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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects</title><author><name sortKey="Russo, Ethan B" sort="Russo, Ethan B" uniqKey="Russo E" first="Ethan B" last="Russo">Ethan B. Russo</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">21749363</idno><idno type="pmc">3165946</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165946</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3165946</idno><idno type="doi">10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001335</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects</title><author><name sortKey="Russo, Ethan B" sort="Russo, Ethan B" uniqKey="Russo E" first="Ethan B" last="Russo">Ethan B. Russo</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">British Journal of Pharmacology</title><idno type="ISSN">0007-1188</idno><idno type="eISSN">1476-5381</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been the primary focus of cannabis research since 1964, when Raphael Mechoulam isolated and synthesized it. More recently, the synergistic contributions of cannabidiol to cannabis pharmacology and analgesia have been scientifically demonstrated. Other phytocannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabigerol and cannabichromene, exert additional effects of therapeutic interest. Innovative conventional plant breeding has yielded cannabis chemotypes expressing high titres of each component for future study. This review will explore another echelon of phytotherapeutic agents, the cannabis terpenoids: limonene, myrcene, α-pinene, linalool, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, nerolidol and phytol. Terpenoids share a precursor with phytocannabinoids, and are all flavour and fragrance components common to human diets that have been designated Generally Recognized as Safe by the US Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory agencies. Terpenoids are quite potent, and affect animal and even human behaviour when inhaled from ambient air at serum levels in the single digits ng·mL<sup>−1</sup>. They display unique therapeutic effects that may contribute meaningfully to the entourage effects of cannabis-based medicinal extracts. Particular focus will be placed on phytocannabinoid-terpenoid interactions that could produce synergy with respect to treatment of pain, inflammation, depression, anxiety, addiction, epilepsy, cancer, fungal and bacterial infections (including methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>). Scientific evidence is presented for non-cannabinoid plant components as putative antidotes to intoxicating effects of THC that could increase its therapeutic index. Methods for investigating entourage effects in future experiments will be proposed. Phytocannabinoid-terpenoid synergy, if proven, increases the likelihood that an extensive pipeline of new therapeutic products is possible from this venerable plant.</p><sec><title>LINKED ARTICLES</title><p>This article is part of a themed issue on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this issue visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7</ext-link></p></sec></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Br J Pharmacol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bph</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>British Journal of Pharmacology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0007-1188</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1476-5381</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21749363</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3165946</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Russo</surname><given-names>Ethan B</given-names></name></contrib><aff><institution>GW Pharmaceuticals</institution><addr-line>Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK</addr-line></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Ethan Russo, MD, 20402 81st Avenue SW, Vashon, WA 98070, USA. E-mail: <email>ethanrusso@comcast.net</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>8</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>163</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>1344</fpage><lpage>1364</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>19</day><month>11</month><year>2010</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2010</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>12</day><month>1</month><year>2011</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>British Journal of Pharmacology © 2011 The British Pharmacological Society</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2011</copyright-year></permissions><abstract><p>Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been the primary focus of cannabis research since 1964, when Raphael Mechoulam isolated and synthesized it. More recently, the synergistic contributions of cannabidiol to cannabis pharmacology and analgesia have been scientifically demonstrated. Other phytocannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabigerol and cannabichromene, exert additional effects of therapeutic interest. Innovative conventional plant breeding has yielded cannabis chemotypes expressing high titres of each component for future study. This review will explore another echelon of phytotherapeutic agents, the cannabis terpenoids: limonene, myrcene, α-pinene, linalool, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, nerolidol and phytol. Terpenoids share a precursor with phytocannabinoids, and are all flavour and fragrance components common to human diets that have been designated Generally Recognized as Safe by the US Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory agencies. Terpenoids are quite potent, and affect animal and even human behaviour when inhaled from ambient air at serum levels in the single digits ng·mL<sup>−1</sup>. They display unique therapeutic effects that may contribute meaningfully to the entourage effects of cannabis-based medicinal extracts. Particular focus will be placed on phytocannabinoid-terpenoid interactions that could produce synergy with respect to treatment of pain, inflammation, depression, anxiety, addiction, epilepsy, cancer, fungal and bacterial infections (including methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>). Scientific evidence is presented for non-cannabinoid plant components as putative antidotes to intoxicating effects of THC that could increase its therapeutic index. Methods for investigating entourage effects in future experiments will be proposed. Phytocannabinoid-terpenoid synergy, if proven, increases the likelihood that an extensive pipeline of new therapeutic products is possible from this venerable plant.</p><sec><title>LINKED ARTICLES</title><p>This article is part of a themed issue on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this issue visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7</ext-link></p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>cannabinoids</kwd><kwd>terpenoids</kwd><kwd>essential oils</kwd><kwd>THC</kwd><kwd>CBD</kwd><kwd>limonene</kwd><kwd>pinene</kwd><kwd>linalool</kwd><kwd>caryophyllene</kwd><kwd>phytotherapy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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