695 317</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</title><idno type="ISSN">1741-427X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1741-4288</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>This study aimed to investigate the <italic>in vitro</italic> antibacterial, antifungal, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of isosteviol isolated from endangered medicinal plant <italic>Pittosporum tetraspermum</italic>. Pure compound was obtained and characterized by column chromatography followed by <sup>1</sup>H NMR, <sup>13</sup>C NMR, IR, and mass spectral analysis. The antimicrobial activities of the compound were assessed by the broth microdilution method and the antioxidant properties were determined using reducing ability assay, DPPH scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and superoxide radical scavenging assay. Anticancer study was evaluated by following MTT assay. Column purification and spectrocopical analysis lead to identifying isosteviol from the crude ethyl acetate extract. The compound exhibited significant activity against bacteria such as <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> (125 <italic>µ</italic>g/mL), <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (125 <italic>µ</italic>g/mL), and <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> (62.5 <italic>µ</italic>g/mL). The MIC of the compound against <italic>Candida albicans</italic>, <italic>Aspergillus niger</italic>, and <italic>Trichophyton mentagrophytes</italic> was 62.5, 125, and 500 <italic>µ</italic>g/mL, respectively. The compound showed comparatively better antibiofilm activity against <italic>E. coli</italic>, <italic>S. typhi</italic>, and <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>. Furthermore, it exhibited good antioxidant properties. Anticancer properties of the compound against Vero and MCF7 cell lines were its advantage. Novel isosteviol would be useful to reduce the infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms or slow the progress of various oxidative stress-related diseases.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Namita, P" uniqKey="Namita P">P. Namita</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mukesh, R" uniqKey="Mukesh R">R. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ECAM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1741-427X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1741-4288</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26101532</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4460244</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/164261</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title><italic>In Vitro</italic> Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Properties of Isosteviol Isolated from Endangered Medicinal Plant <italic>Pittosporum tetraspermum</italic></article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2663-6328</contrib-id><name><surname>Abdullah Al-Dhabi</surname><given-names>Naif</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Valan Arasu</surname><given-names>Mariadhas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rejiniemon</surname><given-names>Thankappan Sarasam</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Botany and Biotechnology, AJ College of Science and Technology, Thonnakkal, Trivandrum, Kerala 695 317, India</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Thankappan Sarasam Rejiniemon: <email>rejinie@gmail.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Victor Kuete</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>26</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>2015</volume><elocation-id>164261</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>14</day><month>3</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>7</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>14</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>This study aimed to investigate the <italic>in vitro</italic> antibacterial, antifungal, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of isosteviol isolated from endangered medicinal plant <italic>Pittosporum tetraspermum</italic>. Pure compound was obtained and characterized by column chromatography followed by <sup>1</sup>H NMR, <sup>13</sup>C NMR, IR, and mass spectral analysis. The antimicrobial activities of the compound were assessed by the broth microdilution method and the antioxidant properties were determined using reducing ability assay, DPPH scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and superoxide radical scavenging assay. Anticancer study was evaluated by following MTT assay. Column purification and spectrocopical analysis lead to identifying isosteviol from the crude ethyl acetate extract. The compound exhibited significant activity against bacteria such as <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> (125 <italic>µ</italic>g/mL), <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (125 <italic>µ</italic>g/mL), and <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> (62.5 <italic>µ</italic>g/mL). The MIC of the compound against <italic>Candida albicans</italic>, <italic>Aspergillus niger</italic>, and <italic>Trichophyton mentagrophytes</italic> was 62.5, 125, and 500 <italic>µ</italic>g/mL, respectively. The compound showed comparatively better antibiofilm activity against <italic>E. coli</italic>, <italic>S. typhi</italic>, and <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>. Furthermore, it exhibited good antioxidant properties. Anticancer properties of the compound against Vero and MCF7 cell lines were its advantage. Novel isosteviol would be useful to reduce the infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms or slow the progress of various oxidative stress-related diseases.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Spectral identification and chemical structure of the identified compound isolated from<italic> Pittosporum tetraspermum</italic>: (a) the mass spectrum of the isolated compound, (b) the NMR spectrum of the isolated compound, and (c) the molecular structure of the isosteviol.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-164261.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>(a) Antibacterial and antifungal activity of isosteviol against microbial pathogens. (a) Antibacterial activity against bacteria. (A)<italic> Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>; (B)<italic> Staphylococcus aureus</italic>. 1: Streptomycin (positive control); 2: 125 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL; 3: 62.5 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL; 4: 31.25 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL; 5: 15.6 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL; 6: 7.8 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL concentration of the isosteviol; 7: DMSO (negative control). (b) Antifungal activity of isosteviol against fungi. The antifungal activity of the compounds was evaluated by disc diffusion method. (A)<italic> Aspergillus niger</italic>; (B)<italic> Candida albicans</italic>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-164261.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Fungal biomass inhibition effect of isosteviol. The fungal biomass inhibition effect was determined in percentage.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-164261.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p><italic>In vitro</italic> antibiofilm activity of isosteviol. The antibiofilm activity effect was determined in percentage.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-164261.004"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p><italic>In vitro</italic> antioxidant activity of isosteviol: (a) reducing ability assay, (b) DPPH scavenging assay, (c) hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and (d) superoxide radical scavenging assay.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-164261.005"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>(a) Anticancer activity of isosteviol against Vero cell lines by MTT assay. Cells treated with the compound at different concentrations. (A) 200 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL; (B) 100 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL; (C) 50 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL; (D) 25 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL; (E) 12.5 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL; (F) 6.25 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL. (b) Cytotoxic effect of compound on Vero and MCF7 cell lines as determined by MTT assay.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-164261.006"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Minimum inhibitory concentration of the compound against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Microorganism</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (<italic>μ</italic>g/mL)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compound</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Streptomycin sulfate</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gram positive</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> (MTCC 441)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (ATCC 25923)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis </italic> (MTCC 3615)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Enterococcus faecalis</italic> (ATCC 29212)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gram negative</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> (ATCC 25922) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> (ATCC 15380)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> (ATCC 27853)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Multi drug resistant</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MMC/3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >10.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NT</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus aureus </italic>(MMC/5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >10.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NT</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MMC/6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.00 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NT</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MMC/9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.00 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NT</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MMC/16)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.00 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NT</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MMC/17)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.00 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NT</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MMC/18)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.00 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NT</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MMC/19)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.00 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NT</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MMC/25)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.00 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NT</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MMC/28)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.00 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NT</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MMC/34)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.00 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NT</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MMC/45)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.00 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NT</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MMC/47)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.00 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NT</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MMC/49)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.00 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NT</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>MTCC: microbial type culture collection; ATCC: American type culture collection; MMC: strains from Madras Medical College; streptomycin: standard antibacterial agents; compound: isosteviol; NT: not test; for multi-drug resistant strains the concentrations of the compounds were tested in mg/mL level. Streptomycin did not show activity towards multi-drug resistant strains. </p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Minimum inhibitory concentration of the compound against fungi.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Microorganism</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (<italic>µ</italic>g/mL)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compound</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Standard</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aspergillus clavatus </italic>(KACC 40071)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aspergillus fumigates </italic>(KACC 40080)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aspergillus niger </italic>(KACC 40280)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aspergillus oryzae </italic>(KACC 44823)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Botrytis cinerea </italic>(KACC 40573)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Candida albicans </italic>(KACC 30003)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Curvalaria lunata </italic>(KACC 40392)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Epidermophyton floccosum </italic>(KACC 44918)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fusarium oxysporum </italic>(KACC 40051)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gibberella moniliformis </italic>(KACC 44022)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Penicillium chrysogenum </italic>(KACC 40399) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Trichophyton mentagrophytes</italic> (KACC 45479) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>KACC: Korean type culture collection; compound: isosteviol; fungal control reference (ketoconazole: <italic>μ</italic>g/mL).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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