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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Species and ecological diversity within the <italic>Cladosporium
cladosporioide</italic>s complex (<italic>Davidiellaceae</italic>,
<italic>Capnodiales</italic>)</title><author><name sortKey="Bensch, K" sort="Bensch, K" uniqKey="Bensch K" first="K." last="Bensch">K. Bensch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Botanische Staatssammlung München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 München, Germany</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groenewald, J Z" sort="Groenewald, J Z" uniqKey="Groenewald J" first="J. Z." last="Groenewald">J. Z. Groenewald</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dijksterhuis, J" sort="Dijksterhuis, J" uniqKey="Dijksterhuis J" first="J." last="Dijksterhuis">J. Dijksterhuis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Starink Willemse, M" sort="Starink Willemse, M" uniqKey="Starink Willemse M" first="M." last="Starink-Willemse">M. Starink-Willemse</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andersen, B" sort="Andersen, B" uniqKey="Andersen B" first="B." last="Andersen">B. Andersen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><italic>DTU Systems Biology, Søltofts Plads, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Summerell, B A" sort="Summerell, B A" uniqKey="Summerell B" first="B. A." last="Summerell">B. A. Summerell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><italic>Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mrs. Macquaries Road, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, H D" sort="Shin, H D" uniqKey="Shin H" first="H.-D." last="Shin">H.-D. Shin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><italic>Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dugan, F M" sort="Dugan, F M" uniqKey="Dugan F" first="F. M." last="Dugan">F. M. Dugan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"><italic>USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction Station and Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A.</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schroers, H J" sort="Schroers, H J" uniqKey="Schroers H" first="H.-J." last="Schroers">H.-J. Schroers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><italic>Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, p.p. 2553, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Braun, U" sort="Braun, U" uniqKey="Braun U" first="U." last="Braun">U. Braun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"><italic>Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crous, P W" sort="Crous, P W" uniqKey="Crous P" first="P. W." last="Crous">P. W. Crous</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"><italic>Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">20877444</idno><idno type="pmc">2945380</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2945380</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2945380</idno><idno type="doi">10.3114/sim.2010.67.01</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001310</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Species and ecological diversity within the <italic>Cladosporium
cladosporioide</italic>s complex (<italic>Davidiellaceae</italic>,
<italic>Capnodiales</italic>)</title><author><name sortKey="Bensch, K" sort="Bensch, K" uniqKey="Bensch K" first="K." last="Bensch">K. Bensch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>Botanische Staatssammlung München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 München, Germany</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groenewald, J Z" sort="Groenewald, J Z" uniqKey="Groenewald J" first="J. Z." last="Groenewald">J. Z. Groenewald</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dijksterhuis, J" sort="Dijksterhuis, J" uniqKey="Dijksterhuis J" first="J." last="Dijksterhuis">J. Dijksterhuis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Starink Willemse, M" sort="Starink Willemse, M" uniqKey="Starink Willemse M" first="M." last="Starink-Willemse">M. Starink-Willemse</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andersen, B" sort="Andersen, B" uniqKey="Andersen B" first="B." last="Andersen">B. Andersen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><italic>DTU Systems Biology, Søltofts Plads, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Summerell, B A" sort="Summerell, B A" uniqKey="Summerell B" first="B. A." last="Summerell">B. A. Summerell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><italic>Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mrs. Macquaries Road, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, H D" sort="Shin, H D" uniqKey="Shin H" first="H.-D." last="Shin">H.-D. Shin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><italic>Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dugan, F M" sort="Dugan, F M" uniqKey="Dugan F" first="F. M." last="Dugan">F. M. Dugan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"><italic>USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction Station and Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A.</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schroers, H J" sort="Schroers, H J" uniqKey="Schroers H" first="H.-J." last="Schroers">H.-J. Schroers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><italic>Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, p.p. 2553, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Braun, U" sort="Braun, U" uniqKey="Braun U" first="U." last="Braun">U. Braun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"><italic>Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crous, P W" sort="Crous, P W" uniqKey="Crous P" first="P. W." last="Crous">P. W. Crous</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"><italic>Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Studies in Mycology</title><idno type="ISSN">0166-0616</idno><idno type="eISSN">1872-9797</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The genus <italic>Cladosporium</italic> is one of the largest genera of
dematiaceous hyphomycetes, and is characterised by a coronate scar structure,
conidia in acropetal chains and <italic>Davidiella</italic> teleomorphs. Based on
morphology and DNA phylogeny, the species complexes of <italic>C. herbarum</italic>and <italic>C. sphaerospermum</italic> have been resolved, resulting in the
elucidation of numerous new taxa. In the present study, more than 200 isolates
belonging to the <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> complex were examined and
phylogenetically analysed on the basis of DNA sequences of the nuclear
ribosomal RNA gene operon, including the internal transcribed spacer regions
ITS1 and ITS2, the 5.8S nrDNA, as well as partial actin and translation
elongation factor 1-α gene sequences. For the saprobic, widely
distributed species <italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides,</italic> both a neotype and
epitype are designated in order to specify a well established circumscription
and concept of this species. <italic>Cladosporium tenuissimum</italic> and <italic>C.
oxysporum</italic>, two saprobes abundant in the tropics, are epitypified and
shown to be allied to, but distinct from <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic>.
Twenty-two species are newly described on the basis of phylogenetic characters
and cryptic morphological differences. The most important phenotypic
characters for distinguishing species within the <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic>complex, which represents a monophyletic subclade within the genus, are shape,
width, length, septation and surface ornamentation of conidia and
conidiophores; length and branching patterns of conidial chains and hyphal
shape, width and arrangement. Many of the treated species, <italic>e.g.</italic>,
<italic>C. acalyphae</italic>, <italic>C. angustisporum</italic>, <italic>C. australiense</italic>,
<italic>C. basiinflatum</italic>, <italic>C. chalastosporoides</italic>, <italic>C.
colocasiae</italic>, <italic>C. cucumerinum, C. exasperatum</italic>, <italic>C. exile</italic>,
<italic>C. flabelliforme</italic>, <italic>C. gamsianum</italic>, and <italic>C. globisporum</italic>are currently known only from specific hosts, or have a restricted
geographical distribution. A key to all species recognised within the <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic> complex is provided.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Stud Mycol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">simycol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Studies in Mycology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0166-0616</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1872-9797</issn><publisher><publisher-name>CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">20877444</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2945380</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">0001</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3114/sim.2010.67.01</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Species and ecological diversity within the <italic>Cladosporium
cladosporioide</italic>s complex (<italic>Davidiellaceae</italic>,
<italic>Capnodiales</italic>)</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bensch</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Groenewald</surname><given-names>J.Z.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dijksterhuis</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Starink-Willemse</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Andersen</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Summerell</surname><given-names>B.A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>H.-D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dugan</surname><given-names>F.M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schroers</surname><given-names>H.-J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Braun</surname><given-names>U.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Crous</surname><given-names>P.W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">9</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><italic>CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands</italic></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><italic>Botanische Staatssammlung München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 München, Germany</italic></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><italic>DTU Systems Biology, Søltofts Plads, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark</italic></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><italic>Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mrs. Macquaries Road, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia</italic></aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label><italic>Division of Environmental Science & Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea</italic></aff><aff id="aff6"><label>6</label><italic>USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction Station and Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A.</italic></aff><aff id="aff7"><label>7</label><italic>Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, p.p. 2553, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia</italic></aff><aff id="aff8"><label>8</label><italic>Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany</italic></aff><aff id="aff9"><label>9</label><italic>Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.</italic></aff><author-notes><corresp> * <italic>Correspondence</italic>: Konstanze Bensch,
<email>konstanze.schubert@gmx.de</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2010</year></pub-date><volume>67</volume><issue-title><bold>Species and ecological diversity within the <italic>Cladosporium
cladosporioides</italic> complex (<italic>Davidiellaceae</italic>,
<italic>Capnodiales</italic>)</bold></issue-title><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>94</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © Copyright 2010 CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity
Centre</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2010</copyright-year><license><license-p>You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under
the following conditions:</license-p><license-p><bold>Attribution:</bold> You must attribute
the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way
that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the
work).</license-p><license-p><bold>Non-commercial:</bold> You may not use this work for
commercial purposes.</license-p><license-p><bold>No derivative works:</bold> You may not
alter, transform, or build upon this work.</license-p><license-p>For any reuse or
distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work,
which can be found at
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode.</ext-link> Any of the above
conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder.
Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author's moral rights.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="1.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>The genus <italic>Cladosporium</italic> is one of the largest genera of
dematiaceous hyphomycetes, and is characterised by a coronate scar structure,
conidia in acropetal chains and <italic>Davidiella</italic> teleomorphs. Based on
morphology and DNA phylogeny, the species complexes of <italic>C. herbarum</italic>and <italic>C. sphaerospermum</italic> have been resolved, resulting in the
elucidation of numerous new taxa. In the present study, more than 200 isolates
belonging to the <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> complex were examined and
phylogenetically analysed on the basis of DNA sequences of the nuclear
ribosomal RNA gene operon, including the internal transcribed spacer regions
ITS1 and ITS2, the 5.8S nrDNA, as well as partial actin and translation
elongation factor 1-α gene sequences. For the saprobic, widely
distributed species <italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides,</italic> both a neotype and
epitype are designated in order to specify a well established circumscription
and concept of this species. <italic>Cladosporium tenuissimum</italic> and <italic>C.
oxysporum</italic>, two saprobes abundant in the tropics, are epitypified and
shown to be allied to, but distinct from <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic>.
Twenty-two species are newly described on the basis of phylogenetic characters
and cryptic morphological differences. The most important phenotypic
characters for distinguishing species within the <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic>complex, which represents a monophyletic subclade within the genus, are shape,
width, length, septation and surface ornamentation of conidia and
conidiophores; length and branching patterns of conidial chains and hyphal
shape, width and arrangement. Many of the treated species, <italic>e.g.</italic>,
<italic>C. acalyphae</italic>, <italic>C. angustisporum</italic>, <italic>C. australiense</italic>,
<italic>C. basiinflatum</italic>, <italic>C. chalastosporoides</italic>, <italic>C.
colocasiae</italic>, <italic>C. cucumerinum, C. exasperatum</italic>, <italic>C. exile</italic>,
<italic>C. flabelliforme</italic>, <italic>C. gamsianum</italic>, and <italic>C. globisporum</italic>are currently known only from specific hosts, or have a restricted
geographical distribution. A key to all species recognised within the <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic> complex is provided.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd><italic>Cladosporium oxysporum</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Cladosporium tenuissimum</italic></kwd><kwd>epitypification</kwd><kwd>new species</kwd><kwd>phylogeny</kwd><kwd>taxonomy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta><notes><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Taxonomic novelties:</bold> <italic>Cladosporium acalyphae</italic> Bensch, H.D.
Shin, Crous & U. Braun, sp. nov., <italic>C. angustisporum</italic> Bensch,
Summerell, Crous & U. Braun, sp. nov., <italic>C. asperulatum</italic> Bensch,
Crous & U. Braun, sp. nov., <italic>C. australiense</italic> Bensch, Summerell,
Crous & U. Braun, sp. nov., <italic>C. basiinflatum</italic> Bensch, Crous &
U. Braun, sp. nov., <italic>C. chalastosporoides</italic> Bensch, Crous & U.
Braun, sp. nov., <italic>C. exasperatum</italic> Bensch, Summerell, Crous & U.
Braun, sp. nov., <italic>C. exile</italic> Bensch, Glawe, Crous & U. Braun, sp.
nov., <italic>C. flabelliforme</italic> Bensch, Summerell, Crous & U. Braun, sp.
nov., <italic>C. globisporum</italic> Bensch, Crous & U. Braun, sp. nov., <italic>C.
hillianum</italic> Bensch, Crous & U. Braun, sp. nov., <italic>C.
inversicolor</italic> Bensch, Crous & U. Braun, sp. nov., <italic>C. iranicum</italic>Bensch, Crous & U. Braun, sp. nov., <italic>C. paracladosporioides</italic>Bensch, Crous & U. Braun, sp. nov., <italic>C. perangustum</italic> Bensch, Crous
& U. Braun, sp. nov., <italic>C. phyllactiniicola</italic> Bensch, Glawe, Crous
& U. Braun, sp. nov., <italic>C. pseudocladosporioides</italic> Bensch, Crous
& U. Braun, sp. nov., <italic>C. rectoides</italic> Bensch, H.D. Shin, Crous &
U. Braun, sp. nov., <italic>C. scabrellum</italic> Bensch, Schroers, Crous & U.
Braun, sp. nov., <italic>C. subuliforme</italic> Bensch, Crous & U. Braun, sp.
nov., <italic>C. verrucocladosporioides</italic> Bensch, H.D. Shin, Crous & U.
Braun, sp. nov., <italic>C. xylophilum</italic> Bensch, Shabunin, Crous & U.
Braun, sp. nov.</p></fn></fn-group></notes></front><body><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>The genus <italic>Cladosporium</italic>, which comprises more than 772 names
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">Dugan <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>),
has been studied extensively in recent years. Based on morphological
examinations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">Schubert & Braun
2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">Heuchert <italic>et al.</italic>2005</xref>, Schubert
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref115">2005a</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref116">b</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref115">2005a</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref116">b</xref>, 2007, Braun <italic>et
al.</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">2006</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref16">2008a</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">b</xref>, Crous <italic>et al.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">2006a</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">b</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref122">Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">Braun & Schubert
2007</xref>) and molecular studies (Crous <italic>et al.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">2006a</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">2007a</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref30">b</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">c</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">Arzanlou <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>,
Schubert <italic>et al.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref121">2007a</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">b</xref>), a modern generic concept
of <italic>Cladosporium</italic> was established, including clear delimitations from
morphologically similar genera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref30">Crous
<italic>et al</italic>. 2007b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref72">de Hoog
<italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref125">Seifert
<italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref>). Species belonging to <italic>Cladosporium</italic>are characterised by having a unique coronate scar structure
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">David 1997</xref>) and by being
linked to <italic>Davidiella</italic> teleomorphs
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">Braun <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>2007b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">Crous <italic>et al</italic>.
2009c</xref>). They cluster apart from species of <italic>Mycosphaerella</italic>and represent a separate family, <italic>Davidiellaceae</italic> (Schoch <italic>et
al.</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref112">2006</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref113">2009a</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref114">b</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">Crous <italic>et al</italic>. 2009c</xref>).
Taxonomic studies using polyphasic approaches were undertaken to define
distinct phylogenetic and morphological entities within the genus
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref123">Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>2009</xref>), especially in the species complexes of <italic>C. herbarum</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>2007b</xref>) and <italic>C. sphaerospermum</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref135">Zalar <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref52">Dugan <italic>et al.</italic>2008</xref>).</p><p>The present study is a contribution in this series, dealing with the <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic> complex. <italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic> is a very
common, cosmopolitan, saprobic species. It often occurs as a secondary invader
on necrotic parts of many different host plants, has been isolated from air,
soil, textiles and several other substrates
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">Ellis 1971</xref>), and is a common
endophytic or quiescent fungus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref103">Riesen
& Sieber 1985</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref60">El-Morsy
2000</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref77">Kumaresan &
Suryanarayanan 2002</xref>). In the past <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> has
also been reported to be involved in several pulmonary and cutaneous
infections and other human health problems
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref71">de Hoog <italic>et al.</italic>2000</xref>). Races associated with leaf-spotting have also been reported
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">Anilkumar & Seshadri 1975</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">Arya & Arya 2003</xref>), though
this could not be confirmed during the course of the present study.</p><p>David (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">1997</xref>) introduced
section <italic>Hormodendropsis</italic> of the subgenus <italic>Cladosporium</italic>,
typified by <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic>, characterised by determinate,
non-proliferating conidiophores. However, type material of <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic>, cited by Fresenius
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref63">1850</xref>) for <italic>Penicillium
cladosporioides</italic>, could not be traced in the Fresenius herbarium at the
Senckenberg-Museum in Frankfurt and is undoubtedly not preserved. De Vries
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref130">1952</xref>) discussed the fact
that <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> has often been considered a form of <italic>C.
herbarum</italic>, compared these two species and found sufficient morphological
differences to justify the recognition of <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> as a
distinct taxon. As “lectotype” of this species he invalidly and
erroneously proposed to choose Bisby's dried “standard culture”
[isol. fr. <italic>Arundo</italic> leaves, Bamboo Garden, Kew, 1943 (IMI 25324, 60507,
60509)] which, however, proved to belong to the <italic>C. herbarum</italic> complex.
Hence, it is necessary to designate a neotype and, above all, an epitype with
ex-type culture close to the current concept of <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic>,
which is mainly based on Ellis
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">1971</xref>).</p><p>In recent decades the name <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> has been applied to
several taxa now demonstrated as distinct, but all united by a superficial
resemblence to the taxon described and illustrated in Ellis
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">1971</xref>). To establish the
identity and clarify the taxonomic status of fungi previously lumped under
this name, it was necessary to re-examine numerous cultures deposited as
“<italic>C. cladosporioides</italic>” as well as undetermined isolates
from diverse substrates and geographical origins. Therefore, a multilocus DNA
sequence typing approach employing three gene regions (ITS, actin, translation
elongation factor 1-α) supplemented with morphological and cultural
examinations (following protocols outlined in
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>2007b</xref>), was used to elucidate species diversity within the <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic> complex.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>MATERIAL AND METHODS</title><sec><title>Isolates</title><p>Isolates included in this study were obtained from the culture collection
of the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity
Centre), Utrecht, Netherlands, or were freshly isolated from a range of
different substrates and placed in the working collection of Pedro Crous
(CPC), housed at CBS. Single-conidial and ascospore isolates were obtained
using techniques in Crous <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref45">1991</xref>) and Crous
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">1998</xref>). Isolates were
inoculated onto 2 % potato-dextrose agar (PDA), synthetic nutrient-poor agar
(SNA), 2 % malt extract agar (MEA) and oatmeal agar (OA)
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">Crous <italic>et al.</italic> 2009f</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref44">Crous <italic>et al.</italic> 2009f</xref>),
and incubated under continuous near-ultraviolet light at 25 °C to promote
sporulation. All cultures in this study are maintained at the CBS
(<xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl1">Table 1</xref>). Nomenclatural
novelties and descriptions were deposited in MycoBank
(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.MycoBank.org">www.MycoBank.org</ext-link>;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">Crous <italic>et al</italic>.
2004a</xref>).</p><p><table-wrap position="float" id="tbl1"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium</italic> isolates included for sequence and morphological
analyses.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left"><bold>Species</bold></th><th valign="top" align="left"><bold>Accession
number</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn1"><bold>1</bold></xref></th><th valign="top" align="left"><bold>Substrate</bold></th><th valign="top" align="left"><bold>Country</bold></th><th valign="top" align="left"><bold>Collector</bold></th><th valign="top" align="left"><bold>GenBank
numbers</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn2"><bold>2</bold></xref><bold>(ITS, TEF, ACT)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium acalyphae</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125982&link_type=cbs">CBS
125982</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
11625
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Acalypha australis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM147994, HM148235, HM148481
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium angustisporum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125983&link_type=cbs">CBS
125983</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
12437
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Alloxylon wickhamii</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Australia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B.A. Summerell
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM147995, HM148236, HM148482
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium asperulatum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113744&link_type=cbs">CBS 113744</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Grape bud
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> F.M. Dugan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM147996, HM148237, HM148483
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126339&link_type=cbs">CBS 126339</ext-link>; CPC
11158
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Eucalyptus</italic> leaf litter
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> India
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM147997, HM148238, HM148484
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126340&link_type=cbs">CBS
126340</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
14040
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Protea susannae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Portugal
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM147998, HM148239, HM148485
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium australiense</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125984&link_type=cbs">CBS
125984</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
13226
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Eucalyptus moluccana</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Australia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B.A. Summerell
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM147999, HM148240, HM148486
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium basiinflatum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=822.84&link_type=cbs">CBS
822.84</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Hordeum vulgare</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148000, HM148241, HM148487
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium chalastosporoides</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125985&link_type=cbs">CBS
125985</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
13864
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Fruiting bodies of <italic>Teratosphaeria proteae-arboreae</italic> on leaves of
<italic>Protea nitida</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148001, HM148242, HM148488
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium chubutense</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124457&link_type=cbs">CBS
124457</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
13979; CIEFAP 321
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pinus ponderosa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Argentina
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> A. Greslebin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> FJ936158, FJ936161, FJ936165
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=101367&link_type=cbs">CBS 101367</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Soil
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Brazil
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148002, HM148243, HM148489
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112388&link_type=cbs">CBS
112388</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Indoor air
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Ch. Trautmann
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148003, HM148244, HM148490
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113738&link_type=cbs">CBS 113738</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Grape bud
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> F.M. Dugan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148004, HM148245, HM148491
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113739&link_type=cbs">CBS 113739</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Culm node of crested wheat grass
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> F.M. Dugan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148005, HM148246, HM148492
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113740&link_type=cbs">CBS 113740</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Grape berry
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> F.M. Dugan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148006, HM148247, HM148493
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117483&link_type=cbs">CBS 117483</ext-link>; CPC
11684
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> M. Blackwell
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148007, HM148248, HM148494
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122130&link_type=cbs">CBS 122130</ext-link>; ATCC
38012; IFO 6539; JCM 10684; NBRC 6539
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Bamboo slats
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Japan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148008, HM148249, HM148495
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126341&link_type=cbs">CBS 126341</ext-link>; CPC
12763
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Spinach seed, <italic>Spinacia oleracea</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> L. du Toit
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148009, HM148250, HM148496
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=132.29&link_type=cbs">CBS 132.29</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> C.L. Shear
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148010, HM148251, HM148497
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=143.35&link_type=cbs">CBS 143.35</ext-link>; MUCL
10090
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pisum sativum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B.J. Dippenaar
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148011, HM148252, HM148498
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=144.35&link_type=cbs">CBS 144.35</ext-link>; ATCC
11284; IFO 6371; IMI 049627
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pisum sativum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: California
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148012, HM148253, HM148499
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=145.35&link_type=cbs">CBS 145.35</ext-link>; MUCL
926
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pisum sativum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148013, HM148254, HM148500
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=674.82&link_type=cbs">CBS 674.82</ext-link>;
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=320.87&link_type=cbs">CBS 320.87</ext-link>; ATCC
38026; ATCC 200936; IMI 126640
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gossypium</italic> seeds
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Israel
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> M. Gonen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148014, HM148255, HM148501
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 10142
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Chenopodium ficifolium</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148015, HM148256, HM148502
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11119
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ricinus communis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148016, HM148257, HM148503
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11120
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Viola mandshurica</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148017, HM148258, HM148504
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11121
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Celosia cristata</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148018, HM148259, HM148505
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11122
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Phytolacca americana</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148019, HM148260, HM148506
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11123
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Vigna unguiculata</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148020, HM148261, HM148507
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11131
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Dalbergia</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> India
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148021, HM148262, HM148508
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11161
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> India
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148022, HM148263, HM148509
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11393
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Valeriana fauriei</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148023, HM148264, HM148510
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11398
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Phragmidium griseum</italic> on <italic>Rubus crataegifolius</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148024, HM148265, HM148511
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11404
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Rubus coreanus</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148025, HM148266, HM148512
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11406
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Plectranthus</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148026, HM148267, HM148513
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 12187
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Leaves of <italic>Stellaria aquatica</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148027, HM148268, HM148514
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 12214
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Leaves of <italic>Morus rubra</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> N. Ale-Agha
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148028, HM148269, HM148515
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 12760
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Spinach seed, <italic>Spinacia oleracea</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> L. du Toit
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148029, HM148270, HM148516
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 12762
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Spinach seed, <italic>Spinacia oleracea</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> L. du Toit
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148030, HM148271, HM148517
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 12764
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Spinach seed, <italic>Spinacia oleracea</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> L. du Toit
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148031, HM148272, HM148518
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 12852
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Pruned wood
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Louisiana
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K. Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148032, HM148273, HM148519
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13235
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Australia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148033, HM148274, HM148520
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13667
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Eucalyptus robertsonii</italic> ssp. <italic>hemisphaerica</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Australia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B.A. Summerell
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148034, HM148275, HM148521
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13669
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Eucalyptus robertsonii</italic> ssp. <italic>hemisphaerica</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Australia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B.A. Summerell
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148035, HM148276, HM148522
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13734
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Areca</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Thailand
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> I. Hidayat
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148036, HM148277, HM148523
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14009; MRC 10150
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wheat
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148037, HM148278, HM148524
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14015; MRC 10260
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wheat
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148038, HM148279, HM148525
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14017; MRC 10809
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wheat
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148039, HM148280, HM148526
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14018; MRC 10810
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wheat
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148040, HM148281, HM148527
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14019; MRC 10813
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wheat
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148041, HM148282, HM148528
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14021; MRC 10827
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wheat
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148042, HM148283, HM148529
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14024; MRC 11280
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Pawpaw
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148043, HM148284, HM148530
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14244
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Magnolia</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Louisiana
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148044, HM148285, HM148531
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14271
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Twigs of an unidentified tree
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> France
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148045, HM148286, HM148532
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14292; BA1691
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Soil, pea field
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Denmark
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148046, HM148287, HM148533
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14293; BA1692
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Cellulose powder, paint manufacturer
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Denmark
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148047, HM148288, HM148534
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14355; BA1676
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Food, mouldy pea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Laramie
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148048, HM148289, HM148535
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14356; BA1677
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Food, coffee leaf
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Uganda
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148049, HM148290, HM148536
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14705
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia</italic> sp. on <italic>Fraxinus rhynchophylla</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148050, HM148291, HM148537
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 15038
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp., endophyte
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Indonesia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> M.J. Wingfield
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148051, HM148292, HM148538
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 15167; HJS1069
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Living mite inhabiting a strawberry leaf
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Slovenia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.J. Schroers
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148052, HM148293, HM148539
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic> s. lat. Lineage 1</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116744&link_type=cbs">CBS 116744</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Leaves of <italic>Acer pseudoplatanus</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> L. Pehl
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148053, HM148294, HM148540
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125.80&link_type=cbs">CBS 125.80</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Seadcoat of <italic>Cirsium vulgare</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> DQ780941, HM148295, EF101351
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13220
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Lichens on leaves of <italic>Acer platanoides</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Heuchert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148054, HM148296, HM148541
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14238
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Fruits of <italic>Sambucus nigra</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148055, HM148297, HM148542
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14296; BA1695
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Indoor building material, school
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Denmark
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148056, HM148298, HM148543
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic> s. lat. Lineage 2</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=306.84&link_type=cbs">CBS 306.84</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Urediniospores of <italic>Puccinia allii</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.K.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> G.S. Taylor
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148057, HM148299, HM148544
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11664; Hill 1076-2
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Oncoba spinosa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> New Zealand
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> C.F. Hill
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148058, HM148300, HM148545
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13867
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Leptosphaeria</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148059, HM148301, HM148546
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 15457
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Imported buds of <italic>Prunus avium</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> New Zealand
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> J. Rennie
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148060, HM148302, HM148547
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic> s. lat. Lineage 3</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109082&link_type=cbs">CBS 109082</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Silene maritima</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.K.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> A. Aptroot
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> EF679354, EF679429, EF679506
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic> s. lat. Lineage 4</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113746&link_type=cbs">CBS 113746</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Bing cherry fruits
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> R.G. Roberts
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148061, HM148303, HM148548
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 10150
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Fatoua villosa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148062, HM148304, HM148549
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13362
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Paeonia obovata</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148063, HM148305, HM148550
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13978
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Needles of <italic>Pinus ponderosa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Argentina
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> A. Greslebin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148064, HM148306, HM148551
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14284; BA1674
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wheat grain, <italic>Triticum</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148065, HM148307, HM148552
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium colocasiae</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115191&link_type=cbs">CBS 115191</ext-link>; CPC
4323
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Fiji
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> C.F. Hill
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> AY251075, HM148308, HM148553
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119542&link_type=cbs">CBS 119542</ext-link>; CPC
12726; ICM 13264
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Japan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148066, HM148309, HM148554
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=386.64&link_type=cbs">CBS
386.64</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; ATCC
200944; MUCL 10084
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Taiwan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K. Sawada
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148067, HM148310, HM148555
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 5124
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Apium graveolens</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> New Zealand
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> C.F. Hill
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> AY251076, HM148311, HM148556
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium colombiae</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=274.80B&link_type=cbs">CBS
274.80B</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cortaderia</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Colombia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> FJ936159, FJ936163, FJ936166
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium cucumerinum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=108.23&link_type=cbs">CBS 108.23</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cucumis sativus</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W.W. Gilbert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148068, HM148312, HM148557
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109.08&link_type=cbs">CBS 109.08</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cucumis sativus</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148069, HM148313, HM148558
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123.44&link_type=cbs">CBS 123.44</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cucumis sativus</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148070, HM148314, HM148559
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=158.51&link_type=cbs">CBS 158.51</ext-link>; ATCC
11279; IFO 6370; IMI 049628; VKM F-817
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cucumis sativus</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148071, HM148315, HM148560
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=171.52&link_type=cbs">CBS
171.52</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; MUCL
10092
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cucumis sativus</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148072, HM148316, HM148561
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=172.54&link_type=cbs">CBS 172.54</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cucumis sativus</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> G.W. van der Helm
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148073, HM148317, HM148562
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=173.54&link_type=cbs">CBS 173.54</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cucumis sativus</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> G.W. van der Helm
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148074, HM148318, HM148563
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=174.54&link_type=cbs">CBS 174.54</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cucumis sativus</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> G.W. van der Helm
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148075, HM148319, HM148564
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=174.62&link_type=cbs">CBS 174.62</ext-link>; ATCC
16022; ATHUM 2861; CECT 2110; IFO 31006; IMI 045534; MUCL 19019; VTT D-92188
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Painted floor
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> M.H. Downing
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148076, HM148320, HM148565
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=175.54&link_type=cbs">CBS 175.54</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cucumis sativus</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> G.W. van der Helm
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148077, HM148321, HM148566
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=176.54&link_type=cbs">CBS 176.54</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cucumis sativus</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> G.W. van der Helm
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148078, HM148322, HM148567
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium delicatulum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126342&link_type=cbs">CBS 126342</ext-link>; CPC
14287; BA 1681
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Indoor air
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Denmark
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148079, HM148323, HM148568
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126343&link_type=cbs">CBS 126343</ext-link>; CPC
14299; BA 1698
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Building material
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Denmark
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148080, HM148324, HM148569
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126344&link_type=cbs">CBS 126344</ext-link>; CPC
11389
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Tilia cordata</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K. Schubert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148081, HM148325, HM148570
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13148
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Puccinia bromina</italic> ssp. <italic>symphyti-bromarum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K. Schubert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148082, HM148326, HM148571
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14285; BA 1679
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Indoor air
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Denmark
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148083, HM148327, HM148572
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14286; BA 1680
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Indoor air
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Denmark
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148084, HM148328, HM148573
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14289; BA 1683
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Door frame
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Denmark
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148085, HM148329, HM148574
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14307; BA 1706
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Sea weed
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Denmark
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148086, HM148330, HM148575
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14360; BA 1718
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Indoor air
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Denmark
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148087, HM148331, HM148576
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14363; BA 1724
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Indoor air
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Denmark
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148088, HM148332, HM148577
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14372; BA 1740
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Dust, school
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Denmark
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148089, HM148333, HM148578
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium exasperatum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125986&link_type=cbs">CBS
125986</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
14638
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Eucalyptus tintinnans</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Australia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B.A. Summerell
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148090, HM148334, HM148579
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium exile</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125987&link_type=cbs">CBS
125987</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
11828
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic> on leaves of <italic>Corylus
avellana</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> D. Glawe
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148091, HM148335, HM148580
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium flabelliforme</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126345&link_type=cbs">CBS
126345</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
14523
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Melaleuca cajuputi</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Australia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B.A. Summerell
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148092, HM148336, HM148581
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium funiculosum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122128&link_type=cbs">CBS 122128</ext-link>; ATCC
16160; IFO 6536; JCM 10682
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ficus carica</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Japan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148093, HM148337, HM148582
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122129&link_type=cbs">CBS
122129</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; ATCC
38010; IFO 6537; JCM 10683
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Vigna umbellata</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Japan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148094, HM148338, HM148583
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium gamsianum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125989&link_type=cbs">CBS
125989</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
11807
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Strelitzia</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148095, HM148339, HM148584
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium globisporum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=812.96&link_type=cbs">CBS
812.96</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Meat stamp
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Sweden
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> M. Olsen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148096, HM148340, HM148585
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium hillianum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125988&link_type=cbs">CBS
125988</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
15459; C92
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Leaf mold of <italic>Typha orientalis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> New Zealand
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> R. Beever
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148097, HM148341, HM148586
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 15458
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Leaf mold of <italic>Typha orientalis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> New Zealand
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> R. Beever
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148098, HM148342, HM148587
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium inversicolor</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=131.29&link_type=cbs">CBS 131.29</ext-link>; ATCC
200942, ATCC 11275; IMI 049623; LCP 52.404
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Triticum aestivum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> F.T. Bennett
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148099, HM148343, HM148588
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=143.65&link_type=cbs">CBS 143.65</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Leaf of <italic>Tilia</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148100, HM148344, HM148589
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=401.80&link_type=cbs">CBS
401.80</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; ATCC
200941
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Leaf of <italic>Triticum aestivum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148101, HM148345, HM148590
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=464.82&link_type=cbs">CBS 464.82</ext-link>; ATCC
200945
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Seeds of <italic>Alnus</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> G.S. de Vries
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148102, HM148346, HM148591
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=484.80&link_type=cbs">CBS 484.80</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cortaderia</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Colombia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148103, HM148347, HM148592
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11818
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic> on leaves of <italic>Corylus
avellana</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> D. Glawe
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148104, HM148348, HM148593
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13150
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Puccinia bromina</italic> ssp. <italic>symphyti-bromarum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K. Schubert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148105, HM148349, HM148594
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14190
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Outside air
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> M. Meijer
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148106, HM148350, HM148595
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14191
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Outside air
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> M. Meijer
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148107, HM148351, HM148596
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14241
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Fruit of <italic>Sambucus nigra</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148108, HM148352, HM148597
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14368; BA1735
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Dust, school
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Denmark
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148109, HM148353, HM148598
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium iranicum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126346&link_type=cbs">CBS
126346</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
11554
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Leaf of <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Iran
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148110, HM148354, HM148599
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium licheniphilum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125990&link_type=cbs">CBS
125990</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
13224
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Phaeophyscia orbicularis</italic> and <italic>Physcia</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. von Brackel
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148111, HM148355, HM148600
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium lycoperdinum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126347&link_type=cbs">CBS 126347</ext-link>; CPC
12102
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Galls of <italic>Apiosporina morbosa</italic> on <italic>Prunus</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Canada
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.A. Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148112, HM148356, HM148601
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126348&link_type=cbs">CBS 126348</ext-link>; CPC
11833
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic> on leaves of <italic>Corylus
avellana</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> D. Glawe
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148113, HM148357, HM148602
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=274.80C&link_type=cbs">CBS 274.80C</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Puya</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Colombia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148114, HM148358, HM148603
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=574.78C&link_type=cbs">CBS 574.78C</ext-link>; VKM
F-2759
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Aureobasidium caulivorum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Russia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148115, HM148359, HM148604
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium myrtacearum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126349&link_type=cbs">CBS 126349</ext-link>; CPC
13689; NSM 734672
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Eucalyptus placita</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Australia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B.A. Summerell
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148116, HM148360, HM148605
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126350&link_type=cbs">CBS
126350</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
14567
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Corymbia foelscheana</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Australia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B.A. Summerell
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148117, HM148361, HM148606
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium oxysporum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125991&link_type=cbs">CBS 125991</ext-link>; CPC
14371; BA 1738
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Soil, near the terracotta army
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> China: Xi'an, Shaanxi
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148118, HM148362, HM148607
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126351&link_type=cbs">CBS 126351</ext-link>; CPC
14308; BA 1707
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Indoor air
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Venezuela
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148119, HM148363, HM148608
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium paracladosporioides</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=171.54&link_type=cbs">CBS
171.54</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; ATCC
11278, 200943; IFO 6369; IMI 049626; MUCL 917; NCTC 4097
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148120, HM148364, HM148609
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium perangustum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125996&link_type=cbs">CBS
125996</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
13815
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Cussonia</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148121, HM148365, HM148610
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126364&link_type=cbs">CBS 126364</ext-link>; CPC
14532
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Erythrophleum chlorostachys</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Australia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B.A. Summerell
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148122, HM148366, HM148611
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126365&link_type=cbs">CBS 126365</ext-link>; CPC
11820
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic> on leaves of <italic>Corylus
avellana</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> D. Glawe
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148123, HM148367, HM148612
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=167.54&link_type=cbs">CBS 167.54</ext-link>; ATCC
11276; IMI 049624
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148124, HM148368, HM148613
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11046
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Margarine
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Australia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> N. Charley
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148125, HM148369, HM148614
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11133
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> India
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148126, HM148370, HM148615
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11526
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Acacia mangium</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Thailand
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Himaman
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148127, HM148371, HM148616
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11609
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Musa</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> India
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> M. Arzanlou
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> EF679356, EF679431, EF679508
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11663
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Oncoba spinosa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> New Zealand
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> C.F. Hill
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148128, HM148372, HM148617
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11806
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Strelitzia</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148129, HM148373, HM148618
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11815
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic> on leaves of <italic>Corylus</italic>sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> D. Glawe
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148130, HM148374, HM148619
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11819
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic> on leaves of <italic>Corylus</italic>sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> D. Glawe
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148131, HM148375, HM148620
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11821
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic> on leaves of <italic>Corylus</italic>sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> D. Glawe
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148132, HM148376, HM148621
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11831
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic> on leaves of <italic>Corylus</italic>sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> D. Glawe
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148133, HM148377, HM148622
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11856
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Acacia mangium</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Thailand
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Himaman
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148134, HM148378, HM148623
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 12216
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Morus rubra</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> N. Ale-Agha
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148135, HM148379, HM148624
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 12792
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Musa</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Polynesia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> I. Budenhagen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148136, HM148380, HM148625
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 12793
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Musa</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Polynesia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> I. Budenhagen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148137, HM148381, HM148626
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13686
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Eucalyptus placita</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Australia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B.A. Summerell
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148138, HM148382, HM148627
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13727
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Teratosphaeria maculiformis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148139, HM148383, HM148628
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13730
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Protea caffra</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148140, HM148384, HM148629
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13774
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Protea caffra</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148141, HM148385, HM148630
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13870
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Teratosphaeria fibrillosa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148142, HM148386, HM148631
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14004; MRC 03367
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Oats
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148143, HM148387, HM148632
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14008; MRC 10135
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wheat
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148144, HM148388, HM148633
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14247
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Magnolia</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148145, HM148389, HM148634
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14256
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Leaves of pecan tree
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148146, HM148390, HM148635
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14566
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Corymbia foelscheana</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Australia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B.A. Summerell
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148147, HM148391, HM148636
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14911
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Strelitzia</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148148, HM148392, HM148637
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 15192
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Protea cynaroides</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> L. Mostert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148149, HM148393, HM148638
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium phyllactiniicola</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126352&link_type=cbs">CBS
126352</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
11836
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic> on leaves of <italic>Corylus
avellana</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> D. Glawe
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148150, HM148394, HM148639
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126353&link_type=cbs">CBS 126353</ext-link>; CPC
11823
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic> on leaves of <italic>Corylus
avellana</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> D. Glawe
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148151, HM148395, HM148640
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126354&link_type=cbs">CBS 126354</ext-link>; CPC
11825
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic> on leaves of <italic>Corylus
avellana</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> D. Glawe
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148152, HM148396, HM148641
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126355&link_type=cbs">CBS 126355</ext-link>; CPC
11830
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic> on leaves of <italic>Corylus
avellana</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Washington
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> D. Glawe
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148153, HM148397, HM148642
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium phyllophilum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125992&link_type=cbs">CBS
125992</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
11333
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Taphrina</italic> sp. on <italic>Prunus cerasus</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K. Schubert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148154, HM148398, HM148643
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13873
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> On <italic>Teratosphaeria proteae-arboreae</italic> on <italic>Protea arborea</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148155, HM148399, HM148644
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium pini-ponderosae</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124456&link_type=cbs">CBS
124456</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
13980; CIEFAP 322
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pinus ponderosa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Argentina
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> A. Greslebin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> FJ936160, FJ936164, FJ936167
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117134&link_type=cbs">CBS 117134</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Cloud water
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> M. Sancelme
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148156, HM148400, HM148645
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117153&link_type=cbs">CBS 117153</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Living leaves of <italic>Paeonia</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> R. Kirschner
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148157, HM148401, HM148646
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125993&link_type=cbs">CBS
125993</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
14189
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Outside air
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> M. Meijer
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148158, HM148402, HM148647
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126356&link_type=cbs">CBS 126356</ext-link>; CPC
14278
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Leaves
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> France
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148159, HM148403, HM148648
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126390&link_type=cbs">CBS 126390</ext-link>; CPC
13499
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Myrothecium inundatum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> M. Grube
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148160, HM148404, HM148649
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=149.66&link_type=cbs">CBS 149.66</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Triticum aestivum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> C.W. Hesseltine
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148161, HM148405, HM148650
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=176.82&link_type=cbs">CBS 176.82</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Pteridium aquilinum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Romania
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148162, HM148406, HM148651
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=574.78A&link_type=cbs">CBS 574.78A</ext-link>; VKM
F-422
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Mycophilic, <italic>Melampsoridium betulae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Russia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148163, HM148407, HM148652
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=574.78B&link_type=cbs">CBS 574.78B</ext-link>; VKM
F-2759
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Mycophilic, <italic>Melampsoridium betulae</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Russia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148164, HM148408, HM148653
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=667.80&link_type=cbs">CBS 667.80</ext-link>; IHEM
3705
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Malus sylvestris</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Italy
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148165, HM148409, HM148654
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=673.69&link_type=cbs">CBS 673.69</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Air
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> EF679353, EF679428, EF679505
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11392
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Chrysanthemum coronarium</italic> var. <italic>spatiosum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148166, HM148410, HM148655
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11605
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Agrimonia pilosa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148167, HM148411, HM148656
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11841; Hill 730; ICMP 14870
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Leaves of <italic>Phalaris aquatica</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> New Zealand
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> C.F. Hill
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148168, HM148412, HM148657
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 12850
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Pruned wood
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.A. Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148169, HM148413, HM148658
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13339
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Eucalyptus molucana</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Australia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148170, HM148414, HM148659
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13488
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Vernonia</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Brazil
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> O. Pereira
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148171, HM148415, HM148660
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13529
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Sagittaria graminea</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Italy
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gams & K.A. Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148172, HM148416, HM148661
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13683; NSW 734672
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Eucalyptus placita</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Australia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B.A. Summerell
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148173, HM148417, HM148662
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13992
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Coffee tree
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148174, HM148418, HM148663
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13998; CAMS 001160
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Aloe dichotoma</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148175, HM148419, HM148664
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14001; MRC 03240
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Oats
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148176, HM148420, HM148665
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14002; MRC 03245
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Oats
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148177, HM148421, HM148666
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14003; MRC 03366
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Oats
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148178, HM148422, HM148667
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14005; MRC 03850
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Oats
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148179, HM148423, HM148668
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14006; MRC 03978
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wheat
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148180, HM148424, HM148669
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14007; MRC 03979
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Oats
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148181, HM148425, HM148670
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14010; MRC 10183
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Sorghum</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148182, HM148426, HM148671
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14013; MRC 10221
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wheat
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148183, HM148427, HM148672
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14014; MRC 10232
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wheat
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148184, HM148428, HM148673
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14020; MRC 10814
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Wheat
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148185, HM148429, HM148674
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14193
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Outside air
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> M. Meijer
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148186, HM148430, HM148675
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14230
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Pine needles of <italic>Pinus</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Netherlands
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148187, HM148431, HM148676
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14295; BA 1694
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Soil
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Chile: Easter Island
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148188, HM148432, HM148677
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14357; BA1678
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Food, coffee leaf
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Uganda: Mubende
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148189, HM148433, HM148678
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14382
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Acer macrophyllum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Canada
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Callan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148190, HM148434, HM148679
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14975a; HJS 1038
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Rosa canina</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Slovenia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.J. Schroers
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148191, HM148435, HM148680
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14992
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Indonesia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> M.C. Wingfield
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148192, HM148436, HM148681
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 5100; ATCC 66669
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Creosote-treated southern pine pole
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: New York
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> AY251070, HM148437, HM148682
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium rectoides</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125994&link_type=cbs">CBS
125994</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
11624
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Vitis flexuosa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148193, HM148438, HM148683
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126357&link_type=cbs">CBS 126357</ext-link>; CPC
11405
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Plectranthus</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148194, HM148439, HM148684
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium scabrellum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126358&link_type=cbs">CBS
126358</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
14976; HJS 1031
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ruscus hypoglossum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Slovenia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.J. Schroers
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148195, HM148440, HM148685
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium subuliforme</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126500&link_type=cbs">CBS
126500</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
13735
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Chamaedorea metallica</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Thailand
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> I. Hidayat & J. Meeboon
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148196, HM148441, HM148686
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium tenuissimum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125995&link_type=cbs">CBS
125995</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
14253
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Lagerstroemia</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Louisiana
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148197, HM148442, HM148687
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126359&link_type=cbs">CBS 126359</ext-link>; CPC
12794
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Musa</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Polynesia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> I. Budenhagen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148198, HM148443, HM148688
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126501&link_type=cbs">CBS 126501</ext-link>; CPC
14410
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Musa</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Ivory Coast
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K. Daouda
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148199, HM148444, HM148689
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117.79&link_type=cbs">CBS 117.79</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Fruit
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Burundi
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> J. Rammelo
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148200, HM148445, HM148690
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=262.80&link_type=cbs">CBS 262.80</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Fruit
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Nigeria
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148201, HM148446, HM148691
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 10538
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Musa</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Mozambique
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> A. Viljoen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148202, HM148447, HM148692
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 10539
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Musa</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Mozambique
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> A. Viljoen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148203, HM148448, HM148693
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 10882
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Gnaphalium affme</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148204, HM148449, HM148694
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11555
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Citrus sinensis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Iran
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148205, HM148450, HM148695
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11612
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Musa</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Indonesia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> M. Arzanlou
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148206, HM148451, HM148696
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11805
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Strelitzia</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Africa
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148207, HM148452, HM148697
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 12223
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Rust
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Brazil
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U. Braun
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148208, HM148453, HM148698
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 12795
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Musa</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Polynesia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> I. Budenhagen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148209, HM148454, HM148699
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13222
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Callistemon viminalis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Australia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148210, HM148455, HM148700
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14250
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Magnolia</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Louisiana
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148211, HM148456, HM148701
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium tenuissimum</italic> Lineage 1</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11130
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Dalbergia</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> India
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148212, HM148457, HM148702
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11132
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Citrus</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> India
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148213, HM148458, HM148703
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11521
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Acacia mangium</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Thailand
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Himaman
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148214, HM148459, HM148704
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 11929
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Acacia mangium</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Thailand
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Himaman
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148215, HM148460, HM148705
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13252
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Rock
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Australia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148216, HM148461, HM148706
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 13732
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Shorea siamensis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Laos
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P. Phengsintham
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148217, HM148462, HM148707
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14196
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Basella alba</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Laos
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P. Phengsintham
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148218, HM148463, HM148708
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14311; BA1710
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Decaying branch under water
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Venezuela: Mochima Bay
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148219, HM148464, HM148709
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14312; BA1711
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Sediment, red mangrove
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Venezuela: Mochima Bay
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148220, HM148465, HM148710
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14370; BA1737
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Soil, near the Gua Lawah/Bat Cave
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Bali: Pasinggahan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148221, HM148466, HM148711
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium uredinicola</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 5390; ATCC 46649
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Hyperparasite on <italic>Cronartium fusiforme</italic> f. sp. <italic>quercum</italic> on
<italic>Quercus nigra</italic> leaves
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.: Alabama
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> —
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> AY251071, HM148467, HM148712
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium varians</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126360&link_type=cbs">CBS 126360</ext-link>; CPC
11327
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Ulmus</italic> sp.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Germany
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K. Schubert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148222, HM148468, HM148713
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126361&link_type=cbs">CBS 126361</ext-link>; CPC
11134
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Leaf debris
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> India
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148223, HM148469, HM148714
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126362&link_type=cbs">CBS
126362</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
13658
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Catalpa bungei</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Russia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> V.A. Melnik
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148224, HM148470, HM148715
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14975b; HJS 1038
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Rosa canina</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Slovenia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.J. Schroers
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148225, HM148471, HM148716
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium verrucocladosporioides</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126363&link_type=cbs">CBS
126363</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
12300
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Rhus chinensis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> South Korea
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> H.D. Shin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148226, HM148472, HM148717
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium vignae</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121.25&link_type=cbs">CBS 121.25</ext-link>; ATCC
200933; MUCL 10110
</td><td align="left" valign="top"><italic>Vigna unguiculata</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> M.W. Gardner
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148227, HM148473, HM148718
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><bold><italic>Cladosporium xylophilum</italic></bold></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113749&link_type=cbs">CBS 113749</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Bing cherry fruits
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> F.M. Dugan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148228, HM148474, HM148719
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113756&link_type=cbs">CBS 113756</ext-link></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Bing cherry fruits
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> U.S.A.
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> F.M. Dugan
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148229, HM148475, HM148720
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125997&link_type=cbs">CBS
125997</ext-link><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tblfn3">*</xref>; CPC
12403
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Dead wood of <italic>Picea abies</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Russia
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> D.A. Shabunin
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148230, HM148476, HM148721
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126588&link_type=cbs">CBS 126588</ext-link>; CPC
13512
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Twigs of <italic>Salix viminalis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Italy
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> W. Gams
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148231, HM148477, HM148722
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 12101
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Galls of <italic>Apiosporina morbosa</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top"> Canada
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> K.A. Seifert
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148232, HM148478, HM148723
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top"> CPC 14281
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> Leaves
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> France
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> P.W. Crous
</td><td align="left" valign="top"> HM148233, HM148479, HM148724
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"></td><td align="left" valign="top">CPC 14364; BA1725
</td><td align="left" valign="top">Indoor air
</td><td align="left" valign="top">Denmark
</td><td align="left" valign="top">B. Andersen
</td><td align="left" valign="top">HM148234, HM148480, HM148725
</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn1"><label>1</label><p>ATCC: American Type Culture Collection, Virginia, U.S.A.; ATHUM: ATHUM
Culture Collection of Fungi, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,
Greece; BA: Personal culture collection of Birgitte Andersen, Denmark; CAMS:
SERA's Centre for Applied Mycological Studies, Forestry and Agricultural
Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; CBS:
CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CECT: Coleccion
Espanola de Cultivos Tipo, Universidad de Valencia, Spain; CIEFAP: Centro de
Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico,
Argentina; CPC: Culture collection of Pedro Crous, housed at CBS; Hill:
Personal culture collection of Frank Hill, New Zealand; HJS: Personal culture
collection of Hans-Josef Schroers, Slovenia; ICM: Istituto cantonale di
microbiologia, Bellinzona and Univ. of Geneva, Switzerland; ICMP:
International Collection of Micro-organisms from Plants, Landcare Research,
Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand; IFO: Institute for Fermentation,
Osaka, Japan; IHEM: BCCM/IHEM, Scientific Institute of Public Health,
Brussels, Belgium; IMI: International Mycological Institute, CABI-Bioscience,
Egham, Bakeham Lane, U.K.; JCM: Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN
BioResource Center, Saitama, Japan; LCP: Fungal Strain Collection, Laboratory
of Cryptogamy, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; MRC:
Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; MUCL: Mycotheque de
l'Universite catholique de Louvain, Laboratoire de Mycologie Systematique et
Appliquee, Universite catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; NBRC:
NITE Biological Resource Center, National Institute of Technology and
Evaluation, Chiba, Japan; NCTC: National Collection of Type Cultures, PHLS
Central Public Health Laboratory, London, U.K.; VKM: All-Russian Collection of
Microorganisms, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms,
Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow region, Russian Federation; VTT: VTT
Culture Collection, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland.</p></fn><fn id="tblfn2"><label>2</label><p>ACT: partial actin gene, TEF: partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha
gene, ITS: internal transcribed spacer regions with 5.8S rRNA gene.</p></fn><fn id="tblfn3"><label>*</label><p>Ex-type cultures.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p></sec><sec><title>DNA isolation, amplification and sequence analysis</title><p>Fungal colonies were established on agar plates, and genomic DNA was
isolated as described in Crous <italic>et al</italic>.
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">2009f</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref44">2009f</xref>). Partial gene sequences
were determined as described by Crous <italic>et al</italic>.
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">2006b</xref>) and Schubert <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">2007b</xref>) for actin
(ACT), translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF), and part of the nuclear
rDNA operon spanning the 3' end of the 18S rRNA gene, the first internal
transcribed spacer, the 5.8S rRNA gene, the second internal transcribed spacer
and the 5' end of the 28S rRNA gene (ITS). The primer EF-2
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref96">O'Donnell <italic>et al</italic>.
1998</xref>) can be used as alternative reverse primer for amplification
of the TEF region. The nucleotide sequences were generated using both PCR
primers to ensure good quality sequences over the entire length of the
amplicon. Sequence data obtained from Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">2007b</xref>) and Zalar <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref135">2007</xref>) were used as
reference data for the alignments (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl1">Table
1</xref>). Subsequent sequence alignment followed Crous <italic>et al</italic>.
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">2006b</xref>). MrModeltest v. 2.2
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref95">Nylander 2004</xref>) was used to
determine the best nucleotide substitution model for each locus using the
Akaike information criterion (AIC). The phylogenetic analyses were performed
with MrBayes v. 3.1.2 (Huelsenbeck & Ronquist 2003, Ronquist &
Huelsenbeck 2005) and the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis of 4 chains
started from random tree topology and lasted 18 000 000 generations. Trees
were saved each 1 000 generations, resulting in 18 001 saved trees in each of
the two run files. Burn-in was set at 5 000 000 generations after which the
likelihood values were stationary. Neighbour-joining analyses using the HKY85
substitution model were applied to each data partition to check the stability
and robustness of each species clade under the different partitions (data not
shown). The ITS region has limited resolution for many species in
<italic>Cladosporium,</italic> therefore results for the ACT and TEF regions were used
for comparison of clade stability. Gaps longer than 10 bases were coded as
single events for the phylogenetic analyses (TEF alignment). Novel sequence
data were lodged in GenBank (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl1">Table
1</xref>) and the alignment and tree in TreeBASE
(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.treebase.org">www.treebase.org</ext-link>).</p></sec><sec><title>Morphology</title><p><bold>Light microscopy (LM).</bold> Microscopic observations of isolates were
made from colonies cultivated for 7 d under continuous near ultraviolet light
at 25 °C on SNA. Preparations were mounted in Shear's solution
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">Crous <italic>et al.</italic> 2009f</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref44">Crous <italic>et al.</italic> 2009f</xref>).
To study conidial development and branching patterns of conidial chains,
squares of transparent adhesive tape (Titan Ultra Clear Tape, Conglom Inc.,
Toronto, Canada) were placed on conidiophores growing in the zone between the
colony margin and 2 cm inwards, and mounted between two drops of Shear's
solution under a glass cover slip. Conidial terminology follows Schubert
<italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">2007b</xref>).
Wherever possible, 50 measurements (× 1 000 magnification, differential
interference contrast microscopy, Zeiss Axioscope 2 PLUS) were made of conidia
with outliers given in parentheses. For cultural characteristics colonies were
cultivated on PDA, SNA, OA and MEA for 14 d at 25 °C in the dark, after
which the surface and reverse colours were rated using the charts of Rayner
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref102">1970</xref>).</p><p><bold>Low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (SEM).</bold> Isolates of
<italic>Cladosporium</italic> spp. were grown on SNA with 30 g agar/L for 3–4 d
at room temperature under black light. Relevant parts of the small colonies
with conidiophores and conidia were selected under a binocular (×
10–50 magnification, Nicon SMZ 1500), excised with a surgical blade as
small agar blocks (3 × 3 mm), and transferred to a copper cup for
snap-freezing in nitrogen slush. Agar blocks were glued to the copper surface
with frozen tissue medium (KP-Cryoblock, Klinipath, Duiven, Netherlands) mixed
with 1 part colloidal graphite (Agar Scientific, Stansted, U.K.). Samples were
examined in a JEOL 5600LV scanning electron microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan)
equipped with an Oxford CT1500 Cryostation for cryo-electron microscopy
(cryoSEM). Electron micrographs were acquired from uncoated frozen samples, or
after sputter-coating by means of a gold/palladium target for 3 times during
30 s. Micrographs of uncoated samples were taken at an acceleration voltage of
3 kV, and consisted of 30 averaged fast scans (SCAN 2 mode), at 5 kV in case
of the coated samples (PHOTO mode).</p></sec></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><sec><title>DNA phylogeny</title><p>Amplification products and gene sequences of similar size to those reported
previously (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref39">Crous <italic>et al.</italic>2006b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">Schubert <italic>et
al.</italic> 2007b</xref>) were obtained. The resulting alignment contained
253 taxa (including the outgroup taxon) and 497, 193 and 373 characters
(including alignment gaps) were used in the ITS, ACT and TEF partitions,
respectively. The best model selected for ITS was a general time-reversible
(GTR) substitution model with a proportion of the sites invariable and the
state frequencies set at fixed (SYM+I model); and for both ACT and TEF a
general time-reversible (GTR) substitution model with inverse gamma rates and
the state frequencies set at Dirichlet (GTR+I+G model). For the Bayesian
analysis, 26 002 trees were obtained from which the consensus tree and
posterior probabilities were calculated
(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1</xref>). Based on the
phylogenetic and morphological results, 22 novel species are described.
Further phylogenetic results are discussed under the species notes below where
applicable.</p></sec><sec><title>Taxonomy</title><sec><title>Key to the <italic>Cladosporium</italic> species treated</title><p>Morphological features used in the key to distinguish the species treated
in this study were determined by light microscopy after 7 to 9 d growth at 25
°C on SNA, and cultural characteristics after 14 d incubation on PDA.
<italic>Cladosporium uredinicola</italic> and <italic>C. vignae</italic> are not included in
the key since isolates of these species did not sporulate during the course of
the present examinations, and measurements given in literature were made only
on PDA and are therefore only partly comparable. Terminology used for conidial
types, scars and surface ornamentation follow Schubert <italic>et al</italic>.
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">2007b</xref>). To reflect the
morphological variability of some of the species, especially with regard to
surface ornamentation of conidia, these species are listed twice or up to
three times in the key, <italic>e.g. C. exile</italic>. The <italic>C. cladosporioides s.
lat.</italic> complex (see couplet 35 in the key), includes species that are
morphologically close to <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> but still distinguishable
due to a combination of subtle features as well as <italic>C. cladosporioides s.
str.</italic> and morphologically indistinguishable but phylogenetically distinct
lineages of the latter species.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>1. Conidia finely verruculose to coarsely verrucose or irregularly
rough-walled......................................................................................
2
1. Conidia smooth or almost smooth..................... 14</p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidia distinctly ornamented, verruculose to coarsely verrucose or
irregularly
rough-walled...........................................................
3
2. Conidia less ornamented, almost smooth to asperulate or minutely
verruculose, sometimes irregularly rough-walled...................... 7</p></list-item><list-item><p>3. Conidia frequently septate, with 0–3 septa; surface with coarse
verrucae up to 1 μm high................... <italic><bold>C.
verrucocladosporioides</bold></italic>3. Conidia mainly 0–1-septate,
occasionally with a second septum; verrucae lower, only up to 0.5 μm
high........................................ 4</p></list-item><list-item><p>4. Conidiophores up to 430 μm long, smooth; small terminal conidia
globose, subglobose or obovoid, broad, 4.5–6 μm
wide.......................................................... <italic><bold>C.
acalyphae</bold></italic>4. Conidiophores shorter, up to 200 μm long, usually
shorter, almost smooth to minutely verruculose or irregularly rough-walled;
small terminal conidia obovoid, ellipsoid, ovoid, rarely subglobose,
2.5–4.5 μm
wide.................................................................................
5</p></list-item><list-item><p>5. Conidiophores macronematous, (2.5–)3.5–5.5 μm wide, walls
thickened, 0.5–1(–1.5) μm wide, sometimes even appearing to be
two-layered; small terminal conidia 5–6 μm
long.................................................................................................
<italic><bold>C. pini-ponderosae</bold></italic>5. Conidiophores macro-, semimacro- and
micronematous, narrower, (1.5–)2.5–4 μm wide, walls unthickened
or only slightly thickened, about 0.5 μm wide; small terminal conidia
longer, 4–9 μm
long.........................................................................................................
6</p></list-item><list-item><p>6. Ramoconidia 4–5 μm wide, aseptate; conidia finely verruculose
to usually verruculose, occasionally distinctly verrucose; conidiogenous loci
and hila (0.5–)0.8–2(–2.2) μm
diam......................................................................................................................
<italic><bold>C. chubutense</bold></italic>6. Ramoconidia narrower, 2.8–4 μm,
0–2-septate; conidia mostly distinctly verruculose-rugose or irregularly
rough-walled; conidiogenous loci and hila narrower, 0.5–1.5 μm
diam....................................................................................................................
<italic><bold>C. exasperatum</bold></italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>7(2). Terminal unbranched part of the branched conidial chains usually very
long with up to 8(–10), sometimes up to 17 conidia............ 8
7.
Conidia in densely branched chains, terminal unbranched part of the chains
much shorter with 1–4 conidia.................................. 11</p></list-item><list-item><p>8. Conidia inversely coloured with small terminal and intercalary conidia
being slightly darker than secondary ramoconidia, ramoconidia and
conidiophores; small terminal conidia (3–)5–8.5 μm long,
intercalary conidia (5–)7–20 μm long; small terminal and
intercalary conidia in delicate, loose chains, minutely verruculose or
irregularly rough-walled, rugose, secondary ramoconidia and ramoconidia
smooth...........................................................................................
<italic><bold>C. inversicolor</bold></italic>8. Conidia not inversely coloured, small
terminal and intercalary conidia paler or concolorous with secondary
ramoconidia, ramoconidia and conidiophores; small terminal and intercalary
conidia shorter, 4–7(–8) μm and
(5–)6.5–10(–12) μm, respectively; no differences in
ornamentation between smaller conidia and secondary
ramoconidia................................................. 9</p></list-item><list-item><p>9. Conidiophores 45–210(–360) μm long, pluriseptate, with up
to 12 septa; secondary ramoconidia (7.5–)9–26(–37) ×
(2.5–)3–5 μm,
0(–1)-septate............................... <italic><bold>C.
asperulatum</bold></italic>9. Conidiophores shorter, up to 100(–115) μm
long, 0–4(–5)-septate; secondary ramoconidia somewhat shorter and
narrower, 8–20(–23) × (2.5–)3–4 μm,
0–1(–2)-septate...................... 10</p></list-item><list-item><p>10. Conidiophores macronematous, (2.5–)3.5–4.5(–5) μm
wide, thick-walled, walls up to 1 μm wide; conidiogenous cells geniculate,
subnodulose with unilateral swellings or occasionally nodulose, with up to six
loci crowded at the apex; conidia smooth or almost so to finely verruculose;
on
<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>...........................................................................................................................
<italic><bold>C. myrtacearum</bold></italic>10. Conidiophores macro- and micronematous,
slightly narrower, 2–4(–4.5) μm wide, walls slightly thickened,
up to 0.5 μm; conidiogenous cells non-nodulose, occasionally geniculate,
usually with a single apical scar, sometimes with 2–3 conidiogenous loci
at the apex; conidia smooth to minutely verruculose or often irregularly
rough-walled; on
<italic>Cortaderia</italic>.............................................. <italic><bold>C.
colombiae</bold></italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>11(7). Macronematous conidiophores 2.5–5(–6) μm wide;
secondary ramoconidia 5–17 (–24) × (2–)3–4.5
μm........... <italic><bold>C. phyllactiniicola</bold></italic>11. Macronematous
conidiophores narrower, (1.5–)2–4(–5) μm; secondary
ramoconidia longer and narrower, 10–30(–34) ×
2–3.5(–4)
μm.....................................................................
12</p></list-item><list-item><p>12. Conidiophores (1.5–)2–3.5(–4) μm wide, subhyaline,
pale olivaceous to pale olivaceous-brown; secondary ramoconidia narrow,
2–3(–3.5) μm wide; conidiogenous loci and hila narrow,
(0.8–)1–1.5(–1.8) μm
diam.............................................. <italic><bold>C.
perangustum</bold></italic>12. Conidiophores somewhat wider,
(2–)3–4(–5) μm, and darker, pale to medium
olivaceous-brown; secondary ramoconidia somewhat wider,
2.5–3.5(–4) μm; conidiogenous loci and hila, 0.5–2 μm
diam................................................................................................
13</p></list-item><list-item><p>13. Ramoconidia 17–41 μm long with a broadly truncate base,
2.5–3 μm wide; small terminal conidia 3.5–5(–5.5) ×
2–3 μm, intercalary conidia (4–)5–8(–9) μm long;
conidiogenous loci and hila 0.5–2 μm
diam.............................................................................
<italic><bold>C. exile</bold></italic>13. Ramoconidia up to 34 μm, base 2–2.5
μm wide; small terminal conidia 3.5–4.5(–5) ×
2–2.2(–2.5) μm, intercalary conidia longer, 5–13 μm;
conidiogenous loci and hila slightly narrower, 0.5–1.8 μm
diam..................................................................
<italic><bold>C. scabrellum</bold></italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>14(1). Macronematous conidiophores nodulose or nodose with swellings
usually being quite apart from each other; conidiogenous loci usually
restricted to swellings............................ 15
14. Macronematous
conidiophores non-nodulose or only occasionally subnodulose due to geniculate
proliferation; conidiogenous loci not confined to
swellings.......................................... 17</p></list-item><list-item><p>15. Conidia solitary or in short unbranched or branched chains,
5–8(–9) μm wide; phytopathogenic, causing leaf spots on
<italic>Colocasia</italic>........................................................
<italic><bold>C. colocasiae</bold></italic>15. Conidia always catenate, usually in
densely branched chains, (1.5–)2–4(–5) μm wide; saprobes
occurring on numerous
substrates............................................................................
16</p></list-item><list-item><p>16. Conidiophores up to 720 μm or even longer, always nodulose to nodose
with conidiogenous loci restricted to swellings (on SNA and <italic>in vivo</italic>;
on PDA and OA conidiophores without
swellings..............................................................................................
<italic><bold>C. oxysporum</bold></italic>16. Conidiophores up to 310(–460) μm
long, often subnodulose or nodulose with a head-like swollen apex and
sometimes few additional nodes on a lower level, but most conidiophores
neither geniculate nor nodulose, loci often situated on swellings but not
restricted to them, in intercalary conidiogenous cells loci often sitting at
about the same level round about the stalk, but not connected with swellings
as in <italic>C. oxysporum</italic>; on PDA and OA conidiophores darker, often with
swellings....................................... <italic><bold>C.
tenuissimum</bold></italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>17(14). Conidiophores 4–7(–8) μm wide at the base,
attenuated towards the apex, 3–4 μm wide, medium to dark brown, often
with a foot-like swollen base................................ <italic><bold>C.
basiinflatum</bold></italic>17. Conidiophores different, narrower or not
distinctly attenuated towards the apex, paler, not dark brown, without a
foot-like swollen
base................................................................... 18</p></list-item><list-item><p>18. Conidiophores up to 100 μm long, rarely longer and secondary
ramoconidia up to 20 μm long, occasionally longer.....................
19
18. Conidiophores up to 330 μm, and secondary ramoconidia up to 30
μm
long..................................................................................
26</p></list-item><list-item><p>19. Conidia in long unbranched or loosely, mostly dichotomously branched
chains...............................................................................
20
19. Conidia usually in densely branched chains both at the base of the
chain and
intercalary...............................................................
23</p></list-item><list-item><p>20. Conidiophores (3–)3.5–4.5 μm wide; conidia
0–3-septate; forming subglobose or globose, dense pseudoparenchymatous
conglomerations of swollen hyphal
cells...........................................................................................................................
<italic><bold>C. hillianum</bold></italic>20. Conidiophores 2.5–3.5(–4)
μm; conidia 0–1(–2)-septate; without pseudoparenchymatous
conglomerations................................. 21</p></list-item><list-item><p>21. Conidial chains flabellate, characteristically spread in a fan-like
manner, secondary ramoconidia 11–27 μm long,
0(–1)-septate......................................................
<italic><bold>C. flabelliforme</bold></italic>21. Conidial chains not flabellate,
secondary ramoconidia 7–19(–23) μm,
0–1(–2)-septate..................................................................
22</p></list-item><list-item><p>22. Conidial chains very long, with up to 18 conidia; small terminal
conidia 5–9 × 2–2.5 μm; cladosporioid scar structure with
dome and rim not clearly visible using light
microscopy....................................................................................................
<italic><bold>C. chalastosporoides</bold></italic>22. Conidial chains shorter, with up
to 8(–14) conidia; small terminal conidia shorter and narrower,
2.5–5 × 1.5–2 μm; dome and rim clearly
visible............................... <italic><bold>C. funiculosum</bold></italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>23(19). Conidiophores with monopodial rejuvenations having a single
terminal rather inconspicuous annellation; conidia 1–3(–3.5) μm
wide; conidiogenous loci and hila 0.5–1.5(–1.8) μm
diam.....................................................................................................
<italic><bold>C. gamsianum</bold></italic>23. Conidiophores without monopodial
rejuvenations; conidia 3–5(–6) μm; conidiogenous loci and hila
0.5–2 μm diam..................... 24</p></list-item><list-item><p>24. Conidiophores mostly 1–3-septate; small terminal and intercalary
conidia 2–3 μm wide, secondary ramoconidia 3–4 μm wide;
conidiogenous loci and hila 0.8–1.8(–2) μm diam; on
<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>.............................................................................
<italic><bold>C. myrtacearum</bold></italic>24. Conidiophores pluriseptate; small
terminal and intercalary conidia 2–4(–4.5) μm, secondary
ramoconidia (2.5–)3–5(–6) μm; conidiogenous loci and hila
slightly wider; fungicolous or
lichenicolous............................................................................................
25</p></list-item><list-item><p>25. Mycelium minutely verruculose to irregularly rough-walled;
conidiophores 2.5–5(–6) μm wide; conidia smooth or almost so to
finely asperulate; fungicolous, occurring on chasmothecia of
<italic>Phyllactinia</italic>.......................................................................
<italic><bold>C. phyllactiniicola</bold></italic>25. Mycelium dimorphic, fertile hyphae
irregularly rough-walled, sterile hyphae smooth; conidiophores narrower,
3–4 μm wide; conidia smooth; on lichens.....................
<italic><bold>C. licheniphilum</bold></italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>26(18). Conidia 1.5–3(–3.5) μm
wide............................ 27
26. Conidia up to 5(–7) μm,
mostly 3–4 μm........... 29</p></list-item><list-item><p>27. Conidiophores (8–)12–130(–150) μm long; conidia
smooth or almost so to finely verruculose...............................
<italic><bold>C. perangustum</bold></italic>27. Conidiophores longer, up to 330 μm
long; conidia smooth or almost
so...........................................................................................
28</p></list-item><list-item><p>28. Conidiophores subulate, formed like an awl with a swollen base and
distinctly attenuated towards the apex, 2–3 μm wide at the apex;
small terminal conidia 2.5–4.5(–5.5) × 2–2.5
μm........................................................................................................
<italic><bold>C. subuliforme</bold></italic>28. Conidiophores not subulate, somewhat
wider and not distinctly attenuated towards the apex, (1.5–)2–4
μm wide; small terminal conidia 3–6.5 × 1.5–2 μm......
<italic><bold>C. angustisporum</bold></italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>29(26). Conidia 0–3-septate..........................................
30
29. Conidia 0–1-septate, rarely with an additional
septum......................................................................................................................
34</p></list-item><list-item><p>30. Conidiophores (2–)3–4(–5) μm wide; conidia smooth
to sometimes asperulate or minutely
verruculose........................................ 31
30. Conidiophores
(2.5–)3–6(–6.5) μm; conidia smooth or almost
so....................................................................................................
32</p></list-item><list-item><p>31. Conidia 3–5 μm wide, 0–3-septate, septa often darkened;
mycelium dimorphic.......................................... <italic><bold>C.
paracladosporioides</bold></italic>31. Conidia 2–3.5(–4) μm wide,
0–1(–3)-septate, septa not darkened; mycelium not
dimorphic.................................................. <italic><bold>C.
exile</bold></italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>32(30). Ramoconidia 24–43 × 3–3.5 μm; conidia in long
loosely branched chains, often dichotomously branched, up to 10(–14)
conidia in the terminal unbranched part of the chain, small terminal conidia
4–8(–10) μm long; phytopathogenic on
<italic>Cucurbitaceae</italic>...................................................
<italic><bold>C. cucumerinum</bold></italic>32. Ramoconidia longer and wider; conidia in
branched chains, branching in all directions, up to five conidia in the
terminal unbranched part of the chain, small terminal conidia
(2–)3.5–5 μm
long.............................................................................................................
33</p></list-item><list-item><p>33. Intercalary conidia (2–)2.5–3(–4) μm wide,
secondary ramoconidia (2.5–)3–4(–5) μm wide;
conidiogenous loci and hila 0.5–2(–2.5) μm diam; attaining
50–70 mm diam after 14 d on PDA, MEA and OA; occurring on ascomycetes
and fruiting bodies of different basidiomycetous fungi.............. <italic><bold>C.
lycoperdinum</bold></italic>33. Intercalary conidia
(2.5–)3–4(–4.5) μm, secondary ramoconidia
(2.5–)3–6 μm; conidiogenous loci and hila 0.8–3 μm
diam; slower growing on all media, attaining 17–32 mm diam after 14 d;
saprobic and possibly endophytic..........................................
<italic><bold>C. varians</bold></italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>34(29). Small terminal conidia (2.5–)3–4 μm wide, usually
globose or subglobose, secondary ramoconidia (3–)4–5(–6)
μm wide..................................................... <italic><bold>C.
globisporum</bold></italic>34. Small terminal conidia narrower, up to 3 μm
wide, subglobose, obovoid, ovoid or limoniform, but not globose, secondary
ramoconidia usually narrower................................................
35</p></list-item><list-item><p>35. Macronematous conidiophores 4–5(–6) μm wide, erect or
decumbent; fungicolous, occurring on species of
<italic>Taphrina</italic>.....................................................
<italic><bold>C. phyllophilum</bold></italic>35. Macronematous conidiophores narrower,
usually 2.5–4 μm wide, usually erect, not decumbent; on different
substrates (<italic>cladosporioides s. lat.</italic>complex)................................................... 36</p></list-item><list-item><p>36. Conidia inversely coloured with small terminal and intercalary conidia
being slightly darker than secondary ramoconidia, ramoconidia and
conidiophores; small terminal conidia (3–)5–8.5 μm
long.....................................................................................
<italic><bold>C. inversicolor</bold></italic>36. Conidia not inversely coloured, small
terminal and intercalary conidia paler or concolorous with secondary
ramoconidia, ramoconidia and conidiophores; small terminal conidia
(2–)3–5(–6)
μm..............................................................................................................
37</p></list-item><list-item><p>37. Conidiophores usually with a head-like swollen apex and sometimes a few
additional swellings on a lower level and/or conidiophores slightly to often
distinctly sympodially proliferating, growth or branching proceeding in an
angle of 45° to almost 90°; in intercalary conidiogenous cells loci
sitting at about the same level round about the stalk, garland-like
(<italic>tenuissimum s. lat</italic>.)............................ 38
37.
Conidiophores different, without apical or intercalary swellings, at most
subnodulose, growth not proceeding in an angle of 45° to almost
90°......................................................... 39</p></list-item><list-item><p>38. Conidiophores usually with a head-like swollen apex, uni- or
multilateral, and sometimes with few additional nodules on a lower level;
ramoconidia 22–41 μm long; conidia smooth, occasionally irregularly
rough-walled................................................. <italic><bold>C.
tenuissimum</bold></italic>38. Conidiophores without head-like swollen apex;
ramoconidia 16–56 μm; the outer walls of small terminal conidia and
intercalary conidia often seem to detach, irregular, somewhat
refractive...........................................................................................
<italic><bold>C. rectoides</bold></italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>39(37). Ramoconidia 3–5 μm wide; secondary ramoconidia
10–30(–38) μm long (av. approx. 19–21), small terminal
conidia in long unbranched chains, up to 10 conidia in the terminal part of
the
chain...............................................................................................
40
39. Ramoconidia up to 4 μm wide; secondary ramoconidia shorter,
7–25 μm long (av. approx. 15–16), occasionally few conidia
longer, terminal conidial chains shorter, up to six, mainly up to four conidia
in the terminal unbranched part of the chain........................... 41</p></list-item><list-item><p>40. Secondary ramoconidia 0–1(–2)-septate, intercalary conidia
subrostrate or rostrate.......................................................
<italic><bold>C. iranicum</bold></italic>40. Secondary ramoconidia usually aseptate,
occasionally 1-septate, intercalary conidia not
rostrate.....................................................................................................
<italic><bold>C. cladosporioides</bold></italic> (including morphologically
indistinguishable but phylogenetically distinct lineages)</p></list-item><list-item><p>41(39). Conidiogenous loci and hila 0.5–1.5(–1.8)
μm.........................................................................................
<italic><bold>C. pseudocladosporioides</bold></italic>41. Conidiogenous loci and hila
somewhat wider, 0.5–2
μm..................................................................................................................
42</p></list-item><list-item><p>42. Conidia almost smooth to often asperulate, loosely verruculose or
irregularly rough-walled, especially in small terminal and intercalary
conidia...............................................................
43
42. Conidia smooth or almost so............................. 44</p></list-item><list-item><p>43. Intercalary conidia and secondary ramoconidia with numerous distal hila
crowded at the apex, in intercalary conidia with 2–4(–6) hila, in
secondary ramoconidia with up to 6(–9) hila at the apex, small terminal
conidia 2–4 μm long (av. 3.5), intercalary conidia 5–12 μm
long (av. 7.9), aseptate.................. <italic><bold>C.
xylophilum</bold></italic>43. Intercalary conidia and secondary ramoconidia with
only few distal hila, in intercalary conidia with 1–2(–3) hila, in
secondary conidia with up to three hila, small terminal conidia
3.5–5(–5.5) μm (av. 4.4), intercalary conidia
(4–)5–8(–9) μm long (av. 6.3),
0–1-septate...................................................................
<italic><bold>C. exile</bold></italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>44(42). Mycelium often forming dense ropes, hyphae 1–5 μm wide;
conidiophores macronematous, often very long, up to 285 μm; due to the
special cell structure conidiophores and conidia often with
disto-septa......................................................................
<italic><bold>C. australiense</bold></italic>44. Mycelium not forming ropes, hyphae
(0.5–)1–3(–4) μm; conidiophores macronematous
50–165 μm long, micronematous 19–75(–100) μm long;
conidiophores and conidia without
disto-septa..............................................................................................
<italic><bold>C. delicatulum</bold></italic></p></list-item></list></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig1"><label>Fig. 1.</label><caption><p>(Parts a–c) Consensus phylogram of 26 002 trees resulting from a
Bayesian analysis of 253 sequences in a combined ITS, ACT and TEF alignment.
Bayesian posterior probabilities are colour-coded as indicated in the legend.
Conidiophores are illustrated for all species treated in this study except for
<italic>C. uredinicola</italic> and <italic>C. vignae</italic> which did not sporulate. The
tree was rooted to sequences of <italic>Cercospora beticola</italic> strain CPC 11557
(GenBank accession numbers AY840527, AY840458, AY840494, respectively for ITS,
ACT and TEF).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig1A"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="1fig1B"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="1fig1C"></graphic></fig></p></sec></sec><sec><title>Description of <italic>Cladosporium</italic> species</title><p>The status of numerous isolates identified as <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic>or <italic>C. tenuissimum</italic> as well as indeterminate strains included in this
study have been subjected to polyphasic analyses, which revealed several novel
species. Together with previously described species these new taxa are treated
in alphabetical order below.</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium acalyphae</bold></italic> Bensch, H.-D. Shin, Crous & U.
Braun, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517070&link_type=mb">MB517070</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">2</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">3</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">4</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named after <italic>Acalypha</italic>, the host on which it
occurs.</p><p><italic>Cladosporii pini-ponderosae</italic> et item <italic>Cladosporii
verrucocladosporioidis</italic> simile, sed conidiophoris longioribus, ad 430
μm longis, conidiis minutis terminalibus longioribus et latioribus, saepe
globosis, 4.5–9 × 4.5–6 μm.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> internal and superficial; hyphae unbranched or loosely
branched, filiform to cylindrical-oblong, 1–4 μm wide, later up to 7
μm wide, especially towards the base of conidiophores, pluriseptate, not
constricted or in wider hyphae slightly constricted at septa, sometimes septa
in short succession, smooth or minutely verruculose, walls unthickened or
slightly thick-walled. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> solitary, macronematous, arising
terminally and laterally from ascending or plagiotropous hyphae, erect,
straight to somewhat flexuous, very long, narrowly cylindrical-oblong,
150–430 × (2.5–)3–4(–5) μm, unbranched or
once branched, branches often rather long, appearing like a conidiophore on
its own, non-nodulose, sometimes once geniculate, often slightly attenuated
towards the apex, pluriseptate, cells rather long, not constricted at septa,
medium olivaceous-brown, smooth, walls slightly thick-walled.
<italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, terminal and sometimes intercalary,
narrowly cylindrical-oblong, non-nodulose, occasionally once
geniculate-sinuous, 23–80 μm long, with 1–4 loci at the apex,
occasionally few additional loci at a lower level, but mostly above the
septum, loci conspicuous, subdenticulate to denticulate, 1.5–2 μm
diam, somewhat thickened and darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic>cylindrical-oblong, 21–44(–65) × 3.5–4(–4.5)
μm, 0(–1)-septate, base truncate, 2–2.5 μm wide, somewhat
refractive. <italic>Conidia</italic> catenate, in branched chains, branching in all
directions or dichotomously, 1–4 conidia in the terminal unbranched part
of the chain, small terminal conidia globose, subglobose to obovoid, broad,
4.5–9 × 4.5–6 μm (av. ± SD: 6.9 ± 1.3
× 5.0 ± 0.5), aseptate, apex broadly rounded, base attenuated,
hilum often on a short stalk-like prolongation, intercalary conidia ovoid,
ellipsoid to subcylindrical, often with rostrate ends,
(6–)8–17(–21) × 3.5–5(–6) μm (av.
± SD: 11.3 ± 3.3 × 4.4 ± 0.7), aseptate, attenuated
towards apex and base, small terminal and intercalary conidia smooth to
loosely verruculose, irregularly verruculose-rugose or rough-walled (LM),
surface with irregularly reticulate structure or embossed stripes under SEM
probably caused by diminishing turgor and shriveling of young conidia,
thin-walled, with 1–3(–4) hila at the apex, secondary ramoconidia
ellipsoid to subcylindrical or cylindrical, 12–25(–29) ×
3–5 μm (av. ± SD: 18.4 ± 4.5 × 3.9 ± 0.6),
aseptate, rarely 1-septate, pale to medium olivaceous-brown, smooth or finely
verruculose, walls slightly thickened, hila conspicuous, often situated on
small peg-like prolongations, subdenticulate to denticulate, 0.8–2 μm
diam, somewhat thickened and darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis
occurring.</p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 60–72 mm
diam after 14 d, olivaceous-grey to grey-olivaceous, reverse leaden-grey to
iron-grey, powdery to floccose, margins colourless to grey-olivaceous, narrow,
feathery, regular, aerial mycelium loose, diffuse to floccose or fluffy,
mainly in colony centre, olivaceous-grey, growth effuse, without prominent
exudates, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MEA reaching 56–64 mm diam
after 14 d, grey-olivaceous to pale olivaceous-grey and iron-grey towards
margins, somewhat zonate, reverse iron-grey, powdery to floccose, margins
colourless to white, feathery, regular, aerial mycelium diffuse to floccose,
pale olivaceous-grey, mainly in colony centre, growth effuse, radially
furrowed in the centre, without prominent exudates, sporulation profuse.
Colonies on OA attaining 59–67 mm diam after 14 d, dark smoke-grey to
brownish, iron-grey towards margins, reverse leaden-grey to iron-grey, powdery
to floccose, margins grey-olivaceous, glabrous, regular, aerial mycelium
diffuse to floccose, white to pale olivaceous-grey, growth effuse with
numerous not very prominent exudates, sporulation profuse.</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>South Korea</bold>, Hoengseong,
N37°32'09” E128°07'07”, isol. from <italic>Acalypha
australis</italic> (<italic>Euphorbiaceae</italic>), 11 Oct. 2004, coll. H.-D. Shin, isol.
P.W. Crous, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20422&link_type=cbs">CBS
H-20422</ext-link>, <bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125982&link_type=cbs">CBS 125982</ext-link> = CPC
11625.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: On <italic>Acalypha australis</italic>; South
Korea.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The morphology of <italic>C. acalyphae</italic> is unique and not
comparable with any of the existing species. Surface ornamentation of its
conidia is reminiscent of <italic>Cladosporium pini-ponderosae</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref123">Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>2009</xref>) and <italic>C. verrucocladosporioides</italic> (see below) but the
small terminal conidia in the latter two species are narrower and the
conidiophores are quite different. The biology of this species remains
unclear, i.e., it is unknown whether it is saprobic or plant pathogenic. The
species clustered as a sister between <italic>C. delicatulum</italic> and <italic>C.
inversicolor</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part
a</xref>) and formed a distinct lineage for both TEF and ACT (distance
analyses in TreeBASE).</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium angustisporum</bold></italic> Bensch, Summerell, Crous &
U. Braun, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517071&link_type=mb">MB517071</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">5</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">6</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Refers to the narrow conidia.</p><p><italic>Cladosporii cladosporioidis</italic> simile, sed conidiis angustioribus,
1.5–3 μm latis, conidiophoris dimorphis, longioribus et brevioribus
et tamen hyphis in funiculis expansis internoscitur.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed and superficial; hyphae branched, 1–3
μm wide, septate, mostly not constricted at septa, subhyaline to
olivaceous-brown, smooth to verruculose or irregularly rough-walled, walls
unthickened, sometimes irregular in outline due to swellings and
constrictions, forming expanded hyphal ropes. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> solitary,
macro- and micronematous, erect or ascending, arising terminally from
ascending or laterally from plagiotropous hyphae, straight or flexuous,
filiform to cylindrical-oblong, non-nodulose, usually not geniculate, two
types of conidiophores, short and long ones, 22–280 ×
(1.5–)2–4 μm, pluriseptate, not constricted at septa, but
sometimes irregular in outline due to wider or narrower parts within the
stalk, pale to medium olivaceous-brown or pale olivaceous, smooth or
verruculose at the base, walls unthickened or slightly thickened.
<italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, mainly terminal, sometimes also
intercalary, neither nodulose nor geniculate, narrowly cylindrical-oblong,
10–27 μm long, with several loci crowded at the apex, in intercalary
conidiogenous cells loci mainly situated on small lateral denticles just below
a septum, subdenticulate, conspicuous, 1–1.5(–2) μm diam,
thickened and darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> cylindrical,
18–42(–55) μm long, 0–1-septate, concolouress with tips
of conidiophores, base broadly truncate, 2.5–3 μm wide, unthickened
but sometimes slightly refractive. <italic>Conidia</italic> catenate, in branched
chains, with 1–5 conidia in the terminal unbranched part of the chain,
branching in all directions, small terminal conidia obovoid to narrowly
ellipsoid, 3–6.5 × 1.5–2 μm (av. ± SD: 4.9
± 1.0 × 1.8 ± 0.3), aseptate, intercalary conidia narrowly
ellipsoid, fusiform, (4–)5.5–11.5(–13) ×
(1.5–)2–2.5(–3) μm (av. ± SD: 8.1 ± 2.4
× 2.4 ± 0.4), 0(–1)-septate, with 1–3 distal hila,
secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid to subcylindrical or cylindrical,
(6–)7.5–26 × 2–3 μm (av. ± SD: 14.9 ±
6.1 × 2.7 ± 0.4), 0–1-septate, not constricted at the
median septum, pale olivaceous or pale olivaceous-brown, smooth, walls
unthickened, somewhat attenuated towards apex and base, with
2–4(–5) distal hila, hila conspicuous, subdenticulate, 0.5–2
μm diam, thickened and darkened-refractive.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig2"><label>Fig. 2.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium acalyphae</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125982&link_type=cbs">CBS 125982</ext-link>).
Macronematous conidiophores, mycelium, ramoconidia and conidial chains. Scale
bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig2"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig3"><label>Fig. 3.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium acalyphae</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125982&link_type=cbs">CBS 125982</ext-link>).
A–G. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig3"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 57–76 mm
diam after 1 mo, pale olivaceous-grey to smoke-grey, mouse-grey due to
abundant sporulation, glaucous-grey towards margins, reverse greenish-black,
fluffy, margin whitish, feathery, broad, aerial mycelium abundant, woolly to
fluffy, covering almost the whole colony surface, without prominent exudates,
sporulating. Colonies on MEA reaching 45–60 mm diam after 1 mo,
smoke-grey, whitish to pale olivaceous-grey due to abundant aerial mycelium,
reverse iron-grey to pale greenish-grey, velvety to woolly-fluffy, margin
colourless to whitish, feathery, regular, aerial mycelium abundant, dense,
fluffy, without prominent exudates, sporulation profuse.</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, North Queensland, Daintree
N.P., isol. from <italic>Alloxylon</italic> <italic>wickhamii</italic> (<italic>Proteaceae</italic>),
coll. B.A. Summerell, isol. P.W. Crous,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20423&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20423</ext-link>,
<bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125983&link_type=cbs">CBS 125983</ext-link> = CPC
12437.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Cladosporium angustisporum</italic> is morphologically very
close to <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> but its conidia are distinctly narrower,
1.5–3 μm wide, the mycelium usually forms expanded hyphal ropes and
the conidiophores are dimorphic, i.e. they occur in two types, short and long
ones.</p><p>Phylogenetically it is closely allied to <italic>Cladosporium vignae</italic> and
the new species <italic>C. subuliforme</italic> (see below), but distinct for both TEF
and ACT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part c</xref>;
distance analyses in TreeBASE). However, the host-specific <italic>C. vignae</italic>,
causal organism of scab, leaf and pod blight of cowpea and leaf blight of
<italic>Lezpedeza bicolor</italic>, differs in having wider,
0–2(–3)-septate conidia
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref93">Morgan-Jones & McKemy
1992</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">Ho <italic>et al.</italic>1999</xref>) and <italic>C. subuliforme</italic> described on <italic>Chamaedorea
metallica</italic> from Thailand possesses longer, subulate, slightly to
distinctly attenuated conidiophores.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig4"><label>Fig. 4.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium acalyphae</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125982&link_type=cbs">CBS 125982</ext-link>). A.
Secondary ramoconidia and conidia on a conidiophore. Note the smooth surface
of the conidiophores. B–C. Secondary ramoconidia on smooth conidiophores
and patterns of scars. D. Details of scars on a secondary ramoconidium. E.
Secondary ramoconidia and scar. F. Conidia as seen with cryoSEM showing a
reticulate surface ornamentation. G. SEM micrograph of “meristematic
development” on the agar surface and two conidiophores formed. Scale
bars = 2 (D, E), 5 (B, C, F), 10 (A, G) μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig4"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig5"><label>Fig. 5.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium angustisporum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125983&link_type=cbs">CBS 125983</ext-link>).
Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, mycelium often forming ropes,
ramoconidia and conidial chains. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig5"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig6"><label>Fig. 6.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium angustisporum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125983&link_type=cbs">CBS 125983</ext-link>).
A–H. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig6"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium asperulatum</bold></italic> Bensch, Crous & U. Braun,
<bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517072&link_type=mb">MB517072</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig7">7</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig8">8</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig9">9</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Refers to the asperulate surface ornamentation of its
conidia, conidiophores and mycelium.</p><p><italic>Cladosporio subtilissimo</italic> simile, sed conidiophoris longioribus, ad
210(–360) μm longis, pluriseptatis et item conidiis leniter
angustioribus, 2–4(–5) μm latis distinguitur. Differt a
<italic>Cladosporio cladosporioide</italic> conidiophoris et conidiis saepe
asperulatis et a <italic>Cladosporio perangusto</italic> conidiophoris longioribus et
leniter latioribus et conidiis latioribus.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed, sparingly superficial; hyphae unbranched or
very sparingly branched, 2–4.5 μm wide, septate, not constricted at
septa, subhyaline to pale or medium olivaceous-brown, smooth to minutely
verruculose or irregularly verrucose, walls unthickened or almost so,
sometimes forming ropes. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> macro- and micronematous,
solitary, arising terminally or laterally from plagiotropous or ascending and
erect hyphae, erect, straight to slightly flexuous, cylindrical-oblong,
sometimes slightly geniculate towards the apex, non-nodulose,
(15–)45–210(–360) × (2–)3–4(–5)
μm, sometimes up to 5 μm wide at the base, unbranched, occasionally
branched, branches below the apex or at a lower level, usually below a septum,
sometimes up to 105 μm long, pluriseptate with 0–12 septa, not
constricted, pale to medium olivaceous-brown, paler towards the apex and
sometimes attenuated, smooth to asperulate or minutely verruculose, walls
slightly thickened; micronematous conidiophores filiform or narrowly
cylindrical-oblong, about 2 μm wide, paler and narrower, subhyaline or pale
olivaceous-brown, mostly with a single apical scar. <italic>Conidiogenous
cells</italic> integrated, mainly terminal, cylindrical-oblong, sometimes slightly
geniculate-sinuous towards the apex, 22–38 μm long, smooth or almost
so, with 2–4 apical loci, protuberant, subdenticulate, sometimes
situated on peg-like prolongations, 1–2 μm diam, thickened and
darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> cylindrical-oblong, 15–50
× 3–4 μm, 0(–1)-septate, concolouress with tips of
conidiophores, smooth or almost so, base broadly truncate,
(2.2–)2.5–3(–3.2) μm wide, unthickened. <italic>Conidia</italic>catenate, in branched chains, up to 8(–10) conidia in the terminal
unbranched part of the chain, small terminal conidia obovoid,
4.5–7(–8) × 2–3(–3.5) μm (av. ± SD:
5.6 ± 1.0 × 2.6 ± 0.5), intercalary conidia ovoid,
fusiform to ellipsoid, 5–11(–13) × 2.5–3(–4)
μm (av. ± SD: 8.0 ± 2.1 × 2.8 ± 0.4), aseptate,
secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid, fusiform, subcylindrical,
(7.5–)9–26(–37) × (2.5–)3–4(–5)
μm (av. ± SD: 18.3 ± 6.6 × 3.4 ± 0.6),
0(–1)-septate, very rarely with a second septum, not constricted at
septa, subhyaline to pale olivaceous-brown, smooth to minutely verruculose or
irregularly rough-walled (LM), under SEM loosely verruculose or surface with
irregularly reticulate structure or embossed stripes probably caused by
diminishing turgor and shriveling of tender conidia, walls slightly thickened,
attenuated towards apex and base, hila protuberant, subdenticulate,
0.8–2 μm diam, thickened and darkened-refractive; microcyclic
conidiogenesis not observed.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig7"><label>Fig. 7.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium asperulatum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126340&link_type=cbs">CBS 126340</ext-link>).
Macronematous conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidial chains. Scale bar = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig7"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig8"><label>Fig. 8.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium asperulatum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126340&link_type=cbs">CBS 126340</ext-link>).
A–D. Conidiophores and conidia. E–G. Secondary ramoconidia and
conidia formed in branched chains. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig8"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 48–53 mm
diam after 14 d, olivaceous-grey, iron-grey or grey-olivaceous at margins,
sometimes zonate, reverse leaden-grey, greyish blue to iron-grey, powdery to
fluffy or hairy, margin white, narrow, glabrous, aerial mycelium abundantly
formed, dense, fluffy and high in colony centre, growth flat to low convex
with somewhat elevated colony centre, without prominent exudates, sporulation
profuse. Colonies on MEA reaching 45–64 mm diam after 14 d,
olivaceous-grey to pale greenish grey, reverse olivaceous-grey to iron-grey,
powdery to fluffy, margin white to smoke-grey, narrow, regular, glabrous to
feathery, sometimes radially furrowed, aerial mycelium abundant, several
prominent exudates formed appearing blackish, sporulation profuse.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>India</bold>, isol. from <italic>Eucalyptus</italic>leaf litter (<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>), 1 Mar. 2004, coll. W. Gams, isol. P.W.
Crous, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126339&link_type=cbs">CBS 126339</ext-link> =
CPC 11158. <bold>Portugal</bold>, isol. from <italic>Protea susannae</italic>(<italic>Proteaceae</italic>), 1 May 2007, P.W. Crous,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20424&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20424</ext-link>,
<bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126340&link_type=cbs">CBS 126340</ext-link> = CPC
14040. <italic>Cf. asperulatum</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, isol. from grape bud, F.M.
Dugan, 208 db sci 1 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113744&link_type=cbs">CBS
113744</ext-link>.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: On plant material; India, Portugal,
U.S.A.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Cladosporium asperulatum</italic> is morphologically
comparable with <italic>C. subtilissimum</italic> but the latter species differs in
having 0–4-septate, somewhat shorter conidiophores and somewhat wider
conidia [4–32(–37) × 3–5(–6) μm]
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>2007b</xref>). <italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic> is easily
distinguishable based on its smooth conidia and somewhat wider conidiophores,
and <italic>C. perangustum</italic> introduced below as a new species possesses
shorter and somewhat narrower conidiophores, narrower conidia,
(1.5–)2–3(–3.5) μm, and narrower conidiogenous loci and
hila, 0.8–1.5(–1.8) μm. The species clustered as a sister to
<italic>C. myrtacearum</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part
a</xref>) and formed a distinct lineage for both TEF and ACT (distance
analyses in TreeBASE).</p><p>The isolate from North America
(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113744&link_type=cbs">CBS 113744</ext-link>)
differs slightly from the other two isolates in lacking mycelial ropes, and
having shorter conidiophores with few, often somewhat darkened septa, slightly
narrower conidiogenous loci and hila, somewhat shorter globose, subglobose or
obovoid small terminal conidia (2.5–5 × 2–3 μm) and
somewhat wider intercalary conidia (3–4 μm). Although morphologically
and phylogenetically (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figs 1, part
a</xref>) slightly different, this isolate is tentatively maintained in
the new species. Additional isolates are needed to clarify whether these
differences are due to intra- or interspecific variation.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig9"><label>Fig. 9.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium asperulatum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126340&link_type=cbs">CBS 126340</ext-link>).
A–B. Conidiophores and very young conidia (A). C–D. Conidia and
details of scars on a secondary ramoconidium. E. Conidia with sparse
ornamentation. Note the round conidium-initial. F. Whorl of secondary
ramoconidia formed at the tip of a conidiophore. G. Details of ornamentation
showing loosely irregularly reticulate structures. H. Secondary ramoconidia.
I. Overview of a conidiophore with scars on the tip of the conidiophore. J.
Swollen cells at agar surface giving rise to conidiophores. Note the scar on
the root structure. Scale bars = 1 (D), 2 (G), 5 (A, C, E–F, H–J),
10 (B) μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig9"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium australiense</bold></italic> Bensch, Summerell, Crous & U.
Braun, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517073&link_type=mb">MB517073</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig10">10</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig11">11</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Name refers to the country of origin, Australia.</p><p><italic>Cladosporio cladosporioide</italic> simile, sed conidiophoris et conidiis
saepe pseudoseptatis, hyphis in funiculis densis, utique ramoconidiis
secundaris 0–1-septatis discernitur.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed and superficial, abundant, hyphae loosely to
densely branched, sometimes anastomosing, filiform to cylindrical-oblong or
thicker hyphae irregular in outline due to intercalary swellings and
constrictions, 1–5 μm wide, septate, often slightly constricted,
subhyaline to pale or medium olivaceous-brown, smooth to verruculose or
loosely rough-walled, rugose, walls unthickened or slightly thickened in wider
hyphae, rhizoid-like, sometimes cells swollen, up to 7 μm wide, often
forming dense ropes with hyphae entwined. <italic>Conidiophores</italic>macronematous, solitary, arising terminally and laterally from hyphae, erect,
slightly flexuous, cylindrical-oblong, often very long, 48–285 ×
3–4(–5) μm, seta-like, mostly neither geniculate nor nodulose,
occasionally subnodulose and slightly geniculate, unbranched or branched,
branches 3–55 μm long, pluriseptate, not constricted at septa, pale
to medium olivaceous-brown, smooth, walls somewhat thickened, about 0.5 μm
wide, several cells with unusual cell structure having one or few bigger
cavities and protoplasm attached at cell walls or forming distosepta.
<italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, terminal, occasionally intercalary,
cylindrical-oblong, neither geniculate nor nodulose, 6–15(–40)
μm long, with 1–4 loci at the apex or 1–3 loci in intercalary
cells with loci situated mostly all at more or less the same level, like a
garland, conspicuous, subdenticulate, 1–2 μm diam, somewhat thickened
and darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> occasionally formed,
cylindrical-oblong, often hardly distinguishable from secondary ramoconidia.
<italic>Conidia</italic> catenate, in branched chains, branching in all directions, up
to 2–4(–5) conidia in the terminal unbranched part of the chain,
small terminal conidia globose, subglobose to obovoid, 3–6 ×
2–3 μm (av. ± SD: 4.2 ± 0.9 × 2.5 ± 0.4),
aseptate, rounded at the apex, intercalary conidia ovoid, ellipsoid to
subcylindrical, 5–14(–16) × 2.5–3(–4) μm (av.
± SD: 9.1 ± 3.2 × 3.0 ± 0.4), 0–1-septate,
not constricted at septa, with 1–3 distal hila, secondary ramoconidia
ellipsoid, subcylindrical to cylindrical, (7–)11–25(–27)
× 3–4 μm (av. ± SD: 18.5 ± 5.1 × 3.4
± 0.3), 0–1(–2)-septate, septum median or often somewhat in
the upper half, not constricted at septa, often with additional distosepta,
cells with one or few small to large cavities giving the cells a somewhat
thick-walled appearance, pale olivaceous to pale olivaceous-brown, smooth,
walls unthickened to slightly thickened, slightly attenuated towards apex and
base, hila conspicuous, subdenticulate to denticulate, (0.5–)0.8–2
μm diam, thickened and darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis not
observed.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig10"><label>Fig. 10.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium australiense</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125984&link_type=cbs">CBS 125984</ext-link>).
Conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidial chains, mycelium sometimes forming
ropes. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig10"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig11"><label>Fig. 11.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium australiense</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125984&link_type=cbs">CBS 125984</ext-link>).
A–B. Conidiophores and conidial chains. C. Conidiophore with a septate
secondary ramoconidium still attached. D. Conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig11"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 70–75 mm
diam after 14 d, pale olivaceous-grey, grey-olivaceous towards margins,
reverse greyish-blue to iron-grey, floccose to fluffy, margins colourless to
white, regular, somewhat feathery, aerial mycelium abundant, forming loosely
to densely floccose or fluffy mats covering the whole colony, smoke-grey to
pale olivaceous-grey, growth low convex, without prominent exudates,
sporulation sparse. Colonies on MEA reaching up to 80 mm diam after 14 d,
olivaceous-grey to pale olivaceous-grey, glaucous-grey due to sporulation,
reverse iron-grey, velvety to floccose, margins colourless to white, regular,
feathery, aerial mycelium abundant, densely floccose, growth effuse, radially
furrowed, without prominent exudates, sporulating. Colonies on OA attaining
65–69 mm diam after 14 d, pale olivaceous-grey to pale greenish-grey,
towards margins and few areas grey-olivaceous, with smaller dots of
smoke-grey, reverse pale mouse-grey with smaller dots or patches of
leaden-grey or iron-grey, velvety to floccose, margins colourless, regular,
glabrous, aerial mycelium abundant, dense, forming expanded mats, floccose to
fluffy, growth low convex, without prominent exudates, sporulating.</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, New South Wales, Douglas
Park, S 34°10'50” E 150°42'18”, isol. from <italic>Eucalyptus
moluccana</italic> (<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>), 2006, coll. B.A. Summerell, isol. P.W.
Crous, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20425&link_type=cbs">CBS
H-20425</ext-link>, <bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture:
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125984&link_type=cbs">CBS 125984</ext-link> = CPC
13226.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: On <italic>Eucalyptus</italic>; Australia.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Cladosporium australiense</italic> is compared here with
the similar <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> with both species having more or less
the same conidial shape and dimensions. However, the conidiophores and
secondary ramoconidia of the new species possess an unusual cell structure
having one or few bigger cavities and protoplasm attached at cell walls or
forming distosepta, the mycelium usually forms dense ropes and secondary
ramoconidia are 0–1-septate or due to cell structure with additional
distosepta. Phylogenetically, both species are distinct (see
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, parts b & c</xref>). The
species clusters as a sister to <italic>C. xylophilum</italic> and <italic>C.
verrucocladosporioides</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part
b</xref>) and formed a distinct lineage for both TEF and ACT (distance
analyses in TreeBASE).</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium basiinflatum</bold></italic> Bensch, Crous & U. Braun,
<bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517074&link_type=mb">MB517074</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig12">12</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig13">13</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Name refers to the usually inflated base of
conidiophores.</p><p><italic>Cladosporii gentianae</italic> valde simile, sed conidiis sublaevibus,
0(–1)-septatis, pallidioribus distinguitur.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed, rhizoid, aerial mycelium sparsely formed;
hyphae sparingly branched, 4–7 μm wide, septate, not constricted or
often distinctly constricted at septa, medium to dark brown, paler at the
tips, at the base of the conidiophores distinctly swollen and constricted at
septa, 5–11 μm wide, medium to dark brown, smooth to asperulate,
thick-walled, sometimes forming stromatic hyphal aggregations.
<italic>Conidiophores</italic> macronematous, solitary or in groups of two or three,
rarely four, arising from swollen hyphal cells or stromatic hyphal
aggregations, erect, straight to slightly flexuous, often quite rigid,
seta-like, usually non-nodulose, sometimes slightly head-like, unilaterally
swollen at the apex, not geniculate, cylindrical-oblong, distinctly attenuated
towards the apex, unbranched, 35–140 μm long, at the base
4–7(–8) μm wide, at the apex 3–4 μm wide,
1–6-septate, not constricted at septa, medium to dark brown, paler
towards the tip, smooth to minutely verruculose, walls thickened, sometimes
two-layered, especially towards the base, about 1 μm wide, often swollen at
the base, foot-like. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, terminal,
cylindrical-oblong, 11–25 μm long, neither nodulose nor geniculate,
with 2–3(–4) loci at the apex, subdenticulate, protuberant,
1.2–2 μm diam, thickened and darkened-refractive.
<italic>Ramoconidia</italic> absent or only very rarely formed. <italic>Conidia</italic>numerous, catenate, in long unbranched or basely branched chains, up to
9(–11) conidia in the unbranched part, straight, small terminal conidia
and intercalary conidia obovoid, ovoid to narrowly ellipsoid,
4–6(–7) × (2–)2.5–3 μm, intercalary conidia
(6.5–)7–10(–11) × 2.5–3.5(–4) μm (av.
± SD: 8.4 ± 1.3 × 3.0 ± 1.3), aseptate, rounded at
the apex or attenuated towards apex and base, secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid
to subcylindrical or cylindrical, 10–23(–32) ×
3–4.5(–5) μm (av. ± SD: 15.0 ± 4.7 × 4.0
± 0.4), mainly 4 μm wide, 0(–1)-septate, not constricted at
the median septum, pale brown to pale olivaceous-brown, distinctly paler than
conidiophores, smooth or almost so, walls unthickened or almost so, slightly
attenuated towards apex and base, hila protuberant, often broadly truncate at
the base, 1–2(–2.2) μm diam, somewhat thickened and
darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis occasionally occurring.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig12"><label>Fig. 12.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium basiinflatum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=822.84&link_type=cbs">CBS 822.84</ext-link>).
Mycelium, stromatic hyphal aggregations, conidiophores often with foot-like
swollen base and conidial chains. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig12"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA olivaceous-black to
grey-olivaceous due to profuse sporulation and mycelium, reverse iron-grey to
dark leaden-grey, felty-woolly, margin narrow, white, feathery, aerial
mycelium diffuse, loose, fluffy, without prominent exudates, sporulation
profuse, mainly in colony centre. Colonies on MEA greenish olivaceous to
grey-olivaceous, reverse olivaceous-grey to iron-grey, powdery to fluffy or
felty, margin white, feathery, narrow, without prominent exudates, sporulation
profuse. Colonies on OA olivaceous-grey to dull green, with age olivaceous,
reverse iron-grey to sky-grey, woolly-felty, margin dull green, outermost
margin colourless to white, feathery, aerial mycelium abundant, felty-woolly,
loose to dense, without prominent exudates, sporulation profuse.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig13"><label>Fig. 13.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium basiinflatum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=822.84&link_type=cbs">CBS 822.84</ext-link>).
A–D. Young conidiophores arising laterally from hyphae with conidial
chains still attached. E–G. Older conidiophores formed in pairs arising
from distinctly swollen hyphal cells or stromatic hyphal aggregations and
numerous conidia. H. A single ramoconidium and numerous conidia. I. A conidial
chain composed of intercalary and small terminal conidia. Scale bars = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig13"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, on <italic>Hordeum vulgare</italic>(<italic>Poaceae</italic>), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20426&link_type=cbs">CBS
H-20426</ext-link>, <bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=822.84&link_type=cbs">CBS 822.84</ext-link>.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: On <italic>Hordeum</italic>; Germany.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: This new species is characterised by having mainly aseptate
conidia that are distinctly paler than conidiophores and dark brown,
thick-walled conidiophores with usually foot-like swollen basal cells.
<italic>Cladosporium gentianae</italic> is morphologically close to <italic>C.
basiinflatum</italic> but distinguished by having somewhat darker, verruculose or
irregularly rough-walled, 0–1(–3)-septate conidia
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref84">Lobik 1928</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref116">Schubert 2005b</xref>). The species
clusters as a sister to <italic>C. lycoperdinum</italic> and <italic>C. cladosporioides s.
lat</italic>. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part a</xref>) and
formed a distinct lineage for both TEF and ACT (distance analyses in
TreeBASE). It is also somewhat reminiscent of <italic>Metulocladosporiella
musae</italic> (<italic>≡ Cladosporium musae</italic>), which is
<italic>Cladosporium</italic>-like, and similar with regard to possessing inflated
conidiophore bases, but conidiophores have distinctly appressed branches, and
the species is phylogenetically quite distinct from <italic>Cladosporium</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref37">Crous <italic>et al</italic>.
2006a</xref>).</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium chalastosporoides</bold></italic> Bensch, Crous & U.
Braun, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517075&link_type=mb">MB517075</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig14">14</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig15">15</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig16">16</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Name refers to the conidia and the habit of conidial
chains which are reminiscent of the genus <italic>Chalastospora</italic>.</p><p><italic>Cladosporii flabelliformis</italic> simile, sed ramoconidiis secundariis
brevioribus et latioribus, 10–19 × (2–)2.5–4 μm,
catenis longioribus, conidiis usque ad 18 in catenis ramosis et non ramosis
internoscitur.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed and superficial; hyphae unbranched or loosely
branched, 1–3 μm wide, septate, not constricted at septa, pale to
pale medium olivaceous-brown, almost smooth to usually minutely verruculose,
walls unthickened or almost so. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> solitary,
macronematous, arising terminally and laterally from hyphae, erect, straight
to somewhat flexuous, cylindrical-oblong, sometimes with constrictions,
attenuations and swellings which give the conidiophores an irregular
appearance, often slightly to distinctly geniculate-sinuous, usually once,
unbranched or once branched, below the apex or at a lower level, 30–80
× (2–)2.5–3.5(–4) μm, 1–4-septate, not
constricted at septa, medium olivaceous-brown, smooth, walls unthickened or
only very slightly thickened, occasionally slightly attenuated towards the
apex. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, mainly terminal but also
intercalary, cylindrical, often geniculate-sinuous, 6–20 μm long,
1–2(–4) loci at or towards the apex, sometimes situated on small
lateral prolongations, subdenticulate to denticulate, 1–1.5 μm diam,
central dome and periclinal rim not very conspicuous, loci flat, somewhat
thickened and darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> formed, hardly
distinguishable from secondary ramoconidia, up to 24 μm long, base
2–3 μm wide, broadly truncate. <italic>Conidia</italic> catenate, at the base
of the chain or intercalary once or twice mostly dichotomously branched,
formed in long, unbranched chains of up to 18 conidia, small terminal conidia
narrowly obovoid to subcylindrical, 5–9 × 2–2.5 μm (av.
± SD: 7.3 ± 1.1 × 2.1 ± 0.2), aseptate, intercalary
conidia fusiform to subcylindrical, 7–14 × 2–3 μm (av.
± SD: 9.4 ± 1.5 × 2.5 ± 0.3), 0(–1)-septate,
with 1–2 distal hila, small terminal and intercalary conidia subhyaline,
often distinctly paler compared with secondary ramoconidia, secondary
ramoconidia fusiform to subcylindrical, 10–19 ×
(2–)2.5–4 μm (av. ± SD: 15.3 ± 2.4 × 3.1
± 0.5), 0–1(–)2-septate, not constricted at septa, pale to
pale medium olivaceous-brown, smooth or almost so, walls more or less
unthickened, slightly attenuated towards apex and base and occasionally
constricted in the middle, hila conspicuous, truncate, 0.8–1.8 μm
diam, central dome and periclinal rim not very prominent, neither with LM nor
SEM, thickened and darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis very often
occurring with conidia forming secondary conidiophores.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig14"><label>Fig. 14.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium chalastosporoides</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125985&link_type=cbs">CBS 125985</ext-link>).
Conidiophores, conidia in long unbranched or dichotomously branched chains and
microcyclic conidiogenesis. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig14"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig15"><label>Fig. 15.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium chalastosporoides</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125985&link_type=cbs">CBS 125985</ext-link>).
A–B. Conidiophores and conidia. C–D. Conidial chains. Scale bars =
10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig15"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 42–49 mm
diam after 14 d, olivaceous-grey to iron-grey, olivaceous-black towards
margins, reverse iron-grey to olivaceous-black, floccose to fluffy-felty,
margins crenate, very narrow, white, feathery, aerial mycelium abundant,
dense, covering most of colony surface, floccose to fluffy-felty, growth
effuse with elevated colony centre, without exudates, sporulation sparse.
Colonies on MEA attaining 38–56 mm diam after 14 d, pale olivaceous-grey
to olivaceous-grey, reverse olivaceous-grey, velvety to floccose, margins
regular, white, glabrous, aerial mycelium abundant, covering the whole
surface, dense, floccose, growth effuse, radially furrowed, without exudates,
sporulation sparse. Colonies on OA reaching 38–45 mm diam after 14 d,
olivaceous-grey to pale olivaceous-grey, zonate, grey-olivaceous towards
margins, colony centre with dots of pale greenish grey aerial mycelium,
reverse iron-grey to leaden-grey, velvety to floccose, margin regular to
undulate, narrow, glabrous, white, aerial mycelium abundant, covering the
whole surface, floccose, flat, without exudates, not sporulating.</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Western Cape Province,
Jonkershoek Nature Reserve, isol. from fruiting bodies of <italic>Teratosphaeria
proteae-arboreae</italic> (<italic>Teratosphaeriaceae</italic>) on leaves of <italic>Protea
nitida</italic> [<italic>arborea</italic>] (<italic>Proteaceae</italic>), 4 Jan. 2007, P.W. Crous,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20427&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20427</ext-link>,
<bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125985&link_type=cbs">CBS 125985</ext-link> = CPC
13864.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: On fruiting bodies of
<italic>Teratosphaeria proteae-arboreae</italic> on <italic>Protea nitida</italic>; South
Africa.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig16"><label>Fig. 16.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium chalastosporoides</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125985&link_type=cbs">CBS 125985</ext-link>).
A–B. Examples of elongated conidia and chains. C. Branch formation on
conidiophores. D. Branched conidiophore, ramoconidia and conidia. E. Elongated
conidia. Note the broad areas of connection between the spores. F. Overview of
a large cell mass that gives rise to conidiophores and spores. G. Detail of a
cell mass showing meristematic growth. H. Differentiation of fungal cells into
a cell mass. Scale bars = 5 (A–E), 10 (G–H), 50 (F) μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig16"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The conidia in this new species are mainly fusiform and
arranged in very long mostly unbranched chains, which are reminiscentof the
genus <italic>Chalastospora</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref127">Simmons
2007</xref>), especially the species <italic>C. gossypii,</italic> representing
an anamorph lineage in the <italic>Pleosporales</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">Crous <italic>et al.</italic>2009a</xref>).</p><p>The structure of conidiogenous loci and hila is not very prominent; the
cladosporioid scar structure characterised by a central dome and a periclinal
rim is barely visible using light microscopy and with SEM it is also not very
prominent. However, the species clearly clusters within the genus
<italic>Cladosporium</italic>. It clusters as a sister to <italic>C. hillianum</italic>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part a</xref>) and formed a
distinct lineage for both TEF and ACT (distance analyses in TreeBASE).</p><p><italic>Cladosporium flabelliforme</italic> described from Australia on
<italic>Melaleuca cajuputi</italic> and introduced in this paper as a new species is
morphologically somewhat similar but distinct in having longer and slightly
narrower secondary ramoconidia [11–27 ×
(2–)2.5–3(–3.5) μm] with conidial chains being
characteristically spread in a fan-like manner.</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium chubutense</bold></italic> K. Schub., Gresl. & Crous,
Persoonia 22: 116. 2009.</p><p>This species was treated in Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref123">2009</xref>).</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium cladosporioides</bold></italic> (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries,
<italic>Contr. Knowl. Genus Cladosporium</italic>: 57. 1952. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig17">17</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig18">18</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig19">19</xref>.
<italic>Basionym</italic>:
<italic>Penicillium cladosporioides</italic> Fresen., Beitr. Mykol. 1: 22. 1850.</p><p>For additional synonyms see Dugan <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">2004</xref>) and Schubert
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref116">2005b</xref>).</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed, rarely superficial; hyphae sparse, unbranched
or sparingly branched, (1–)2–4(–5) μm wide, septate,
septa occasionally darkened, without any swellings and constrictions,
subhyaline, pale olivaceous-brown or pale brown, smooth to minutely
verruculose or rough-walled, walls unthickened. <italic>Conidiophores</italic>solitary, macronematous or semimacronematous, sometimes micronematous, arising
terminally from ascending hyphae or laterally from plagiotropous hyphae,
straight to somewhat flexuous, narrowly cylindrical to cylindrical-oblong,
sometimes filiform, non-nodulose, usually not geniculate-sinuous, occasionally
once geniculate, 40–300(–350) ×
(2.5–)3–4(–5.5) μm, unbranched or occasionally branched,
branches usually short, only as peg-like lateral outgrowth just below a
septum, occasionally up to 60 μm, mostly in the upper third, pluriseptate,
usually not constricted at septa, sometimes slightly constricted and one of
the upper septa slightly darkened where ramoconidia are formed, pale to medium
olivaceous-brown or brown, smooth to minutely verruculose or verruculose
especially towards the base, walls unthickened or slightly thickened,
occasionally slightly attenuated towards the apex, base sometimes swollen, up
to 7 μm wide; micronematous conidiophores shorter, narrower, paler,
unbranched, 9–150 × (1–)1.5–2.5(–3) μm wide.
<italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, usually terminal, sometimes
intercalary with conidiogenous loci situated on small peg-like or
denticle-like lateral outgrowths just below a septum, cylindrical-oblong, not
geniculate, non-nodulose, (7–)16–38 μm long, with up to four
loci crowded at the apex, subdenticulate to denticulate, protuberant,
1–2(–2.5) μm diam, central dome often not very conspicuous,
flat, somewhat thickened and darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic>seceding at one of the upper, somewhat darkened septa, straight to slightly
curved, cylindrical-oblong, 15–50 × (2.5–)3–5 μm,
with up to three septa, pale olivaceous-brown, concolorous with tips of
conidiophores, smooth, base not cladosporioid, 2.5–4 μm wide,
unthickened or slightly thickened, sometimes slightly refractive.
<italic>Conidia</italic> numerous, catenate, in long branched chains, up to 10 conidia
in the upper unbranched part, branching in all directions, small terminal
conidia subglobose, obovoid, ovoid to limoniform, 3–6(–7) ×
(1.5–)2–2.5(–3) μm (av. ± SD: 4.7 ± 0.9
× 2.4 ± 0.3), aseptate, intercalary conidia limoniform,
ellipsoid-ovoid, sometimes fusiform or subcylindrical, 5–12(–14.5)
× (2–)2.5–3(–4) μm (av. ± SD: 8.1 ±
2.2 × 2.9 ± 0.3), aseptate, with up to 3(–4) distal hila,
secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid, subcylindrical to cylindrical-oblong,
(7–)10–33(–38) × (2–)2.5–4(–6) μm
(av. ± SD: 19.4 ± 6.6 × 3.2 ± 0.5),
0(–1)-septate, occasionally with two septa, not constricted at septa,
with up to four distal hila, subhyaline, pale brown or pale olivaceous-brown,
smooth, under SEM smooth or surface with somewhat irregularly reticulate
structure or embossed stripes probably caused by diminishing turgor and
shriveling of tender young conidia, thin-walled, sometimes cell structure
unusual, with a small cavity in the cells, hila conspicuous, subdenticulate to
denticulate, 0.5–2(–2.5) μm diam, somewhat thickened and
darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis occasionally occurring.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig17"><label>Fig. 17.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112388&link_type=cbs">CBS 112388</ext-link>).
Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidial chains. Scale
bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig17"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig18"><label>Fig. 18.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112388&link_type=cbs">CBS 112388</ext-link>).
A–F. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bar = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig18"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA grey-olivaceous to dull
green or olivaceous-grey, reverse iron-grey, leaden-grey or olivaceous-black,
velvety to floccose, margins grey-olivaceous to white, feathery, regular,
aerial mycelium sparse, diffuse, or sometimes abundantly formed, dense,
floccose-felty, low, forming mats, growth flat to low convex, usually without
prominent exudates, occasionally with several small prominent exudates.
Colonies on MEA grey-olivaceous to olivaceous or olivaceous-grey, pale
olivaceous-grey or whitish due to aerial mycelium, olivaceous-black or
olivaceous-buff at margins, reverse olivaceous-black or iron-grey, velvety to
floccose, margins white to grey-olivaceous, glabrous to feathery, aerial
mycelium sparse, scattered, diffuse to floccose, sometimes abundantly formed,
covering almost the whole colony, floccose-felty, whitish, growth flat to
effuse, somewhat radially furrowed, without prominent exudates. Colonies on OA
grey-olivaceous, towards margins at first greenish olivaceous, then dull-green
and again grey-olivaceous, sometimes white, reverse olivaceous-grey to
leaden-grey, sometimes pale mouse-grey, velvety to floccose, margins narrow,
glabrous, regular, aerial mycelium scattered to sometimes abundant, floccose
or felty, loose to somewhat dense, growth flat, no prominent exudates;
sporulation usually profuse on all media.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <italic>Sine loco</italic>, deposited by C.L. Shear,
stored as “<italic>C. herbarum</italic>”,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=132.29&link_type=cbs">CBS 132.29</ext-link>.
<bold>Australia</bold>, New South Wales, Mullion Creek, S 33°06'48”
E149°08'45”, isol. from <italic>Eucalyptus robertsonii</italic> ssp.
<italic>hemisphaerica</italic> (<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>), 15 Jan. 2007, coll. B.A.
Summerell, isol. P.W. Crous, NSW 134279, CPC 13667, 13669; Queensland, near
Cairns, isol. from <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp. (<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>), 27 Aug. 2006,
P.W. Crous, CPC 13235. <bold>Brazil</bold>, isol. from soil,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=101367&link_type=cbs">CBS 101367</ext-link>.
<bold>Denmark</bold>, isol. from cellulose powder, paint manufacturer, 2007, B.
Andersen, BA 1692 = CPC 14293; isol. from soil, pea field, 2007, B. Andersen,
BA 1691 = CPC 14292. <bold>France</bold>, Vallon, Pont d'Arc, isol. from twigs of an
unidentified tree, 21 Aug. 2007, P.W. Crous, CPC 14271. <bold>Germany</bold>, isol.
from indoor air, Ch. Trautmann,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20428&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20428</ext-link>,
<bold>neotype</bold> of <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> designated here, ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112388&link_type=cbs">CBS 112388</ext-link>; isol.
from <italic>Pisum sativum</italic> (<italic>Fabaceae</italic>), stored as <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic> f. <italic>pisicola</italic>,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=145.35&link_type=cbs">CBS 145.35</ext-link> = MUCL
926; Essen, botanical garden, 51.45, 7.0167, isol. from leaves of <italic>Morus
rubra</italic> (<italic>Moraceae</italic>), 2005, N. Ale-Agha, CPC 12214. <bold>India</bold>,
isol. from <italic>Dalbergia</italic> sp. (<italic>Fabaceae</italic>), 3 Jan. 2004, coll. W.
Gams, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 11131; isol. from <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp., 3 Jan.
2004, coll. W. Gams, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 11161. <bold>Indonesia</bold>, Tele,
isol. from <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp., endophyte spots, spots after herbicide, 3
Jan. 2008, coll. M.J. Wingfield, isol. P.W. Crous, as
“<italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> sp.”, CPC 15038. <bold>Israel</bold>, Jaffa,
isol. from <italic>Gossypium</italic> seeds (<italic>Malvaceae</italic>), 1967, isol. by M.
Gonen, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=674.82&link_type=cbs">CBS 674.82</ext-link> =
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=320.87&link_type=cbs">CBS 320.87</ext-link> = ATCC
38026 = ATCC 200936 = IMI 126640, stored as “<italic>C.
tenuissimum</italic>”. <bold>Japan</bold>, isol. from bamboo slats, probably
authentic strain of <italic>C. multigeniculatum</italic>,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122130&link_type=cbs">CBS 122130</ext-link> = ATCC
38012 = IFO 6539 = JCM 10684 = NBRC 6539. <bold>Slovenia</bold>,
Češnjica near Ljubljana, isol. from a living mite inhabiting a
strawberry leaf, 4 Apr. 2008, Vojko Škerlavaj, isol. by H.-J. Schroers,
HJS 1069 = CPC 15167. <bold>South Africa</bold>, isol. from <italic>Pisum sativum</italic>,
B.J. Dippenaar, stored as <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> f. <italic>pisicola</italic>,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=143.35&link_type=cbs">CBS 143.35</ext-link> = MUCL
10090; Barberton, Laeveld Coop, isol. from wheat, 1988, CPC 14009 = MRC 10150;
Eastern Cape, Aiwal North, isol. from wheat, 1989, CPC 14019 = MRC 10813; Free
State, Brandfort, isol. from wheat, 1989, CPC 14017 = MRC 10809, CPC 14018 =
MRC 10810; Perdespan, isol. from wheat, 1988, CPC 14015 = MRC 10260; Winburg,
isol. from wheat, 1989, CPC 14021 = MRC 10827; Gauteng, Pretoria, isol. from
pawpaw, 1990, CPC 14024 = MRC 11280. <bold>South Korea</bold>, Chuncheon,
N37°50'10” E127°32'01”, isol. from <italic>Celosia
cristata</italic> (<italic>Amaranthaceae</italic>), 7 Oct. 2003, coll. H.-D. Shin, isol.
P.W. Crous, CPC 11121; Suwon, N37°16'03” E126°59'16”,
isol. from chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia</italic> sp. (<italic>Erysiphales</italic>) on
<italic>Fraxinus chinensis</italic> subsp. <italic>rhynchophylla</italic> (<italic>Oleaceae</italic>),
7 Nov. 2007, coll. H.-D. Shin, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 14705; Chuncheon,
N37°50'10” E127°32'01”, isol. from <italic>Phragmidium
griseum</italic> on <italic>Rubus crataegifolius</italic> (<italic>Rosaceae</italic>), 20 Jul.
2004, coll. H.-D. Shin, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 11398; Jinju,
N35°11'24” E128°10'56”, isol. from <italic>Phytolacca
americana</italic> (<italic>Phytolaccaceae</italic>), 15 Oct. 2003, coll. H.-D. Shin,
isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 11122; Jinju, N35°11'24”
E128°10'56”, isol. from <italic>Plectranthus</italic> sp.
(<italic>Lamiaceae</italic>), 1 Jul. 2004, coll. H.-D. Shin, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC
11406; Chuncheon, N37°50'10” E127°32'01”, isol. from
<italic>Ricinus communis</italic> (<italic>Euphorbiaceae</italic>), 7 Oct. 2003, coll. H.-D.
Shin, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 11119; Yangpyeong, N37°30'12”
E127°41'55”, isol. from <italic>Rubus coreanus</italic>, 23 Jul. 2004, coll.
H.-D. Shin, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 11404; Hongcheon, N37°48'17”
E127°51'13”, isol. from leaves of <italic>Stellaria aquatica</italic>(<italic>Caryophyllaceae</italic>), 6 Jun. 2005, coll. H.-D. Shin, isol. P.W. Crous,
CPC 12187; Hoengseong, N37°32'09” E128°07'07”, isol. from
<italic>Valeriana fauriei</italic> (<italic>Valerianaceae</italic>), 23 Jun. 2004, coll. H.-D.
Shin, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 11393; Jeongeup, N35°36'05”
E126°51'25”, isol. from <italic>Vigna unguiculata</italic> [= <italic>V</italic>.
<italic>sinensis</italic>] (<italic>Fabaceae</italic>), 29 Oct. 2003, coll. H.-D. Shin, isol.
P.W. Crous, CPC 11123; Suwon, N37°16'03” E126°59'16”,
isol. from <italic>Viola mandshurica</italic> (<italic>Violaceae</italic>), 14 Oct. 2003,
coll. H.-D. Shin, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 11120; Hongcheon, N37°48'17”
E127°51'13”, isol. from <italic>Chenopodium ficifolium</italic>(<italic>Chenopodiaceae</italic>), 10 Mar. 2002, coll. H.-D. Shin, isol. P.W. Crous,
CPC 10142. <bold>Thailand</bold>, Chiang Mai, Mushroom Research Centre, isol. from
<italic>Areca</italic> sp. (<italic>Arecaceae</italic>), 20 Dec. 2006, coll. I. Hidayat, isol.
P.W. Crous, CPC 13734. <bold>Uganda</bold>, Mubende, isol. from food, coffee leaf,
2000, coll. J.L. Sørensen, isol. B. Andersen, BA 1677 = CPC 14356.
<bold>U.S.A.</bold>, 2004, M. Blackwell, CPC 11684 =
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117483&link_type=cbs">CBS 117483</ext-link>, as
“<italic>C. gossypiicola</italic>”; California, isol. from <italic>Pisum
sativum</italic>, as <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> f. <italic>pisicola</italic>,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=144.35&link_type=cbs">CBS 144.35</ext-link> = ATCC
11284 = IFO 6371 = IMI 049627; Laramie, isol. from food, mouldy pea, 2000,
coll. J.L. Sørensen, isol. B. Andersen, BA 1676 = CPC 14355; Louisiana,
Baton Rouge, isol. from <italic>Magnolia</italic> sp. (<italic>Magnoliaceae</italic>), 8 Sep.
2007, P.W. Crous, CPC 14244; isol. from pruned wood, 2006, K. Seifert, CPC
12852; Washington, isol. from spinach seed, <italic>Spinacia oleracea</italic>(<italic>Chenopodiaceae</italic>), 2003, L. du Toit,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126341&link_type=cbs">CBS 126341</ext-link> = CPC
12763, CPC 12760, 12762, 12764; isol. from grape berry, F.M. Dugan, w99-175a
sci 1 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113740&link_type=cbs">CBS 113740</ext-link>;
isol. from grape bud, F.M. Dugan, 113db sci 1 =
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113738&link_type=cbs">CBS 113738</ext-link>; isol.
from culm node of crested wheat grass, F.M. Dugan, wa2-00 sci 1 =
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113739&link_type=cbs">CBS 113739</ext-link>.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig19"><label>Fig. 19.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112388&link_type=cbs">CBS 112388</ext-link>). A.
Overview of a colony containing running differentiated conidiophore-forming
hyphae and many aerial hyphae. B. Scars on a conidiophore. C. Top view of a
conidiophore with scars and an aerial structure. D. Branching patterns of
aerial hyphae intermingled with spore-forming structures. E. Aerial hyphae,
conidiophores and spores. F. Conidiophores sprouting from agar with all types
of dispersion structures. G. Conidial chains. H. Detail of conidial chains and
ornamentation showing irregularly reticulate structures or embossed stripes
probably caused by diminishing turgor and shriveling of tender young conidia.
I. Three secondary ramoconidia. J. Secondary ramoconidia J. Secondary
ramoconidia and conidia on agar with some irregularly reticulate
ornamentation. Scale bars = 2 (B–C, H), 5 (F–G, I–J), 10
(D–E), 50 (A) μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig19"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Excluded strains within the C. cladosporioides complex</italic>(morphologically indistinguishable but phylogenetically distinct, indicated in
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1</xref> as <italic>C.</italic><italic>cladosporioides s. lat</italic>. Lineages 1–4): <bold>Argentina</bold>,
Chubut, Rio Pico, carnelian property, isol. from needles of <italic>Pinus
ponderosa</italic> (<italic>Pinaceae</italic>), 2007, A. Greslebin, CPC 13978.
<bold>Denmark</bold>, isol. from indoor building material, school, 2007, B.
Andersen, BA 1695 = CPC 14296. <bold>Germany</bold>, isol. from leaves of <italic>Acer
pseudoplatanus</italic> (<italic>Aceraceae</italic>), L. Pehl, ident. as <italic>C.
tenuissimum</italic> by G.S. de Hoog,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116744&link_type=cbs">CBS 116744</ext-link>; isol.
from wheat grain, <italic>Triticum</italic> sp. (<italic>Poaceae</italic>), 2007, B. Andersen,
BA 1674 = CPC 14284; Bayern, isol. from lichens on leaves of <italic>Acer
platanoides</italic> (<italic>Aceraceae</italic>), 2006, B. Heuchert, CPC 13220;
Tübingen, botanical garden, isol. from <italic>Paeonia obovata</italic>(<italic>Paeoniaceae</italic>), Sep. 2006, P.W. Crous, CPC 13362. <bold>Netherlands</bold>,
isol. from seed coat of <italic>Cirsium vulgare</italic> (<italic>Asteraceae</italic>), depos.
by B.H. van Leeuwen, Jan. 1980,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125.80&link_type=cbs">CBS 125.80</ext-link>;
Millingerwaard, isol. from fruits of <italic>Sambucus nigra</italic>(<italic>Adoxaceae</italic>), 29 Aug. 2007, P.W. Crous, CPC 14238. <bold>New Zealand</bold>,
Auckland, Auckland University campus, <italic>Oncoba spinosa</italic>(<italic>Salicaceae</italic>), 9 Jan. 2004, C.F. Hill, Hill 1076-2 = CPC 11664;
Waikato, Karapiro, Gorton Road, isol. from imported buds of <italic>Prunus
avium</italic> (<italic>Rosaceae</italic>), 6 Jan. 2008, J. Rennie, CPC 15457. <bold>South
Africa</bold>, Western Cape Province, Jonkershoek Nature Reserve, isol. from
<italic>Brunneosphaerella</italic> <italic>protearum</italic> (<italic>Mycosphaerellaceae</italic>)
fruiting bodies, 30 Mar. 2007, P.W. Crous, CPC 13867. <bold>South Korea</bold>,
Pocheon, National Arboretum, N37°45'04” E127°09'55”, isol.
from <italic>Fatoua villosa</italic> (<italic>Moraceae</italic>), 18 Oct. 2002, coll. H.-D.
Shin, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 10150. <bold>U.K.</bold>, Manchester, isol. from
uredospores of <italic>Puccinia allii</italic> (<italic>Pucciniaceae</italic>), G.S. Taylor,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=306.84&link_type=cbs">CBS 306.84</ext-link>; Wales,
Pembrokeshire, Skomer Island, isol. from <italic>Oberna uniflora</italic> [=
<italic>Silene maritima</italic>] (<italic>Caryophyllaceae</italic>), 22 Aug. 2000, A.
Aptroot, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109082&link_type=cbs">CBS
109082</ext-link>. <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Washington State, isol. from bing cherry
fruits, R.G. Roberts, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113746&link_type=cbs">CBS
113746</ext-link>.</p><p><italic>Substrates and distribution</italic>: On fading and decaying plant
material, on living leaves as secondary invader, isolated from air, soil,
foodstuffs, water-damaged building materials and numerous other materials;
cosmopolitan.</p><p><italic>Literature</italic>: Yamamoto
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref134">1959</xref>: 3), Ellis
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">1971</xref>: 319), Subramanian
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref128">1971</xref>: 285), Domsch <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref51">1980</xref>: 202), Ellis
& Ellis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref57">1985</xref>: 290, 468),
Wang & Zabel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref131">1990</xref>),
Braun (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">1998</xref>: 301), Ho <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">1999</xref>: 121), Samson
<italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref111">2000</xref>: 108),
de Hoog <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref71">2000</xref>:
583), Samson <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref110">2001</xref>: 340), Park <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">2004</xref>), Schubert
& Braun (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">2004</xref>: 304),
Heuchert <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">2005</xref>: 46–47),
Pasqualetti <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref99">2005</xref>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Type material of <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic>, cited by
Fresenius (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref63">1850</xref>) for
<italic>Penicillium cladosporioides</italic>, is not preserved in the Fresenius
herbarium at the Senckenberg-Museum in Frankfurt. De Vries
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref130">1952</xref>) invalidly and
erroneously lectotypified the species based on Bisby's dried “standard
culture” [isol. fr. <italic>Arundo</italic> leaves, Bamboo Garden, Kew, 1943
(IMI 25324, 60507, 60509) = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=170.54&link_type=cbs">CBS
170.54</ext-link>] which, however, proved to belong to the <italic>C.
herbarum</italic> complex. Recent unpublished phylogenetic studies showed this
isolate to be conspecific with <italic>C. ramotenellum</italic>, a saprobic species
that occurs more frequently than indicated in Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">2007b</xref>). The designated
neotype, which is a dried plate of a strain isolated from indoor air in
Germany, originates from the same country as the authentic material described
by Fresenius and agrees well with the description given by Ellis
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">1971</xref>). Together with numerous
other isolates from various substrates and geographical regions it forms a
well-supported clade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figs 1, part
c</xref>). However, <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> is still paraphyletic
representing a species complex since there are still numerous isolates listed
under excluded strains, that are morphologically indistinguishable from <italic>C.
cladosporioides s. str</italic>., but phylogenetically different, clustering apart
in various subclades. They are indicated as <italic>C. cladosporioides s.
lat</italic>. in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl1">Table 1</xref> and
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1 (part a)</xref>. The
phylogenetic differences between the lineages of <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic>and <italic>C. cladosporioides s. lat</italic>. are supported in both the ACT and TEF
sequence alignments (distance analyses in TreeBASE).</p><p>The conidia in <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic>, which are among the most
ubiquitous bioaerosols found in indoor and outdoor samples
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref51">Domsch <italic>et al.</italic> 1980</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref94">Mullins 2001</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref98">Park <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>) are
usually smooth. Strains with often asperulate or finely verruculose conidia as
discussed in Yamamoto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref134">1959</xref>),
Ellis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">1971</xref>), de Hoog <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref71">2000</xref>) and Samson
<italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref111">2000</xref>) proved
to represent different, phylogenetically distinct species such as <italic>C.
asperulatum</italic> and <italic>C. perangustum</italic>.</p><p><italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic> belongs to a species complex with
broadly similar conidiophore and conidium morphology, and is close to <italic>C.
tenuissimum</italic> and several foliicolous <italic>Cladosporium</italic> species,
<italic>e.g., C. cucumerinum</italic> and <italic>C. vignae</italic> but, besides their
pathogenicity to specific host plants, the latter two species differ in some
additional aspects as discussed under these species. The two saprobic species
<italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> and <italic>C. tenuissimum</italic> have often been
misidentified and confused. However, the conidiophores in <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic> are mostly long stipes being usually neither geniculate
nor nodulose, but with a single terminal conidiogenous cell. If the
conidiogenous cells are formed intercalary, loci are formed as small denticles
just below a septum or situated on small lateral outgrowths. In <italic>C.
tenuissimum</italic> the conidiophores often possess a slightly swollen head-like
apex and sometimes also have intercalary subnodulose or nodulose swellings,
being quite apart from the apical cell and from each other. In intercalary
conidiogenous cells the loci are often arranged at about the same level on the
stalk, being quite apart from a septum, or the cells are slightly or
distinctly geniculate, with loci situated on small lateral shoulders
continuing growth sometimes at an angle of 45°. Compared to <italic>C.
tenuissimum,</italic> conidial chains in <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> are looser
and often much longer in the terminal, unbranched part of the chain with up to
10 conidia. Secondary ramoconidia are somewhat longer in <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic>.</p><p>Several strains were isolated from <italic>Pisum sativum</italic> and stored at the
CBS as <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> f. <italic>pisicola</italic> (≡
<italic>Cladosporium pisicola</italic>), including
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=144.35&link_type=cbs">CBS 144.35</ext-link>, which
is an authentic culture of W.C. Snyder from 1935. The taxonomy and application
of the name <italic>C. pisicola</italic> is, however, rather intricate and depends on
typification. <italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic> is common on the
phyllosphere of living and faded or necrotic leaves, stems and pods of peas
and often isolated. Snyder (1934) dealt with a plant pathogenic leaf, stem and
pod spot disease and introduced the name <italic>C. pisicola</italic>. However, the
latter name was based on heterogeneous elements, viz. cultures of <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> material with a morphologically
distinct leaf spotting <italic>Cladosporium</italic>. This is not surprising since
<italic>C. cladosporioides,</italic> as most other common saprobic
<italic>Cladosporium</italic> spp., grow very easily in culture, more easily than
plant pathogenic taxa. Authentic cultures deposited by Snyder, <italic>e.g.</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=144.35&link_type=cbs">CBS 144.35</ext-link>, are,
indeed, identical with <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic>, which has been proven
during the course of the present molecular study. Thus, the decision by de
Vries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref130">1952</xref>) to consider
<italic>C. pisicola</italic> a synonym of <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> based on
Snyder's authentic culture was correct. But the <italic>Cladosporium</italic> species
causing distinct leaf spots on peas does not agree with the latter species. It
is easily distinguishable by its distinctly sympodial (geniculate)
conidiophores with terminal as well as intercalary conidiogenous cells and
numerous, often crowded conidiogenous loci. Because the conidiophores of
<italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> are rather uniform <italic>in vivo</italic> as well as
<italic>in vitro</italic>, never changing from filiform, only with a terminal
conidiogenous cell, to strongly geniculate with intercalary conidiogenous
cells, the causal agent of the leaf spot disease and the cultures agreeing
with <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> has to be considered two distinct species.
The application of the name <italic>C. pisicola</italic> depends on its typification.
Several authentic cultures and samples of W.C. Snyder have been examined, but
unfortunately all of them date back to 1935 and 1940 and cannot be considered
as type collections since this species was already described in 1934.
Therefore, a neotypification is necessary. We prefer to maintain the name
<italic>C. pisicola</italic> for the leaf-spotting <italic>Cladosporium</italic> on peas by a
neotypification with authentic <italic>in vivo</italic> material. Cultures of the true
<italic>C. pisicola</italic> in this sense and sequence data are not yet available, so
that the latter name can currently only be maintained as a distinct
morphospecies. A detailed description of this species with a neotypification
will be given in the planned monograph of the genus <italic>Cladosporium</italic>.</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium colocasiae</bold></italic> Sawada, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Taiwan 25: 125. 1916. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig20">Fig.
20</xref>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Cladosporium colocasiicola</italic> Sawada, Special Publ. Coll. Agric.
Natl. Taiwan Univ. 8: 195. 1959, nom. inval., <bold>syn. nov.</bold></p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed and superficial; hyphae loosely branched,
1–4 μm wide, sometimes distinctly swollen, bulboid, about 10 μm
wide, septate, not constricted at septa, subhyaline to pale olivaceous-brown,
smooth to loosely verruculose, walls unthickened. <italic>Conidiophores</italic>macronematous, solitary, arising terminally and laterally from hyphae, erect,
flexuous, cylindrical-oblong, nodose, with several nodes being quite apart
from each other, occasionally branched, very long, up to 1 350 μm or even
longer, 3–4(–5) μm wide, nodes multilateral, 5–8 μm
diam, pluriseptate, not constricted at septa, pale to medium olivaceous-brown,
smooth or sometimes appearing to be reticulate, walls somewhat thickened,
about 0.5 μm wide. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, terminal and
intercalary, cylindrical-oblong, nodose with a single node per cell,
15–70 μm long, loci restricted to swellings, usually 2–4 per
node, 1–1.8(–2) μm diam. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> occasionally
formed. <italic>Conidia</italic> solitary or in short, unbranched or branched chains,
more or less straight, broadly ellipsoid-subcylindrical to cylindrical,
unbranched terminal conidia 9–16 × 5–7(–8) μm (av.
± SD: 12.5 ± 1.8 × 6.1 ± 0.7), 0–1-septate,
catenate conidia 10.5–23(–30) × 5–8(–9) μm
(av. ± SD: 17.5 ± 5.2 × 6.0 ± 1.0),
0–1(–2)-septate, septum median or somewhat in the upper or lower
half or third, becoming sinuous with age, pale to medium brown, smooth to
loosely verruculose or reticulate, walls unthickened or almost so, hila
conspicuous, 1–1.8(–2) μm diam, somewhat thickened and
darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis sometimes occurring with
conidia forming secondary conidiophores.</p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 56–76 mm
diam after 14 d, grey-olivaceous to olivaceous or dull green, reverse
olivaceous-black, velvety, pulvinate to floccose, with a narrow white or
grey-olivaceous margin, regular to slightly undulate, somewhat feathery,
aerial mycelium sparse, locally constricted to few areas, floccose, growth
regular, flat to low convex, numerous small but not very conspicuous exudates
formed, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MEA reaching 50–68 mm diam
after 14 d, pale olivaceous-grey, grey-olivaceous to greenish olivaceous due
to abundant sporulation, whitish to smoke-grey due to aerial mycelium, reverse
olivaceous-grey to iron-grey, velvety, powdery to floccose or fluffy, with a
white regular, glabrous or feathery, narrow margin, aerial mycelium abundantly
formed, floccose to fluffy, covering large part of the colony surface, growth
effuse, conical, radially furrowed and wrinkled with elevated colony centre,
few small conspicuous exudates start to be formed, sporulating. Colonies on
OA, 60–65 mm diam after 14 d, grey-olivaceous, whitish or pale
olivaceous-grey due to floccose aerial mycelium arranged in tufts, spotted,
reverse leaden-grey to iron-grey, pulvinate to floccose, margins
grey-olivaceous, glabrous, regular, growth flat, without prominent exudates,
sporulation profuse.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Dominican Republic</bold>, intercepted at San
Juan, on <italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic> (= <italic>C. antiquorum</italic>)
(<italic>Araceae</italic>), 9 Jul. 1985, R. Barbosa, BPI 525147, as <italic>C.
colocasiicola</italic>. <bold>Ethiopia</bold>, Kaffa Prov., Jimma, on <italic>Colocasia
esculenta</italic>, 10 Nov. 1955, R.B. Stewart, BPI 426383, BPI 426385, NY.
<bold>Fiji</bold>, isol. from <italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic>, June 2001, C.F. Hill,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115191&link_type=cbs">CBS 115191</ext-link> = CPC
4323 = STE-U 4323. <bold>Japan</bold>, Kyoto, on <italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic>, 2
Oct. 1924, K. Togashi, BPI 426382; Riken, BioResource Centre, isol. from
<italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic>,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119542&link_type=cbs">CBS 119542</ext-link> = CPC
12726 = ICM 13264; Sendai, 25 Oct. 1918, A. Yasuda, BPI 426381. <bold>Puerto
Rico</bold>, intercepted at San Juan, on <italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic>, 11 Mar.
1961, H.L. Rubin (BPI 426384). <bold>Taiwan</bold>, on <italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic>(= <italic>C. antiquorum</italic>), 2 June 1910, K. Sawada, PPMH, <bold>holotype</bold>;
ex-type culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=386.64&link_type=cbs">CBS
386.64</ext-link> = ATCC 200944 = MUCL 10084.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: On <italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic>(<italic>Araceae</italic>); Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Mauritius, Nigeria), Asia
(Brunei, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak,
Nepal, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan), Australasia (American Samoa, Australia,
Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia,
Kiribati, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New
Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tahiti, Tonga, Vanuatu), Europe (Portugal,
Azores), North America (U.S.A.), West Indies (Barbados), Central & South
America (Brazil, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico).</p><p><italic>Literature</italic>: Bugnicourt
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">1958</xref>), Ellis
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">1971</xref>: 312), Matsushima
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref85">1975</xref>: 34), David
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref47">1988</xref>), Ho <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">1999</xref>: 123).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Type material of this species is in very poor condition and
was, therefore, not re-examined. <italic>Cladosporium colocasiicola</italic>, also
recorded on leaves of <italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic>, was invalidly published,
since the author failed to provide a Latin diagnosis. Although type material
could not be traced and re-examined, this species is reduced to synonymy with
<italic>C. colocasiae</italic> since the original diagnosis and illustration are
almost identical with the latter species.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig20"><label>Fig. 20.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium colocasiae</italic> (A-D, G-H:
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=386.64&link_type=cbs">CBS 386.64</ext-link> and E-F,
I: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119542&link_type=cbs">CBS 119542</ext-link>).
A–D. Conidiophores and conidial chains. E–F. Intercalary
conidiogenous cells with typical nodes and conidiogenous loci restricted to
these swellings. G–H. Microcyclic conidiogenesis with conidia forming
secondary conidiophores. I. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig20"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Cladosporium herbarum, C. oxysporum</italic> and <italic>C. variabile</italic> are
morphologically close to <italic>C. colocasiae</italic> by also possessing nodulose to
nodose conidiophores. However, the cosmopolitan <italic>C. herbarum,</italic> which
occurs on numerous substrates, deviates in having verruculose conidia; the
conidia of the saprobic <italic>C. oxysporum</italic> are subglobose, ovoid,
limoniform or ellipsoid, narrower, 3–6 μm wide, and
0–1(–2)-septate; and the foliicolous <italic>C. variabile,</italic>causing leaf spots on spinach, differs in having verruculose to verrucose,
wider and usually longer conidia, (6.5–)10–45(–55) ×
(5–)7–14(–17) μm (<italic>in vivo</italic>), and wider
conidiogenous loci and hila, (1–)2–3(–3.5) μm diam
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref116">Schubert 2005b</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>2007b</xref>).</p><p>Ho <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">1999</xref>)
examined <italic>C. colocasiae</italic> in culture and published a first detailed
description of its features <italic>in vitro,</italic> recording the conidiophores as
being much longer than on the natural substratum. Matsushima
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref86">1980</xref>) mentioned
<italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp. and <italic>Psidium guajava</italic> as additional hosts, but
these records probably refer to one of the superficially similar, saprobic
species discussed above. Zhang <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref136">2003</xref>) treat <italic>C.
colocasiicola</italic> as a separate species and cite a record on <italic>Nelumbo
nucifera</italic>, which is, however, very doubtful.</p><p><italic>Cladosporium colocasiae</italic> clusters as a well-supported lineage in
the middle of <italic>C. tenuissimum</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig.
1, part c</xref>) but keeps its identity as a distinct lineage for both
TEF and ACT, clustering between lineages of <italic>C. tenuissimum</italic> (distance
analyses in TreeBASE; also see notes on <italic>C. tenuissimum</italic>). Although the
species is nestled within <italic>C. tenuissimum</italic>, all isolates of the species
always cluster together and it is possible that the gene regions sequenced in
this study do not provide sufficient resolution to move the species out of the
clades formed by intraspecific sequence variation of <italic>C.
tenuissimum</italic>.</p><p>The strain from New Zealand, isolated from <italic>Apium graveolens</italic>, that
clusters with the other isolates of <italic>C. colocasiae</italic> is very probably a
contamination of the latter species. <italic>Cladosporium colocasiae</italic> is so
far known to be host-specific inducing leaf spots only on <italic>Colocasia
esculenta</italic>.</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium colombiae</bold></italic> K. Schub. & Crous, Persoonia 22:
120. 2009.</p><p>This species was described and illustrated in Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref123">2009</xref>).</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium cucumerinum</bold></italic> Ellis & Arthur, Bull. Agric.
Exp. Sta., Indiana 19: 9. 1889. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig21">Fig.
21</xref>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Cladosporium cucumerinum</italic> var. <italic>europaeum</italic> Bubák,
in herb., <bold>syn. nov.</bold></p></list-item></list></p><p>For further synonyms see Dugan <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">2004</xref>) and Schubert
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref116">2005b</xref>).</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig21"><label>Fig. 21.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium cucumerinum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=171.52&link_type=cbs">CBS 171.52</ext-link>).
A–G. Conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig21"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed and superficial; hyphae sparingly branched,
0.5–4 μm wide, later up to 8 μm wide, septate, with age
constricted at septa, subhyaline to very pale brown or pale olivaceous-brown,
later olivaceous-brown, smooth or almost so, walls unthickened, broader hyphae
with slightly thickened walls. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> solitary, macro- and
micronematous, arising terminally from ascending and laterally from
plagiotropous hyphae, erect, straight to slightly flexuous, macronematous
conidiophores cylindrical-oblong, sometimes once geniculate-sinuous with
conidiogenous loci situated laterally on shoulders, non-nodulose, usually
unbranched on SNA, sometimes once branched towards the apex (often branched on
PDA according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref89">McKemy &
Morgan-Jones, 1992</xref>), up to 350 μm long, 3–5(–5.5)
μm wide, pluriseptate, not constricted at septa, often more densely septate
towards the base, pale brown, later medium brown, smooth, walls unthickened or
slightly thickened, up to 0.5 μm wide; micronematous conidiophores straight
to slightly flexuous, filiform, narrower, 1–2 μm wide, septate,
smooth. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, usually terminal, filiform to
cylindrical-oblong, sometimes once geniculate, up to 47 μm long,
1–2(–3) loci, protuberant, subdenticulate, 1.5–2 μm diam,
somewhat thickened and darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> occasionally
formed, cylindrical-oblong, 24–43 × 3–3.5 μm,
0–2-septate, smooth, base truncate, 2.5–3 μm wide, unthickened
or only slightly so. <italic>Conidia</italic> catenate, in long loosely branched
chains, often dichotomously branched, up to 10(–14) conidia in the
terminal unbranched part of the chain, straight, small terminal conidia
obovoid to ellipsoid-ovoid, subglobose, 4–8(–10) ×
(1–)1.5–3(–3.5) μm (av. ± SD: 6.4 ± 1.2
× 2.2 ± 0.5), aseptate, hila 0.5–0.8(–1) μm diam,
intercalary conidia ellipsoid-ovoid to fusiform or subcylindrical, sometimes
limoniform, 7–15(–17) × (2–)2.5–4(–5)
μm (av. ± SD: 10.9 ± 2.7 × 3.2 ± 0.6),
0(–1)-septate, hila 0.8–1.2(–1.5) μm, secondary
ramoconidia ellipsoid, fusiform to cylindrical-oblong,
(9.5–)14–30(–40) × (2.5–)3–5(–5.5)
μm (av. ± SD: 21.8 ± 5.8 × 3.8 ± 0.7),
0–2(–3)-septate, with age sometimes slightly constricted at septa,
septum median or in the upper or lower third, pale brown or very pale brown,
later becoming medium brown, smooth, walls unthickened, slightly attenuated
towards apex and base, cells sometimes with small cavities, hila
1.5–2.2(–2.5) μm diam, conspicuous, subdenticulate, somewhat
thickened and darkened-refractive; conidia often germinating, forming
micronematous conidiophores and conidia.</p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 50–78 mm
diam after 14 d, grey-olivaceous to olivaceous-grey or olivaceous, sometimes
dull green towards margins and somewhat zonate, reverse olivaceous-black,
velvety to floccose or felty, margin narrow to broad, colourless to white,
regular, somewhat feathery, aerial mycelium absent, sparse or sometimes
abundantly formed at few parts of the colony or covering almost the whole
colony surface, white, loose to dense, woolly, floccose, growth flat, regular,
without prominent exudates, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MEA reaching
36–73 mm diam after 14 d, grey-olivaceous to smoke-grey, whitish due to
aerial mycelium, reverse iron-grey, velvety to fluffy, margin white, glabrous,
regular, aerial mycelium dense, forming mats, covering large parts of the
colony surface, growth flat, somewhat wrinkled and folded in colony centre,
sometimes with several prominent exudates, sporulation profuse. Colonies on OA
attaining 54–79 mm diam after 14 d, pale olivaceous-grey,
grey-olivaceous to smoke-grey or whitish, grey-olivaceous or iron-grey at
margins, reverse leaden-grey to iron-grey, velvety to floccose, margin
regular, colourless to white, glabrous, aerial mycelium absent to abundantly
formed, covering most of the colony surface, growth flat, regular, without
prominent exudates, sporulation profuse.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <italic>Sine loco</italic>, isol. from fruits of
<italic>Cucumis sativus</italic> (<italic>Cucurbitaceae</italic>), W.W. Gilbert,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=108.23&link_type=cbs">CBS 108.23</ext-link>; isol.
and ident. by J. Westerdijk, 1908,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109.08&link_type=cbs">CBS 109.08</ext-link>.
<bold>Netherlands</bold>, isol. from fruits of <italic>Cucumis sativus</italic>,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20429&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20429</ext-link>,
<bold>epitype</bold> designated here; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=171.52&link_type=cbs">CBS 171.52</ext-link> = MUCL
10092; isol. by G.A. de Vries,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=158.51&link_type=cbs">CBS 158.51</ext-link> = ATCC
11279 = IFO 6370 = IMI 049628 = VKM F-817; Amsterdam, G.W. van der Helm, isol.
by G.A. de Vries, Jan. 1951,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=173.54&link_type=cbs">CBS 173.54</ext-link>; Berkel,
G.W. van der Helm, isol. by G.A. de Vries,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=174.54&link_type=cbs">CBS 174.54</ext-link>,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=175.54&link_type=cbs">CBS 175.54</ext-link>;
Naaldwijk, isol. by S. Dudok de Wit,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123.44&link_type=cbs">CBS 123.44</ext-link>; Jan.
1951, G.W. van der Helm, isol. by G.A. de Vries,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=176.54&link_type=cbs">CBS 176.54</ext-link>; Sloten,
coll. by G.W. van der Helm, isol. by G.A. de Vries,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=172.54&link_type=cbs">CBS 172.54</ext-link>.
<bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Pennsylvania, isol. from painted floor by M.H. Downing, 1951,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=174.62&link_type=cbs">CBS 174.62</ext-link> = ATCC
16022 = ATHUM 2861 = CECT 2110 = IFO 31006 = IMI 045534 = MUCL 19019 = QM 489
= VTT D-92188; New York, Geneva, on <italic>Cucumis sativus</italic>, J.C. Arthur, NY,
<bold>holotype</bold>.</p><p><italic>Substrates and distribution</italic>: on leaves, stems and fruits of
<italic>Cucurbitaceae</italic>, especially <italic>Cucumis sativus, C. melo</italic> and
<italic>Cucurbita pepo</italic>, other host genera <italic>Citrullus, Lagenaria, Luffa,
Momordica, Sechium</italic>; cosmopolitan.</p><p><italic>Literature</italic>: Saccardo
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref107">1892</xref>: 601), Lindau
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref82">1907</xref>: 830,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref83">1910</xref>: 797), Ferraris
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref61">1912</xref>: 349),
Gonzáles-Fragoso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref65">1927</xref>:
206), de Vries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref130">1952</xref>: 62),
Ellis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">1971</xref>: 318), Ellis &
Holliday (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref59">1972</xref>), Brandenburger
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">1985</xref>: 403), Ellis & Ellis
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref57">1985</xref>: 339), von Arx
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">1987</xref>: 193), McKemy &
Morgan-Jones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref89">1992</xref>), Ho <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">1999</xref>: 125), Zhang
<italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref136">2003</xref>:
80–82).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Original material of the herbarium name <italic>C.
cucumerinum</italic> var. <italic>europaeum</italic> Bubák agrees very well with
the species concept of <italic>C. cucumerinum</italic> and is therefore reduced to
synonymy with the latter species. In de Vries
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref130">1952</xref>) and McKemy &
Morgan-Jones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref89">1992</xref>)
“<italic>Macrosporium cucumerinum</italic> Ellis & Everh., Hedwigia 7: 49.
1896.” is cited as a synonym of <italic>C. cucumerinum</italic>, but in
Hedwigia, vol. 7 (published in 1868, not in 1896) there is no reference to
this name. In Index Fungorum the original citation of <italic>Macrosporium
cucumerinum</italic> is given as “Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1895:
440. 1895.” and “<italic>Alternaria cucumerina</italic> (Ellis &
Everh.) A. Elliott, Amer. J. Bot. 4: 472. 1917.” is given as current
name. De Vries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref130">1952</xref>) listed
<italic>Chloridium polysporum</italic> (<italic>≡ Acladium polysporum</italic>) as an
additional synonym and stressed that this name antedated <italic>C.
cucumerinum</italic>. McKemy & Morgan-Jones
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref89">1992</xref>) discussed this
“synonymy” and stated that the two species are not identical and
do not even belong in the same genus. Hughes
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref74">1958</xref>), who examined type
material of Wallroth's species, reduced <italic>A. polysporum</italic> to synonymy
with <italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic>.</p><p><italic>Cladosporium cucumerinum,</italic> belonging to a species complex with
broadly similar conidiophore and conidium morphology, is morphologically close
to <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> and <italic>C. vignae</italic>. Besides very
characteristic symptoms, its pathogenicity to several <italic>Cucurbitaceae</italic>and its immersed hyphae often possessing a mucoid layer, <italic>C.
cucumerinum</italic> is distinguished from <italic>C. vignae</italic> in having mostly
longer conidiophores, ramoconidia and somewhat longer and wider secondary
ramoconidia. <italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic>, which is saprobic and a
secondary invader of diseased plant tissue, has usually narrower, monopodially
proliferating, non-geniculate conidiophores <italic>in vivo</italic> and somewhat
narrower conidia <italic>in vivo</italic> and <italic>in vitro</italic>. Furthermore, <italic>C.
cucumerinum</italic> and <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> are distinguished <italic>in
vitro</italic> by colony appearance, particularly colour, growth rates and degree
of ramification of conidiophores. The species clusters as a sister to <italic>C.
subuliforme</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part
c</xref>) and forms a distinct lineage for both TEF and ACT (distance
analyses in TreeBASE).</p><p><italic>Cladosporium cucumerinum</italic>, the causal organism of crown blight and
scab or gummosis disease is widespread and especially occurs on <italic>Citrullus
lanatus, Cucumis melo, C. sativus</italic> and <italic>Cucurbita pepo</italic>. Records
from other members of the <italic>Cucurbitaceae</italic> belong very probably to this
species and are, therefore, listed under “substrates and
distribution”. Roberts <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref104">1986</xref>) examined the internal
mycoflora of achenes of <italic>Helianthus annuus</italic> (<italic>Asteraceae</italic>) and
reported <italic>C. cucumerinum</italic> as isolated from developing sunflower seeds.
Morphological data and illustrations have not been provided, and cultures
could not be traced, so that a verification of the identity of the fungus
concerned was not possible. Hasija
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref67">1967</xref>) described this species
from India on <italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic> (<italic>Solanaceae</italic>). In Korea, a
<italic>Cladosporium</italic> species was isolated from leaves of <italic>Solanum
melongena</italic> cultivated in a greenhouse, and identified as <italic>C.
cucumerinum</italic> by Kwon <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref78">1999</xref>). They carried out
inoculation experiments and reported it to cause symptoms in seedlings of
watermelon, cucumber, oriental melon and pumpkins. Kwon <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref79">2000</xref>) reported it to cause a
black scab disease on sword bean (<italic>Canavalia ensiformis</italic> = <italic>C.
gladiata, Fabaceae</italic>) in greenhouses in Korea. Mendes <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref91">1998</xref>) listed <italic>Capsicum
annuum</italic> as a further host species. These records indicate that <italic>C.
cucumerinum</italic> is possibly not confined to hosts in the
<italic>Cucurbitaceae</italic>. However, molecular examinations of strains from plants
other than <italic>Cucumis sativus</italic> are necessary to confirm the host range of
this species. The isolate from a painted floor in the U.S.A. very probably
resulted due to contamination with <italic>C. cucumerinum</italic>. The species was
originally described from North America but an epitypification with European
material is justified due to its pathogenicity to several hosts of cucurbits
and its cosmopolitan distribution.</p><p>The original diagnosis of <italic>Cladosporium dufourii</italic> described on
decaying fruits of cucurbits from France is very brief: “Dense
caespitosum, filamentis ramosis, geniculatis, septatis, olivaceis, e macula
circulari atrocaerulea orientibus. Sporidiis rotundis vel oblongis, saepe
didymis.” Since type material was not available, it remains unclear
whether this species is identical with <italic>C. cucumerinum</italic>.</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium delicatulum</bold></italic> Cooke, Grevillea 5(33): 17. 1876.
Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig22">22</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig23">23</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig24">24</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig25">25</xref>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Cladosporium fasciculatum</italic> f. <italic>scirpi-lacustris</italic> Roum.,
Fungi Sel. Gall. Exs., Fasc. 17, No. 1688. 1881, <bold>syn. nov.</bold></p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Cladosporium fasciculatum</italic> var. <italic>densum</italic> Ravenel, in
Ravenel & Cooke, Fungi Amer. Exs., Cent. VII, No. 602. 1882, nom. nud.,
<bold>syn. nov.</bold></p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Cladosporium tuberum</italic> Cooke, Grevillea 12(61): 31. 1883, <bold>syn.
nov.</bold></p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed, rarely superficial; hyphae unbranched or
sparingly branched, (0.5–)1–3(–4) μm wide, septate,
without swellings and constrictions, subhyaline to pale olivaceous or pale
olivaceous-brown, smooth to minutely verruculose, sometimes loosely verrucose.
<italic>Conidiophores</italic> macronematous and micronematous, solitary, arising
terminally and laterally from hyphae, erect, straight to somewhat flexuous,
cylindrical-oblong, non-nodulose, sometimes slightly geniculate towards the
apex, unbranched, occasionally branched, once or several times, often as short
peg-like prolongations, 50–165(–200) × 3–4.5(–5)
μm, 2–4(–7)-septate, sometimes attenuated at septa, pale
olivaceous to pale medium olivaceous-brown, smooth, sometimes loosely minutely
verruculose at the base, walls unthickened or almost so, about 0.5 μm wide,
sometimes slightly attenuated towards the apex, up to 5.5 μm wide at the
base; micronematous conidiophores narrower and pale olivaceous,
19–75(–100) × (1.5–)2–2.5 μm.
<italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, terminal, sometimes intercalary,
situated on small peg-like prolongations, cylindrical-oblong, sometimes
geniculate at or towards the apex, non-nodulose, occasionally the whole cell
inflated in shape like a secondary ramoconidium, 11–37 μm long, with
(1–)2–3(–4) apical loci, crowded at the apex, conspicuous,
subdenticulate to denticulate, sometimes situated on small lateral outgrowths,
quite broad, truncate, rim and dome not distinctly visible, 1.5–2.2
μm diam, thickened and darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic>cylindrical-oblong, 13–46 × 2.5–4(–5) μm,
0–1(–2)-septate, sometimes distinctly constricted at the median
septum, base broadly truncate, 2–3 μm wide, neither thickened nor
darkened-refractive. <italic>Conidia</italic> numerous, in densely branched chains,
branching in all directions, up to four conidia in the terminal unbranched
part of the chain, small terminal conidia obovoid, subglobose or globose,
2.5–4.5(–6) × (1.5–)2–2.5(–3.5) μm (av.
± SD: 3.7 ± 0.8 × 2.4 ± 0.4), aseptate, apex
rounded, sometimes irregular due to additional lateral hila, intercalary
conidia limoniform to ellipsoid-ovoid or sometimes irregular in outline due to
lateral hila, 4–13(–17.5) × 2.5–3.5(–4) μm
(av. ± SD: 7.8 ± 3.0 × 3.0 ± 0.4),
0–1-septate, attenuated towards apex and base, with 1–4(–6)
distal hila, secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid-ovoid to subcylindrical or
cylindrical, (6–)8–23.5(–31) ×
(2.5–)3–4.5(–5) μm (av. ± SD: 15.6 ± 5.4
× 3.6 ± 0.5), 0–1(–2)-septate, very rarely 3-septate,
not constricted at septa, pale olivaceous to pale olivaceous-brown, smooth or
almost so, walls unthickened, often only slightly attenuated towards apex and
base, with (1–)2–4(–5) distal hila, hila conspicuous,
subdenticulate or denticulate, 0.5–2.2 μm diam, thickened and
darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis not observed.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig22"><label>Fig. 22.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium delicatulum</italic> (K 121551, holotype). Conidiophores and
conidia <italic>in vivo</italic>. Scale bar = 10 μm. U. Braun del.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig22"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 60–78 mm
diam after 14 d, olivaceous-grey, grey-olivaceous to olivaceous and
olivaceous-black, reverse olivaceous-black, floccose to villose, margins
grey-olivaceous, feathery, regular, aerial mycelium scattered to abundant,
covering almost the whole colony surface, floccose to villose, low to rarely
high, growth flat, without prominent exudates, sporulation sparse. Colonies on
MEA reaching 67–76 mm diam after 14 d, smoke-grey to pale
olivaceous-grey, olivaceous-grey or glaucous-grey at margins, reverse
olivaceous-grey, floccose, fluffy, margins white, glabrous to feathery,
regular, aerial mycelium abundant, covering the whole colony surface, floccose
to fluffy, growth flat, radially furrowed and wrinkled in colony centre,
without prominent exudates, sporulation sparse or absent. Colonies on OA
reaching 55–74 mm diam after 14 d, smoke-grey to pale olivaceous-grey,
grey-olivaceous or olivaceous due to abundant sporulation, reverse pale
greenish grey to olivaceous-grey, velvety to floccose, margins regular,
glabrous, narrow, colourless, aerial mycelium sparse to abundant, covering the
whole surface, floccose, loose to dense, low, growth flat, without prominent
exudates, sporulation sparse to profuse.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: Collections <italic>in vitro</italic>: <bold>Denmark</bold>,
isol. from indoor air, 2007, B. Andersen, BA 1679 = CPC 14285, BA 1680 = CPC
14286, BA 1681 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126342&link_type=cbs">CBS
126342</ext-link> = CPC 14287; isol. from building material, school, 2007, B.
Andersen, BA 1698 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126343&link_type=cbs">CBS
126343</ext-link> = CPC 14299; isol. from building material, 2007, B.
Andersen, BA 1683 = CPC 14289; Broenshoej, isol. from indoor air, control
room, 2000, B. Andersen, BA 1724 = CPC 14363; indoor air sample, in cup board,
water damaged room, 2000, B. Andersen, BA 1718 = CPC 14360; beach near
Copenhagen, isol. from sea weed, 2007, B. Andersen, BA 1706 = CPC 14307;
Valleroed, isol. from dust, school, 2000, B. Andersen, BA 1740 = CPC 14372.
<bold>Germany</bold>, Bayern, München, park of castle Nymphenburg, isol. from
<italic>Puccinia bromina</italic> ssp. <italic>symphyti-bromarum</italic> var.
<italic>paucispora</italic>, Jul. 2006, K. Schubert, CPC 13148; Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle
(Saale), Robert-Franz-Ring, isol. from leaves of <italic>Tilia cordata</italic>(<italic>Tiliaceae</italic>), 2 Aug. 2004, K. Schubert,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20430&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20430</ext-link>,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126344&link_type=cbs">CBS 126344</ext-link> = CPC
11389, reference strain of <italic>C. delicatulum</italic>. Collections <italic>in
vivo</italic>: <bold>France</bold>, Lyon, on dead stems of <italic>Schoenoplectus
lacustris</italic> (= <italic>Scirpus lacustris</italic>) (<italic>Cyperaceae</italic>), 1880, J.
Therry, Roumeguère, Fungi Sel. Gall. Exs. 1688, HBG, and Thüm.,
Mycoth. Univ. 1767, HBG, HAL, syntypes of <italic>C. fasciculatum</italic> f.
<italic>scirpi-lacustris</italic>. <bold>India</bold>, on dead leaves (litter), Colonel
Hobsen, No. 23, K 121551, <bold>holotype</bold> of <italic>C. delicatulum</italic>;
Gorakhpur, on necrotic patches on faded leaves of <italic>Dianthus barbatus</italic>(<italic>Caryophyllaceae</italic>), 23 Mar. 1972, Y.N. Srivastava, No. 2, IMI 212469
(originally deposited as <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic>). <bold>U.S.A.</bold>,
California, Marin County, San Rafael, on leaves of <italic>Hedera helix</italic>(<italic>Araliaceae</italic>), as secondary invader, 11 Nov. 1935, L. Bonar,
Anonymous, Calif. Fungi 427, NY; South Carolina, Aiken, on faded and necrotic
leaves of <italic>Euonymus japonicus</italic> (<italic>Celastraceae</italic>), Ravenel,
Ravenel & Cooke, Fungi Amer. Exs. 602, BPI 426554, syntype of <italic>C.
fasciculatum</italic> var. <italic>densum</italic>; on tubers of <italic>Ipomoea batatas</italic>(<italic>Convolvulaceae</italic>), Ravenel, Ravenel & Cooke, Fungi Amer. Exs. 600,
K, lectotype of <italic>C. tuberum</italic> designated here. <bold>Uruguay</bold>, on dead
pods of <italic>Sesbania virgata</italic> [= <italic>S. marginata</italic>]
(<italic>Fabaceae</italic>), June 1932, S. José, Herter, Plantae Urug. Exs.
1496, HBG.</p><p><italic>Substrates and distribution</italic>: Isolated from air, building material,
dust, plant material, sea weed; Europe (Denmark, Germany). Saprobic on dead
leaves, fruits, stems, tubers, or occurring as secondary invader on necrotic
lesions caused by other fungi <italic>in vivo</italic>, widely distributed, Asia
(India), Europe (France, Germany), North America (U.S.A.), South America
(Uruguay).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Cladosporium delicatulum</italic> is the oldest name for a
well characterised, widely distributed saprobic species. Type material of this
species originating from India, Asia is quite sparse. Since all strains of
<italic>C. delicatulum</italic> included in this study are from Europe we postpone a
formal epitypification until Asian cultures will be available. However, the
German strain from <italic>Tilia cordata</italic> can serve as reference strain to fix
the application of <italic>C. delicatulum</italic> and agrees well with the Indian
type material (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig23">Fig. 23</xref>).
The morphology <italic>in vitro</italic> is very uniform, and clearly different from
the closely allied <italic>C. inversicolor,</italic> which deviates in having longer
conidial chains, longer small terminal and intercalary conidia, wider
intercalary conidia and secondary ramoconidia, longer ramoconidia with a
broader base, with conidia being smooth to loosely verruculose or irregularly
rugose. From <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> it is distinct due to
0–1-septate intercalary conidia and secondary ramoconidia, only few
conidia in the terminal unbranched part of conidial chains, shorter often
slightly geniculate conidiophores and shorter secondary ramoconidia. Material
<italic>in vivo</italic> is characterised by having somewhat wider conidiophores
(10–200 × 3–7 μm) which are more frequently
geniculate-sinuous and conidia that are 4–25(–30) ×
2.5–6(–7) μm, and 0–2(–3)-septate (see Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig22">22</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig23">23</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig24">24</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig25">25</xref>). The species clusters as a
sister to <italic>C. cladosporioides s. lat.</italic>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part a</xref>) and forms a
distinct lineage for both TEF and ACT (distance analyses in TreeBASE).</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig23"><label>Fig. 23.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium delicatulum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20430&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20430</ext-link>,
reference material). Conidiophores and conidia <italic>in vivo</italic>. Scale bar =
10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig23"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig24"><label>Fig. 24.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium delicatulum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126344&link_type=cbs">CBS 126344</ext-link>).
Macro- and micronematous conidiophores and conidial chains <italic>in vitro</italic>.
Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig24"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig25"><label>Fig. 25.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium delicatulum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126344&link_type=cbs">CBS 126344</ext-link>).
A–G. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bar = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig25"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium exasperatum</bold></italic> Bensch, Summerell, Crous & U.
Braun, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517076&link_type=mb">MB517076</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig26">26</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig27">27</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig28">28</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Name refers to the surface ornamentation of
conidia.</p><p><italic>Cladosporii acalyphae</italic> aliquam simile, sed conidiophoris
brevioribus, ad 100 μm longis, locis conidiogenis et hilis angustioribus,
0.5–1.5 μm diam, et tamen conidiis terminalibus non globosis,
angustioribus, 3–4.5 μm latis internoscitur. Differt a
<italic>Cladosporio pini-ponderosae</italic> conidiophoris brevioribus et
angustioribus, 15–100 × (2–)2.5–4 μm, locis
conidiogenis et hilis angustioribus.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed and superficial; hyphae loosely branched,
(1–)1.5–4 μm wide, septate, not constricted at septa,
subhyaline to pale or medium olivaceous-brown, smooth to verrucose or
irregularly rough-walled, walls unthickened or almost so, sometimes irregular
in outline due to swellings, occasionally swollen at the base of
conidiophores, up to 6 μm wide. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> macro- and
semimacronematous, solitary, arising laterally or terminally from hyphae,
erect, straight to slightly flexuous, cylindrical-oblong, sometimes once,
occasionally slightly to distinctly twice geniculate-sinuous below the apex or
on a lower level, non-nodulose, unbranched or once branched, 15–100
× (2–)2.5–4 μm, septate, not constricted at septa, pale
to usually medium olivaceous-brown, sometimes dark olivaceous-brown,
asperulate or irregularly rough-walled, walls unthickened or only very
slightly thickened, occasionally slightly attenuated towards the apex.
<italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, terminal, cylindrical-oblong,
11–40 μm long, sometimes once, rarely twice geniculate-sinuous, with
loci situated on small lateral shoulders, with a single or up to 3(–4)
apical loci, conspicuous, subdenticulate to denticulate, 1–1.5 μm
diam, periclinal rim and central dome clearly visible, somewhat thickened and
darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> cylindrical-oblong, 19–40
× 2.8–4 μm, 0–2-septate, concolorous with tips of
conidiophores, smooth, base not cladosporioid, broadly truncate, 2.8–4
μm wide, unthickened and not darkened. <italic>Conidia</italic> catenate, in
branched chains, 2–6 conidia in the unbranched terminal part of the
chain, dichotomously branched or branching in all directions, small terminal
conidia obovoid to ellipsoid-ovoid, sometimes subglobose, 4–9 ×
3–4.5 μm (av. ± SD: 6.7 ± 1.6 × 3.9 ±
0.5), aseptate, apex usually rounded, intercalary conidia ellipsoid-ovoid to
fusiform, 7–15 × 3–4.5 μm (av. ± SD: 10.5 ±
2.6 × 3.9 ± 0.4), 0(–1)-septate, not constricted, with
1–2 distal hila, secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid, fusiform to
subcylindrical, 9.5–30(–37) ×
(2.5–)3.5–4.5(–5) μm (av. ± SD: 19.2 ± 6.2
× 3.9 ± 0.6), 0–2-septate, not constricted, sometimes
slightly swollen or wider at septa, septa median, somewhat in the upper half
or occasionally in the lower third, pale olivaceous to often medium or dark
olivaceous-brown, slightly to distinctly irregularly verruculose-rugose (LM),
surface with irregularly reticulate structure or embossed stripes under SEM
probably caused by diminishing turgor and shriveling of tender conidia, walls
thickened, occasionally distinctly constricted in the middle, attenuated
towards apex and base, with 1–4 distal hila, hila conspicuous,
subdenticulate to denticulate, 0.5–1.5 μm diam, more or less
thickened and darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis occurring.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig26"><label>Fig. 26.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium exasperatum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125986&link_type=cbs">CBS 125986</ext-link>).
Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, mycelium and conidial chains. Scale
bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig26"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 26–38 mm
diam after 14 d, zonate, centre olivaceous-grey, then grey-olivaceous,
iron-grey and dull green, reverse iron-grey to dull green, floccose to fluffy,
margin regular to undulate, white, glabrous to feathery, aerial mycelium
floccose to fluffy, loose to dense, covering large areas of the colony, growth
effuse, with elevated colony centre, without prominent exudates, sporulation
profuse. Colonies on MEA attaining 12–15 mm diam after 14 d, surface and
reverse olivaceous-grey, floccose, margins crenate, very narrow, white,
glabrous, aerial mycelium abundant, floccose, dense, covering the whole
surface, growth convex but radially furrowed and wrinkled in colony centre, no
exudates, sporulating. Colonies on OA reaching 39–54 mm diam after 14 d,
olivaceous-grey to grey-olivaceous due to abundant sporulation, reverse
olivaceous-grey to pale greenish grey, velvety to floccose, margins regular,
colourless to white, glabrous, aerial mycelium abundant, floccose to fluffy,
loose to dense, covering large parts of the colony surface, growth flat,
without exudates.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig27"><label>Fig. 27.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium exasperatum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125986&link_type=cbs">CBS 125986</ext-link>).
A–C, E–H. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. D.
Ramoconidium seceding at the tip of a conidiophore. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig27"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig28"><label>Fig. 28.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium exasperatum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125986&link_type=cbs">CBS 125986</ext-link>). A.
Ornamented conidia on aerial structures. Note the small scars with an
ornamentation free zone. B. Secondary ramoconidium with a scar and aerial
structures. C. Scars on a conidiophore. Note the smooth surface of the
conidiophores. D. Ornamented secondary ramoconidium on a conidiophore with
visible line of delineation. E. Septate aerial structure with conidiophores,
conidia and scars as background. F. Two ornamented globose conidia adhered to
an aerial structure showing an irregularly reticulate surface. G. Segmented
differentiated hyphae on the agar surface giving rise to numerous
conidiophores, conidiophore initials and aerial structures. H. Detail of
differentiated substrate hyphae. I. Segmented differentiated hyphae in
initials. Scale bars = 2 (A), 5 (B–F, H), 10 (G, I) μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig28"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig29"><label>Fig. 29.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium exile</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125987&link_type=cbs">CBS 125987</ext-link>).
Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, mycelium sometimes forming ropes and
conidial chains. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig29"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Northern Territory, Edith
Falls, S 14°05'20” E 132°05'12”, isol. from <italic>Eucalyptus
tintinnans</italic> (<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>), 23 Sep. 2007, coll. B.A. Summerell,
isol. P.W. Crous, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20431&link_type=cbs">CBS
H-20431</ext-link>, <bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125986&link_type=cbs">CBS 125986</ext-link> = CPC
14638.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: On <italic>Eucalyptus tintinnans</italic>;
Australia.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The conidia of <italic>C. exasperatum</italic> are characterised by
having a unique verruculose-rugose surface ornamentation. Within the
<italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic> complex there are only few species with
a somewhat similar surface ornamentation. <italic>Cladosporium
pini-ponderosae</italic>, which was recorded on pine needles of <italic>Pinus
ponderosa</italic> in Argentina possesses longer and somewhat wider, thick-walled
conidiophores, 14–190 × (2.5–)3.5–5.5 μm and wider
conidiogenous loci and hila, 0.5–2.5 μm diam
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref123">Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>2009</xref>). <italic>Cladosporium acalyphae</italic>, described on <italic>Acalypha
australis</italic> from South Korea also forms much longer conidiophores (up to
430 μm long), has globose or subglobose, wider small terminal conidia,
4.5–9 × 4.5–6 μm, and somewhat wider conidiogenous loci
and hila, and in <italic>C. verrucocladosporioides</italic> surface ornamentation of
conidia is even more pronounced with coarse verrucae being up to 1 μm high
and walls sometimes seemingly detaching and appearing to be distinctly
thick-walled. Besides these morphological features <italic>C. exasperatum</italic>forms very slow growing small colonies on all media. The species clusters as a
sister to <italic>C. scabrellum</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1,
part a</xref>) and forms a distinct lineage for both TEF and ACT
(distance analyses in TreeBASE).</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium exile</bold></italic> Bensch, Glawe, Crous & U. Braun,
<bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517077&link_type=mb">MB517077</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig29">29</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig30">30</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig31">31</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Name refers to the narrow habit of conidiophores and
conidia.</p><p><italic>Cladosporio tenello</italic> aliquam simile, sed conidiis angustioribus,
2–3.5(–4) μm latis, locis conidiogenis et hilis leniter
latioribus, 0.5–2 μm latis distinguitur. Differt a <italic>Cladosporio
cladosporioide</italic> conidiophoris et conidiis saepe asperulatis vel minute
verruculosis, ramoconidiis secundariis brevioribus et leniter angustioribus,
0–1(–3)-septatis.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed and superficial; hyphae sparingly branched,
2–4 μm wide, septate, sometimes constricted at septa, sterile hyphae
subhyaline, fertile hyphae pale or medium olivaceous-brown, smooth to minutely
verruculose or irregularly rough-walled where conidiophores are formed, walls
unthickened to slightly thickened, sometimes forming ropes or swollen at the
base of conidiophores, up to 7 μm wide. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> macro- and
micronematous, solitary, arising terminally and laterally from hyphae, erect
or ascending, straight to flexuous, cylindrical-oblong, slightly geniculate
towards the apex, sometimes subnodulose, unbranched or sometimes once,
occasionally twice branched, several long conidiophores up to 305 μm, but
mostly shorter, 6–100 μm long, (2–)3–4(–5) μm
wide, sometimes wider or even swollen at the base, up to 8 μm wide,
pluriseptate, mostly 0–4 septa, long conidiophores with up to nine
septa, sometimes slightly constricted at septa, pale brown to medium
olivaceous-brown, sometimes paler towards the base, smooth or almost so to
minutely verruculose or irregularly rough-walled, walls unthickened or
slightly thickened, about 0.5 μm wide. <italic>Micronematous conidiophores</italic>narrower, shorter and paler, with 1–2 apical loci. <italic>Conidiogenous
cells</italic> integrated, terminal, sometimes intercalary, cylindrical-oblong,
sometimes geniculate-sinuous, occasionally subnodulose, 6–34 μm long,
with up to six loci per cell, crowded at or towards the apex, sometimes loci
situated on small lateral shoulders, subdenticulate to denticulate,
(0.7–)1–2 μm diam, thickened and darkened-refractive.
<italic>Ramoconidia</italic> cylindrical-oblong, 17–41 ×
2.5–4(–5) μm, 0–1-septate, a single ramoconidium with
four septa, base broadly truncate, 2.5–3 μm wide, unthickened,
somewhat refractive. <italic>Conidia</italic> catenate, in branched chains, up to four
conidia in the unbranched terminal part of the chain, small terminal conidia
subglobose to mostly obovoid, 3.5–5(–5.5) × 2–3 μm
(av. ± SD: 4.4 ± 0.7 × 2.4 ± 0.4), intercalary
conidia ovoid to ellipsoid, (4–)5–8(–9) ×
(2–)2.5–3 μm (av. ± SD: 6.3 ± 1.2 × 2.9
± 0.3), aseptate, with 1–2(–3) distal hila, secondary
ramoconidia ellipsoid to subcylindrical or cylindrical, with up to three
apical hila, 7–25(–35) × 2.5–3.5(–4) μm (av.
± SD: 15.6 ± 7.7 × 3.1 ± 0.4),
0–1(–3)-septate, not constricted at septa, subhyaline to pale
olivaceous-brown, almost smooth to asperulate or minutely verruculose, under
SEM surface almost smooth to reticulate or with embossed stripes caused by
diminishing turgor and shriveling of tender young conidia, walls unthickened
to slightly thickened, slightly attenuated towards apex and base, hila
protuberant, subdenticulate to denticulate, 0.5–2 μm diam, thickened
and darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis sometimes occurring.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig30"><label>Fig. 30.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium exile</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125987&link_type=cbs">CBS 125987</ext-link>).
A–G. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig30"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA olivaceous to
glaucous-grey, reverse pale olivaceous-grey to olivaceous-grey, powdery to
fluffy, margin white, narrow, somewhat feathery and shiny like metal, aerial
mycelium diffuse, loose, fluffy, high, growth low convex, somewhat folded,
without exudates, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MEA olivaceous-grey in the
centre, greenish grey and glaucous-grey towards margins, zonate, reverse
olivaceous-grey, woolly-felty, margin white, narrow, somewhat feathery,
radially furrowed, folded and wrinkled, aerial mycelium low to high, loose to
more dense, fluffy, without exudates, sporulating. Colonies on OA dark
smoke-grey to olivaceous-grey and iron-grey, reverse leaden-grey, powdery to
woolly-felty, margin narrow, white or colourless, glabrous, aerial mycelium
loose, fluffy to felty, growth flat to low convex, without exudates,
sporulating.</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Washington, Seattle, University
of Washington campus, isol. from chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic>(<italic>Erysiphales</italic>) on leaves of <italic>Corylus avellana</italic>(<italic>Betulaceae</italic>), 12 Feb. 2004, D. Glawe,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20432&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20432</ext-link>,
<bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125987&link_type=cbs">CBS 125987</ext-link> = CPC
11828.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig31"><label>Fig. 31.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium exile</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125987&link_type=cbs">CBS 125987</ext-link>). A.
Conidia and secondary ramoconidia with reticulate ornamentation, near long
aerial hyphae or conidiophores. B. CryoSEM of different types of conidia on
aerial structures. Note a remarkable pattern of blastoconidium formation
(backwards) (arrow). C. Numerous hyphae and conidiophores in this overview of
a colony of the fungus. D. Hyphae on the agar surface. E. Conidia and aerial
structures. F. Detail of conidia and scars. Scale bars = 2 (F), 5 (A–B),
10 (E), 50 (C–D) μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig31"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: Isolated from chasmothecia of
<italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic> on leaves of <italic>Corylus</italic>; U.S.A.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Cladosporium tenellum</italic> and <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic> can morphologically be compared with the new species, but
<italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> has usually smooth conidiophores and conidia, and
somewhat longer and wider, mainly aseptate secondary ramoconidia,
(7–)10–33(–38) × (2–)2.5–4(–6)
μm. Belonging to the <italic>C. herbarum</italic> complex, <italic>C. tenellum</italic> is
phylogenetically quite apart from <italic>C. exile</italic> and morphologically
distinguishable by having wider conidia, 2.5–5(–6) μm, with
numerous distal hila and somewhat narrower conidiogenous loci and hila,
0.5–1.5 μm diam (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">Schubert <italic>et
al.</italic> 2007b</xref>). The species clustered as a sister to <italic>C.
paracladosporioides</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part
a</xref>) and formed a distinct lineage for both TEF and ACT (distance
analyses in TreeBASE).</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium flabelliforme</bold></italic> Bensch, Summerell, Crous &
U. Braun, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517078&link_type=mb">MB517078</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig32">32</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig33">33</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Name refers to the flabellate conidial chains spread in
a fan-like manner.</p><p><italic>Cladosporii chalastosporoidis</italic> simile, sed catenis conidiorum
flabellatis, brevioribus, conidiis usque ad 7(–9) in catenis
terminalibus non ramosis et item ramoconidiis secundariis longioribus et
angustioribus, 11–27 × (2–)2.5–3(–3.5) μm
discernitur. Differt a <italic>Cladosporio cucumerino</italic> conidiis intercalaribus
et ramoconidiis secundariis angustioribus, 1.5–3(–3.5) μm
latis, 0–2(–3)-septatis, locis conidiogenis et hilis
angustioribus, 0.5–1.5(–1.8) μm diam.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed and superficial; hyphae filiform to
cylindrical-oblong, unbranched or sparingly branched, 0.5–1 μm wide,
at the base of conidiophores wider, 1.5–2.5 μm wide, septate, not
constricted, septa often not very conspicuous, subhyaline to very pale
olivaceous or pale olivaceous-brown, smooth, walls unthickened, forming dense
ropes or filiform hyphae often spirally twisted. <italic>Conidiophores</italic>macronematous, solitary, arising terminally and laterally from hyphae, erect,
straight, cylindrical-oblong, neither nodulose nor geniculate, unbranched,
24–90 × 2–3.5(–4) μm, 0–3-septate, not
constricted at septa, very pale olivaceous-brown or olivaceous, smooth or
finely verruculose, asperulate, walls unthickened and somewhat irregular
towards the base. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, terminal,
cylindrical-oblong, neither geniculate nor nodulose, 11–42 μm long,
with 1–3 loci at the apex, conspicuous, subdenticulate, 1–1.5
μm diam, thickened and darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic>occasionally formed, cylindrical-oblong, up to 50 μm long, asperulate as
tips of conidiophores, not attenuated towards the base, base about 2.5 μm
wide, unthickened and not darkened. <italic>Conidia</italic> catenate, in long
branched chains, often dichotomously branched, up to 7(–9) conidia in
the unbranched terminal parts of the chain, conidial chains flabellate (spread
in a fan-like manner), small terminal conidia obovoid or ellipsoid,
4.5–8 × 1.5–2.5 μm (av. ± SD: 6.1 ± 1.2
× 2.0 ± 0.3), intercalary conidia fusiform to ellipsoid or
subcylindrical, 7–16(–18) × 1.5–3 μm (av. ±
SD: 10.0 ± 3.0 × 2.5 ± 0.5), aseptate, occasionally with a
single septum, attenuated towards apex and base, with 1–2(–3)
distal hila, secondary ramoconidia fusiform to cylindrical-oblong, 11–27
× (2–)2.5–3(–3.5) μm (av. ± SD: 19.2
± 4.9 × 2.8 ± 0.3), aseptate, very pale olivaceous or
olivaceous-brown, smooth, walls unthickened, with 2–3(–4) distal
hila, hila conspicuous, subdenticulate, 0.5–1.5 μm diam, thickened
and darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis occasionally
occurring.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig32"><label>Fig. 32.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium flabelliforme</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126345&link_type=cbs">CBS 126345</ext-link>).
Conidiophores and conidia in long often dichotomously branched chains. Scale
bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig32"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 50–57 mm
diam after 14 d, grey-olivaceous, reverse grey-olivaceous to olivaceous-grey,
paler parts olivaceous-buff, floccose to fluffy-felty, margins glabrous,
somewhat shiny and slimy, white to olivaceous-buff, aerial mycelium diffuse to
somewhat dense, pale olivaceous-grey, floccose to villose, growth low convex
to dome-shaped with somewhat elevated colony centre, without conspicuous
exudates, sporulation profuse. Colonies reaching 60–80 mm diam after 14
d, smoke-grey to olivaceous, grey-olivaceous towards margins, reverse
olivaceous-grey, floccose to fluffy, margins white, glabrous to feathery
radially furrowed, aerial mycelium whitish forming dense patches, floccose to
felty, growth effuse, without prominent exudates, sporulation profuse.
Colonies on OA attaining 55–68 mm diam after 14 d, olivaceous-buff to
greenish olivaceous, reverse pale olivaceous-grey to olivaceous-grey, greyish
sepia in colony centre, floccose, margins colourless, glabrous, aerial
mycelium sparse, diffuse, growth flat, somewhat wrinkled, sometimes concentric
zones of higher conidiophores and areas of profuse sporulation, without
exudates.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig33"><label>Fig. 33.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium flabelliforme</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126345&link_type=cbs">CBS 126345</ext-link>).
A–H. Conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig33"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Northern Territory, Fogg Dam,
S 12°34'01” E 131°17'49”, isol. from <italic>Melaleuca
cajuputi</italic> (<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>), 23 Sep. 2007, coll. B.A. Summerell, isol.
P.W. Crous, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20433&link_type=cbs">CBS
H-20433</ext-link>, <bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126345&link_type=cbs">CBS 126345</ext-link> = CPC
14523.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: On <italic>Melaleuca</italic>; Australia.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Cladosporium flabelliforme</italic> is well characterised
by its conidial chains spread in fan-like manner. <italic>Cladosporium
chalastosporoides</italic> resembles the new species but differs in having very
long unbranched or loosely branched conidial chains with up to 18 conidia in a
chain and shorter and wider secondary ramoconidia, 10–19 ×
(2–)2.5–4 μm; and <italic>C. cucumerinum</italic> possesses wider
intercalary conidia and secondary ramoconidia,
(2–)2.5–5(–5.5) μm, being 0–2(–3)-septate and
wider conidiogenous loci and hila, 0.5–2.2(–2.5) μm diam. The
species clusters as a basal sister to <italic>C. exile</italic>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part a</xref>) and forms a
distinct lineage for both TEF and ACT (distance analyses in TreeBASE).</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium funiculosum</bold></italic> W. Yamam., Sci. Rep. Hyogo Univ.
Agric., Ser. Agric. 4(1): 5. 1959. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig34">34</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig35">35</xref>.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed and superficial, hyphae loosely branched,
filiform to cylindrical-oblong or irregular in outline due to swellings,
1–3 μm wide, septate, smooth or mostly loosely verruculose to densely
verruculose <italic>Zasmidium</italic>(<italic>Stenella</italic>)-like, walls unthickened,
sometimes forming ropes. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> micronematous to
semimacronematous, solitary, arising terminally and laterally from
plagiotropous or ascending hyphae or hyphal strains, filiform to narrowly
cylindrical-oblong, neither geniculate nor nodulose, unbranched, occasionally
once branched, 10–120 × 2–3(–4) μm, usually rather
short, 0–2(–5)-septate, not constricted at septa, subhyaline to
pale olivaceous, smooth to minutely verruculose, walls unthickened, sometimes
hardly distinguishable from hyphae, sometimes irregular in outline due to
swellings and constrictions. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated,
terminal, sometimes intercalary, proliferation often distinctly sympodial, but
neither geniculate nor nodulose, 10–33 μm long, with 1–3 loci
at the apex, sometimes few additional loci at a lower level, subdenticulate,
1–1.5 μm diam, somewhat thickened and darkened-refractive.
<italic>Ramoconidia</italic> not formed. <italic>Conidia</italic> catenate, in long unbranched
or basely, often dichotomously branched chains, up to 8(–14) conidia in
the unbranched terminal part, straight, small terminal conidia subglobose,
obovoid, narrowly ovoid, ellipsoid, sometimes narrowly obclavate, 2.5–5
× 1.5–2 μm (av. ± SD: 4.3 ± 1.0 × 1.7
± 0.3), aseptate, intercalary conidia narrowly ellipsoid, fusiform to
subcylindrical, 5–16 × (1.5–)2–3 μm (av. ±
SD: 9.3 ± 3.3 × 2.6 ± 0.4), 0–1-septate, with
1–2 distal hila, secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid to subcylindrical or
cylindrical, 7–23(–27) × 2.5–3.2(–4) μm (av.
± SD: 15.6 ± 5.1 × 2.9 ± 0.3),
0–1(–2)-septate, not constricted at septa, septum often somewhat
in the upper half, with (1–)2–3 distal hila, often with a second
hilum near the base forming additional conidia “backwards”,
subhyaline to pale olivaceous, smooth, walls unthickened, slightly to
distinctly attenuated towards apex and base, cell structure granular, hila
conspicuous, subdenticulate, 0.5–1.5 μm diam, somewhat thickened and
darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis not observed.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig34"><label>Fig. 34.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium funiculosum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122129&link_type=cbs">CBS 122129</ext-link>).
Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, mycelium sometimes formed in ropes and
conidial chains. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig34"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig35"><label>Fig. 35.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium funiculosum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122129&link_type=cbs">CBS 122129</ext-link>).
A–E, G. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. F.
Micronematous conidiophore with conidial chains. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig35"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 65–78 mm
diam after 14 d, glaucous-grey or iron-grey to black, olivaceous towards
margins, reverse greenish grey to grey-olivaceous or dark mouse-grey to black,
floccose, felty-woolly to shiny, margin white to olivaceous, feathery,
regular, aerial mycelium abundant, floccose to villose, low to high, mainly in
colony centre, growth effuse to low convex, somewhat wrinkled, with numerous
small to large prominent exudates, sometimes coalescing, forming slimy
ring-like structures in colony centre, not sporulating. Colonies on MEA
reaching up to 80 mm diam after 14 d, pale olivaceous-grey to buff or
rosy-buff, reverse olivaceous-grey, brick to dark brick towards margins,
zonate, floccose to felty, margin white, glabrous to feathery, narrow,
regular, aerial mycelium abundant, covering most of the colony surface,
floccose to felty, dense, low, growth effuse, radially furrowed and wrinkled,
without prominent exudates, not sporulating. Colonies on OA attaining
58–67 mm diam after 14 d, white to smoke-grey, pale olivaceous-grey or
olivaceous-grey, colony centre buff or rosy-buff, reverse pale olivaceous-grey
to fawn, floccose to felty, margins colourless to white, glabrous, regular,
aerial mycelium abundant, covering the whole surface, floccose to felty,
growth flat, with numerous small prominent exudates, not sporulating.</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Japan</bold>, isol. from leaves of <italic>Vigna
umbellata</italic> (= <italic>Phaseolus chrysanthos</italic>; <italic>Fabaceae</italic>), probably
authentic strain of <italic>C. funiculosum</italic>; ex-type culture:
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122129&link_type=cbs">CBS 122129</ext-link> = ATCC
38010 = IFO 6537 = JCM 10683.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: On <italic>Phaseolus</italic>; Japan.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Conidiophore measurements and the species epithet
“<italic>funiculosum</italic>” introduced in Yamamoto
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref134">1959</xref>) very probably refer to
hyphal strains and not conidiophores since these are often hardly
distinguishable from hyphae or hyphal strands.</p><p>Two strains of <italic>C. funiculosum</italic> are included in this study. One of
these (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122128&link_type=cbs">CBS 122128</ext-link> =
ATCC 16160 = IFO 6536 = JCM 10682) was named <italic>C. coralloides</italic> and
should represent an authentic strain of the latter species but this seems to
be a different species. The two strains are both phylogenetically
(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part b</xref> as sister to
<italic>C. pseudocladosporioides</italic>; distance analyses in TreeBASE) and
morphologically identical whereas <italic>C. coralloides</italic>, an invalidly
published name isolated from <italic>Ficus carica</italic> and <italic>Oryza sativa</italic>,
is to be excluded from the genus <italic>Cladosporium</italic> since the scar
structure is not cladosporioid. A dried specimen from BPI was re-examined
agreeing with the species description published in Yamamoto
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref134">1959</xref>) and shows
metulocladosporiella-like structures. The “lectotype” of <italic>C.
coralloides</italic> designated in Ho <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">1999</xref>) was incorrect since it
was not an element from the protologue of the original description.</p><p>The sequence data of DNA from ATCC 16160 that we received from Shari Lupien
clustered with <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> lineage 2 isolates (not shown here)
and not with the other <italic>C. funiculosum</italic> sequences. It seems as if the
different isolates stored in the different culture collections represent
different species. CBS strains of <italic>C. funiculosum</italic> are subcultures of
authentic strains deposited at the IFO culture collection.</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium gamsianum</bold></italic> Bensch, Crous & U. Braun, <bold>sp.
nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517079&link_type=mb">MB517079</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig36">36</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig37">37</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Dedicated to Prof. dr Walter Gams for numerous valuable
isolates and to honour his contribution to mycology.</p><p><italic>Cladosporii cladosporioidis</italic> aliquam simile, sed conidiophoris
monopodialiter proliferatibus, conidiis brevioribus et angustioribus,
3–14.5 × 1–3(–3.5) μm, locis conidiogensis et hilis
angustioribus, 0.5–1.5(–1.8) μm diam. Differt a <italic>Cladosporio
angustisporo</italic> conidiophoris brevioribus et leniter latioribus,
10–146 × 3–5 μm, conidiis minutis terminalibus
angustioribus, 1–1.5(–2) μm latis, ramoconidiis secundariis
brevioribus, usque ad 14 μm longis.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> sparingly branched, 1–3.5 μm wide, at the base
of conidiophores wider, up to 5 μm wide, septate, subhyaline to pale
olivaceous or pale olivaceous-brown, with age hyphae becoming dark brown,
smooth, sometimes constricted at septa and minutely verruculose towards the
base of conidiophores, walls unthickened, forming ropes.
<italic>Conidiophores</italic> solitary or in small groups of four or sometimes
fasciculate, macronematous, arising terminally and laterally from hyphae or
hyphal ropes, erect, straight or slightly flexuous, cylindrical-oblong, not
geniculate, sometimes slightly swollen at the apex, sometimes with monopodial
rejuvenations (monopodially proliferating without conidiogenesis) and a single
rather inconspicuous annellation, unbranched, 10–146 × 3–5
μm, pluriseptate, sometimes slightly constricted at septa, medium
olivaceous-brown, paler towards or at the uppermost apex, with age dark brown,
more thick-walled and two-layered, walls about 1 μm wide, slightly
attenuated towards the apex, base sometimes up to 6.5 μm wide.
<italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, sympodially proliferating, usually
terminal, with age intercalary, cylindrical-oblong, not geniculate, with age
slightly swollen, subnodulose at or towards the apex with loci situated at
these lateral shoulders, 9–18 μm long, rupturing the outer wall layer
around some of the scars, resulting in a lateral displacement of scars,
leaving more or less conspicuous circumferential annular fringes of the torn
wall, lateral scars in face view conspicuous, flat, non-protuberant or only
slightly so, slightly thickened and darkened, with 1–4 loci at the apex,
with age up to eight loci crowded towards the apex, loci conspicuous,
subdenticulate, 1–1.5(–1.8) μm diam, thickened and
darkened-refractive. <italic>Conidia</italic> catenate, in branched chains, branching
dichotomously or in all directions, narrow, straight, small terminal conidia
obovoid, 3–6 × 1–1.5(–2) μm (av. ± SD: 5.0
± 0.9 × 1.4 ± 0.3), aseptate, intercalary conidia fusiform
to narrowly ellipsoid-ovoid, 4.5–12 × 1.5–2.5 μm (av.
± SD: 7.4 ± 2.0 × 1.9 ± 0.4), aseptate, with
1–3(–5) distal hila, secondary ramoconidia narrowly ellipsoid to
subcylindrical, (6–)7–14.5 ×
(1.2–)1.5–3(–3.5) μm (av. ± SD: 10.3 ± 2.4
× 2.6 ± 0.6), 0(–1)-septate, sometimes constricted at the
median septum, subhyaline to pale olivaceous or pale olivaceous-brown, smooth,
walls unthickened or almost so, attenuated towards apex and base, with
1–5 distal hila, conspicuous, subdenticulate, 0.5–1.5(–1.8)
μm diam, thickened and darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis not
observed.</p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA olivaceous-grey to
iron-grey, grey-olivaceous towards margins, somewhat zonate, reverse
olivaceous-grey to greyish-blue, grey-olivaceous towards margins,
woolly-felty, margin white, glabrous, aerial mycelium abundant, covering
almost the whole colony surface, woolly-felty, sometimes high, growth flat,
numerous small or large prominent exudates formed, sporulation profuse.
Colonies on MEA olivaceous-grey, iron-grey or black towards margins, reverse
iron-grey, velvety to woolly, margin white, glabrous, sometimes radially
furrowed, aerial mycelium abundant, covering the whole colony surface, growth
low convex, without prominent exudates, sporulating. Colonies on OA olivaceous
to grey-olivaceous, olivaceous-grey towards margins, reverse leaden-grey to
leaden-black, velvety to powdery, margin white, narrow, glabrous, aerial
mycelium absent or sparse, growth flat, sporulation profuse.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig36"><label>Fig. 36.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium gamsianum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125989&link_type=cbs">CBS 125989</ext-link>).
Conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig36"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig37"><label>Fig. 37.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium gamsianum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125989&link_type=cbs">CBS 125989</ext-link>).
A–G. Conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig37"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Pretoria, Walter Sisulu
Botanical Garden, 25.706944, 28.229444, isol. from <italic>Strelitzia</italic> sp.
(<italic>Strelitziaceae</italic>), 17 Feb. 2005, coll. W. Gams, isol. P.W. Crous,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20434&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20434</ext-link>,
<bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125989&link_type=cbs">CBS 125989</ext-link> = CPC
11807.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: On <italic>Strelitzia</italic>; South
Africa.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The mode of rejuvenation with more or less conspicuous
annular structures not being connected with conidiogenesis and conspicuous
lateral conidiogenous loci is unique within the genus <italic>Cladosporium</italic>and hitherto confined to <italic>C. gamsianum</italic>. It is reminiscent of the genus
<italic>Annellosympodia</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref90">McTaggart <italic>et
al.</italic> 2007</xref>) with its type species <italic>A. orbiculata</italic>.
Conidial chains of <italic>C. gamsianum</italic> resemble those of <italic>C.
basiinflatum</italic> but the latter species differs in having longer and wider
conidia, 4–23(–32) × (2–)2.5–4.5(–5)
μm, and wider conidiophores with usually distinctly inflated basal cells.
<italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic> and <italic>C. angustisporum</italic> are also
somewhat similar, but <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> has much longer and wider
conidia, 3–33(–38) × (1.5–)2–4(–6) μm,
with wider conidiogenous loci and hila, 0.5–2(–2.5) μm diam;
and in <italic>C. angustisporum</italic> the conidiophores are longer and somewhat
narrower without having annular structures, small terminal conidia are
somewhat wider, 1.5–2 μm, and secondary ramoconidia are up to 26
μm long. The species clusters as a sister to <italic>C.
verrucocladosporioides</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part
b</xref>) and forms a distinct lineage for both TEF and ACT (distance
analyses in TreeBASE).</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium globisporum</bold></italic> Bensch, Crous & U. Braun,
<bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517080&link_type=mb">MB517080</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig38">38</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig39">39</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig40">40</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Name refers to the shape of small terminal and
intercalary conidia which is mainly globose or subglobose.</p><p><italic>Cladosporii cladosporioidis</italic> simile, sed conidiis minutis
terminalibus saepe globosis, latioribus, (2.5–)3–4 μm latis,
conidiis intercalaribus latioribus, 3–4(–5) μm latis, et tamen
ramoconidiis secundariis latioribus, (3–)4–5(–6) μm latis
internoscitur.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> mainly immersed, sparingly branched, 2–5 μm
wide, septate, not constricted at septa, pale brown, smooth to minutely
verruculose, walls unthickened. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> macro- and
micronematous, solitary, arising terminally and laterally from ascending or
plagiotropous hyphae, erect, straight to slightly flexuous, cylindrical-oblong
to filiform, non-nodulose, sometimes geniculate, unbranched to once branched,
branches as short denticle-like lateral outgrowth, later becoming longer,
17–165 × 3–5 μm, micronematous conidiophores
(1–)2–2.5(–3) μm wide, 0–4-septate, cells quite
long, not constricted at septa, septa often darkened, pale to pale medium
brown, slightly paler towards the apex, minutely verruculose, asperulate,
walls unthickened or slightly thickened, up to 1 μm wide. <italic>Conidiogenous
cells</italic> integrated, often distinctly sympodially proliferating, terminal,
usually non-nodulose, sometimes slightly geniculate, filiform to
cylindrical-oblong, somewhat flexuous, 17–55 μm long, with up to
three apical loci, sitting close together at the apex, conspicuous,
subdenticulate to denticulate, (1.2–)1.5–2(–2.2) μm diam,
thickened and darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> cylindrical-oblong,
19–41(–56) × 3–4(–5) μm, 0(–2)-septate,
base broadly truncate. <italic>Conidia</italic> catenate, in densely branched chains,
straight to slightly curved, small terminal conidia globose, subglobose to
obovoid, 2.5–6(–8) × (2.5–)3–4 μm (av.
± SD: 4.5 ± 1.6 × 3.2 ± 0.5), broadly rounded at
the apex, intercalary conidia subglobose, broadly ellipsoid-ovoid,
(4–)5–9(–14) × 3–4(–5) μm (av. ±
SD: 6.6 ± 2.2 × 3.7 ± 0.5), aseptate, with up to
3(–5) distal hila, often distinctly denticulate, secondary ramoconidia
ellipsoid to subcylindrical, 9–25(–30) ×
(3–)4–5(–6) μm (av. ± SD: 16.6 ± 5.6
× 4.3 ± 0.5), 0(–1)-septate, with 3–4 distal hila,
sometimes hila not only distal but also lateral in the middle of the cell,
pale brown, smooth or almost so, under SEM surface reticulate or with somewhat
embossed stripes caused by diminishing turgor and shriveling of tender young
conidia, walls unthickened or only slightly so, attenuated towards apex and
base, hila conspicuous, often distinctly denticulate, 0.5–2 μm diam,
thickened and darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis not
observed.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig38"><label>Fig. 38.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium globisporum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=812.96&link_type=cbs">CBS 812.96</ext-link>).
Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidial chains. Scale
bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig38"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA grey-olivaceous to
olivaceous, reverse leaden-grey, velvety to powdery, margin colourless to
white, feathery, aerial mycelium sparse, loose, fluffy, only few areas
covered, growth flat, without exudates, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MEA
grey-olivaceous, pale olivaceous-grey towards margins, reverse
olivaceous-grey, velvety, due to aerial mycelium several white patches,
fluffy, loose to dense, without exudates, sporulation profuse. Colonies on OA
grey-olivaceous to pale olivaceous due to profuse sporulation or
olivaceous-buff, reverse leaden-grey to iron-grey, velvety to powdery,
glittering due to numerous small, not very prominent exudates (like little
water drops), margin colourless, feathery, aerial mycelium absent or sparse,
growth flat.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig39"><label>Fig. 39.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium globisporum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=812.96&link_type=cbs">CBS 812.96</ext-link>).
A–B. Delicately ornamented conidia showing a somewhat irregularly
reticulate surface or slightly embossed stripes probably caused by diminishing
turgor and shriveling of tender young conidia. C. Conidia, secondary
ramoconidia and scars. D. Conidiophore with secondary ramoconidia. E. Globose
ornamented small terminal conidia. F. Running hyphae on agar and conidia.
Scale bars = 2 (B, E), 5 (A, C), 10 (D, F) μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig39"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Sweden</bold>, isol. from meat stamp, 1986, M.
Olsen, No. M291, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20435&link_type=cbs">CBS
H-20435</ext-link>, <bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=812.96&link_type=cbs">CBS 812.96</ext-link>.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: Isolated from meat stamp; Sweden.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Conidiophore morphology of <italic>Cladosporium
globisporum</italic> closely resembles that of <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> but the
latter species is easily distinguishable by having narrower, obovoid, ovoid or
limoniform small terminal conidia, (1.5–)2–2.5(–3) μm
wide, narrower and somewhat longer intercalary conidia and narrower secondary
ramoconidia, (2–)2.5–4(–6) μm wide.</p><p>With its numerous terminal and intercalary globose or subglobose conidia
<italic>C. globisporum</italic> is reminiscent of species belonging to the <italic>C.
sphaerospermum</italic> complex, but these conidia are smooth or almost so in
<italic>C. globisporum,</italic> and not minutely verruculose to verrucose as in
<italic>C. sphaerospermum, C. halotolerans</italic> and <italic>C. langeronii</italic>.
Conidia of these three species are usually narrower and more frequently
septate. <italic>Cladosporium psychrotolerans</italic> also differs in having
0–1(–2)-septate, somewhat narrower secondary ramoconidia,
(2–)2.5–3(–5) μm wide
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref135">Zalar <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>).
The species clusters as a basal sister to <italic>C. phyllophilum</italic>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part a</xref>) and forms a
distinct lineage for both TEF and ACT (distance analyses in TreeBASE).</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium hillianum</bold></italic> Bensch, Crous & U. Braun, <bold>sp.
nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517081&link_type=mb">MB517081</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig41">41</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig42">42</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Dedicated to Frank Hill (recently deceased), who
collected numerous valuable <italic>Cladosporium</italic> species from New
Zealand.</p><p><italic>Cladosporio delicatulo</italic> aliquam simile, sed hyphis latioribus,
1–4.5(–6) μm latis, glomis pseudoparenchymatibus formantibus,
conidiis minutis terminalibus obovoidibus et ellipsoidibus, longioribus et
latioribus et item locis conidiogenis et hilis angustioribus,
(0.5–)0.8–1.5 μm diam distinguitur. Differt a <italic>Cladosporio
chalastosporoide</italic> conidiophoris latioribus, (3–)3.5–4.5 μm
latis, conidiis minutis terminalibus latioribus, 0–1-septatis,
ramoconidiis secundariis 0–3(–4)-septatis.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> internal and superficial; hyphae branched, 1–4.5
μm wide, becoming swollen with age, up to 6 μm wide, single cells 9
μm wide, pluriseptate, narrower hyphae usually not constricted at septa,
but wider ones often slightly to distinctly constricted, due to swellings,
branchings and constrictions often irregular in outline, sometimes septa in
short succession, pale to medium olivaceous-brown, smooth, sometimes slightly
rough-walled, walls unthickened or somewhat thickened, forming subglobose to
globose dense conglomerations (teleomorph initials?), pseudoparenchymatous,
<italic>textura angularis</italic>, 29–55 μm diam, composed of somewhat
swollen hyphal cells, 3.5–6 μm wide, medium brown or
olivaceous-brown, slightly thick-walled. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> solitary,
semimacronematous or micronematous, often hardly distinguishable from
superficial hyphae, arising terminally and laterally from plagiotropous or
ascending hyphae, erect or ascending, straight to slightly flexuous,
cylindrical-oblong, sometimes once geniculate-sinuous and subnodulose,
(12–)25–100 × (3–)3.5–4.5 μm, pluriseptate,
2–8-septa, sometimes slightly constricted at septa, septa often not very
conspicuous, pale olivaceous-brown or pale brown, smooth, walls slightly
thickened, cell structure somewhat unusual, guttulate. <italic>Conidiogenous
cells</italic> integrated, terminal, occasionally also intercalary, cylindrical,
8–24 μm long, sometimes geniculate-sinuous or subnodulose, with a
single locus or often up to four loci at or towards the apex, situated on
small lateral shoulders, not very conspicuous, 1–1.5(–2) μm
diam, slightly thickened, not darkened but sometimes slightly refractive.
<italic>Ramoconidia</italic> occasionally formed. <italic>Conidia</italic> catenate, in long
unbranched or basely branched chains, branching often dichotomously, up to
7(–11) conidia in the unbranched terminal part, small terminal conidia
obovoid to ellipsoid, (5–)6.5–11 × (2–)2.5–4
μm (av. ± SD: 8.0 ± 1.8 × 3.2 ± 0.7),
0–1-septate, septum median or somewhat in the upper half, intercalary
conidia ellipsoid to fusiform or irregular, 7.5–14(–17.5) ×
2.5–3.5(–4.5) μm (av. ± SD: 11.0 ± 2.9 ×
3.2 ± 0.5), 0–1(–2)-septate, septum median or somewhat in
the upper half, secondary ramoconidia fusiform, ellipsoid to subcylindrical or
irregular, 10–20(–30) × (2.5)3–4.5(–5) μm
(av. ± SD: 16.1 ± 4.8 × 3.7 ± 0.7),
0–3(–4)-septate, sometimes slightly to distinctly constricted at
septa and becoming sinuous with age, subhyaline to pale brown or pale to
medium olivaceous-brown, smooth, walls unthickened or slightly thickened, with
1–2(–4) distal hila, subconspicuous to conspicuous,
(0.5–)0.8–1.5 μm diam, slightly thickened, somewhat
darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis often occurring forming
secondary conidiophores and conidia, often germinating.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig40"><label>Fig. 40.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium globisporum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=812.96&link_type=cbs">CBS 812.96</ext-link>).
A–F. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bar = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig40"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 13–17 mm
diam after 14 d, olivaceous-grey to iron-grey, reverse iron-grey to
olivaceous-black, fluffy, margins narrow, colourless to white, somewhat
feathery, slightly undulate, aerial mycelium fluffy, loose, high, pale
olivaceous-grey, growth low convex. Colonies on MEA reaching 24–25 mm
diam after 14 d, olivaceous-grey with patches of white due to aerial mycelium,
reverse olivaceous-grey to iron-grey, velvety, margin narrow, white, crenate,
radially furrowed, glabrous, aerial mycelium whitish to pale olivaceous-grey,
dense, growth low convex to convex with elevated and wrinkled colony centre.
Colonies on OA attaining 25–30 mm diam after 14 d, iron-grey with
patches of smoke-grey due to aerial mycelium and sporulation, reverse
leaden-grey to olivaceous-grey, margins white, regular, glabrous, aerial
mycelium loose to dense, fluffy, smoke-grey or whitish, growth flat,
sporulating on all media, without prominent exudates.</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>New Zealand</bold>, Auckland, St. Johns,
Auckland University campus, artificial pond, isol. from leaf mold of <italic>Typha
orientalis</italic> (<italic>Typhaceae</italic>), 29 May 2008, R. Beever NZ 2008/2765b,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20436&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20436</ext-link>,
<bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type cultures
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125988&link_type=cbs">CBS 125988</ext-link> = CPC
15459, CPC 15458.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: On <italic>Typha</italic>; New Zealand.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Strain CPC 15458 did not sporulate on any medium, with
colonies being somewhat wider and paler with abundant aerial mycelium. The
scars of <italic>C. hillianum</italic> are often not very prominent but distinctly
cladosporioid. The formation of pseudoparenchymatous subglobose or globose
dense hyphal conglomerations on SNA plates is unique and not yet known for any
other <italic>Cladosporium</italic> species known from culture.</p><p>David (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">1997</xref>) described
<italic>C. heleophilum</italic> from <italic>Typha latifolia</italic>, which belongs to the
<italic>C. herbarum</italic> complex, forming typically herbarum-like verruculose
conidia, which make it easy to distinguish it from <italic>C. hillianum.
Cladosporium chalastosporoides</italic> introduced as a new species in this paper
is phylogenetically (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part
a</xref>) and morphologically allied but forms a distinct lineage for
both TEF and ACT (distance analyses in TreeBASE) and deviates in having
narrower conidiophores, (2–)2.5–3.5(–4) μm, aseptate
narrower small terminal conidia, 2–2.5 μm wide, and
0–1(–2)-septate secondary ramoconidia. <italic>Cladosporium
delicatulum</italic> differs in forming numerous subglobose, globose or obovoid,
shorter and narrower small terminal conidia, 2.5–4.5(–6) ×
(1.5–)2–2.5(–3.5) μm, wider conidiogenous loci and hila,
0.5–2.2 μm diam and narrower hyphae not forming pseudoparenchymatous
conglomerations of <italic>textura angularis</italic>.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig41"><label>Fig. 41.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium hillianum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125988&link_type=cbs">CBS 125988</ext-link>).
Mycelium, hyphal conglomeration, conidiophores and conidia. Scale bar = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig41"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig42"><label>Fig. 42.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium hillianum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125988&link_type=cbs">CBS 125988</ext-link>).
A–G. Conidiophores and conidia. H. Hyphal conglomeration. Scale bars =
10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig42"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium inversicolor</bold></italic> Bensch, Crous & U. Braun,
<bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517082&link_type=mb">MB517082</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig43">43</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig44">44</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Name refers to the reverse pigmentation of conidia and
conidiophores with small terminal conidia and intercalary conidia slightly
darker than ramoconidia, secondary ramoconidia and conidiophores.</p><p><italic>Cladosporii cladosporioidis</italic> aliquam simile, sed conidiis saepe
minute regulariter verruculosis vel irregulariter verruculosis, conidiis
minutis terminalibus et intercalaribus leniter longioribus et latioribus,
inverse coloratis et tamen ramoconidiis secundariis leniter brevioribus, usque
ad 24(–29) μm longis, discernitur. Differt a <italic>Cladosporio
delicatulo</italic> catenis conidiorum longioribus, saepe dichotome ramosis, usque
ad 17 conidiis in catenulis terminalibus non-ramosis, conidiis minutis
terminalibus et intercalaribus longioribus, laevibus vel laxe verruculosis vel
irregulariter verruculosis, saepe atrioribus quam ramoconidia et
conidiophora.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed and sparingly superficial; hyphae mainly
unbranched, 1.5–3(–4.5) μm wide, septate, not constricted at
septa, without swellings, pale olivaceous to pale olivaceous-brown, smooth to
often minutely verruculose, walls unthickened. <italic>Conidiophores</italic>macronematous, solitary, arising terminally and laterally from hyphae, erect,
straight to somewhat flexuous, cladosporioides-like, cylindrical-oblong,
somewhat geniculate-sinuous towards or at the apex, non-nodulose, unbranched
or once branched, 15–225 × 2.5–4(–5) μm, aseptate
or with few septa, not constricted at septa, subhyaline to very pale
olivaceous-brown, smooth, sometimes rough-walled at the base; occasionally
also micronematous, about 1.5 μm wide. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic>integrated, mainly terminal, cylindrical-oblong, non-nodulose, sometimes
geniculate at or towards the apex due to sympodial proliferation, 15–66
μm long, with (1–)2–3 loci, conspicuous, subdenticulate,
1–2 μm diam, somewhat thickened and darkened-refractive.
<italic>Ramoconidia</italic> occasionally formed, cylindrical-oblong, 17–42
× 3–3.5 μm, aseptate, occasionally with up to three septa, base
(1.8–)2–3 μm wide, unthickened. <italic>Conidia</italic> numerous,
catenate, in branched chains, often dichotomously branched, sometimes in more
directions, terminal unbranched parts of the chains often very long, up to
eight conidia, sometimes even up to 17 conidia, small terminal conidia obovoid
to ellipsoid, sometimes subglobose, (3–)5–8.5 ×
2–3(–3.5) μm (av. ± SD: 5.9 ± 1.6 × 2.6
± 0.4), aseptate, apex rounded, attenuated towards the base,
intercalary conidia ovoid, fusiform to ellipsoid, (5–)7–20 ×
(2–)2.5–3.5(–4) μm (av. ± SD: 10.3 ± 3.5
× 2.9 ± 0.4), aseptate, attenuated towards apex and base, with
1–3(–4) distal hila, secondary ramoconidia subcylindrical,
10.5–24(–29) × (2.2–)2.8–4(–4.2) μm
(av. ± SD: 16.9 ± 4.0 × 3.3 ± 0.5),
0–1(–2)-septate, but mainly aseptate, not constricted at septa,
pale to olivaceous-brown, small terminal conidia and intercalary conidia
slightly darker than ramoconidia, secondary ramoconidia and conidiophores,
smooth to loosely minutely verruculose or irregularly rough-walled, rugose,
verruculose-rugose surface ornamentation especially in small terminal and
intercalary conidia, conidia slightly attenuated towards apex and base, with
(1–)2–4(–6) distal hila, walls unthickened or almost so,
hila conspicuous, subdenticulate, 0.5–2 μm diam, thickened and
darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis not observed.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig43"><label>Fig. 43.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium inversicolor</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=401.80&link_type=cbs">CBS 401.80</ext-link>).
Conidiophores and conidial chains with intercalary conidia and small terminal
conidia sometimes verruculose or irregularly rough-walled, rugose. Scale bar =
10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig43"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 60–75 mm
diam after 14 d, olivaceous-grey, grey-olivaceous towards margins, leaden-grey
to olivaceous-black reverse with grey-olivaceous margins, floccose, margins
regular, white or colourless, feathery, aerial mycelium sparse to abundant,
diffuse to floccose, loose to dense, growth effuse, without prominent
exudates, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MEA 62–65 mm diam after 14 d,
grey-olivaceous to olivaceous-grey or olivaceous, reverse iron-grey to black,
velvety, floccose to felty, margins colourless or white, glabrous to feathery,
regular, aerial mycelium whitish to smoke-grey, felty-floccose, growth effuse,
sometimes radially furrowed in colony centre, without exudates, sporulation
profuse. Colonies on OA 50–65 mm diam after 14 d, grey-olivaceous to
greenish olivaceous, olivaceous, olivaceous-grey or olivaceous-buff, reverse
pale greenish grey to olivaceous-grey, leaden-grey or iron-grey, velvety to
floccose, margins glabrous, olivaceous-grey, narrow, aerial mycelium
smoke-grey to pale olivaceous-grey, felty, growth flat, without exudates,
sporulation profuse.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <italic>Sine loco</italic>, isol. from <italic>Triticum
aestivum</italic> (<italic>Poaceae</italic>) by F.T. Bennett, 1929, deposited as
<italic>C.</italic> <italic>cladosporioides</italic>,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=131.29&link_type=cbs">CBS 131.29</ext-link> = ATCC
200942 = ATCC 11275 = IMI 049623 = LCP 52.404. <bold>Colombia</bold>, isol. from
<italic>Cortaderia</italic> sp. (<italic>Poaceae</italic>),
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=484.80&link_type=cbs">CBS 484.80</ext-link>.
<bold>Denmark</bold>, Usseroed, isol. from school dust, 2000, B. Andersen, BA 1735 =
CPC 14368. <bold>Germany</bold>, Bayern, München, park of castle Nymphenburg,
isol. from <italic>Puccinia bromina</italic> ssp. <italic>symphyti-bromarum</italic> var.
<italic>paucispora</italic>, Jul. 2006, K. Schubert, CPC 13150. <bold>Netherlands</bold>,
isol. from a leaf of <italic>Tilia</italic> sp. (<italic>Tiliaceae</italic>), deposited Jan.
1965 as <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic>, isol. by A.A. Verhorst, ident. by G.A. de
Vries, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=143.65&link_type=cbs">CBS 143.65</ext-link>;
isol. from a leaf of <italic>Triticum aestivum</italic>, deposited Jul. 1980 as <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic>, isol. by N.J. Fokkema, ident. by G.A. de Vries,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20437&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20437</ext-link>,
<bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=401.80&link_type=cbs">CBS 401.80</ext-link> = ATCC
200941; Baarn, de Vuursche, isol. from seeds of <italic>Alnus</italic> sp.
(<italic>Betulaceae</italic>), 14 Mar. 1982, G.S. de Vries, No. 4110,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-1604&link_type=cbs">CBS H-1604</ext-link>,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=464.82&link_type=cbs">CBS 464.82</ext-link> = ATCC
200945, deposited as <italic>C. laxicapitulatum</italic>; Millingerwaard, isol. from a
fruit of <italic>Sambucus nigra</italic> (<italic>Adoxaceae</italic>), 29 Aug. 2007, P.W.
Crous, CPC 14241; Zwolle, isol. from outside air, 7 Jan. 2007, M. Meijer, CPC
14190, 14191. <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Seattle, University of Washington campus,
47.6263, 122.3331, isol. from chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic>(<italic>Erysiphales</italic>) on leaves of <italic>Corylus avellana</italic>(<italic>Betulaceae</italic>), 16 Sep. 2004, D. Glawe, CPC 11818.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig44"><label>Fig. 44.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium inversicolor</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=401.80&link_type=cbs">CBS 401.80</ext-link>).
A–G. Conidiophores and conidial chains with intercalary conidia and
small terminal conidia somewhat darker than ramoconidia and secondary
ramoconidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig44"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Substrates and distribution</italic>: On plant material, isol. from air and
food, also mycophilic; Europe (Denmark, Germany, Netherlands), North America
(U.S.A.), South America (Colombia).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Phylogenetically <italic>C. inversicolor</italic> is closely
related to <italic>C. delicatulum</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1,
part a</xref>; distance analyses in TreeBASE). Morphologically it differs
in having often dichotomously branched, very long conidial chains with
sometimes up to 17 conidia in the terminal unbranched part of the chain and
longer small terminal conidia and intercalary conidia which are smooth or
loosely minutely verruculose or irregularly rough-walled and usually slightly
darker than ramoconidia, secondary ramoconidia and conidiophores, although the
terminal conidia are usually paler in <italic>Cladosporium</italic> spp. This inverse
coloration of conidia has not yet been observed in any <italic>Cladosporium</italic>species known from culture. <italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic> is similar
to <italic>C. inversicolor</italic> but distinct in that it has usually smooth conidia
with small terminal conidia and intercalary conidia being somewhat shorter and
not inversely pigmented, longer secondary ramoconidia and wider
ramoconidia.</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium iranicum</bold></italic> Bensch, Crous & U. Braun, <bold>sp.
nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517083&link_type=mb">MB517083</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig45">45</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig46">46</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named after the country of origin, Iran.</p><p><italic>Cladosporii cladosporioidis</italic> simile, sed ramoconidiis secundariis
0–1(–2)-septatis, conidiis intercalaribus saepe subrostratis vel
rostratis internoscitur.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> mainly immersed; hyphae sparingly branched, 1–5
μm wide, septate, sometimes with swellings and constrictions, therefore
irregular in outline, almost hyaline to pale or medium olivaceous-brown,
smooth to minutely verruculose, walls unthickened to slightly thickened,
forming ropes. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> macro- and micronematous, solitary,
arising terminally and laterally from plagiotropous or ascending hyphae, erect
or ascending, straight to slightly flexuous, filiform to cylindrical-oblong,
neither nodulose nor geniculate, unbranched or once branched, branches mostly
only as short lateral prolongations just below a septum,
40–180(–325) × (2–)2.5–4(–5) μm,
pluriseptate, mostly 2–5-septate, not constricted at septa, few septa
darkened (viz. those septa at the base of potential ramoconidia), subhyaline
to pale, sometimes medium olivaceous-brown, smooth or almost so at the apex
and finely asperulate towards the base, walls unthickened to slightly
thickened. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, mainly terminal,
cylindrical-oblong, neither geniculate nor nodulose, 6–44 μm long,
smooth, with up to three apical loci, sometimes one or two loci at a lower
level, denticulate, protuberant, 1–2 μm diam, thickened and
darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> sometimes formed,
cylindrical-oblong, 31–42 × 3.5–5 μm, often 1-septate,
base broadly truncate, 2.2–3 μm wide, not thickened, somewhat
refractive. <italic>Conidia</italic> catenate, in long unbranched and branched chains,
chains often dichotomously branched, up to 10 conidia in the unbranched
terminal part, straight to slightly curved, small terminal conidia and
intercalary conidia in long unbranched chains, obovoid, limoniform to narrowly
fusiform or ellipsoid, 4–10 × (1–)1.5–3 μm (av.
± SD: 6.2 ± 1.7 × 2.3 ± 0.6), aseptate, often
subrostrate to rostrate, secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid to subcylindrical or
cylindrical-oblong, 10–33 × (2–)3–4 μm (av.
± SD: 21.0 ± 6.8 × 3.4 ± 0.5),
0–1(–2)-septate, not constricted at septa, septum median,
sometimes in the lower third, often not very conspicuous, almost hyaline to
pale olivaceous-brown, smooth or almost so, walls unthickened or slightly
thickened, slightly to distinctly attenuated towards apex and base, cell
structure 1–2 guttulate, with up to three distal hila, hila protuberant,
denticulate, 0.5–2 μm diam, thickened and darkened-refractive;
conidia often germinating especially terminal ones, germ tubes up to 30 μm
long; no microcyclic conidiogenesis.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig45"><label>Fig. 45.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium iranicum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126346&link_type=cbs">CBS 126346</ext-link>).
Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidial chains,
intercalary conidia sometimes subrostrate. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig45"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig46"><label>Fig. 46.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium iranicum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126346&link_type=cbs">CBS 126346</ext-link>).
A–D, F–G. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. E.
Conidia and conidiophore showing the often guttulate cell structure.
H–I. Subrostrate intercalary conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig46"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 53–60 mm
diam after 1 mo, olivaceous-grey to grey-olivaceous towards the margins,
reverse iron-grey to leaden-grey, powdery to fluffy, margin regular, white,
broad, glabrous, aerial mycelium abundantly formed, fluffy, especially in the
colony centre, no exudates formed, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MEA
reaching 47 mm diam after 1 mo, smoke-grey or whitish due to aerial mycelium,
pale olivaceous-grey towards margins, reverse olivaceous-grey to buff,
fluffy-felty, margin regular, white, glabrous, radially furrowed, aerial
mycelium abundant, fluffy, covering the whole surface, no exudates,
sporulation profuse.</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Iran</bold>, isol. from a leaf of <italic>Citrus
sinensis</italic> (<italic>Rutaceae</italic>), on scale insect, 2004, W. Gams,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20438&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20438</ext-link>,
<bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126346&link_type=cbs">CBS 126346</ext-link> = CPC
11554.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: On <italic>Citrus</italic>; Iran.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The morphology of conidiophores and conidia of <italic>C.
iranicum</italic> is very close to <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic>, but its secondary
ramoconidia are often 1(–2)-septate and intercalary conidia often
subrostrate or rostrate. Phylogenetically this new species clusters quite
apart from <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part a <italic>vs.</italic> c</xref>;
distance analyses in TreeBASE). Growth rates of these two species are also
quite different with <italic>C. iranicum</italic> growing more slowly.</p><p><italic>Cladosporium sphaerospermum</italic>, originally described by Penzig
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref100">1882</xref>) on chlorotic leaves
and branches of <italic>Citrus</italic> sp. from Italy is quite distinct from <italic>C.
iranicum</italic> by having small globose, verrucose conidia and more frequently
septate secondary ramoconidia and ramoconidia
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref135">Zalar <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>).
<italic>Cladosporium corrugatum</italic> occurring on <italic>Citrus aurantium</italic> in
Australia differs by having narrower conidiogenous loci and hila and shorter,
0–2(–3)-septate conidia
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref116">Schubert 2005b</xref>).</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium licheniphilum</bold></italic> Heuchert & U. Braun,
Herzogia 19: 12. 2006. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig47">Fig.
47</xref>.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed and superficial, dimorphic, sparingly branched,
2–5 μm wide, septate, not constricted at septa, hyaline to subhyaline
or olivaceous-brown, sterile hyphae smooth, fertile hyphae giving rise to
conidiophores irregularly rough-walled,
<italic>Zasmidium</italic>(<italic>Stenella</italic>)-like, often irregular in outline, walls
unthickened to somewhat thickened. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> macronematous,
sometimes also micronematous, arising laterally or terminally from
plagiotropous or ascending hyphae, solitary, sometimes in loose groups of two
or three, erect, straight to slightly flexuous, cylindrical-oblong, unbranched
or once, sometimes twice branched, lateral branches as short outgrowth just
below a septum or relatively long, in an angle of 45–90°,
28–90(–145) × 3–4 μm, pluriseptate, not constricted
at septa, pale olivaceous to olivaceous-brown, paler towards apices, smooth to
somewhat irregularly rough-walled, similar as hyphae, walls thickened, up to 1
μm wide; micronematous conidiophores shorter, narrower and paler,
14–65 × 2–3 μm, septate. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic>integrated, terminal and intercalary, cylindrical-oblong, 5–35 μm
long, with 1–5 protuberant, denticle-like loci, often aggregated or
sitting on small lateral prolongations, broadly truncate, 1.2–2 μm
diam, thickened and distinctly darkened, secondary ramoconidia sitting like a
whirl at the tip of conidiophores. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> occasionally formed,
with a broadly truncate base, not darkened but slightly refractive.
<italic>Conidia</italic> numerous, catenate, in branched chains, often dichotomously
branched, especially in the terminal part, small terminal conidia ovoid to
obovoid, sometimes subglobose or globose, 3–5 × 2–3 μm
(av. ± SD: 4.3 ± 0.8 × 2.6 ± 0.4), aseptate,
rounded at the apex, attenuated towards the base, smooth, thin-walled,
intercalary conidia ovoid-ellipsoid, 5–8(–12) × 3–4
μm (av. ± SD: 7.6 ± 1.7 × 3.6 ± 0.4), aseptate,
distinctly attenuated towards the base, with 1–3 distal hila, sometimes
situated on short lateral prolongations at the distal end, secondary
ramoconidia ellipsoid to fusiform or subcylindrical, with
(1–)2–3(–4) distal hila, 7–18(–23) ×
(2.5–)3–5(–6) μm (av. ± SD: 12.8 ± 3.9
× 3.9 ± 0.7), 0–1(–2)-septate, not constricted at
septa, only very slightly attenuated towards apex and base, base broadly
truncate, pale brown or pale olivaceous-brown, smooth, walls unthickened or
almost so, hila protuberant, denticulate, 0.5–2 μm diam, thickened,
distinctly darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis not observed.</p><p><italic>Description in vivo</italic>: See Heuchert & Braun
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref68">2006</xref>), von Brackel
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">2009</xref>).</p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 8–18 mm
diam after 1 mo, pale olivaceous-grey to olivaceous-grey, sometimes olivaceous
due to abundant sporulation, reverse olivaceous-grey, velvety to fluffy,
margin feathery to glabrous, regular, slow growing, aerial mycelium loose to
dense, more abundant at few areas, fluffy, few prominent exudates formed,
sporulation profuse. Colonies on MEA reaching 8–18 mm diam after 1 mo,
grey-olivaceous to olivaceous-grey, whitish to smoke-grey due to aerial
mycelium, reverse olivaceous-grey to iron-grey, velvety to woolly, margin very
narrow, white feathery, aerial mycelium dense, high, covering some parts of
the colony, abundant, without conspicuous exudates, sporulation profuse.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Bavaria, Unterfranken, Kreis
Aschaffenburg, parking area at the motorway Würzburg-Frankfurt,
south-east of Waldaschaff, isol. from the lichen <italic>Phaeophyscia
orbicularis</italic> and <italic>Physcia</italic> sp. on stems and bark of <italic>Acer
platanoides</italic> (<italic>Aceraceae</italic>), 31 May 2006, W. von Brackel, No. 3808,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20439&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20439</ext-link>,
<bold>epitype</bold> of <italic>C. licheniphilum</italic> designated here; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125990&link_type=cbs">CBS 125990</ext-link> = CPC
13224. <bold>Russia</bold>, Altai, Zmeinogorsk Region, Belaya River near Mt.
Stanovaya, 51°00'N, 82°44'N, alt. 600 m, Taiga forest, on apothecia of
<italic>Pertusaria alpina</italic>, 12 June 1999, E. A. Davydov, LE,
<bold>holotype</bold>.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: On lichens; Europe (Germany, Italy,
Norway, Russia), see Heuchert & Braun
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref68">2006</xref>), von Brackel
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">2008</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">2009</xref>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The chosen epitype of the recently introduced <italic>C.
licheniphilum</italic> agrees well with the original description given in Heuchert
& Braun (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref68">2006</xref>) taking into
consideration that fungal structures are usually slightly narrower in vitro
compared with its measurements in vivo. <italic>Cladosporium antarticum</italic> is
the second genuine lichenicolous species known so far in
<italic>Cladosporium</italic>, which is also characterised by forming a dimorphic
mycelium. Belonging to the <italic>C. herbarum</italic> complex, this species was
already compared and discussed with <italic>C. licheniphilum</italic> and several
other morphologically similar species in Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">2007b</xref>). The species clusters
as a sister to <italic>C. phyllophilum</italic>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part a</xref>) and forms a
distinct lineage for both TEF and ACT (distance analyses in TreeBASE).</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium lycoperdinum</bold></italic> Cooke, Grevillea 12(61): 32
(1883). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig48">Fig. 48</xref>.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> unbranched or loosely branched, filiform to
cylindrical-oblong, (0.5–)1–5 μm wide, not constricted at
septa, subhyaline to pale or medium olivaceous-brown, smooth or almost so to
often minutely verruculose or loosely verrucose, walls unthickened or almost
so, occasionally forming ropes. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> macro- and
micronematous, solitary, arising terminally and laterally from hyphae, erect,
straight or slightly flexuous, macronematous conidiophores cylindrical-oblong
or filiform, non-nodulose, usually not geniculate, occasionally slightly
geniculate at or towards the apex due to sympodial proliferation, unbranched
or once, rarely twice branched, branches often only as short lateral peg-like
prolongations just below a septum, 20–250 ×
(2.5–)3–6(–6.5) μm, pluriseptate, with septa occasionally
in short succession, not constricted at septa, few septa sometimes darkened
just below potential ramoconidia or where conidiophores disarticulate into
shorter pieces, pale olivaceous to medium olivaceous-brown, smooth to somewhat
irregularly rough-walled or minutely verruculose, especially at or towards the
base, walls unthickened or almost so, about 0.5 μm wide, sometimes slightly
attenuated towards the apex or intercalary somewhat wider; micronematous
conidiophores narrower, shorter and paler, 9–105 × 1.5–2.5
μm, filiform, not geniculate, unbranched or once branched,
0–5-septate, subhyaline to pale olivaceous, conidiogenous cells
6.5–50 μm long, loci 0.5–1.2 μm diam. <italic>Conidiogenous
cells</italic> integrated, terminal, intercalary or sometimes pleurogenous, often
seceding and forming ramoconidia, cylindrical-oblong, sometimes slightly
geniculate due to sympodial proliferation, 10–57 μm long, with
(1–)2–4 loci at or towards the apex, sometimes with additional
loci situated on a lower level, in intercalary conidiogenous cells loci
usually situated on small peg-like lateral outgrowths, loci conspicuous,
subdenticulate to denticulate, 1–2 μm diam, thickened and
darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> often formed, cylindrical-oblong,
13.5–55 × 3–5(–5.5) μm,
0–3(–6)-septate, not constricted at septa, with 2–4 distal
hila, base broadly truncate, 2.2–3(–3.5) μm wide, unthickened
or slightly thickened, often somewhat darkened or refractive, without dome and
rim. <italic>Conidia</italic> catenate, in branched chains branching in all
directions, up to 5(–7) conidia in the terminal unbranched part of the
conidial chains, straight, small terminal conidia subglobose to obovoid or
narrowly ellipsoid, (2–)3.5–5 ×
(1.5–)2–2.5(–3) μm (av. ± SD: 4.2 ± 0.7
× 2.0 ± 0.3), aseptate, intercalary conidia limoniform, ovoid to
ellipsoid, 4–14(–16.5) × (2–)2.5–3(–4)
μm (av. ± SD: 8.6 ± 3.0 × 2.8 ± 0.5),
0(–1)-septate, with 1–3(–4) distal hila, secondary
ramoconidia ellipsoid to cylindrical, sometimes almost doliiform,
8–32(–38) × (2.5–)3–4(–5) μm (av.
± SD: 15.6 ± 6.3 × 3.5 ± 0.5),
0–1(–3)-septate, not constricted at septa, pale olivaceous to pale
olivaceous-brown, smooth or almost so, walls unthickened or almost so, with
2–5 distal hila, intercalary conidia and secondary ramoconidia sometimes
formed in dense whirls at the conidiogenous cells or secondary ramoconidia,
hila conspicuous, subdenticulate, 0.5–2(–2.5) μm diam,
thickened and darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis occasionally
occurring.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig47"><label>Fig. 47.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium licheniphilum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125990&link_type=cbs">CBS 125990</ext-link>).
A–H. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig47"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig48"><label>Fig. 48.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium lycoperdinum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=574.78C&link_type=cbs">CBS 574.78C</ext-link>).
A–D. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bar = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig48"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 50–68 mm
diam after 14 d, olivaceous-grey, grey-olivaceous towards margins, reverse
leaden-grey to olivaceous-black, floccose to fluffy, margins white to
grey-olivaceous, feathery, regular, aerial mycelium abundant, covering the
whole colony surface, floccose to fluffy, growth flat to low convex, without
prominent exudates, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MEA reaching 50–62
mm diam after 14 d, olivaceous-grey to pale olivaceous-grey, sometimes
smoke-grey or white, reverse olivaceous-grey to iron-grey, floccose to felty,
margins white, narrow, feathery, regular, aerial mycelium abundant, covering
the whole colony surface, growth flat to low convex, sometimes radially
furrowed, without prominent exudates, sporulation profuse. Colonies on OA
attaining 58–70 mm diam after 14 d, olivaceous to greenish olivaceous,
olivaceous-grey at margins, reverse leaden-grey to olivaceous-grey, floccose
to felty, margins glabrous, aerial mycelium abundant covering almost the whole
colony surface, loose to dense, low to rarely high, growth flat, without
prominent exudates, sporulation profuse.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Canada</bold>, Ontario, isol. from galls of
<italic>Apiosporina morbosa</italic> (<italic>Venturiaceae</italic>) on <italic>Prunus</italic> sp.
(<italic>Rosaceae</italic>), 2005, coll. K.A. Seifert, isol. P.W. Crous,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126347&link_type=cbs">CBS 126347</ext-link> = CPC
12102. <bold>Colombia</bold>, near Cogna, bosque andino, ca. 3000 m alt., isol. from
<italic>Puya</italic> sp. (<italic>Bromeliaceae</italic>), W. Gams, depos. May 1980, isol. by
W. Gams, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=274.80C&link_type=cbs">CBS
274.80C</ext-link>. <bold>Russia</bold>, Moscow region, isol. from
<italic>Aureobasidium caulivorum</italic> (<italic>Dothioraceae</italic>), ident. by W. Gams,
stored as “<italic>C. epichloës</italic>”,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=574.78C&link_type=cbs">CBS 574.78C</ext-link> = VKM
F-2759. <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, South Carolina, Aiken, on <italic>Lycoperdon</italic> sp.
(<italic>Agaricales</italic>), Ravenel & Cooke, Fungi Amer. Exs. 595, K 121561,
lectotype; isolectotypes: Ravenel & Cooke, Fungi Amer. Exs. 595,
<italic>e.g.</italic>, BPI 427244, NY; Washington, Seattle, University of Washington
campus, isol. from chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic>(<italic>Erysiphales</italic>) on leaves of <italic>Corylus avellana</italic>(<italic>Betulaceae</italic>), 12 Feb. 2004, D. Glawe,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126348&link_type=cbs">CBS 126348</ext-link>, CPC
11833.</p><p><italic>Substrates and distribution</italic>: On ascomycetes and fruiting bodies of
different basidiomycetous fungi; Europe (Germany, Russia), North America
(Canada, U.S.A.) and South America (Colombia, Uruguay).</p><p><italic>Literature</italic>: Saccardo
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref106">1886</xref>: 368), Heuchert <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">2005</xref>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Cladosporium lycoperdinum,</italic> which was originally
described on <italic>Lycoperdon</italic> sp. from North America
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref27">Cooke 1883</xref>), seems to be a
quite common saprobic species occurring on different fungal fruit bodies of
basidiomycetes but also on ascomycetes as already stated in Heuchert <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">2005</xref>). Since none of
the strains included in this study have been isolated from a basidiomycete we
hesitate to propose an epitype for this species until more isolates are
available. However, measurements of conidiophores and conidia of the above
listed strains agree very well with the species description of <italic>C.
lycoperdinum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">Heuchert <italic>et
al.</italic> 2005</xref>).</p><p>The CBS strain
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=274.80C&link_type=cbs">274.80C</ext-link> clusters
with the other three isolates identified as <italic>C. lycoperdinum</italic>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part a</xref>; distance
analyses in TreeBASE) but is slightly different in morphology (conidiophores
shorter and narrower, shorter and somewhat narrower secondary ramoconidia). It
is tentatively maintained in the latter species until additional isolates can
be included.</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium myrtacearum</bold></italic> K. Schub., U. Braun & R.G.
Shivas, in Braun <italic>et al.</italic>, Australas. Pl. Pathol. 34: 509. 2005.
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig49">Fig. 49</xref>.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> branched, branches often only as short lateral
outgrowths, rhizoid, 1–6 μm wide, septate, with swellings and
constrictions, therefore often irregular in outline, subhyaline to medium
olivaceous-brown or dingy brown, smooth to often appearing rough-walled,
minutely verruculose to irregularly rough-walled, walls unthickened or
somewhat thickened, sometimes forming ropes or hyphae twisted.
<italic>Conidiophores</italic> macronematous, sometimes also micronematous, solitary
or in loose groups, arising terminally and laterally from ascending, erect and
plagiotropous hyphae, erect, straight to flexuous, cylindrical-oblong,
geniculate towards the apex, sometimes subnodulose towards the tip, but also
intercalary, with unilateral swellings giving conidiophores a gnarled, knotty
appearance, unbranched, occasionally once branched, 9–85(–120)
× (2–)3–4.5(–5) μm,
(0–)1–3(–5)-septate, not constricted at septa, septa
sometimes not very conspicuous, pale to medium olivaceous-brown or dingy
brown, sometimes paler towards the apex, smooth or almost so, walls thickened,
up to 1 μm wide. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, terminal,
cylindrical-oblong, geniculate, once or sometimes several times, subnodulose
with unilateral swellings due to geniculations, occasionally nodulose,
12–45 μm long, with up to six loci, crowded towards the apex,
situated on small lateral shoulders but not confined to swellings, loci
conspicuous, subdenticulate to denticulate, 1–1.8 μm diam, thickened
and darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> occasionally formed, 17–30
μm long, about 4 μm wide. <italic>Conidia</italic> catenate, in branched chains,
branching in all directions, up to seven conidia in the unbranched terminal
part of the chain, smooth to sometimes verruculose, small terminal and
intercalary conidia obovoid to narrowly ellipsoid, mostly fusiform,
5–10(–12) × 2–4 μm (av. ± SD: 8.1 ±
1.8 × 2.9 ± 0.6), aseptate, rarely with a single septum,
distinctly attenuated towards apex and base, secondary ramoconidia fusiform,
ellipsoid to subcylindrical, (9–)10–20(–25) ×
3–4(–4.5) μm (av. ± SD: 14 ± 3.4 × 3.5
± 0.5), 0–1(–2)-septate, not constricted at septa, septa
not very conspicuous, median or somewhat in the upper half, pale or sometimes
medium brown or dingy brown, smooth to finely verruculose or somewhat
irregularly rough-walled, attenuated towards apex and base, walls unthickened
or slightly thickened, with up to five distal hila, sometimes also laterally,
hila protuberant, subdenticulate, 0.8–1.8(–2) μm diam, somewhat
thickened and darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis occasionally
occurring.</p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 40–57 mm
diam after 1 mo, olivaceous-grey, grey-olivaceous towards margins or iron-grey
both surface and reverse, buff due to aerial mycelium, towards the margins
becoming slimy, not sporulating, appearing zonate, mycelium often aggregated,
forming “dread locks”, margin white, regular, glabrous, growth
flat with elevated colony centre, aerial mycelium formed, often aggregated,
without prominent exudates, sporulating. Colonies on MEA reaching 44–70
mm diam after 1 mo, iron-grey to smoke-grey due to sporulation, whitish
towards margins, olivaceous-grey reverse, white to buff towards margins,
fluffy, hairy, margin white, glabrous, radially furrowed, aerial mycelium
abundantly formed, covering the whole surface, dense, hairy to fluffy,
colonies wrinkled, without prominent exudates, sporulation sparse.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig49"><label>Fig. 49.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium myrtacearum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126350&link_type=cbs">CBS 126350</ext-link>).
A–H. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig49"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, New South Wales, Bimbadeen
Lookout, <italic>ca.</italic> 10 km of Cessnock, North Coast, isol. from
<italic>Eucalyptus placita</italic> (<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>), 14 Oct. 2006, coll. B.A.
Summerell, isol. P.W. Crous, NSM 734672,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126349&link_type=cbs">CBS 126349</ext-link> = CPC
13689; Northern Territory, Emerald Springs, S13°37'23, E131°36'40,
isol. from <italic>Corymbia foelscheana</italic> (<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>), 22 Sep. 2007,
coll. B.A. Summerell, isol. P.W. Crous,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20440&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20440</ext-link>,
<bold>epitype</bold> of <italic>C. myrtacearum</italic>, designated here; ex-type culture:
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126350&link_type=cbs">CBS 126350</ext-link> = CPC
14567; Millingimbi, Townsite, on <italic>Corymbia polycarpa</italic>, 17 Aug. 1999,
A.A. Mitchel, BRIP 26527, <bold>holotype</bold>, DNAP 26527, isotype.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: On <italic>Myrtaceae</italic> (<italic>Corymbia,
Eucalyptus</italic>); Australia.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Cladosporium myrtacearum</italic> recently described as a
leaf-spotting species occurring on <italic>Corymbia foelscheana</italic> in Australia
was known until now only from the type collection
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">Braun <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref116">Schubert 2005b</xref>). An
additional collection from the same host and country could be examined and
included in this study which agrees well with the original description of
<italic>C. myrtacearum</italic>. It is designated here as epitype of this species.
However, the biology of <italic>C. myrtacearum</italic> remains unclear. Although leaf
spots similar to those of the type specimen occurred on the infected leaves,
sporulation was not connected with these spots.</p><p>A second strain isolated from <italic>Eucalyptus placita</italic> from New South
Wales (CPC 13689) clusters with the epitype strain of <italic>C. myrtacearum</italic>and forms a highly supported subclade (see
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part a</xref>). Conidiophore
and conidial measurements are almost identical but the mycelium in strain CPC
13689 is slightly wider, often formed in ropes or twisted, conidiophores are
only macronematous and conidia are somewhat paler and smooth. However, these
morphological differences are probably within species variation, but on both
ACT and TEF these two isolates are not identical and more strains are needed
for clarification.</p><p><italic>In vitro C. myrtacearum</italic> is morphologically reminiscent of <italic>C.
antarcticum,</italic> but the latter species differs in having dimorphic mycelium,
longer and wider, minutely verruculose or verrucose conidia and secondary
ramoconidia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>2007b</xref>).</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium oxysporum</bold></italic> Berk. & M.A. Curtis, in
Berkeley, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 10: 362. 1869. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig50">50</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig51">51</xref>.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> internal and superficial, hyphae loosely branched,
1–4 μm wide, septate, not constricted at septa, but sometimes
irregular due to swellings and constrictions, subhyaline to pale olivaceous,
darker towards the base of the conidiophores, medium olivaceous-brown, smooth,
walls unthickened or slightly thick-walled, occasionally forming ropes.
<italic>Conidiophores</italic> macronematous, sometimes also micronematous, solitary,
arising terminally and laterally from hyphae, erect, straight to slightly
flexuous, nodose with nodes being quite apart of each other, with a single
node at the apex or just below and few additional nodes on a lower level,
1–7 nodes per conidiophore, swellings 3–6 μm wide, unbranched,
rarely branched, conidiophores long, 40–720 μm or even longer,
2–4 μm wide, at the base up to 5 μm wide, slightly attenuated
towards the apex, pluriseptate, not constricted at septa, pale to medium
olivaceous-brown, sometimes dark brown, often paler at the apex, smooth, walls
somewhat thick-walled, about 0.5(–1) μm wide; micronematous
conidiophores paler, narrower and shorter, also with nodules or only
subnodulose or geniculate, often attenuated towards the apex, 30–115
× 1.5–2 μm, nodes 3–4 μm wide. <italic>Conidiogenous
cells</italic> integrated, terminal and intercalary, with a single node,
conidiogenous loci confined to these swellings, with 1–4 loci per node,
sometimes subnodulose or once geniculate, 14–46 μm long, loci
conspicuous, subdenticulate, 0.8–1.5 μm diam, somewhat thickened and
darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> rarely occurring. <italic>Conidia</italic>catenate, in branched chains, up to five conidia in the terminal unbranched
part of the chain, branching in all directions, small terminal conidia
globose, subglobose to obovoid, 3–5 × 2–3 μm (av.
± SD: 4.2 ± 0.6 × 2.5 ± 0.4), aseptate, apex
rounded, intercalary conidia ovoid, limoniform to ellipsoid, (4–)
5–11 × 2.5–3.5(–4) μm (av. ± SD: 7.2
± 1.9 × 3.0 ± 0.4), aseptate, rarely 1-septate, not
constricted at septa, with 2–5(–6) distal hila, attenuated towards
apex and base, secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid to subcylindrical,
7–21(–24) × (2.5–)3–4 μm (av. ± SD:
15.0 ± 5.1 × 3.3 ± 0.4), 0–1-septate, not
constricted at septa, pale olivaceous to pale olivaceous-brown, smooth, walls
unthickened or almost so, with 2–4(–5) distal hila,
subdenticulate, 0.5–1.5(–2) μm diam, thickened and
darkened-refractive; sometimes microcyclic conidiogenesis occurring with
conidia forming secondary conidiophores.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig50"><label>Fig. 50.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium oxysporum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125991&link_type=cbs">CBS 125991</ext-link>).
Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, conidia and microcyclic conidiogenesis
with conidia forming secondary conidiophores. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig50"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 68–78 mm
diam after 14 d, smoke-grey to pale olivaceous-grey, reverse leaden-grey,
grey-olivaceous at margins both surface and reverse, felty-floccose, margins
broad, regular, whitish, glabrous, aerial mycelium abundant, covering most
parts of the colony surface, felty-floccose or fluffy, growth low convex,
without prominent exudates, sporulating. Colonies on MEA attaining 58–70
mm diam after 14 d, whitish to smoke-grey or pale olivaceous-grey at margins,
reverse olivaceous-grey to black, woolly-floccose, margins colourless to
whitish, glabrous, regular, radially furrowed, aerial mycelium abundant,
covering most of the colony surface, woolly-floccose, whitish to smoke-grey,
growth low convex, without prominent exudates, sporulation sparse. Colonies on
OA reaching 53–62 mm diam after 14 d, whitish to pale olivaceous-grey or
smoke-grey, reverse leaden-grey, pale olivaceous-grey at margins,
woolly-floccose, margins colourless, narrow, glabrous, regular, aerial
mycelium abundant, white to smoke-grey, densely woolly-floccose, covering most
of the colony surface, growth flat to low convex, sometimes several prominent
exudates, sporulation sparse.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>China</bold>, terracotta army site, isol. from
soil, 2000, coll. S. Gravesen, isol. B. Andersen,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20441&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20441</ext-link>,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125991&link_type=cbs">CBS 125991</ext-link> = CPC
14371, BA 1738, reference strain of <italic>C. oxysporum</italic>. <bold>Venezuela</bold>,
isol. from indoor air before renovation in lab, 2007, coll. K. Lyhne, isol. B.
Andersen, BA 1707 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126351&link_type=cbs">CBS
126351</ext-link> = CPC 14308.</p><p><italic>Substrates and distribution</italic>: Isolates from air, soil, on dead
parts of leaves and stems of herbaceous and woody plants and other organic
matter; common and widespread, especially in the tropics and subtropics.</p><p><italic>Literature</italic>: Saccardo
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref106">1886</xref>: 363), Ellis
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">1971</xref>: 312), McKemy &
Morgan-Jones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref88">1991</xref>), David
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">1997</xref>: 81), Bagyanarayana
& Braun (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">1999</xref>: 13), Ho
<italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">1999</xref>: 137),
de Hoog <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref71">2000</xref>:
589), Schubert & Braun
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">2004</xref>: 308–309),
Heuchert <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">2005</xref>: 48).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Cladosporium oxysporum</italic>, a common and widespread
saprobe, especially in the tropics and subtropics on dead parts of leaves and
stems of herbaceous and woody plants, occurs also as secondary invader on
necrotic leaf lesions caused by other fungi, and has been recorded to induce
leaf spots on several host plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref62">Fisher
1967</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref66">Hammouda
1992</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref80">Lamboy & Dillard
1997</xref>). With its usually long, more or less regularly nodulose or
nodose conidiophores and smooth, 0–1(–2)-septate conidia, it is a
well-characterised species easily distinguishable from the morphologically
allied <italic>C. herbarum</italic> and <italic>C. colocasiae</italic>. Type material of
<italic>C. oxysporum</italic> has been re-examined, described and illustrated by
McKemy & Morgan-Jones
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref88">1991</xref>) and David
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">1997</xref>), confirming the
interpretation of the species by Ellis
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">1971</xref>) to be accurate. Type
material is in poor condition and should therefore not be re-examined. Only
few typical conidia and nodulose conidiophores could be observed
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref116">Schubert 2005b</xref>).</p><p>Compared with the high number of isolates identified as <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic> and <italic>C. tenuissimum</italic> included in this study, and
although <italic>C. oxysporum</italic> is considered to be common, only two isolates
could be assigned to this species. This is maybe due to the sampling, since
there are only few isolates from subtropical or tropical areas, or maybe
<italic>C. oxysporum</italic> is not as ubiquitous as some other species of the genus,
which was already presumed by McKemy & Morgan-Jones
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref88">1991</xref>). CBS strain
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125991&link_type=cbs">125991</ext-link> from China
agrees very well with the species concept of <italic>C. oxysporum</italic> and can
therefore serve as reference strain until additional isolates especially from
the Carribean Sea are available from which a suitable epitype can be
selected.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig51"><label>Fig. 51.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium oxysporum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125991&link_type=cbs">CBS 125991</ext-link>).
A–C. Tips of macronematous conidiophores, being typically nodulose in A
and C. D–H. Intercalary conidiogenous cells and conidia. Scale bar = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig51"></graphic></fig></p><p>An unusual phenomenon of the two strains included in this study on PDA is
that the conidiophores do not possess the typical swellings, but are
unbranched or branched, once or several times geniculate-sinuous, secondary
ramoconidia are longer, up to 37 μm long and true ramoconidia are
formed.</p><p>CBS strain
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125.80&link_type=cbs">125.80</ext-link>, which was
used as reference strain for <italic>C. oxysporum</italic> in de Hoog <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref71">2000</xref>), Wirsel <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref133">2002</xref>) and Zalar <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref135">2007</xref>) and
illustrated by de Hoog <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref71">2000</xref>) with nodose
conidiophores, is not conspecific with this species. Morphologically it
belongs to the <italic>C. cladosporioides s. lat</italic>. complex, and clusters quite
apart from <italic>C. oxysporum</italic> (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig.
1, part a <italic>vs.</italic> c</xref>; distance analyses in TreeBASE) which
suggests that it probably got contaminated.</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium paracladosporioides</bold></italic> Bensch, Crous & U.
Braun, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517084&link_type=mb">MB517084</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig52">52</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig53">53</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Epithet derived from its similar morphology to
<italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic>.</p><p><italic>Cladosporii cladosporioidis</italic> valde simile, sed conidiis
0–3-septatis et minute asperulatis discernitur. Differt a
<italic>Cladosporio iranico</italic> conidiis terminalibus et intercalaribus
latioribus, 3–3.5(–4) μm, ramoconidiis secundariis latioribus,
(3–)3.5–5 μm, 0–3-septatis, catenulis terminalibus
brevioribus, usque ad 4 conidiis.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed and abundantly superficial; hyphae sparingly
branched, 1.5–5 μm wide, septate, not constricted at septa, pale
brown to medium brown or olivaceous-brown, septa mostly quite regular,
sometimes 2–3 in short succession, smooth to asperulate or irregularly
rough-walled, somewhat dimorphic, many hyphae look like macronematous
conidiophores but are not yet sporulating, medium brown and smooth.
<italic>Conidiophores</italic> macro- and micronematous, arising terminally and
laterally from ascending or plagiotropous hyphae, erect, straight to mostly
flexuous, sometimes hardly distinguishable from hyphae. <italic>Macronematous
conidiophores</italic> cylindrical-oblong, non-nodulose, sometimes distinctly
geniculate-sinuous due to sympodial proliferation, once or several times,
unbranched or once branched, (17–)50–180(–300) ×
(2–)3–4 μm, pluriseptate, sometimes slightly constricted at
septa, pale to medium brown or olivaceous-brown, smooth to irregularly
asperulate or loosely delicately verruculose, walls thickened.
<italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, terminal, cylindrical-oblong,
sometimes intercalary, occasionally geniculate-sinuous, 8–40 μm long,
with 2–4 apical loci or up to five loci per cell, sometimes situated on
lateral shoulders or on short lateral prolongations at the apex, protuberant,
denticle-like, 1.5–2 μm diam, thickened and darkened-refractive.
<italic>Micronematous conidiophores</italic> narrower and paler, filiform, unbranched,
up to 165 μm long or even longer, 2–2.5(–3) μm wide,
subhyaline to pale brown. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, terminal,
narrowly cylindrical-oblong, usually with a single apical locus, sometimes
with few loci. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> occasionally formed, hardly
distinguishable from secondary ramoconidia. <italic>Conidia</italic> catenate, in
branched chains, up to four conidia in the unbranched terminal part of the
chain, straight, small terminal conidia obovoid, subglobose, sometimes
obpyriform, 4–7(–14) × 3–3.5 μm (av. ± SD:
5.3 ± 1.1 × 3.1 ± 0.2), aseptate, intercalary conidia
limoniform, fusiform to ovoid, 6–9(–11) ×
3–3.5(–4) μm (av. ± SD: 7.7 ± 1.5 × 3.4
± 0.3), 0(–1)-septate, with 1–2(–3) distal hila,
secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid, fusiform to subcylindrical, with up to four
distal hila, 7–26(–30) × (3–)3.5–5 μm (av.
± SD: 16.2 ± 6.2 × 4.0 ± 0.4), sometimes obclavate,
up to 36 μm long, 0–3-septate, sometimes slightly constricted at
septa, first septum median or often slightly to distinctly in the upper half,
sometimes in the lower, with 2–3 septa sometimes irregular, cells of
different size, septa darkened, pale brown, smooth or almost so to very finely
asperulate, walls somewhat thickened, attenuated towards apex and base, hila
protuberant, denticulate, broadly truncate, 0.8–2(–2.5) μm
diam, thickened and darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis occurring,
forming secondary conidiophores.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig52"><label>Fig. 52.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium paracladosporioides</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=171.54&link_type=cbs">CBS 171.54</ext-link>).
Dimorphic mycelium, macro- and micronematous conidiophores, ramoconidia,
conidia and microcyclic conidiogenesis. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig52"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig53"><label>Fig. 53.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium paracladosporioides</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=171.54&link_type=cbs">CBS 171.54</ext-link>).
A–C, E–F. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. D, H.
Conidial chains, septa of secondary ramoconidia distinctly darkened. G.
Microcyclic conidiogenesis. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig53"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA olivaceous-grey to
iron-grey and olivaceous-black, reverse greenish grey to olivaceous-black,
woolly-fluffy, margin colourless to white, glabrous to feathery, very narrow,
aerial mycelium fluffy, loose, high, colonies somewhat shiny, without
prominent exudates, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MEA olivaceous-grey to
greenish olivaceous due to profuse sporulation, pale olivaceous-grey towards
margins, somewhat zonate, reverse olivaceous-grey, velvety to felty, margin
narrow, colourless to white, radially furrowed, colonies folded and wrinkled,
aerial mycelium abundant, loose to dense, without conspicuous exudates,
sporulating. Colonies on OA olivaceous-grey to iron-grey, smoke-grey due to
mycelium and sporulation, reverse greenish black to leaden-grey, powdery to
felty, margin colourless to white, narrow, glabrous, aerial mycelium loose,
diffuse to dense, felty-fluffy, without exudates, sporulating.</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: Isol. by G.A. de Vries, deposited by Raistrick,
No. 4079, Sep. 1954, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20442&link_type=cbs">CBS
H-20442</ext-link>, <bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=171.54&link_type=cbs">CBS 171.54</ext-link> = ATCC
11278 = 200943 = IFO 6369 = IMI 049626 = MUCL 917 = NCTC 4097.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: Substrate and distribution
unknown.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Cladosporium paracladosporioides</italic> is
morphologically similar to <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> and the newly
introduced <italic>C. iranicum,</italic> but the latter species differs in having
narrower terminal and intercalary conidia that are often subrostrate or
rostrate and narrower, 0–1(–2)-septate secondary ramoconidia with
conidial chains being much longer forming up to 10 conidia in the terminal
unbranched part of the chain. <italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic> is
distinct in that the conidia are usually aseptate, smooth and somewhat
narrower. Phylogenetically the new species is closely allied to <italic>C.
varians</italic> (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part
a</xref>; distance analyses in TreeBASE) but deviates in having longer
and wider conidiophores, wider conidiogenous loci and hila and longer
intercalary conidia and secondary ramoconidia
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">Braun <italic>et al.</italic>2008b</xref>).</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium perangustum</bold></italic> Bensch, Crous & U. Braun,
<bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517085&link_type=mb">MB517085</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig54">54</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig55">55</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig56">56</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named after the narrow conidia.</p><p><italic>Cladosporio scabrello</italic> valde simile, sed conidiophoris et
ramoconidiis secundariis leniter angustioribus distinguitur. Differt a
<italic>Cladosporio exili</italic> conidiophoris et ramoconidiis leniter
angustioribus, conidiis intercalaribus longioribus, conidiis leniter
angustioribus, locis conidiogenis et hilis angustioribus.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> internal and superficial; hyphae filiform to narrowly
cylindrical-oblong, loosely branched, (0.5–)1–4 μm wide,
septate, sometimes slightly constricted at septa, sometimes irregular due to
intercalary swellings and constrictions, subhyaline to pale olivaceous or pale
olivaceous-brown, smooth to usually verruculose or irregularly rough-walled,
walls unthickened or almost so, sometimes swollen at the base of
conidiophores, sometimes forming dense ropes. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> solitary,
sometimes in pairs, macronematous, semimacronematous or micronematous, arising
terminally and laterally from hyphae or from swollen hyphal cells, erect,
straight or slightly flexuous, filiform to narrowly cylindrical-oblong,
usually neither geniculate nor nodulose, sometimes geniculate-sinuous or
unilaterally slightly swollen at the apex, unbranched, occasionally branched,
once or several times, branches short, peg-like or up to 30 μm long,
conidiophores (8–)12–130(–150) ×
(1.5–)2–3.5(–4) μm, 0–6 septate, usually not
constricted at septa, occasionally septa darkened, subhyaline, pale olivaceous
or pale olivaceous-brown, more or less rough-walled, especially towards the
base of conidiophores, asperulate-verruculose, at the apex smooth or almost
so, walls unthickened or slightly thickened, about 0.5 μm wide, sometimes
slightly attenuated towards the apex, at the base sometimes up to 4.5 μm
wide. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, mainly terminal, sometimes also
intercalary or pleurogenous, narrowly cylindrical-oblong, sometimes
geniculate-sinuous, non-nodulose, in intercalary cells loci situated on small
peg-like lateral prolongations or just below the septum, 7–40 μm
long, with 1–4(–5) apically crowded loci, forming clusters of
pronounced scars, conspicuous, subdenticulate to denticulate, 0.8–1.5
μm diam, thickened and darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic>cylindrical-oblong, 25–45 × 2.5–3(–4.5) μm,
aseptate, rarely 1(–2)-septate, base truncate, 2–2.5(–4)
μm wide, sometimes slightly darkened or refractive. <italic>Conidia</italic>numerous, catenate, in branched chains, branching in all directions, 1–4
conidia in the terminal unbranched part of the chain, small terminal conidia
globose, subglobose or ovoid to obovoid, 2–4(–5) ×
(1.5–)2–2.5 μm (av. ± SD: 3.1 ± 0.6 × 2.1
± 0.2), apex broadly rounded or slightly attenuated, intercalary
conidia ovoid, limoniform to ellipsoid, somewhat fusiform or subcylindrical,
4–16(–19) × 2–3(–3.5) μm (av. ± SD:
8.7 ± 3.8 × 2.5 ± 0.4), 0(–1)-septate, attenuated
towards apex and base, with 1–3(–5) distal hila, secondary
ramoconidia narrowly ellipsoid to cylindrical-oblong, 6–30(–34)
× 2–3(–3.5) μm (av. ± SD: 17.8 ± 7.4
× 2.5 ± 0.4), 0–1(–3)-septate, septum median or often
somewhat in the upper half, with 2–4(–7) distal hila, pale
olivaceous-brown, smooth or almost so to finely verruculose (LM), under SEM
smooth or surface with somewhat irregularly reticulate structure or embossed
stripes probably caused by diminishing turgor and shriveling of tender
conidia, thin-walled, hila conspicuous, subdenticulate to denticulate,
(0.8–)1–1.5(–1.8) μm diam, thickened and
darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis occasionally occurring.</p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 33–76 mm
diam after 14 d, grey-olivaceous to olivaceous, olivaceous-grey or iron-grey,
sometimes with patches of smoke-grey or pale greenish grey, reverse dull
green, leaden-grey to olivaceous-grey, iron-grey or olivaceous-black,
sometimes releasing an olivaceous-buff or orange to luteous soluble pigment
into the agar, fluffy, floccose or powdery, margins glabrous to feathery,
whitish, olivaceous-buff or pale luteous due to the pigment, broad, regular or
somewhat undulate, aerial mycelium diffuse to loosely floccose or felty,
growth effuse, usually without prominent exudates, occasionally numerous small
to large prominent exudates formed, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MEA
reaching 40–72 mm diam after 14 d, pale olivaceous-grey to glaucous-grey
or grey-olivaceous, whitish to smoke-grey due to aerial mycelium, reverse
olivaceous-grey to iron-grey, occasionally releasing an orange solube pigment
into the agar, velvety to floccose, margins white, narrow, regular to
undulate, glabrous to somewhat feathery, aerial mycelium abundantly formed,
covering most parts of colony surface, loosely to densely floccose or felty,
white to pale olivaceous-grey or smoke-grey, growth effuse with sometimes
elevated colony centre, radially furrowed, sometimes few small prominent
exudates formed, sporulation profuse. Colonies on OA 40–75 mm diam after
14 d, whitish to smoke-grey and pale olivaceous-grey or grey-olivaceous,
reverse pale olivaceous-grey, pale greenish grey to olivaceous-grey,
leaden-grey or sometimes amber-coloured due to the pigment released into the
agar, velvety or fluffy to felty-floccose, margins colourless or greenish
olivaceous, glabrous, regular, aerial mycelium abundant, covering large parts
of the colony surface, dense, low to high, white, growth effuse, sometimes few
prominent exudates formed, sporulating.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <italic>Sine loco</italic>, <italic>sine dato</italic>, isol.
by C.H. Hassall, No. 4-1949, ident. by G.A. de Vries as <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=167.54&link_type=cbs">CBS
167.54</ext-link> = ATCC 11276 = IMI 049624. <bold>Australia</bold>, isol. from
margarine, N. Charley, CPC 11046; isol. from <italic>Eucalyptus placita</italic>(<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>), coll. B.A. Summerell, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 13686;
Northern Territory, Emerald Springs, S13°37'23, E131°36'40, isol. from
<italic>Corymbia foelscheana</italic> (<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>), 22 Sep. 2007, coll. B.A.
Summerell, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 14566; isol. from <italic>Erythrophleum</italic><italic>chlorostachys</italic> (<italic>Fabaceae</italic>), 9 Jan. 2007, B.A. Summerell,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126364&link_type=cbs">CBS 126364</ext-link> = CPC
14532. <bold>Germany</bold>, Essen, botanical garden, 51.45, 7.0167, isol. from
<italic>Morus</italic> <italic>rubra</italic> (<italic>Moraceae</italic>), 2005, N. Ale-Agha, CPC
12216. <bold>India</bold>, isol. from <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp. (<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>),
3 Jan. 2004, coll. W. Gams, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 11133; isol. from
<italic>Musa</italic> sp. (<italic>Musaceae</italic>), 25 Oct. 2004, M. Arzanlou, CPC 11609.
<bold>New Zealand</bold>, Auckland, Auckland University campus, isol. from leaves of
<italic>Oncoba spinosa</italic> (<italic>Salicaceae</italic>), Sep. 2004, C.F. Hill, Hill
1076-1 = CPC 11663. <bold>Polynesia</bold>, reserve Pun Kukui in forest, isol. from
banana “Eka ulu”, 2006, coll. I. Budenhagen, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC
12792, 12793. <bold>South Africa</bold>, Alkmar, Laeveld Coop, isol. from wheat,
1988, CPC 14008 = MRC 10135, as <italic>C. sphaerospermum</italic>; Durban, botanical
garden Durban near Reunion, -29.85, 31.0167, isol. from <italic>Strelitzia</italic>sp. (<italic>Strelitziaceae</italic>), 2005, coll. W. Gams, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC
11806; Free State, Danielsrus, isol. from oats, 1983, CPC 14004 = MRC 03367;
Transkei, Mazeppa Bay, isol. from <italic>Strelitzia</italic> sp., growing on fruiting
structures, 1 June 2008, P.W. Crous, CPC 14911; Pretoria, Walter Sisulu park,
isol. from <italic>Protea caffra</italic> (ascospore isolate) (<italic>Proteaceae</italic>), 2
Jan. 2007, P.W. Crous, CPC 13730, 13774; isol. from <italic>Teratosphaeria
maculiformis</italic> (<italic>Teratosphaeriaceae</italic>) on <italic>Protea caffra</italic>, 2
Jan. 2007, P.W. Crous, CPC 13727; isol. from <italic>Cussonia</italic> sp.
(<italic>Araliaceae</italic>), 20 Feb. 2007, P.W. Crous,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20451&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20451</ext-link>,
<bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125996&link_type=cbs">CBS 125996</ext-link> = CPC
13815; Western Cape Province, Jonkershoek Nature Reserve, isol. from
<italic>Teratosphaeria</italic> <italic>fibrillosa</italic> (<italic>Teratosphaeriaceae</italic>), 30
Mar. 2007, P.W. Crous, CPC 13870; Western Cape, Betties Bay, Harold Porter
National park, isol. from <italic>Protea cynaroides</italic>, 4 Dec. 2008, L. Mostert,
CPC 15192. <bold>Thailand</bold>, isol. from <italic>Acacia mangium</italic>(<italic>Fabaceae</italic>), 2005, coll. W. Himaman, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 11526,
11856. <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Louisiana, Baton Rouge, isol. from <italic>Magnolia</italic> sp.
(<italic>Magnoliaceae</italic>), 8 Sep. 2007, P.W. Crous, CPC 14247; isol. from leaves
of pecan tree, 8 Sep. 2007, P.W. Crous, CPC 14256; Washington, Seattle,
University of Washington campus, isol. from chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia
guttata</italic> (<italic>Erysiphales</italic>) on leaves of <italic>Corylus avellana</italic>(<italic>Betulaceae</italic>), 16 Sep. 2004, D. Glawe,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126365&link_type=cbs">CBS 126365</ext-link> = CPC
11820, CPC 11815, 11819, 11821, 11831.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig54"><label>Fig. 54.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium perangustum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125996&link_type=cbs">CBS 125996</ext-link>).
Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, mycelium often formed in dense ropes,
ramoconidia and conidial chains. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig54"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig55"><label>Fig. 55.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium perangustum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125996&link_type=cbs">CBS 125996</ext-link>).
A–G. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bar = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig55"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig56"><label>Fig. 56.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium perangustum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125996&link_type=cbs">CBS 125996</ext-link>). A.
Conidia with very gentle surface ornamentation showing irregularly reticulate
structures. B. A coherent view on conidiophores, stipes, aerial hyphae and
conidia. C. Secondary ramoconidia, conidia and scars. The conidia at the upper
right show some cell wall structures. D. Conidiophore with secondary
ramoconidia, intercalary and small terminal conidia. Note the disruptions of
the cell walls between the conidia. E. Scars on very elongated secondary
ramoconidia. F. Scar-pattern at the end of the conidiophores. Note the
flattened separation domes. G. Ropes of aerial hyphae. H. Running segmented
hyphae that may form conidiophores and not segmented aerial hyphae. Note the
blastoconidium on one hypha. Scale bars = 2 (A, C, E–F), 5 (D, G), 10
(B, H) μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig56"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Substrates and distribution</italic>: On plant material, ascomycetes,
isolated from food; widely distributed, Africa (South Africa), Asia (India,
Thailand), Australasia (Australia, New Zealand, Polynesia), Europe (Germany),
North America (U.S.A.).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Cladosporium exile</italic> and <italic>C. scabrellum</italic> are
morphologically comparable with <italic>C. perangustum</italic> but <italic>C. exile</italic>differs in having usually longer and somewhat wider conidiophores, slightly
wider ramoconidia and conidia, shorter intercalary conidia and somewhat wider
conidiogenous loci and hila. In <italic>C. scabrellum</italic> the conidiophores are
mainly macronematous and somewhat wider and secondary ramoconidia slightly
wider. Phylogenetically these three species cluster quite apart from each
other (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part b <italic>vs.</italic>a</xref>; distance analyses in TreeBASE).</p><p>Due to its numerous subglobose or globose often finely verruculose terminal
conidia, <italic>C. perangustum</italic> is reminiscent of <italic>C. sphaerospermum,</italic>but the latter species is easily distinguishable by having wider densely
septate conidiophores, 0–5-septate ramoconidia and somewhat wider,
0–3(–4)-septate secondary ramoconidia
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref135">Zalar <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>).
<italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic> is distinct by having usually smooth
aseptate conidia, wider conidiophores, ramoconidia and secondary ramoconidia
and wider conidiogenous loci and hila.</p><p>Similar to <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> and <italic>C. pseudocladosporioides, C.
perangustum</italic> could probably also be a species complex, since there are
more phylogenetic differences in that clade for both ACT and TEF than between
some of the other more closely related species that we recognise as distinct
species. However, the morphology of all isolates is quite uniform and the
clade phylogenetically highly supported (posterior probability value 0.99, see
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part b</xref>; distance
analyses in TreeBASE). Therefore, we prefer to treat it as a single species
until we can include more isolates or use additional features that allow the
recognition of cryptic species.</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium phyllactiniicola</bold></italic> Bensch, Glawe, Crous & U.
Braun, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517086&link_type=mb">MB517086</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig57">57</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig58">58</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Name refers to the substrate from which the species was
isolated, chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic>.</p><p><italic>Cladosporii uredinicolae</italic> simile, sed conidiophoris brevioribus,
conidiis intercalaribus brevioribus, 0(–1)-septatis et tamen
ramoconidiis secundariis brevioribus, 0–1(–2)-septatis
internoscitur. Differt a <italic>Cladosporio exili</italic> conidiis terminalibus et
intercalaribus latioribus, 2–4 μm latis, ramoconidiis secundariis
brevioribus et latioribus, 5–17(–24) × (2–)3–4.5
μm.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed and superficial, plagiotropous, ascending to
erect, not dimorphic; hyphae sparingly branched, 1–5(–6) μm
wide, septate, not constricted at septa, sometimes swollen, subhyaline to pale
brown, minutely verruculose to irregularly rough-walled, especially at the
base of conidiophores, sometimes forming ropes, often irregular in outline.
<italic>Conidiophores</italic> macro- and micronematous, arising laterally and
terminally from plagiotropous and ascending hyphae, erect, straight to
slightly flexuous. <italic>Macronematous and semimacronematous conidiophores</italic>cylindrical-oblong, non-nodulose, sometimes geniculate towards the apex,
unbranched or once branched, 6–105(–120) ×
2.5–5(–6) μm, 0–6(–7)-septate, occasionally
slightly constricted at septa, pale to pale medium brown or olivaceous-brown,
smooth or almost so, walls unthickened in the younger conidiophores, thickened
in the older ones, sometimes slightly attenuated towards the apex.
<italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, mainly terminal, cylindrical-oblong,
sometimes slightly geniculate, 6–25 μm long, with 2–4
conspicuous, subdenticulate to denticulate loci, sometimes forming small
clusters or situated on lateral shoulders formed due to sympodial
proliferation or on small lateral proliferations, loci protuberant, 1–2
μm diam, thickened and darkened-refractive. <italic>Micronematous
conidiophores</italic> narrowly cylindrical-oblong to mostly filiform, unbranched,
non-geniculate and non-nodulose, often only as short lateral outgrowths of
hyphae, 8–40 × 2–2.5 μm, with few septa, subhyaline,
smooth, walls unthickened. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, terminal,
7–15 μm long, with a single locus or up to three apical loci,
1–1.2 μm diam. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> occasionally formed, up to 28
μm long, 3.5–4 μm wide, base about 3 μm wide. <italic>Conidia</italic>catenate, in branched chains, branching in all directions, up to four conidia
in the unbranched terminal part, straight, small terminal conidia subglobose
to obovoid, 3–6(–7) × 2–4 μm (av. ± SD: 4.2
± 1.4 × 2.8 ± 0.8), aseptate, attenuated towards the base,
broadly rounded at the apex, intercalary conidia limoniform to
ellipsoid-ovoid, 5–10 × 3–4(–4.5) (av. ± SD:
6.2 ± 1.1 × 3.4 ± 0.6), 0(–1)-septate, secondary
ramoconidia limoniform to usually narrowly to broadly ellipsoid-ovoid to
subcylindrical, 5–17(–24) × (2–)3–4.5 μm (av.
± SD: 11.8 ± 4.2 × 3.7 ± 0.7), conidia formed by
micronematous and semimacronematous conidiophores shorter and narrower,
0–1(–2)-septate, mainly aseptate, not constricted at septa,
subhyaline to pale brown or pale olivaceous-brown, smooth or almost so to
finely asperulate, walls unthickened to slightly thickened, often almost not
attenuated towards apex and base, hila conspicuous, subdenticulate to
denticulate, 0.5–2 μm diam, thickened and darkened-refractive;
microcyclic conidiogenesis not observed.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig57"><label>Fig. 57.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium phyllactiniicola</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126352&link_type=cbs">CBS 126352</ext-link>).
Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, mycelium and conidial chains. Scale
bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig57"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig58"><label>Fig. 58.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium phyllactiniicola</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126352&link_type=cbs">CBS 126352</ext-link>).
A–H. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig58"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA olivaceous-grey to
iron-grey, smoke-grey to pale olivaceous-grey due to aerial mycelium, reverse
leaden-grey, felty-woolly, margin narrow, white, somewhat feathery, aerial
mycelium sparse to abundant, felty, high, sometimes few small, not very
prominent exudates, formed, sporulating. Colonies on MEA olivaceous-grey
surface and reverse or grey-olivaceous to greenish grey on surface, with
patches of white or smoke-grey due to dense abundant aerial mycelium, fluffy,
woolly, margin narrow, white, glabrous to somewhat feathery, greenish
olivaceous at margins due to profuse sporulation, wrinkled, sometimes radially
furrowed, without exudates, sporulating. Colonies on OA olivaceous-grey to
grey-olivaceous or olivaceous, whitish to smoke-grey due to aerial mycelium,
reverse leaden-grey, olivaceous-grey to iron-grey, margin narrow, white,
glabrous, aerial mycelium absent, diffuse to dense, low to high, fluffy to
felty-woolly, without prominent exudates, sporulating.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Seattle, University of
Washington campus, 47.6263 -122.3331, isol. from chasmothecia of
<italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic> (<italic>Erysiphales</italic>) on leaves of <italic>Corylus
avellana</italic> (<italic>Betulaceae</italic>), 2 Dec. 2004, D. Glawe,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20443&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20443</ext-link>,
<bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126355&link_type=cbs">CBS 126355</ext-link> = CPC
11830, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126352&link_type=cbs">CBS 126352</ext-link> =
CPC 11836, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126353&link_type=cbs">CBS
126353</ext-link> = CPC 11823,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126354&link_type=cbs">CBS 126354</ext-link> = CPC
11825.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: Mycophilic occurring on chasmothecia
of <italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic>; U.S.A.</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Cladosporium phyllactiniicola</italic> has to be compared
with <italic>C. uredinicola</italic> and <italic>C. exile</italic>, the latter introduced in
this paper as a new species. <italic>Cladosporium uredinicola</italic>, usually
considered a hyperparasite on rust fungi but also recorded from downy and
powdery mildews (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref92">Morgan-Jones & McKemy
1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">Heuchert <italic>et al.</italic>2005</xref>), has longer conidiophores, longer, 0–2-septate
intercalary conidia and longer, 0–3(–5)-septate secondary
ramoconidia. Our single living isolate (ATCC 46649 = CPC 5390) of <italic>C.
uredincola</italic>, putatively representative, was isolated from <italic>Cronartium
fusiforme</italic> from North America, identified as <italic>C. uredinicola</italic> by
Morgan-Jones & McKemy
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref92">1990</xref>) who compared it with
Spegazzini's type specimen, and was further described by Ho <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">1999</xref>). Unfortunately it is no
longer sporulating. Phylogenetically this strain is quite distinct from <italic>C.
phyllactiniicola</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part a
<italic>vs.</italic> b</xref>; distance analyses in TreeBASE). Other strains
identified as <italic>C. uredinicola</italic> proved to belong to species other than
that represented by CPC 5390.</p><p><italic>Cladosporium exile</italic> also isolated from chasmothecia of
<italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic> differs in having somewhat narrower
conidiophores, narrower terminal and intercalary conidia, 2–3 μm
wide, and longer and narrower secondary ramoconidia, 7–25(–35)
× 2.5–3.5(–4) μm.</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium phyllophilum</bold></italic> McAlpine, Agric. Gaz. New South
Wales 7: 153. 1896. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig59">Fig.
59</xref>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Cladosporium exoasci</italic> Ellis & Barthol., in Shear, Fungi
Columb., Cent. XV, No. 1493. 1901, nom. nud.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Cladosporium exoasci</italic> Lindau, in Rabenhorst, Krypt.-Fl., ed. 2,
1(8): 808. 1907.</p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed to superficial; sparingly branched, 1–4
μm wide, septate, not constricted at septa, pale, almost hyaline to
olivaceous-brown or brown, smooth to irregularly rough-walled, verruculose or
verrucose with large wart-like structures, walls thin or slightly thickened.
<italic>Conidiophores</italic> semimacronematous or macronematous, solitary, arising
laterally or terminally from plagiotropous or ascending hyphae.
<italic>Macronematous conidiophores</italic> erect to decumbent, straight or flexuous,
cylindrical-oblong, unbranched or branched, usually once, sometimes twice or
up to four times, branches often start as short lateral outgrowth just below a
septum, becoming longer with age, up to 65(–90) μm long, often at an
angle of 45°, sometimes up to 90°, neither nodulose nor geniculate,
15–180 × 4–5(–6) μm, pluriseptate, not constricted
at septa, pale olivaceous to medium olivaceous-brown or brown, smooth to
sometimes asperulate, especially towards the apex, walls somewhat thickened,
up to 1 μm wide, base sometimes also covered by wart-like structures.
<italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, terminal or intercalary,
cylindrical-oblong, sometimes slightly geniculate towards the apex,
13–41 μm long, mostly with up to three or four subdenticulate
protuberant loci, sitting close together at the apex, 1.5–2 μm diam.,
thickened and darkened-refractive. <italic>Semimacronematous conidiophores</italic>paler, smaller and narrower, unbranched or branched once or twice,
15–100 × 2–3 μm, septate, conidiogenous cells 7–19
μm long, with up to seven distal scars, subdenticulate, crowded at the
apex, hila 1–1.5 μm diam. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> occasionally formed
(hardly distinguishable from secondary ramoconidia), cylindrical-oblong,
17–33 × 4 μm, aseptate, sometimes 1-septate, pale olivaceous,
smooth, walls unthickened or almost so, base truncate. <italic>Conidia</italic>numerous, catenate, in branched chains, branching in all directions, 1–3
conidia in the terminal unbranched part of the chain, small terminal conidia
obovoid to ovoid, 3–7 × 2–3 μm (av. ± SD: 4.8
± 1.4 × 2.5 ± 0.3), aseptate, hila 0.5–0.8 μm
diam, intercalary conidia ovoid, ellipsoid-ovoid, 6–13 × 3–4
μm (av. ± SD: 8.9 ± 2.1 × 3.2 ± 0.3), aseptate,
with up to 4(–5) distal hila, hila 0.8–1.2 μm diam, secondary
ramoconidia ellipsoid, subcylindrical to cylindrical, 7–32 ×
2.5–4(–5) μm (av. ± SD: 18.7 ± 7.2 × 3.7
± 0.6), 0(–2)-septate, not constricted at septa, subhyaline, pale
olivaceous, smooth or almost so, with 1–4 distal hila, walls
unthickened, hila 1–2.2 μm diam, thickened and darkened-refractive;
conidia formed by semimacronematous conidiophores shorter, paler and
narrower.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig59"><label>Fig. 59.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium phyllophilum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125992&link_type=cbs">CBS 125992</ext-link>).
A–H. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig59"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 41–46 mm
diam after 1 mo, grey-olivaceous to olivaceous, reverse iron-grey to greyish
blue, powdery to felty, margin white, narrow, glabrous, regular, aerial
mycelium diffuse to loose, fluffy, mainly in colony centre, growth flat,
without prominent exudates, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MEA reaching
49–52 mm diam after 1 mo, smoke-grey to olivaceous-grey or brownish,
whitish towards margins, reverse olivaceous-grey, velvety to woolly, margin
white, glabrous, radially furrowed, aerial mycelium sparse to more abundantly
formed, fluffy, few prominent exudates formed, sporulation profuse. Colonies
on OA reaching 44–49 mm diam after 1 mo, grey-olivaceous to olivaceous
or olivaceous-grey, reverse leaden-black to leaden-grey, powdery to fluffy,
margin white, narrow, glabrous, aerial mycelium sparse, diffuse to more
abundantly formed in colony centre, high, fluffy-felty, without prominent
exudates, sporulation profuse.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Victoria, Armadale, on
leaves and twigs of <italic>Prunus persica</italic> (<italic>Rosaceae</italic>) infected with
and deformed by <italic>Taphrina deformans</italic> (<italic>Taphrinaceae</italic>), 16 Feb.
1886, D. McAlpine, VPRI 2490, <bold>lectotype</bold> of <italic>C. phyllophilum</italic>,
designated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">Heuchert <italic>et al.</italic>2005</xref>). <bold>Germany</bold>, He-Nassau, Rhön, near Gersfeld, ca.
500 m, on <italic>Taphrina pruni</italic> (= <italic>Exoascus rostrupianus</italic>)
(<italic>Taphrinaceae</italic>) on <italic>Prunus spinosa</italic> (<italic>Rosaceae</italic>), 31
Jul. 1906, O. Jaap, Jaap, Fungi Sel. Exs. 248, B 70-6327, <bold>lectotype</bold> of
<italic>C. exoasci</italic>, isolectotypes: Jaap, Fungi Sel. Exs. 248; Sachsen-Anhalt,
Halle (Saale), botanical garden, isolated from fruits of <italic>Prunus</italic><italic>cerasus</italic> (<italic>Rosaceae</italic>) infected with <italic>Taphrina</italic> sp.,
2004, K. Schubert, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20444&link_type=cbs">CBS
H-20444</ext-link>, <bold>epitype</bold> of <italic>C. phyllophilum</italic>, designated
here; ex-type culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125992&link_type=cbs">CBS
125992</ext-link> = CPC 11333. <bold>South Africa</bold>, Western Cape Province,
Jonkershoek Nature Reserve, on <italic>Teratosphaeria proteae-arboreae</italic>(<italic>Teratosphaeriaceae</italic>) on <italic>Protea nitida</italic> [= <italic>P.</italic><italic>arborea</italic>] (<italic>Proteaceae</italic>), 30 Mar. 2007, P.W. Crous, CPC
13873.</p><p><italic>Substrates and distribution</italic>: On species of <italic>Taphrina</italic>,
including <italic>T. cerasi, T. communis, T. deformans</italic> and <italic>T. pruni</italic>on <italic>Prunus s. lat</italic>. species; Asia (Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan,
Uzbekistan), Australia, Europe (Czech Republic, France, Germany, Romania,
Switzerland), North America (U.S.A.).</p><p><italic>Literature</italic>: McAlpine
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref87">1902</xref>: 100), Saccardo
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref108">1906</xref>: 575), Lindau
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref83">1910</xref>: 796), Braun
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13">2001</xref>: 53), Heuchert <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">2005</xref>:
36–40).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Cladosporium phyllophilum</italic> proved to be an older
name for the fungicolous <italic>C. exoasci</italic> Lindau
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">Heuchert <italic>et al.</italic>2005</xref>). The chosen epitype agrees well with the description given
in Braun (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13">2001</xref>) and Heuchert
<italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">2005</xref>),
although conidiophore and conidial measurements are slightly narrower <italic>in
vitro</italic> than on the natural host. Since it is ecologically specialised to
<italic>Taphrina</italic> species and <italic>C. exoasci</italic> was originally described
from Germany the epitypification with European material seems to be
justified.</p><p>The epitype strain clusters together with an isolate from
<italic>Teratosphaeria proteae-arboreae,</italic> which morphologically slightly
differs in having shorter, mostly unbranched conidiophores and shorter,
less-septate, smooth to asperulate conidia. Since there are not enough
isolates for a final conclusion it is tentatively maintained in <italic>C.
phyllophilum</italic> until additional strains can be included to clarify its
status. On ACT, the two strains are 98 % identical (217/220 bases), whereas on
TEF they are 96 % identical (374/387 bases and 4 gaps) (distance analyses in
TreeBASE).</p><p>Phylogenetically <italic>C. phyllophilum</italic> is allied to <italic>C.
licheniphilum</italic> and <italic>C. phyllactiniicola</italic>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part a</xref>; distance
analyses in TreeBASE) but differs from the latter species in that
conidiophores are longer and often branched, small terminal conidia narrower
and secondary ramoconidia longer. <italic>Cladosporium licheniphilum</italic> deviates
in having shorter and narrower conidiophores and shorter intercalary conidia
and secondary ramoconidia.</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium pini-ponderosae</bold></italic> K. Schub., Gresl. & Crous,
Persoonia 22: 118. 2009.</p><p>This species was described and illustrated in Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref123">2009</xref>).</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides</bold></italic> Bensch, Crous & U.
Braun, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517087&link_type=mb">MB517087</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig60">60</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig61">61</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Name refers to its morphological similarity to
<italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic>.</p><p><italic>Cladosporii cladosporioidis</italic> valde simile, sed ramoconidiis
secundariis leniter brevioribus et angustioribus,
0–1(–2)-septatis, locis conidiogenis et hilis angustioribus,
0.5–1.5(–1.8) μm diam distinguitur. Differt a <italic>Cladosporio
paracladosporioide</italic> ramoconidiis secundariis angustioribus,
0–1(–2)-septatis, locis conidiogenis et hilis angustioribus.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed and superficial; hyphae unbranched or sparingly
branched, (0.5–)1–4 μm wide, septate, sometimes constricted at
septa, especially in wider ones, subhyaline to pale olivaceous or pale
olivaceous-brown, smooth or almost so, walls sometimes slightly thickened,
about 0.5 μm wide, sometimes irregular in outline due to swellings and
constrictions, sometimes forming small ropes of few hyphae, sometimes cells
swollen, up to 6.5 μm wide, fertile hyphae minutely verruculose, mainly at
the base of conidiophores. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> macronematous, sometimes
also micronematous, solitary or in small loose groups, arising terminally and
laterally from hyphae or swollen hyphal cells, erect, straight to slightly
flexuous, cylindrical-oblong, non-nodulose, sometimes once geniculate-sinuous
or slightly swollen at the apex, unbranched or branched once or twice,
occasionally three times, branches often only as short denticle-like lateral
outgrowth just below a septum, 15–155 μm long, 2–4 μm,
sometimes attenuated towards apex, 0–5-septate, sometimes slightly
constricted at septa, pale to pale medium olivaceous-brown, sometimes paler
towards the apex, smooth or almost so, at the base asperulate or finely
verruculose like fertile hyphae, walls slightly thickened, about 0.5 μm
wide or unthickened; micronematous conidiophores filiform, narrower, not
attenuated, about 1.8 μm wide. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated,
terminal, sometimes intercalary, slightly attenuated, narrowly
cylindrical-oblong, sometimes once geniculate, non-nodulose,
(6.5–)9–33 μm long, with 1–4 loci at the apex,
occasionally with up to seven loci crowded at or towards the apex, in
intercalary cells loci situated on small lateral peg-like outgrowths,
1–2(–3) loci, conspicuous, subdenticulate, 1–1.5(–1.8)
μm diam, somewhat thickened and darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic>cylindrical-oblong, 19–48 × 3–4 μm,
0–2(–3)-septate, pale olivaceous-brown, smooth, base broadly
truncate, 2–3 μm wide, unthickened or slightly thickened, sometimes
slightly refractive. <italic>Conidia</italic> very numerous, catenate, in branched
chains, branching in all directions with 3–6(–9) conidia in the
terminal unbranched part of the chain, small terminal conidia obovoid, ovoid
to limoniform or ellipsoid, sometimes subglobose, 3–5.5 ×
(1–)1.5–2.5 μm (av. ± SD: 4.1 ± 0.7 × 2.1
± 0.3), apex rounded or attenuated towards apex and base, intercalary
conidia ovoid, limoniform to ellipsoid or subcylindrical,
4.5–13(–19) × (1.8–)2–3 μm (av. ± SD:
8.8 ± 3.9 × 2.6 ± 0.3), 0(–1)-septate, slightly
attenuated towards apex and base, with 1–4(–5) distal hila,
secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid-ovoid to subcylindrical or cylindrical-oblong,
(6.5–)8–23(–29) × (2–)2.5–3.5(–4)
μm (av. ± SD: 16.1 ± 5.1 × 2.9 ± 0.3),
0–1(–2)-septate, septum median or often somewhat in the lower
half, pale olivaceous to pale olivaceous-brown, smooth or almost so, sometimes
slightly rough-walled, walls unthickened, with (1–)2–4(–6)
distal hila, conspicuous, subdenticulate, 0.5–1.5(–1.8) μm
diam, somewhat thickened and darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis
not observed.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig60"><label>Fig. 60.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125993&link_type=cbs">CBS 125993</ext-link>).
Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidial chains. Scale
bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig60"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 65–78 mm
diam after 14 d, olivaceous-grey to grey-olivaceous, reverse leaden-grey to
olivaceous-black, felty-floccose, margins regular, glabrous to feathery,
grey-olivaceous, aerial mycelium felty-floccose, growth effuse to low convex,
few small prominent exudates formed, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MEA
attaining 52–75 mm diam after 14 d, smoke-grey to dark smoke-grey or
grey-olivaceous, reverse iron-grey, floccose, margins white, narrow, glabrous
to somewhat feathery, aerial mycelium white, floccose, abundant, dense, growth
effuse and somewhat radially furrowed, mostly without prominent exudates,
sporulation profuse. Colonies on OA reaching 55–73 mm diam after 14 d,
olivaceous to grey-olivaceous or olivaceous-buff, pale olivaceous-grey to
greenish grey towards margins, reverse pale greenish grey, leaden-grey to
iron-grey, floccose, margins colourless, glabrous, regular, aerial mycelium
floccose to felty, sometimes covering large parts of colony surface, growth
effuse with few prominent exudates, sporulation profuse.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig61"><label>Fig. 61.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125993&link_type=cbs">CBS 125993</ext-link>).
A–F. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig61"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <italic>Sine loco</italic>, isol. from cloud water,
coll. & isol. by M. Sancelme, ident. as <italic>C. tenuissimum</italic> by G.S. de
Hoog, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117134&link_type=cbs">CBS 117134</ext-link>.
<bold>Australia</bold>, Bimbadeen Lookout, <italic>ca.</italic> 10 km of Cessnock, North
Coast, isol. from <italic>Eucalyptus placita</italic> (<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>), 10 Nov.
2006, coll. B.A. Summerell, isol. P.W. Crous, NSW 734672, CPC 13683; New South
Wales, Douglas Park, isol. from <italic>E.</italic> <italic>moluccana</italic>, 31 Aug. 2006,
coll. B.A. Summerell, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 13339, 13340. <bold>Brazil</bold>,
Vicosa, Parque National de Serra du Brigadeiro, isol. from <italic>Vernonia</italic>sp. (<italic>Asteraceae</italic>), 27 Jul. 2006, O. Pereira, CPC 13488. <bold>Canada</bold>,
Ontario, Pearth, River Tay, isol. from <italic>Sagittaria graminea</italic>(<italic>Alismataceae</italic>), 9 Jan. 2006, W. Gams & K.A. Seifert, CPC 13529;
British Colombia, Victoria, isol. from <italic>Acer macrophyllum</italic>(<italic>Aceraceae</italic>), 9 Jun. 2007, coll. B. Callan, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC
14382. <bold>Chile</bold>, Easter Island, isol. from soil, 2007, B. Andersen, BA
1694 = CPC 14295. <bold>France</bold>, Caves de Madelaine, isol. from leaves, 21
Aug. 2007, P.W. Crous, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126356&link_type=cbs">CBS
126356</ext-link> = CPC 14278. <bold>Germany</bold>, Frankfurt am Main, Botanical
Garden, isol. from <italic>Paeonia</italic> sp. (<italic>Paeoniaceae</italic>), 7 Oct. 2004,
R. Kirschner, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117153&link_type=cbs">CBS
117153</ext-link>, stored as <italic>Graphiopsis chlorocephala</italic> (Fresen.)
Trail; Schwäbische Alb, Kuppenalb, isol. from <italic>Myrothecium</italic><italic>inundatum</italic> growing on an old fungal fruit body, 5 Oct. 2006, M. Grube,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126390&link_type=cbs">CBS 126390</ext-link> = CPC
13499, CPC 13500, 13501. <bold>Indonesia</bold>, Tele, isol. from
<italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp. (<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>), endophyte spots after herbicide,
2008, coll. M.J. Wingfield, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 14992. <bold>Italy</bold>, S.
Michele all'Adige, isol. from leaves of <italic>Malus sylvestris</italic>(<italic>Rosaceae</italic>), depos. by G. de Stanchina, Dec. 1980, ident. by G.S. de
Hoog, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=667.80&link_type=cbs">CBS 667.80</ext-link> =
IHEM 3705. <bold>Netherlands</bold>, Putten, isol. from pine needles of
<italic>Pinus</italic> sp. (<italic>Pinaceae</italic>), 24 Jul. 2007, P.W. Crous, CPC 14230;
Zwolle, isol. from outside air, 7 Jan. 2007, M. Meijer,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20445&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20445</ext-link>,
<bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type cultures:
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125993&link_type=cbs">CBS 125993</ext-link> = CPC
14189, CPC 14193. <bold>New</bold> <bold>Zealand</bold>, Auckland, Alfriston, Emblings
Bridge, -36.8667, 174.7667, isol. from leaves of <italic>Phalaris aquatica</italic>(<italic>Poaceae</italic>), 26 Nov. 2002, C.F. Hill, Hill 730 = ICMP 14870 = CPC
11841. <bold>Romania</bold>, isol. from <italic>Pteridium aquilinum</italic>,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=176.82&link_type=cbs">CBS 176.82</ext-link>.
<bold>Russia</bold>, mycophilic, ident. by W. Gams as <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic>,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=574.78A&link_type=cbs">CBS 574.78A</ext-link> = VKM
F-422; Moscow region, isol. from <italic>Melampsoridium betulae</italic>(<italic>Pucciniastraceae</italic>), ident. by W. Gams as <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic>,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=574.78B&link_type=cbs">CBS 574.78B</ext-link> = VKM
F-2759. <bold>Slovenia</bold>, Gabrovka, isol. from a fruit of <italic>Rosa canina</italic>(<italic>Rosaceae</italic>) attached to shrub, 3 Jan. 2008, H.-J. Schroers, HJS 1038 =
CPC 14975a. <bold>South Africa</bold>, Eastern Cape, Aiwal North, isol. from wheat,
1989, CPC 14020 = MRC 10814; Free state, Amersfoort, isol. from oats, 1984,
CPC 14005 = MRC 03850; Danielsrus, isol. from oats, 1983, CPC 14003 = MRC
03366; Hoopstad, isol. from wheat, 1988, CPC 14014 = MRC 10232; Modderpoort,
Ladybrand, isol. from wheat, 1983, CPC 14006 = MRC 03978; Slabberts, isol.
from oats, 1983, CPC 14001 = MRC 03240, CPC 14002 = MRC 03245; Tugela, isol.
from wheat, 1988, CPC 14013 = MRC 10221; Westminster, isol. from oats, 1983,
CPC 14007 = MRC 03979; Northern Cape, Prieska, isol. from <italic>Aloe
dichotoma</italic> (<italic>Asphodelaceae</italic>), 2005, CPC 13998 = CAMS 001160;
unknown location, isol. from <italic>Sorghum</italic> sp. (<italic>Poaceae</italic>), 1988,
CPC 14010 = MRC 10183, as <italic>C. cucumerinum</italic>. <bold>South Korea</bold>,
Hoengseong, N37°32'09” E128°07'07”, isol. from
<italic>Agrimonia pilosa</italic> (<italic>Rosaceae</italic>), 4 Aug. 2004, H.-D. Shin, CPC
11605; Namyangju, N37°34'59” E127°13'52”, isol. from
<italic>Chrysanthemum coronarium</italic> var. <italic>spatiosum</italic>(<italic>Asteraceae</italic>), 30 Sep. 2004, H.-D. Shin, CPC 11392. <bold>Uganda</bold>,
Mubende, isol. from coffee leaf, 2000, coll. J.L. Sørensen, isol. B.
Andersen, BA 1677 = CPC 14357. <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Illinois, Peoria, isol. from
<italic>Triticum aestivum</italic> (<italic>Poaceae</italic>), 1966, C.W. Hesseltine, NRRL
A-14110, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-10342&link_type=cbs">CBS
H-10342</ext-link>, culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=149.66&link_type=cbs">CBS 149.66</ext-link>;
Louisiana, Baton Rouge, isol. from prunes wood, 2006, K.A. Seifert, CPC 12850;
New York, Binghamton, isol. from creosote-treated southern pine pole, ATCC
66669 = CPC 5100; Virginia, Front Royal, isol. from pods of Kentucky coffee
tree, 2007, P.W. Crous, CPC 13992.</p><p><italic>Substrates and distribution</italic>: On plant material and fungal fruiting
bodies, isolated from air, soil, water and food; widely distributed, Africa
(Uganda, South Africa), Asia (Indonesia, South Korea), Australasia (Australia,
New Zealand), Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Romania, Russia,
Slovenia), North America (Canada, U.S.A.), South America (Brazil, Chile).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides</italic> is
morphologically very close to <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> but the secondary
ramoconidia in the latter species are longer and somewhat wider,
(7–)10–33(–38) × (2–)2.5–4(–6)
μm, usually aseptate, conidiogenous loci and hila are wider,
0.5–2(–2.5) μm diam, and hyphae usually do not form ropes.
However, a distinction between these two species only based on morphology is
not always easy; in such cases an unclear strain can be referred to as
belonging to the <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> complex. Phylogenetically, both
species are allied but distinct (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1,
part b <italic>vs.</italic> c</xref>; distance analyses in TreeBASE).
<italic>Cladosporium paracladosporioides</italic> differs in having wider,
0–3-septate secondary ramoconidia, wider conidiogenous loci and hila and
is phylogenetically distinct (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1,
part b</xref>).</p><p><italic>Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides</italic> probably represents a species
complex maybe including some cryptic species since there is some variation
within the isolates (observed in both ACT and TEF alignments; distance
analyses in TreeBASE). Few isolates form numerous loci and hila at apices of
conidiogenous cells and secondary ramoconidia with conidia formed in dense
whirls, but besides this measurements and morphology are quite conserved
within all the isolates. Therefore, it is treated as a single species until
additional isolates can be included.</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium rectoides</bold></italic> Bensch, H.-D. Shin, Crous & U.
Braun, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517088&link_type=mb">MB517088</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig62">62</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig63">63</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Name refers to the shape of conidiophores which are
commonly geniculate with growth proceeding at an angle of
45–90°.</p><p><italic>Cladosporii rectangularis</italic> simile, sed ramoconidiis formantibus,
conidiis angustioribus, ramoconidiis secundariis 0–1(–2)-septatis
et tamen locis conidiogenis et hilis latioribus secernitur.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> sparingly developed to more abundantly superficial,
hyphae unbranched or sparingly branched, 1–4.5 μm wide, sometimes up
to 6 μm wide, septate, not constricted at septa, pale olivaceous or pale
olivaceous-brown, smooth to minutely verruculose or verruculose, sometimes
verrucose, walls unthickened, sometimes forming ropes. <italic>Conidiophores</italic>solitary, macronematous, occasionally micronematous, arising terminally and
laterally from hyphae, erect, straight to slightly flexuous, narrowly
cylindrical-oblong, once or twice slightly to often distinctly
geniculate-sinuous or slightly nodulose but often neither geniculate nor
nodulose, with few apical loci, unbranched or branched, branches sometimes
quite long, up to 80 μm, conidiophores 19–210 ×
(2–)2.5–4 μm, pluriseptate, not constricted at septa, sometimes
growth proceeding at an angle of 45–90°, geniculations mostly
intercalary, quite apart of the apex, pale to pale medium olivaceous-brown,
smooth, walls slightly thick-walled, about 0.5 μm wide. <italic>Conidiogenous
cells</italic> integrated, terminal and intercalary, distinctly sympodially
proliferating, cylindrical-oblong, sometimes geniculate or right-angled,
12–47 μm long, sometimes few additional loci at a lower level, often
arranged like a garland round about the stalk, in intercalary cells loci often
situated on small lateral shoulders, conspicuous, subdenticulate, 1–2
μm diam, somewhat thickened and darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic>cylindrical-oblong, 16–56 × 3–4 μm, 0–1-septate,
commonly formed, base truncate, 2.2–3 μm wide, not thickened,
sometimes slightly refractive. <italic>Conidia</italic> catenate, in branched chains,
branching in all directions, up to 4(–5) conidia in the unbranched
terminal part of the chain, small terminal conidia globose, subglobose to
obovoid, (2.5–)3–4(–5) × 2–3 μm (av. ±
SD: 3.8 ± 0.7 × 2.5 ± 0.4), aseptate, subhyaline, smooth,
apex rounded, the outer wall often seems to detach, somewhat refractive,
appearing to be like a halo and walls appearing to be thick-walled,
intercalary conidia ovoid, ellipsoid to subcylindrical, 5–15(–17)
× (2.5–)3–3.5 μm (av. ± SD: 9.2 ± 3.2
× 3.0 ± 0.3), 0–1-septate, not constricted at septum, with
1–3(–4) distal hila, the outer wall also seems to detach as in
small terminal conidia, secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid to subcylindrical or
cylindrical, 8–28 × (2.5–)3–4 μm (av. ± SD:
17.4 ± 5.3 × 3.4 ± 0.3), 0–1(–2)-septate, pale
olivaceous-brown, smooth, walls unthickened or slightly thick-walled, slightly
attenuated towards apex and base, cells with one or more cavities, with
2–3(–4) distal hila, hila conspicuous, subdenticulate, 0.5–2
μm diam, somewhat thickened and darkened-refractive; microcyclic
conidiogenesis not observed.</p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 68–82 mm
diam after 14 d, olivaceous-grey to iron-grey, whitish to pale olivaceous-grey
due to aerial mycelium, reverse olivaceous-black, velvety to floccose or
fluffy, margins feathery, colourless, regular, aerial mycelium mainly in
colony centre, fluffy-floccose, growth effuse, deep into the agar, without
prominent exudates, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MEA reaching 65–80
mm diam after 14 d, smoke-grey, grey-olivaceous to brownish, whitish to pale
olivaceous-grey due to aerial mycelium, reverse iron-grey, powdery to
fluffy-floccose, margins regular, feathery, colourless, aerial mycelium mainly
in colony centre, loose, diffuse to densely fluffy-floccose, growth effuse,
somewhat furrowed or wrinkled in colony centre, without prominent exudates,
sporulation profuse. Colonies on OA attaining 60–77 mm diam after 14 d,
pale olivaceous-grey to smoke-grey, greenish grey, iron-grey or
grey-olivaceous at margins, reverse sky-grey to olivaceous-grey, velvety to
woolly-floccose, margins colourless, glabrous, regular, aerial mycelium mainly
in colony centre, white to smoke-grey, loosely to densely floccose, growth
effuse, without prominent exudates, sporulation profuse.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>South Korea</bold>, Jinju,
N35°11'24” E128°10'56”, isol. from <italic>Vitis flexuosa</italic>(<italic>Vitaceae</italic>), 18 Oct. 2004, coll. H.-D. Shin, isol. P.W. Crous,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20446&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20446</ext-link>,
<bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125994&link_type=cbs">CBS 125994</ext-link> = CPC
11624; Jinju, N35°11'24” E128°10'56”, isol. from
<italic>Plectranthus</italic> sp. (<italic>Lamiaceae</italic>), 1 Jul. 2004, coll. H.-D. Shin,
isol. P.W. Crous, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126357&link_type=cbs">CBS
126357</ext-link> = CPC 11405.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: On different plants; Asia (South
Korea).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The conidiophores of <italic>C. rectoides</italic> are very
characteristic and reminiscent of <italic>C. rectangulare</italic>, a species
described on <italic>Epidendrum</italic> from North America, which differs, however,
in lacking ramoconidia and in having wider conidia (2–5(–6) μm
wide) with secondary ramoconidia being mostly aseptate and narrower
conidiogenous loci and hila, 0.5–1.5 μm diam
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">Schubert & Braun 2004</xref>).
<italic>Cladosporium tenuissimum</italic> is morphologically also somewhat similar but
different in that conidiophores are usually longer, intercalary conidia
narrower and conidiogenous loci and hila somewhat narrower. Phylogenetically
both species cluster quite distant from each other (see
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part b <italic>vs.</italic> c</xref>;
distance analyses in TreeBASE).</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig62"><label>Fig. 62.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium rectoides</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125994&link_type=cbs">CBS 125994</ext-link>).
Conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidial chains. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig62"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig63"><label>Fig. 63.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium rectoides</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125994&link_type=cbs">CBS 125994</ext-link>).
A–G. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains; small terminal
conidia sometimes with surface ornamentation indicated by the arrows in B.
Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig63"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium scabrellum</bold></italic> Bensch, Schroers, Crous & U.
Braun, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517089&link_type=mb">MB517089</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig64">64</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig65">65</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig66">66</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Name refers to the surface ornamentation of mycelium,
conidiophores and conidia.</p><p><italic>Cladosporio tenuissimo</italic> valde simile, sed conidiophoris
brevioribus, conidiis minutis terminalibus et ramoconidiis secundariis leniter
angustioribus distinguitur. Differt a <italic>Cladosporio cladosporioide</italic>conidiophoris brevioribus, ramoconidiis secundariis leniter angustioribus,
0–1-septatis, conidiis tenuibus, minute verruculosis vel indistincte
asperulatis.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed and superficial, hyphae unbranched or loosely
branched, 0.5–4 μm wide, mostly 1–3 μm wide, septate,
sometimes constricted at septa, subhyaline to pale medium olivaceous-brown,
smooth to minutely verruculose or loosely verruculose, walls unthickened or
almost so, often with intercalary swellings and constrictions, forming loose
to usually dense long characteristic ropes, somewhat interlaced, hyphae which
give rise to conidiophores solitary and not in ropes, sometimes slightly wider
at the base of conidiophores. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> macronematous,
occasionally micronematous, solitary, arising laterally and terminally from
hyphae, erect, straight, cylindrical-oblong, neither nodulose nor geniculate,
unbranched, occasionally once branched with quite short branches just below a
septum, 40–115(–185) × 3–4 μm, at the base up to 5
μm wide, septate, not constricted at septa, medium olivaceous-brown, smooth
or finely verruculose, walls only slightly thickened, about 0.5 μm wide.
<italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, mainly terminal, but also
intercalary, cylindrical-oblong, neither geniculate nor nodulose, 25–53
μm long, with up to four loci at the apex, conspicuous, subdenticulate,
1–1.8 μm diam, thickened and darkened-refractive.
<italic>Ramoconidia</italic> occasionally formed, cylindrical-oblong, up to 34 μm
long, 4 μm wide, base 2–2.5 μm wide, smooth or finely verruculose.
<italic>Conidia</italic> very numerous, catenate, in densely branched chains,
branching in all directions, up to four conidia in the unbranched terminal
part, small terminal conidia subglobose to obovoid, 3.5–4.5(–5)
× 2–2.2(–2.5) μm (av. ± SD: 4.1 ± 0.5
× 2.1 ± 0.2), aseptate, intercalary conidia limoniform, fusiform,
ellipsoid to subcylindrical, 5–13 × 2–3(–3.5) μm
(av. ± SD: 8.2 ± 2.9 × 2.7 ± 0.4),
0–1-septate, not constricted, slightly attenuated towards apex and base,
with 1–4 distal hila, secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid to subcylindrical
or cylindrical, 10–25 × 2.5–3.5(–4) μm (av.
± SD: 17.2 ± 4.6 × 3.1 ± 0.4), 0–1-septate,
not constricted, with 3–4(–5) distal hila, pale to pale medium
olivaceous-brown, smooth or almost so to often indistinctly asperulate or
loosely minutely verruculose, more obvious in small terminal and intercalary
conidia, under SEM smooth or surface reticulate or with embossed stripes
caused by diminishing turgor and shriveling of tender young conidia, walls
unthickened, hila conspicuous, subdenticulate, 0.5–1.8 μm diam,
somewhat thickened and darkened-refractive; without microcyclic
conidiogenesis.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig64"><label>Fig. 64.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium scabrellum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126358&link_type=cbs">CBS 126358</ext-link>).
Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidial chains. Scale
bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig64"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig65"><label>Fig. 65.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium scabrellum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126358&link_type=cbs">CBS 126358</ext-link>).
A–D (after 3 days). Macronematous conidiophores arising solitary or in
small loose groups from hyphae or swollen hyphal cells and short conidial
chains. E–H (after 7 days). Macronematous conidiophores and conidial
chains. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig65"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA grey-olivaceous to
iron-grey, reverse iron-grey to olivaceous-black, grey-olivaceous towards
margins, velvety to floccose, margins white, glabrous to feathery, aerial
mycelium scattered, floccose, smoke-grey, growth flat, few small to large
prominent exudates, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MEA olivaceous-grey to
smoke-grey in colony centre due to aerial mycelium and lack of sporulation,
most of the colony grey-olivaceous due to abundant sporulation, reverse
olivaceous-grey to iron-grey, velvety to felty-floccose, margins white,
glabrous to feathery, growth effuse with elevated colony centre, tip of the
colony immersed, sometimes radially furrowed, without exudates. Colonies on OA
olivaceous, greenish olivaceous towards margins and with stripes and triangles
of iron-grey, reverse iron-grey to pale greenish grey, floccose to
felty-villose, margins colourless, narrow, glabrous, aerial mycelium mainly in
colony centre, floccose to felty-villose, pale olivaceous-grey, growth flat,
without exudates, sporulation profuse.</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Slovenia</bold>, Boštanj near Sevnica,
on wilted part of leaf of <italic>Ruscus</italic> <italic>hypoglossum</italic>(<italic>Ruscaceae</italic>), 2 Jan. 2008, H.-J. Schroers,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20447&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20447</ext-link>,
<bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126358&link_type=cbs">CBS 126358</ext-link> = CPC
14976 = HJS 1031.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: On wilted leaves of <italic>Ruscus</italic>;
Europe (Slovenia).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Mycelium of <italic>C. scabrellum</italic> often forms long dense
ropes and the smooth or mostly indistinctly asperulate conidia are very
numerous. Morphologically it has to be compared with <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic> and <italic>C. tenuissimum. Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic>is distinct in having usually longer conidiophores and smooth conidia with
secondary ramoconidia being mostly aseptate and somewhat wider and longer,
while <italic>C. tenuissimum</italic> also possesses longer conidiophores and somewhat
wider small terminal conidia and secondary ramoconidia. Phylogenetically
<italic>C. scabrellum</italic> is quite distinct from these two species (see
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part a <italic>vs.</italic> c</xref>;
distance analyses in TreeBASE).</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig66"><label>Fig. 66.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium scabrellum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126358&link_type=cbs">CBS 126358</ext-link>). A.
Globose conidia with nearly smooth surface. B. Overview of conidial chains. C.
Elongated conidiophores. D. Secondary ramoconidium with large scars. E. Whorls
of secondary ramoconidia and conidia. Note the presence of four scars on the
top ramoconidium and the reticulate ornamentation of one of the conidia. F.
Secondary ramoconidia of which one elongated. G. Conidiophore with secondary
ramoconidia and large scar. Scale bars = 2 (A), 5 (D–G), 10 (B), 50(C)
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig66"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium subuliforme</bold></italic> Bensch, Crous & U. Braun,
<bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517090&link_type=mb">MB517090</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig67">67</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig68">68</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Name refers to the characteristic shape of
conidiophores, awl-like.</p><p><italic>Cladosporio tenuissimo</italic> simile, sed conidiophoris subulatis,
angustioribus et item ramoconidiis secundariis et ramoconidiis angustioribus
distinguitur. Differt a <italic>Cladosporio cladosporioide</italic> conidiophoris
subulatis, ramoconidiis secundariis brevioribus et angustioribus,
0–1-septatis et tamen locis conidiogenis angustioribus.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> internal and superficial; hyphae sparingly branched,
1–4 μm wide, septate, sometimes slightly constricted at the base of
conidiophores, subhyaline to pale olivaceous-brown, smooth to minutely
verruculose or verruculose, often somewhat swollen at the base of
conidiophores, up to 6 μm wide, sometimes forming ropes.
<italic>Conidiophores</italic> macro- to semimacronematous or micronematous, solitary
or in pairs, arising terminally and laterally from hyphae, erect, straight to
mostly flexuous, filiform to narrowly cylindrical-oblong, often slightly to
distinctly attenuated towards the apex and wider at the base, not nodulose or
geniculate, unbranched or branched, branches often only as short peg-like
lateral outgrowth just below a septum bearing conidiogenous loci, branches
occasionally longer, up to 20 μm, 9–330 ×
(1.5–)2–3(–3.5) μm, pluriseptate, usually not constricted
at septa, pale to medium olivaceous-brown, smooth to sometimes minutely
verruculose, parts of the stalk occasionally verrucose, basal cell sometimes
swollen up to 8(–10) μm, walls unthickened or only slightly
thickened, about 0.5 μm wide. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated,
mainly terminal but also intercalary, narrowly cylindrical-oblong, neither
nodulose nor geniculate, 9–40 μm long, with up to five loci crowded
at the uppermost apex, in intercalary cells loci often situated on small
denticle- or peg-like lateral outgrowths just below a septum, loci
conspicuous, subdenticulate, (0.8–)1–1.5(–1.8) μm diam,
thickened and darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> commonly formed,
cylindrical-oblong, differentiation between ramoconidia and secondary
ramoconidia often quite difficult, (14–)17–35 ×
(1.5–)2–3 μm, 0(–1)-septate, pale olivaceous-brown,
smooth, walls unthickened, not attenuated towards the base, base broadly
truncate, 2–2.5 μm wide, unthickened, but often somewhat darkened or
refractive. <italic>Conidia</italic> numerous, catenate, in branched chains, up to
5–6 conidia in the unbranched terminal part of the chain, branching in
all directions, straight, small terminal conidia obovoid, subglobose, ovoid to
limoniform or ellipsoid, 2.5–4.5(–5.5) × 2–2.5 μm
(av. ± SD: 4.2 ± 0.9 × 2.2 ± 0.2), aseptate,
rounded at the apex, attenuated towards the base, intercalary conidia
ellipsoid to subcylindrical, 5.5–12(–13) ×
2–3(–3.5) μm (av. ± SD: 8.3 ± 2.5 × 2.6
± 0.4), aseptate, with up to four distal hila, attenuated towards apex
and base, secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid to subcylindrical, sometimes
cylindrical-oblong, (6–)8–25(–28) ×
2–3(–3.5) μm (av. ± SD: 15.1 ± 7.3 × 2.7
± 0.4), 0–1-septate, not constricted at septa, median or somewhat
in the lower half, usually somewhat attenuated towards the base,
(2–)3–4(–5) distal hila, pale olivaceous-brown, smooth or
almost so, walls unthickened, hila conspicuous, subdenticulate to denticulate,
(0.2–)0.5–1.5(–1.8) μm diam, somewhat thickened and
darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis not observed.</p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA grey-olivaceous to mainly
olivaceous-grey, reverse olivaceous-grey, velvety to floccose, fluffy, margins
grey-olivaceous to white, feathery, regular or slightly undulate, aerial
mycelium abundant, loose, fluffy, growth effuse to low convex, without
exudates, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MEA greenish olivaceous to pale
olivaceous-grey and olivaceous-buff, glaucous-grey at margins, reverse
olivaceous-grey, floccose to fluffy, margins white, glabrous, regular to
somewhat undulate, radially furrowed and wrinkled, effuse, aerial mycelium
abundant, fluffy, mainly in colony centre, without exudates, sporulation
profuse. Colonies on OA whitish to smoke-grey and pale olivaceous-grey,
olivaceous-buff and dull green towards margins, somewhat zonate,
grey-olivaceous due to sporulation, reverse leaden-grey, floccose to felty,
margins dull green or colourless, regular, glabrous, aerial mycelium abundant,
floccose to fluffy-felty, covering large parts of colony surface, growth
effuse, without exudates, sporulating.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig67"><label>Fig. 67.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium subuliforme</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126500&link_type=cbs">CBS 126500</ext-link>).
Subulate conidiophores, ramoconidia and conidial chains. Scale bar = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig67"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Thailand</bold>, Chiang Mai, Sansai, Mai Jo,
palm nursery, isol. from <italic>Chamaedorea metallica</italic> (<italic>Arecaceae</italic>),
26 Dec. 2006, coll. I. Hidayat & J. Meeboon, FIH 401, isol. P.W. Crous,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20448&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20448</ext-link>,
<bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126500&link_type=cbs">CBS 126500</ext-link> = CPC
13735.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig68"><label>Fig. 68.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium subuliforme</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126500&link_type=cbs">CBS 126500</ext-link>).
A–C. Tips of conidiophores with conidial chains. D. Subulate
conidiophore with terminal and intercalary conidiogenous cell and conidia.
Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig68"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: Isolated from <italic>Chamaedorea
metallica</italic>; Asia (Thailand).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: Its long narrow subulate conidiophores with several loci
crowded at the apex and its numerous ramoconidia with narrow loci and hila
distinguishes <italic>C. subuliforme</italic> from the morphologically similar <italic>C.
tenuissimum</italic>, which possesses wider ramoconidia and secondary ramoconidia.
<italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic> deviates in having wider usually not
attenuated conidiophores, longer and wider ramoconidia and secondary
ramoconidia and somewhat wider conidiogenous loci and hila. Phylogenetically
<italic>C. subuliforme</italic> is close to <italic>C. angustisporum</italic> (see above;
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part c</xref>; distance
analyses in TreeBASE) but the latter species differs in that small terminal
conidia are somewhat longer and narrower, 3–6.5 × 1.5–2
μm, and conidiophores are not attenuated towards the apex in an awl-like
manner.</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium tenuissimum</bold></italic> Cooke, Grevillea 6(40): 140. 1878.
Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig69">69</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig70">70</xref>.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed and superficial, hyphae branched,
(0.5–)1–5 μm wide, septate, sometimes constricted at septa,
subhyaline to pale or medium brown, with swellings and constrictions, often
irregular in outline, smooth to sometimes minutely verruculose, sometimes
appearing rough-walled, walls unthickened or very slightly thickened,
sometimes forming ropes. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> solitary, macronematous and
micronematous, arising terminally and laterally from hyphae; macronematous
conidiophores solitary, sometimes in groups of 2–3, erect, straight or
slightly flexuous, cylindrical-oblong to almost filiform, sometimes slightly
to distinctly geniculate towards the apex, often subnodulose or nodulose with
an apical and sometimes a few additional swellings on a lower level, swellings
quite distant from the apex and from each other, most conidiophores neither
geniculate nor nodulose, unbranched or branched, branching often at an angle
of 45–90°, just below the apex or at a lower level, branches
sometimes only as short denticle-like prolongations just below a septum,
occasionally long, conidiophores 30–310(–460) × 2.5–4
μm (on OA up to 900 μm long), septate, sometimes distinctly constricted
at septa, pale to medium brown or olivaceous-brown, smooth, sometimes slightly
rough-walled at the base, walls somewhat thickened, sometimes slightly
attenuated towards the apex and distinctly swollen at the base, with age
conidiophores becoming darker and more thick-walled; micronematous to
semimacronematous conidiophores narrower, paler, filiform to narrowly
cylindrical-oblong, non-nodulose or only slightly swollen at the apex,
unbranched, 17–85 × (1–)2–2.5 μm, with few septa or
reduced to conidiogenous cells, pale brown or subhyaline, smooth, walls
unthickened or almost so, with a single or up to seven subdenticulate,
pronounced loci crowded at the apex. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated,
terminal and intercalary, cylindrical-oblong, sometimes short geniculate at
the apex, often nodulose, swellings up to 5 μm wide, cells
(4–)10–44 μm long, loci often situated on swellings but not
restricted to them, mostly only a single swelling per cell, in terminal cells
apex usually head-like uni- or multilaterally swollen with up to eight
pronounced, subdenticulate to denticulate loci crowded at the tip, in
intercalary conidiogenous cells loci often sitting at about the same level
(arranged like a garland round about the stalk) or situated on small lateral
shoulders, loci 1–1.5(–2) μm diam, thickened and
darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> occasionally formed, subcylindrical
or cylindrical-oblong, 22–41 × 3–4(–5) μm,
0(–1)-septate, base broadly truncate, 2–3.5 μm wide.
<italic>Conidia</italic> catenate, in densely branched chains, 1–4(–6)
conidia in the terminal unbranched part of the chain, branching in all
directions, straight, small terminal conidia subglobose, obovoid, limoniform,
sometimes globose, (2–)2.5–5(–6) ×
(1.5–)2–3 μm (av. ± SD: 3.7 ± 1.0 × 2.2
± 0.4), aseptate, apex broadly rounded, intercalary conidia ovoid,
ellipsoid or subcylindrical, 4–12(–17) ×
(1–)2–3(–4.5) μm (av. ± SD: 8.1 ± 2.7
× 2.8 ± 0.6), aseptate, occasionally 1-septate, with up to
5(–7) distal hila, sometimes cell lumen distinct, secondary ramoconidia
ellipsoid, fusiform to subcylindrical or cylindrical,
(6–)7–25(–31) × (2–)2.5–4(–5) μm
(av. ± SD: 15.0 ± 5.8 × 3.2 ± 0.5), with
(1–)2–6(–7) distal hila, sometimes with 1–2 hila at
the basal end, 0–1(–2)-septate, sometimes distinctly constricted
at septa, with age more frequently septate, pale brown or pale
olivaceous-brown, smooth, occasionally irregularly rough-walled, walls
unthickened or almost so, attenuated towards apex and base, hila conspicuous,
subdenticulate to denticulate, 0.5–1.8(–2) μm diam, thickened
and darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis occasionally occurring
with conidia forming secondary conidiophores.</p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining up to 84 mm
diam after 14 d, smoke-grey to grey-olivaceous or olivaceous-grey, reverse
leaden-grey to olivaceous-black, woolly to fluffy, margin glabrous to
feathery, grey-olivaceous to white, aerial mycelium abundant, high, fluffy,
smoke-grey, dense, without prominent exudates, sporulating. Colonies on MEA
reaching 70–80 mm diam after 14 d, smoke-grey to pale olivaceous-grey,
pale olivaceous due to abundant sporulation, reverse olivaceous-grey, woolly,
fluffy, margins narrow, glabrous to feathery, colourless to white, sometimes
radially furrowed and wrinkled, aerial mycelium abundant, fluffy, dense, high,
pale olivaceous-grey, covering large parts of the colony surface, growth low
convex, few prominent exudates formed, sporulating. Colonies on OA attaining
65–73 mm diam after 14 d, smoke-grey, pale olivaceous-grey to whitish
due to aerial mycelium, greenish grey towards margin, reverse olivaceous-grey
to iron-grey or leaden-grey, woolly-fluffy to felty, margin colourless to
white, narrow, glabrous, aerial mycelium high, abundantly formed, fluffy to
felty, whitish, growth flat to low convex, mostly without prominent exudates,
sporulating.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Cairns, isol. from
<italic>Callistemon viminalis</italic> (<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>), 18 Aug. 2006, P.W. Crous,
CPC 13222. <bold>Brazil</bold>, Fortaleza, isol. from a rust fungus, 30 Jul. 2005;
U. Braun, CPC 12223. <bold>Burundi</bold>, isol. from a fruit, J. Rammelo, isol. by
B.P.R. Vittal, ident. W. Gams,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117.79&link_type=cbs">CBS 117.79</ext-link>.
<bold>Indonesia</bold>, isol. from <italic>Musa</italic> sp. (<italic>Musaceae</italic>), 2004, M.
Arzanlou, CPC 11612. <bold>Iran</bold>, isol. from <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic>(<italic>Rutaceae</italic>), 2004, W. Gams, CPC 11555. <bold>Ivory Coast</bold>, Abidjan,
isol. from <italic>Musa</italic> sp., 10 Jan. 2005, Kone Daouda, CL1 ra,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126501&link_type=cbs">CBS 126501</ext-link> = CPC
14410. <bold>Mozambique</bold>, isol. from <italic>Musa</italic> sp., coll. A. Viljoen,
isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 10538, 10539. <bold>Nigeria</bold>, isol. from fruit,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=262.80&link_type=cbs">CBS 262.80</ext-link>.
<bold>Polynesia</bold>, reserve Pun Kukui, in forest, isol. from banana, 2006, coll.
I. Budenhagen, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 12794, 12795. <bold>South Africa</bold>,
Durban, Durban Botanical Garden near Reunion, -29.85, 31.0167, isol. from
<italic>Strelitzia</italic> sp. (<italic>Strelitziaceae</italic>), 2005, coll. W. Gams, isol.
P.W. Crous, CPC 11805. <bold>South Korea</bold>, Jeju, N33° 27'25”
E126°33'40”, isol. from <italic>Gnaphalium affine</italic>(<italic>Asteraceae</italic>), 28 Oct. 2005, coll. H.-D. Shin, isol. P.W. Crous,
preserved as “<italic>Passalora</italic> sp.”, CPC 10882. <bold>U.S.A.</bold>,
Louisiana, Baton Rouge, isol. from <italic>Magnolia</italic> sp.
(<italic>Magnoliaceae</italic>), 8 Sep. 2007, P.W. Crous, CPC 14250; isol. from fruits
of <italic>Lagerstroemia</italic> sp. (<italic>Lythraceae</italic>), 8 Sep. 2007, P.W. Crous,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20449&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20449</ext-link>,
<bold>epitype</bold> of <italic>C. tenuissimum</italic>, designated here; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125995&link_type=cbs">CBS 125995</ext-link> = CPC
14253; South Carolina, Aiken, on leaf sheets of <italic>Zea mays</italic>(<italic>Poaceae</italic>), H.W. Ravenel, Ravenel & Cooke, Fungi Amer. Exs. 160,
NY, <bold>lectotype</bold>, isolectotypes: Ravenel & Cooke, Fungi Amer. Exs.
160.</p><p><italic>Cladosporium tenuissimum</italic> s. lat. / Lineage 1: <bold>Australia</bold>,
Queensland, isol. from rock, Chillagoe Mungana Caves National Park, P.W.
Crous, CPC 13252. <bold>Bali</bold>, bat cave, isol. from soil, 2000, coll. J.C.
Frisvad, isol. B. Andersen, BA 1737 = CPC 14370. <bold>India</bold>, isol. from
<italic>Dalbergia</italic> sp. (<italic>Fabaceae</italic>), 2004, coll. W. Gams, isol. P.W.
Crous, CPC 11130; Chandigarh, 30.7372, 76.7872, isol. from <italic>Citrus</italic> sp.
(<italic>Rutaceae</italic>), 3 Jan. 2004, W. Gams, CPC 11132. <bold>Laos</bold>, Vientiane
Capital, Xaythany District, Xay Villiage, isol. from leaves of <italic>Basella
alba</italic> [= <italic>B. rubra</italic>] (<italic>Basellaceae</italic>), 4 Jan. 2007, coll. P.
Phengsintham, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 14196; isol. from <italic>Shorea
siamensis</italic> (<italic>Dipterocarpaceae</italic>), 22 Jan. 2007, coll. P.
Phengsintham, isol. P.W. Crous, CPC 13732. <bold>Thailand</bold>, isol. from
<italic>Acacia mangium</italic> (<italic>Fabaceae</italic>), coll. W. Himaman, isol. P.W.
Crous, CPC 11521, 11929. <bold>Venezuela</bold>, Cabruta, Mochimo Bay, isol. from a
decayed branch under water, 2007, coll. K. Lyhne, isol. B. Andersen, BA 1710 =
CPC 14311; Rojo, Mochimo Bay, isol. from sediment, red mangrove, 2007, coll.
K. Lyhne, isol. B. Andersen, BA 1711 = CPC 14312.</p><p><italic>Substrates and distribution</italic>: On different host plants, also
isolated from air, bread and soil; cosmopolitan but especially common in the
tropics.</p><p><italic>Literature</italic>: Saccardo
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref106">1886</xref>: 365), Oudemans
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref97">1919</xref>), Ellis
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">1976</xref>: 326), Ho <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">1999</xref>: 140), Heuchert
<italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">2005</xref>:
50–52).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Cladosporium tenuissimum</italic> and <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic> are two quite common saprobic species isolated from
numerous substrates. They are morphologically very similar and have therefore
often been confused. Isolates of both taxa were included in this study and it
has been demonstrated that they represent two morphologically, as well as
phylogenetically allied but distinct species (see discussion under <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic>).</p><p>On SNA plates conidiophores of <italic>C. tenuissimum</italic> can become darker
and more thick-walled with age and conidia more frequently septate. On OA and
PDA the conidiophores are very long and darker, medium to dark
olivaceous-brown, surprisingly forming several nodules quite distant from each
other which remind one of the closely related <italic>C. oxysporum. Cladosporium
oxysporum</italic>, however, does not form its characteristically nodose
conidiophores on OA and PDA, but does so on SNA and <italic>in vivo.</italic> In
contrast, <italic>C. tenuissimum</italic> usually forms very long, usually straight,
dark conidiophores with somewhat thickened walls, but without any swellings or
only slightly and unilaterally swollen apices on the natural host (<italic>in
vivo</italic>). Other characters like conidial measurements and width of
conidiophores are largely consistent between these two species as already
stated by Ellis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">1976</xref>) and Ho
<italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">1999</xref>).
Phylogenetically they are, however, obviously distinct
(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part c</xref>; distance
analyses in TreeBASE). Also in <italic>C. tenuissimum</italic>, similar to the
situation with <italic>C. perangustum</italic>, phylogenetic variation is observed
which is supported by nucleotide changes in both ACT and TEF gene sequences.
However, since the morphology of all isolates is quite uniform we prefer to
treat these as intraspecific variation for the moment pending the collection
of more strains.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig69"><label>Fig. 69.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium tenuissimum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125995&link_type=cbs">CBS 125995</ext-link>).
Macro- and micronematous conidiophores usually with a head-like swollen apex
and sometimes additional intercalary nodules, conidial chains and microcyclic
conidiogenesis. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig69"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig70"><label>Fig. 70.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium tenuissimum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125995&link_type=cbs">CBS 125995</ext-link>).
A–H. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. I–J.
Micronematous conidiophores with conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig70"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Cladosporium colocasiae</italic> clusters between the isolates of <italic>C.
tenuissimum</italic> as discussed under the notes of this species (see above), but
is easily distinguishable in always having nodose conidiophores and wider
conidia (5–8(–9) μm) formed solitary or in short chains.</p><p><italic>Cladosporium stanhopeae</italic>, a species described on <italic>Stanhopea</italic>(<italic>Orchidaceae</italic>) from Germany
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref117">Schubert & Braun 2004</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref116">Schubert 2005b</xref>) also
resembles <italic>C. tenuissimum</italic> but is tentatively maintained as a separate
species until isolates from that host can be included in molecular
studies.</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium uredinicola</bold></italic> Speg., Anales Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat.
Buenos Aires 23: 122–123. 1912.</p><p>For descriptions <italic>in vitro</italic> see Morgan-Jones & McKemy
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref92">1990</xref>) and Ho <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">1999</xref>); for a description
<italic>in vivo</italic> see Heuchert <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">2005</xref>).</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Alabama, Lee County, Auburn,
hyperparasitic on <italic>Cronartium</italic> <italic>fusiforme</italic>(<italic>Cronartiaceae</italic>, <italic>Uredinales</italic>) on leaves of <italic>Quercus
nigra</italic> (<italic>Fagaceae</italic>), 20 May 1982, W.D. Kelley, ATCC 46649 = CPC
5390.</p><p><italic>Substrates and distribution</italic>: Hyperparasitic on telia and uredia of
rusts, especially <italic>Cronartium</italic> and <italic>Puccinia</italic>, also on downy
mildews and powdery mildew fungi; Asia (Hong Kong, India, Iran), Australasia
(Australia, New Zealand), Caribbean, Europe (Germany, U.K.), North America
(Canada, U.S.A.), South America (Argentina, Brazil).</p><p><italic>Literature</italic>: Saccardo
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref109">1931</xref>: 798), Sutton
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref129">1973</xref>: 40), Ellis
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">1976</xref>: 330), Ellis & Ellis
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref57">1985</xref>: 571,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref58">1988</xref>), Morgan-Jones &
McKemy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref92">1990</xref>), Ho <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">1999</xref>: 142), Heuchert
<italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">2005</xref>:
41–46).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The above strain did not sporulate in the course of these
investigations. However, Morgan-Jones & McKemy
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref92">1990</xref>) and Ho <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">1999</xref>) examined it and
provided detailed descriptions of <italic>C. uredinicola in vitro</italic>.
Phylogenetically, the strain is allied to <italic>C. funiculosum</italic> and <italic>C.
pseudocladosporioides</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part
b</xref>; distance analyses in TreeBASE) but morphologically has longer
conidiophores and somewhat wider, more frequently septate conidia
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref92">Morgan-Jones & McKemy
1990</xref>). In the absence of further isolates, particularly from downy
and powdery mildew fungi, the identity of such collections remains unclear.
Morphologically these collections are indistinguishable and not separable from
collections on rust fungi (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref92">Morgan-Jones
& McKemy 1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">Heuchert
<italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>). Morgan-Jones & McKemy
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref92">1990</xref>) examined Spegazzini's
type (slides IMI 87162a) as part of their investigations, but Spegazzini's
material is from a different rust (<italic>Puccinia cestri</italic>) and different
plant host (<italic>Cestrum pubescens</italic>) than the material preserved as CPC
5390 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref54">Dugan <italic>et al</italic>.
2004</xref>) and “is in poor condition”
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">Heuchert <italic>et al</italic>.
2005</xref>). Moreover, isolates from powdery mildew fungi included in
the present study proved to represent morphologically as well as
phylogenetically distinct species such as <italic>C. exile</italic> and <italic>C.
phyllactiniicola</italic> (see discussion).</p><p>Strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=306.84&link_type=cbs">CBS
306.84</ext-link>, isolated from urediniospores of <italic>Puccinia allii</italic> in
the U.K., and identified as <italic>C. uredinicola</italic> proved to be not
conspecific with CPC 5390. Morphologically it belongs to the <italic>C.
cladosporioides s. lat.</italic> complex but phylogenetically it is different from
<italic>C. cladosporioides s. str</italic>. clustering apart from this clade (see
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part b <italic>vs.</italic> c</xref>;
distance analyses in TreeBASE). Additional isolates, especially from
<italic>Puccinia</italic>, are required so that an epitype for <italic>C. uredinicola</italic>can be selected. The representative strain given above is from a different
rust on a different host than the type
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">Heuchert <italic>et al.</italic>2005</xref>), and is presently sterile. Therefore, we refrain from
selecting this material as epitype.</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium varians</bold></italic> U. Braun, Melnik & K. Schub.,
Mikol. Fitopatol. 25: 215. 2008. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig71">Fig.
71</xref>.</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Cladosporium phyllogenum</italic> K. Schub., Mikol. Fitopatol. 25: 218.
2008, <bold>syn. nov.</bold></p></list-item></list></p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> mainly immersed, rarely superficial; hyphae unbranched or
branched, 1.5–7 μm wide, aerial hyphae narrower, 1.5–3 μm
wide, septate, not constricted or slightly to distinctly constricted at septa,
pale olivaceous, olivaceous-brown or brown, smooth or sometimes minutely
verruculose or verruculose, thin-walled or almost so, sometimes hyphal cells
distinctly swollen at the base of conidiophores, up to 8 μm wide.
<italic>Conidiophores</italic> macronematous, sometimes also micronematous, terminally
or laterally arising from ascending or plagiotropous hyphae, solitary, erect
or ascending, straight to flexuous, cylindrical-oblong, non-nodulose,
sometimes geniculate-sinuous towards the apex, unbranched or branched,
branches often formed as short, denticle-like lateral prolongations just below
or at a septum, 25–300(–530) ×
(2.5–)3.5–6(–7) μm, pluriseptate, upper septa just below
potential ramoconidia appear somewhat darker, refractive and thickened, pale
olivaceous or olivaceous-brown, smooth to somewhat asperulate, especially
towards the base, walls somewhat thickened, 0.5 μm wide; micronematous
conidiophores narrower, paler and shorter, flexuous, filiform, unbranched,
17–100 μm long or longer, 2–3(–3.5) μm wide, septate,
not constricted at septa, pale olivaceous or pale brown, smooth or asperulate,
walls unthickened. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, mostly terminal,
but also intercalary, cylindrical-oblong, non-nodulose, sometimes geniculate,
8–36(–96) μm long, with a single or often up to three loci at
the apex, often situated on denticle-like prolongations, loci truncate or
slightly convex, (1.5–)2–3 μm diam, somewhat thickened and
darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> subcylindrical or cylindrical,
23–56(–64) × (3–)4–6(–7) μm,
0–2(–3)-septate, concolorous with tips of conidiophores, usually
with up to three distal hila, not attenuated towards the base or only slightly
so, base broadly truncate, 3–4.5 μm wide, unthickened and somewhat
refractive. <italic>Conidia</italic> polymorphous, numerous, catenate, in branched
chains, branching in all directions, up to five conidia in the terminal
unbranched part of the chain, small terminal conidia globose, subglobose,
ovoid to obovoid, 4–6(–8) × 2.5–3 μm (av. ±
SD: 4.8 ± 1.0 × 2.8 ± 0.3), aseptate, intercalary conidia
ovoid to ellipsoid, 6–15(–18) ×
(2.5–)3–4(–4.5) μm (av. ± SD: 9.9 ± 3.2
× 3.5 ± 0.4), 0–1-septate, with up to three distal scars,
secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid to subcylindrical or cylindrical-oblong,
(8–)11–33(–40) × (2.5–)3–6 μm (av.
± SD: 21.9 ± 7.8 × 4.3 ± 0.7),
0–2(–5)-septate, mainly 1-septate, sometimes slightly to
distinctly constricted at septa, pale olivaceous to pale olivaceous-brown,
smooth or almost so, walls unthickened or slightly thickened, slightly
attenuated towards apex and base, hila 0.8–3 μm diam; microcyclic
conidiogenesis not observed.</p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 26–32 mm
diam after 14 d, dark green-olivaceous to dark grey-olivaceous, olivaceous or
iron-grey, sometimes slightly zonate, reverse grey-olivaceous to
olivaceous-grey or leaden-grey, velvety to powdery or floccose, margin white,
narrow or broad, regular, entire edge, glabrous to somewhat feathery; aerial
mycelium sparse, only at few spots or diffuse, high, hairy to fluffy, pale
olivaceous-grey; growth regular, flat to low convex with slightly elevated
colony centre, prominent exudates not formed, sporulation profuse, two kinds
of conidiophores formed, low and high ones. Colonies on MEA reaching
17–22 mm diam after 14 d, olivaceous-grey, grey-olivaceous to iron-grey
surface and reverse, some colonies glaucous-grey at margins, velvety to
powdery, margins colourless or white, regular, feathery, narrow to broad,
aerial mycelium sparse, diffuse, loosely floccose, growth low convex, radially
furrowed, sometimes wrinkled and folded in colony centre, without prominent
exudates, sporulation profuse. Colonies on OA attaining 20–22 mm diam
after 14 d, olivaceous-grey to iron-grey, grey-olivaceous due to sporulation
and pale olivaceous-grey due to aerial mycelium, reverse iron-grey to
leaden-grey or olivaceous-grey, surface somewhat zonate, floccose or fluffy,
margin white, narrow, glabrous, aerial mycelium sparse, loosely to densely
floccose or fluffy, growth flat or low convex, regular, without prominent
exudates, sporulating.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle (Saale),
Botanical Garden, on living leaves of <italic>Ulmus laevis</italic>(<italic>Ulmaceae</italic>), 9 Jul. 2004, K. Schubert, holotype of <italic>C.
phyllogenum</italic> HAL 1845 F, isotype
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-19870&link_type=cbs">CBS H-19870</ext-link> (dried
SNA plate); ex-type culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126360&link_type=cbs">CBS
126360</ext-link> = CPC 11327. <bold>India</bold>, Habingirii, isol. from leaf
debris, 2004, W. Gams, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126361&link_type=cbs">CBS
126361</ext-link> = CPC 11134. <bold>Russia</bold>, St. Petersburg, botanical
garden of the academy, isol. from leaves of <italic>Catalpa bungei</italic>(<italic>Bignoniaceae</italic>), 15 Jan. 2007, coll. V.A. Melnik, isol. P.W. Crous, LE
<bold>holotype</bold>, HAL 2061 F isotype; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126362&link_type=cbs">CBS 126362</ext-link> = CPC
13658, CPC 13659, 13660. <bold>Slovenia</bold>, Gabrovka, isol. from a fruit of
<italic>Rosa canina</italic> (<italic>Rosaceae</italic>) attached to shrub, 3 Jan. 2008, H.-J.
Schroers, HJS 1038 = CPC 14975B.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: On plant material, sometimes also
endophytic; Asia (India), Europe (Germany, Russia, Slovenia).</p><p><italic>Literature</italic>: Schubert
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref116">2005b</xref>: 117–120 and
figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig54">54</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig55">55</xref>, pl. 24, figs A–J),
Braun <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">2008b</xref>:
215).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Cladosporium varians</italic> and <italic>C. phyllogenum</italic>have been treated as two distinct species although micromorphological
characters of the two species are rather similar. <italic>Cladosporium
varians</italic> was said to differ from <italic>C. phyllogenum</italic> in having swollen
tips on the conidiogenous cells, sometimes unilaterally enlarged, and much
shorter ramoconidia, 6–25 × 3–6(–7) μm
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">Braun <italic>et al.</italic> 2008b</xref>).
However, since additional isolates were included in the present study it can
be seen that morphological differences between these two species are within
the species variation. Therefore, <italic>C. phyllogenum</italic> is reduced to
synonymy with <italic>C. varians</italic>. The species clusters as a sister to <italic>C.
paracladosporioides</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part
a</xref>) and forms a distinct lineage for both TEF and ACT, although
some intraspecific variation is present in the individual loci (distance
analyses in TreeBASE).</p><p>The ecology of <italic>Cladosporium varians</italic> is not clear. It has been
collected as a saprobic fungus on dead, but still attached leaves of
<italic>Catalpa bungei</italic>, but possibly lives also as an endophyte, only growing
and sporulating superficially under favourable external conditions with
fructification mainly confined to and spread on veins, as demonstrated for the
type collection of <italic>C. phyllogenum</italic>.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig71"><label>Fig. 71.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium varians</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126362&link_type=cbs">CBS 126362</ext-link>).
A–F. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. G. Conidia. Scale
bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig71"></graphic></fig></p><p>Because of small, smooth conidia, this species pertains to the
<italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic> complex
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">Ellis 1971</xref>). It differs from
<italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> in having long, frequently branched conidiophores,
arising <italic>in vivo</italic> from superficial hyphae and often somewhat swollen or
unilaterally swollen conidiogenous tips. The ramoconidia possess up to four
septa, and subglobose conidia are not abundant. The swollen conidiogenous
cells and the formation of subglobose conidia, mixed with cylindrical,
ellipsoid and fusiform conidia, are reminiscent of <italic>C. tenuissimum</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref55">Ellis 1971</xref>). In the latter
species, the conidiophores are, however, setiform, usually unbranched, often
with darker and thicker walls, the ramoconidia are only 0–1-septate, and
the conidia range from smooth-walled to verruculose. Due to frequently
branched conidiophores and abundant globose conidia, there is also a
morphological connection to <italic>C. sphaerospermum</italic>, which is, however,
easily distinguishable by its verruculose conidia. Furthermore, in molecular
sequence analyses (based on ITS nrDNA sequence data not shown here) <italic>C.
varians</italic> did not cluster within the <italic>C. sphaerospermum</italic> complex.
<italic>Cladosporium diaphanum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref56">Ellis
1976</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref116">Schubert
2005b</xref>) is superficially also similar, but forms internal mycelium,
usually fasciculate conidiophores emerging through stomata, which are not
distinctly geniculate, (0–)1–6-septate conidia, and somewhat
shorter ramoconidia occur only occasionally.</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium verrucocladosporioides</bold></italic> Bensch, H.-D. Shin,
Crous & U. Braun, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517091&link_type=mb">MB517091</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig72">72</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig73">73</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig74">74</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named after its surface ornamentation of conidia, which
is similar to that described in the genus <italic>Verrucocladosporium</italic>.</p><p><italic>Cladosporii acalyphae</italic> aliquam simile, sed conidiophoris
brevioribus, conidiis minutis terminalibus brevioribus, angustioribus, non
globosis et tamen ramoconidiis secundariis 0–3-septatis internoscitur.
Differt a <italic>Cladosporio pini-ponderosae</italic> conidiophoris angustioribus,
ramoconidiis secundariis 0–3-septatis, locis conidiogenis et hilis
angustioribus et a <italic>Cladosporio exasperato</italic> conidiis minutis
terminalibus brevioribus, conidiis intercalaribus latioribus, ramoconidiis
secundariis 0–3-septatis, verrucis ad 1 μm longis.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed and superficial; loosely branched, 1–4.5
μm wide, septate, mostly not constricted at septa, sometimes distinctly
constricted and due to swellings and intercalary constrictions irregular in
outline, subhyaline to pale or medium olivaceous-brown, smooth to minutely
verruculose or verruculose, walls unthickened or almost so, at the base of
conidiophores sometimes wider, up to 5 μm, sometimes anastomosing and
forming ropes of few hyphae. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> macro-, sometimes also
micronematous, arising terminally and laterally from hyphae, solitary, erect,
straight to flexuous, cylindrical-oblong, sometimes once distinctly
geniculate-sinuous, non-nodulose, unbranched, 18–130(–175) ×
(2.5–)3–4 μm, pluriseptate, septa often in short succession and
darkened, especially just below potential ramoconidia, sometimes distinctly
constricted at septa, pale to medium olivaceous-brown, smooth to
verruculose-verrucose or irregularly rough-walled, at the apex or the whole
conidiophore with surface ornamentation, walls only slightly thickened, base
often somewhat swollen, up to 5(–7) μm wide, sometimes slightly
attenuated towards the apex. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, mostly
terminal, sometimes also intercalary, cylindrical-oblong, sometimes once
geniculate, 7–30 μm long, with 1–3(–4) loci at the apex,
occasionally up to eight loci crowded at the apex, sometimes situated on small
lateral prolongations, subdenticulate, protuberant, 1–1.8 μm diam,
thickened and darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> occasionally formed,
cylindrical-oblong, 19–36(–45) × 3–4(–5) μm,
0–2(–3)-septate, not constricted at septa, base unthickened,
broadly truncate, 2–3.5 μm wide. <italic>Conidia</italic> catenate, in
branched chains, branching in all directions, up to 4(–5) conidia in the
unbranched terminal part of the chain, small terminal conidia obovoid,
subglobose, 3–6.5(–7.5) × 2.5–4.5(–5.5) μm
(av. ± SD: 5.0 ± 1.4 × 3.4 ± 1.0), aseptate, rarely
1-septate, apex usually broadly rounded, intercalary conidia ovoid, limoniform
to ellipsoid-ovoid, 6–13.5(–15) × 3–6 μm (av.
± SD: 9.5 ± 3.0 × 4.2 ± 0.8),
0–1(–2)-septate, not constricted at septa, with 1–3 distal
hila, apex and base often rounded or attenuated, secondary ramoconidia
ellipsoid-ovoid, subcylindrical to cylindrical-oblong or somewhat irregular,
(7–)8.5–30 × (2.8–)3–4(–5) μm (av.
± SD: 18.9 ± 6.0 × 3.7 ± 0.5), 0–3-septate,
not constricted at septa, with 2–6 distal hila crowded at the apex and
situated on small lateral prolongations at the apex giving conidia an
irregular appearance, younger ones pale olivaceous, later usually medium,
sometimes dark olivaceous-brown, almost smooth (younger conidia) to mostly
irregularly rough-walled, surface ornamentation variable, coarsely
verruculose-rugose to verrucose (LM), irregular in outline, coarse verrucae up
to 1 μm high, sometimes outer wall with surface ornamentation seemingly
detaching, under SEM surface with irregularly reticulate structure or embossed
stripes probably caused by diminishing turgor and shriveling of tender
conidia, walls almost unthickened or often appear to be distinctly thickened,
up to 1 μm wide, hila more or less conspicuous (sometimes not very
conspicuous due to surface ornamentation), subdenticulate to denticulate,
0.5–1.8 μm diam, thickened and darkened-refractive; sometimes
germinating, occasionally microcyclic conidiogenesis occurring.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig72"><label>Fig. 72.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium verrucocladosporioides</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126363&link_type=cbs">CBS 126363</ext-link>).
Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, mycelium sometimes formed in ropes,
ramoconidia and conidial chains. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig72"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig73"><label>Fig. 73.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium verrucocladosporioides</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126363&link_type=cbs">CBS 126363</ext-link>).
A–H. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bars = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig73"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 47–57 mm
diam after 14 d, olivaceous-grey to iron-grey, reverse olivaceous-black,
grey-olivaceous towards margins, felty-floccose to fluffy, margin white,
regular, glabrous, aerial mycelium abundant, loose to dense, without prominent
exudates, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MEA reaching 52–73 mm diam
after 14 d, pale olivaceous-grey to olivaceous-grey or whitish, reverse
iron-grey, velvety to floccose, margins white, glabrous to feathery, regular,
aerial mycelium loose to dense, low, growth effuse, radially furrowed, with
wrinkled and folded colony centre, often somewhat immersed, without prominent
exudates, sporulating. Colonies on OA attaining 47–54 mm diam after 14
d, smoke-grey to grey-olivaceous or olivaceous-grey, reverse pale mouse-grey
to leaden-grey, floccose to fluffy-felty, margin colourless, glabrous,
regular, aerial mycelium fluffy to felty-floccose, abundant, covering large
parts of the colony, growth effuse to low convex, without exudates,
sporulation profuse.</p><p><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>South Korea</bold>, Hongcheon,
N37°48'17” E127°51'13”, isol. from leaves of <italic>Rhus
chinensis</italic> (<italic>Anacardiaceae</italic>), 11 Sep. 2005, coll. H.-D. Shin, isol.
P.W. Crous as “<italic>Pseudocercospora rhoina</italic>”,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20450&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20450</ext-link>,
<bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type culture
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126363&link_type=cbs">CBS 126363</ext-link> = CPC
12300.</p><p><italic>Substrate and distribution</italic>: On <italic>Rhus</italic>; Asia (South
Korea).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: The conidial surface ornamentation is reminiscent of the
recently introduced genus <italic>Verrucocladosporium</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref30">Crous <italic>et al.</italic> 2007b</xref>),
which is a sister taxon to <italic>Cladosporium s. str.</italic> Within the <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic> complex there are only a few species characterised by
having a similar verruculose or irregularly rough-walled surface
ornamentation, but <italic>C. acalyphae, C. exasperatum</italic> and <italic>C.
pini-ponderosae</italic> are comparable. Phylogenetically, all of them are quite
distinct (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part b <italic>vs.</italic>a</xref>; distance analyses in TreeBASE). Morphologically, <italic>C.
acalyphae</italic> differs by much longer conidiophores, longer and wider, often
globose terminal conidia and usually aseptate secondary ramoconidia.
<italic>Cladosporium pini-ponderosae</italic> described on <italic>Pinus</italic> from
Argentina is distinct in that the conidiophores, conidiogenous loci and hila
are wider and secondary ramoconidia somewhat wider,
0–1(–2)-septate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref123">Schubert
<italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>). <italic>Cladosporium exasperatum</italic> has
longer, small terminal conidia, narrower intercalary conidia and
0–2-septate secondary ramoconidia with irregularly short conical
verrucae being not as high as in <italic>C. verrucocladosporioides</italic>.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig74"><label>Fig. 74.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium verrucocladosporioides</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126363&link_type=cbs">CBS 126363</ext-link>). A.
CryoSEM of a small colony illustrating the dense middle part with many young
conidiophores and some disconnected masses of conidia. B. Stout erect
conidiophores sprouting from rounded linearly oriented cells. C, G–H.
Details of the fungal colony containing the structures on which conidiophores
are formed and the different types of conidia. Note the ornamented conidia and
the more or less smooth or only slightly ornamented conidiophores. D.
Conidiophore, secondary ramoconidia and scars. E. Rounded conidia in a chain
showing the reticulate surface ornamentation. F. Secondary ramoconidium and
scars. Note the reduced ornamentation on this cell in comparison with the
conidia. Scale bars = 2 (D, F), 5 (C, E), 10 (G–H), 20 (B), 50 (A)
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig74"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium vignae</bold></italic> M.W. Gardner, Phytopathology 15(8):
457. 1925.</p><p>For descriptions <italic>in vitro</italic> see Morgan-Jones & McKemy
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref93">1992</xref>) and Ho <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">1999</xref>); for a description
<italic>in vivo</italic> see Schubert (2005).</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Indiana, LaFayette, on
<italic>Vigna unguiculata</italic> [= <italic>V. sinensis</italic>] (<italic>Fabaceae</italic>), M.W.
Gardner, BPI 427608, <bold>lectotype</bold>, designated here; Sep. 1924, M.W.
Gardner, BPI 427604, isolectotype; 25 Aug. 1925, M.W. Gardner, BPI 427602,
topotype; authentic strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121.25&link_type=cbs">CBS
121.25</ext-link> = ATCC 200933 = MUCL 10110.</p><p><italic>Substrates and distribution</italic>: On <italic>Lespedeza</italic> and
<italic>Vigna</italic> spp.; widely distributed, Africa (South Africa, Zimbabwe), Asia
(China), Australasia (Australia), North America (U.S.A.), South America
(Brazil).</p><p><italic>Literature</italic>: De Vries
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref130">1952</xref>: 99), Morgan-Jones
& McKemy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref93">1992</xref>), Ho <italic>et
al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">1999</xref>: 144), Schubert
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref116">2005b</xref>).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: This species, which is a seed-borne parasite, is the causal
agent of scab, leaf and pod blight on <italic>Vigna unguiculata</italic> and
<italic>Lespedeza bicolor</italic>. Gardner
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref64">1925</xref>), who introduced this
species, stated that only young growing tissues are susceptible. Inoculation
experiments were carried out to prove the pathogenicity of <italic>C. vignae</italic>.
Under favourable conditions infections occurred with great rapidity and
virulence, and visible lesions already causing crinkling of the leaves may be
present within 48 h of inoculation. Attempts to infect field pea seedlings
(<italic>Pisum sativum</italic>) with the cowpea fungus have been unsuccessful.
Records of <italic>C. vignae</italic> on <italic>Pisum</italic> spp. (<italic>e.g.</italic>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref132">Winstead <italic>et al.</italic>1960</xref>) are, therefore, doubtful and probably misidentifications. Da
Silva & Minter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref126">1995</xref>)
recorded this species from Brazil on <italic>Vigna unguiculata</italic> subsp.
<italic>cylindrical</italic> [= <italic>V. catjang</italic> (“<italic>Vigna
cajanga</italic>”)].</p><p>De Vries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref130">1952</xref>) examined
an isolate of <italic>C. vignae</italic> sent to the CBS by M.W. Gardner in 1925, but
found sporulation to be poor. On the basis of what could be observed, he
concluded that this species was similar to <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> and
that it would probably have to be considered as a <italic>forma specialis</italic> of
that species once better isolates were studied. The same isolate examined by
de Vries is still preserved in the CBS culture collection but forms only
sterile mycelium. Morgan-Jones & McKemy
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref93">1992</xref>) and Ho <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">1999</xref>) examined <italic>C.
vignae</italic> in culture, provided detailed descriptions of its features <italic>in
vitro</italic> and discussed its morphological similarity with <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic> treating them as two separate species. Besides its
pathogenicity to <italic>Vigna</italic> and <italic>Lespedeza</italic> spp. and its very
characteristic symptoms, <italic>C. vignae</italic> is distinguished from <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic> in having somewhat wider conidiophores with several to
numerous often somewhat crowded conidiogenous loci. <italic>Cladosporium
cucumerinum</italic>, causal agent of crown blight and scab or gummosis disease of
<italic>Cucurbitaceae</italic>, is morphologically also close to <italic>C. vignae</italic>but separated by its mostly longer conidiophores, its somewhat longer and
wider ramoconidia and its immersed hyphae often possessing a slime coat.
Phylogenetically <italic>C. vignae</italic> is quite distinct from the morphologically
similar <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> and <italic>C. cucumerinum</italic> (see
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part c</xref>; distance
analyses in TreeBASE).</p><p><italic>Cladosporium lupiniphilum</italic> known from Byelorussia on <italic>Lupinus
luteus</italic> has somewhat wider, 0–3-septate conidia and terminal
conidiogenous cells with only few conidiogenous loci. <italic>Cladosporium
robiniae</italic> on <italic>Robinia pseudoacacia</italic>, originally described as a
species of <italic>Heterosporium</italic>, possesses fasciculate, nodulose
conidiophores and conidia that are verrucose to echinulate, wider and more
frequently septate (23–37 × 8.5–13.5 μm,
1–6-septate) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref48">David
1997</xref>). <italic>Cladosporium psoraleae</italic> on <italic>Cullen
corylifolium</italic> [<italic>≡ Psoralea corylifolia</italic>] (<italic>Fabaceae</italic>,
tribus <italic>Phoraleae</italic>) is tentatively maintained as a separate species
since the conidiogenous loci are somewhat wider and the conidia are usually
somewhat longer and wider, subglobose and obovoid terminal conidia are usually
lacking (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref116">Schubert 2005b</xref>).
Additional collections, cultures and molecular data are needed to clarify
whether this species is distinct from <italic>C. vignae</italic> or not.</p><p><italic><bold>Cladosporium xylophilum</bold></italic> Bensch, Shabunin, Crous & U.
Braun, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB517092&link_type=mb">MB517092</ext-link>. Figs
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig75">75</xref>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig76">76</xref>.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: Refers to a favourable substrate from which it was
isolated, wood.</p><p><italic>Cladosporii cladosporioidis</italic> simile, sed conidiophoris brevioribus
et angustioribus, ramoconidiis secundariis brevioribus,
0–1(–2)-septatis, conidiis saepe irregulariter verruculosis vel
verrucosis discernitur. Differt a <italic>Cladosporio sphaerospermo</italic>ramoconidiis sparsis, 0(–1)-septatis, ramoconidiis secundariis
0–1(–2)-septatis.</p><p><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed and superficial; hyphae unbranched or loosely
branched, (0.5–)1–4(–5) μm wide, septate, not constricted
at septa, sometimes with irregular swellings and outgrowths, subhyaline to
pale or medium olivaceous-brown, smooth to asperulate, minutely verruculose or
irregularly verrucose and rough-walled, sometimes with wart-like structures on
the surface, walls unthickened or almost so, occasionally swollen at the base
of conidiophores, up to 8 μm wide, sometimes forming ropes or rhizoids,
branched at the base of conidiophores. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> macro-,
semimacro- to sometimes micronematous, solitary, arising terminally and
laterally from hyphae, erect, straight to slightly flexuous,
cylindrical-oblong, usually neither nodulose nor geniculate, sometimes
subnodulose at the uppermost apex, occasionally once geniculate-sinuous,
unbranched, sometimes once branched, 7–155(–190) ×
2–4(–5) μm, 0–6-septate, sometimes slightly constricted
at septa, pale to medium olivaceous-brown, smooth or almost so, sometimes
somewhat irregularly rough-walled or verruculose, especially towards the base,
sometimes wider at the base, up to 5.5 μm wide, or slightly attenuated
towards the apex, walls unthickened or slightly thickened; micronematous
conidiophores paler, subhyaline to pale olivaceous-brown, smooth or almost so.
<italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> integrated, usually terminal, cylindrical-oblong,
usually neither nodulose nor geniculate, sometimes subnodulose at the
uppermost apex with loci situated on small lateral shoulders due to sympodial
proliferation, 6–36 μm long, with (1–)2–4(–6)
apically crowded loci forming clusters of pronounced scars, sometimes with few
additional loci at a slightly lower level, protuberant, subdenticulate to
denticulate, (0.8–)1–2 μm diam, thickened and
darkened-refractive. <italic>Ramoconidia</italic> occasionally formed,
cylindrical-oblong, 19–35 μm long, 0(–1)-septate, smooth, base
broadly truncate, 2.5–3 μm wide. <italic>Conidia</italic> numerous, catenate
in densely branched chains, branching in all directions, mostly
2–4(–5) conidia in the unbranched terminal part of the chains,
straight, small terminal conidia subglobose, obovoid, sometimes globose,
2–5(–6) × 2–2.5 μm (av. ± SD: 3.9 ±
0.9 × 2.3 ± 0.3), aseptate, slightly attenuated towards apex and
base, apex broadly rounded, intercalary conidia ovoid, limoniform to ellipsoid
or subcylindrical, sometimes irregular in outline especially towards the
distal end due to numerous hila arranged in sympodial clusters of pronounced
scars, 5–11(–13) × (2–)2.5–3 μm (av. ±
SD: 7.7 ± 2.2 × 2.6 ± 0.3), 0–1-septate, septum
median, not constricted, with 2–7(–10) distal hila, crowded at the
apex, sometimes situated on small lateral prolongations, small terminal
conidia and intercalary conidia almost smooth to often irregularly
rough-walled, loosely verruculose to verrucose, attenuated towards apex and
base, secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid, subcylindrical to cylindrical-oblong or
irregular in outline, (5.5–)7–23(–32) ×
(2–)2.5–4(–5) μm (av. ± SD: 14.5 ± 5.1
× 3.1 ± 0.5), 0–1(–3)-septate, septum median or
somewhat in the upper half, not constricted, with
(2–)3–7(–10) distal hila, crowded at the apex or situated on
small lateral prolongations, pale olivaceous to pale medium olivaceous-brown,
smooth or almost so, walls unthickened or almost so, hila conspicuous,
subdenticulate to denticulate, 0.5–2 μm diam, somewhat thickened and
darkened-refractive; microcyclic conidiogenesis occasionally occurring with
conidia forming secondary conidiophores.</p><p><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on PDA attaining 52–74 mm
diam after 14 d, olivaceous-grey to grey-olivaceous, reverse iron-grey to
olivaceous-black, floccose to fluffy, margins grey-olivaceous, feathery,
aerial mycelium abundant, floccose to fluffy, loose to dense, growth effuse,
without exudates, sporulation profuse. Colonies on MEA reaching 47–74 mm
diam after 14 d, olivaceous-grey, whitish due to aerial mycelium, reverse
olivaceous to iron-grey, velvety to floccose-felty, margins feathery, aerial
mycelium felty, whitish to pale olivaceous-grey, loose to dense, growth effuse
with sometimes papillate surface, sometimes with numerous small prominent
exudates, sporulation profuse. Colonies on OA reaching 47–58 mm diam
after 14 d, pale olivaceous-grey to olivaceous-grey, olivaceous-buff, greenish
olivaceous to grey-olivaceous due to sporulation, reverse pale olivaceous-grey
to olivaceous-grey, velvety, floccose to fluffy-felty, margins
grey-olivaceous, glabrous to feathery, regular, aerial mycelium abundant,
fluffy to floccose, felty, low to high, loose to dense, growth effuse, without
exudates, sporulation profuse.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Canada</bold>, Ontario, isol. from galls of
<italic>Apiosporina morbosa</italic> (<italic>Venturiaceae</italic>) on twigs of
<italic>Prunus</italic> sp. (<italic>Rosaceae</italic>), 2005, coll. K.A. Seifert, isol. P.W.
Crous, CPC 12101. <bold>France</bold>, caves de Madelaine, isol. from leaves, 21
Aug. 2007, P.W. Crous, CPC 14281. <bold>Italy</bold>, isol. from twigs of <italic>Salix
viminalis</italic> (<italic>Salicaceae</italic>), Sep. 2006, coll. W. Gams, isol. P.W.
Crous, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126588&link_type=cbs">CBS 126588</ext-link> =
CPC 13512, CPC 13513, 13514. <bold>Russia</bold>, Leningrad Oblast, Roshino
district, Pionerskoje Forestry, isol. from dead wood of <italic>Picea abies</italic>(<italic>Pinaceae</italic>), 2005, D.A. Shabunin,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-20452&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20452</ext-link>,
<bold>holotype</bold>; ex-type cultures
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125997&link_type=cbs">CBS 125997</ext-link> = CPC
12403. <bold>U.S.A.</bold>, Washington, isol. from bing cherry fruits
(<italic>Rosaceae</italic>), isol. by F.M. Dugan,
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113749&link_type=cbs">CBS 113749</ext-link> = cv
10-53 sci1, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113756&link_type=cbs">CBS
113756</ext-link> = st5-25 sci 1.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig75"><label>Fig. 75.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium xylophilum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125997&link_type=cbs">CBS 125997</ext-link>).
Macro- and micronematous conidiophores, mycelium sometimes formed in ropes and
conidial chains. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig75"></graphic></fig></p><p><fig position="float" id="fig76"><label>Fig. 76.</label><caption><p><italic>Cladosporium xylophilum</italic>(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125997&link_type=cbs">CBS 125997</ext-link>).
A–G. Macronematous conidiophores and conidial chains. Scale bar = 10
μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig76"></graphic></fig></p><p><italic>Substrates and distribution</italic>: On wood and plant material; Europe
(France, Italy, Russia), North America (Canada, U.S.A.).</p><p><italic>Notes</italic>: With its numerous subglobose, globose and ovoid,
verruculose or verrucose terminal conidia <italic>C. xylophilum</italic> resembles
<italic>C. sphaerospermum</italic> but differs in having usually
0–1(–2)-septate ramoconidia and conidia. <italic>Cladosporium
cladosporioides</italic> is distinct in that the conidiophores are longer and
somewhat wider, (2.5–)3–5(–5.5) μm wide, conidia are
smooth and secondary ramoconidia usually aseptate and much longer.</p><p>Strain CPC 14364, isolated from indoor air in Denmark, clusters with the
isolates of <italic>C. xylophilum</italic> given above but deviates in morphology in
that small terminal conidia and intercalary conidia are smooth, secondary
ramoconidia shorter (6–17(–19) μm) and conidiogenous loci and
hila slightly narrower (0.5–1.5(–1.8) μm diam). Based on ACT
sequence data this single strain clusters outside the <italic>C. xylophilum</italic>subclade, but with TEF data it sits within these isolates
(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part b</xref>; distance
analyses in TreeBASE). Also for the other strains in the species some
intraspecific variation exists and therefore it is tentatively maintained in
<italic>C. xylophilum</italic> until additional isolates can be included to clarify
the status of this strain.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>DISCUSSION</title><p><italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic> is an intricate complex demonstrated
here to contain several cryptic species, some of which are named herein, with
others remain unnamed. Numerous species recognised in this complex are
morphologically very similar and often only morphologically distinguished by
careful observation and with detailed biometric data. As far as possible,
species were distinguished herein based on a combination of morphologic and
biometric features, culture characteristics and molecular data. In some cases,
strains that are clearly genetically distinct were morphologically
indistinguishable. Some groups of taxa are tentatively treated as a species
complex until analyses of more extensive sets of isolates can generate clearer
taxonomic differentiation. For species or phylogenetic lineages between which
morphological differences are lacking or ambiguous, correct determination is
only possible using molecular techniques. Documented morphological variability
within a species can increase with the availability of greater numbers of
isolates, or can be attributed to environmental conditions, age of the
cultures, <italic>etc.</italic>, all of which render attempts at identification on
morphological criteria even more difficult. For this reason we recommend that
identification of these species be based on a polyphasic approach using a
range of morphological and molecular markers.</p><p>The presented results are a conservative approach to define species
entities, in that new species were only introduced when justified by
sufficient morphological and phylogenetic differences. Similar to the <italic>C.
herbarum</italic> complex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">Schubert <italic>et
al.</italic> 2007b</xref>), a huge diversity of species and genotypes has
been found on diverse substrates isolated in a wide range of habitats. Most of
the species seem to be saprobic, but some are phytopathogenic, host-specific
taxa are also involved, <italic>e.g., C. cucumerinum, C. colocasiae</italic> and
<italic>C. vignae</italic>. Many of the new species are described from and collected
in Australia, and it can be expected that more will be discovered, especially
from hosts belonging to the <italic>Myrtaceae</italic> (<italic>Eucalyptus, Corymbia,
Melaleuca</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref40">Crous <italic>et al.</italic>2009d</xref>). Members of this plant family appear to be favourable hosts
for numerous plant pathogenic and saprobic fungi. The biology of the
<italic>Cladosporium</italic> species described on <italic>Myrtaceae</italic> is still unclear
but thus far, fungi occurring on hosts of this plant family have proven to be
largely host family specific (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref25">Cheewangkoon
<italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p>The mycelium in most of the <italic>Cladosporium</italic> species treated here is
more or less <italic>Zasmidium</italic> (<italic>Stenella</italic>-)-like <italic>in vitro</italic>,
being verruculose or verrucose to irregularly rough-walled, an observation not
previously documented from the natural hosts since the fungal hyphae are
usually intercellular in host tissue. In addition to the more
<italic>Cercospora</italic>-like conidia in <italic>Stenella</italic>, Deighton
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref49">1979</xref>) considered the
verruculose superficial mycelium of <italic>Stenella</italic> as a basic character for
the discrimination between <italic>Stenella</italic> and <italic>Cladosporium</italic>.
Deighton's view was not supported in our results here, nor, in analogous
studies on the <italic>C. herbarum</italic> complex
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>2007b</xref>). However, the scar structure of <italic>Stenella</italic>-like
hyphomycetes is distinct by being not cladosporioid. The type species of
<italic>Stenella, S. araguata</italic>, proved to be an anamorph of
<italic>Teratosphaeria</italic> (<italic>Teratosphaeriaceae</italic>)
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref30">Crous <italic>et al.</italic> 2007b</xref>).
Recent phylogenetic studies showed that the <italic>Stenella</italic>-like morphology
type is polyphyletic within the <italic>Mycosphaerellaceae</italic>, and paraphyletic
within the <italic>Capnodiales</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref41">Crous
<italic>et al</italic>. 2009e</xref>). Within the <italic>Mycosphaerellaceae,
Zasmidium</italic> proved to be the oldest name for <italic>Stenella</italic>-like
hyphomycetes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">Arzanlou <italic>et al.</italic>2007</xref>) and differs from <italic>Stenella s. str.</italic> in having
planate, cercosporoid loci (<italic>versus</italic> pileate conidiogenous loci in
<italic>Stenella</italic>) (Crous <italic>et al.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref36">2009c</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref40">d</xref>;
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">Braun <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).
In several species expanded superficial hyphal ropes are formed, <italic>e.g.</italic>in <italic>C. angustisporum, C. australiense</italic> and <italic>C. perangustum</italic>.</p><p>The conidiophores in most species treated in this study are straight to
somewhat flexuous, narrowly cylindrical to cylindrical-oblong or sometimes
filiform, non-nodulose, usually not or only once geniculate-sinuous,
unbranched or occasionally branched with branches being often short, only
formed as peg-like lateral outgrowths just below a septum. Nodose
conidiophores with distinct, regular, more pronounced swellings, clearly
separated and distant from each other, are formed in <italic>C. colocasiae, C.
oxysporum</italic> and partly also in <italic>C. tenuissimum</italic>. The process of
conidiogenesis within these species has been described in detail by McKemy
& Morgan-Jones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref88">1991</xref>).
Conidiophores become temporarily determinate, linear apical growth ceases. The
conidiophores swell appreciably at the extreme apex and a few conidia are
formed in close proximity to one another at the surface of the inflated
portion. Following conidiation, apical meristematic terminal growth resumes
giving rise initially to a narrow, hypha-like extension above the fertile
node. This grows to varying lengths, depending upon growing conditions. The
extended distal portion usually becomes separated from the node below by a
transverse septum and then ceases growth. Terminal swellings and conidiation
then ensue at the higher level and the sequence of events is repeated a number
of times to give rise to the characteristic nodose morphology. In the <italic>C.
herbarum</italic> complex the process of conidiogenesis differs in that the
conidiophores often possess multilateral swellings round about the stalks,
these swellings usually formed in quick succession giving conidiophores a
somewhat gnarled or knotty appearance
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>2007b</xref>).</p><p>Surface ornamentation of conidia in the <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> complex
is quite variable ranging from smooth or almost so to irregularly
verruculose-rugose, verrucose or rough-walled in some species. This is
comparable with the <italic>C. sphaerospermum</italic> complex in which species with
both smooth-walled as well as ornamented conidia are included
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref135">Zalar <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>),
whereas all species in the <italic>C. herbarum</italic> complex possess ornamented
conidia with the ornamentation ranging from minutely verruculose to verrucose,
echinulate or spiny (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">Schubert <italic>et
al.</italic> 2007b</xref>). The most prominent surfaces within the <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic> complex are formed by <italic>C. acalyphae, C.
exasperatum</italic> and <italic>C. verrucocladosporioides</italic>. Under SEM the surface
of their irregularly verruculose-rugulose conidia show irregularly reticulate
structures or embossed stripes. This phenomenon was also described and
illustrated for powdery mildew anamorphs
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref26">Cook <italic>et al</italic>. 1997</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref14">Braun <italic>et al</italic>. 2002</xref>).
<italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic> usually forms smooth conidia (LM) but
under SEM such wrinkled structures or embossed stripes are also visible. They
are not as prominent as in <italic>C. acalyphae</italic> or <italic>C. exasperatum</italic>and therefore not to be seen when using light microscopy and seem to occur
more commonly in older conidia. Several species are characterised by irregular
ornamentation on the small terminal and intercalary conidia, whereas secondary
ramoconidia are smooth or almost so, as in <italic>C. inversicolor, C.
acalyphae</italic> and <italic>C. rectoides</italic>. Combined with additional taxonomic
features, this characteristic can be used for species delimitations.</p><p>CryoSEM provides opportunity to study organisation of the fungal colony at
relatively high magnifications and fine details of the conidiophore,
(ramo)conidia and scars, and reveals additional features that can be used to
distinguish the different species as already stated in the <italic>C.
herbarum</italic> complex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">Schubert <italic>et
al.</italic> 2007b</xref>). CryoSEM was used to study morphological criteria
of potential significance for the <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> complex. The
most basic architecture of fungal morphology is an interconnected fungal
mycelium that gives rise to aerial hyphae. Initially, the fungal spore
germinates and forms a germ tube that accelerates in growth (see for instance,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref76">Köhli <italic>et al.</italic>2008</xref>) and differentiates into a prostrate hypha that extends
parallel to or penetrates into the agar substrate. After reaching a certain
length, a branch hypha forms behind a septum. Subsequently, hyphae branch away
from the substrate into the air. At first sight the aerial hyphae appear
similar to the hyphae adhering to the substrate (“substrate
hyphae”), but aerial hyphae must be different, as no nutrients can be
taken up directly by these cells, and therefore they are dependent on mycelium
in direct contact with the substrate for water and nutrients
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref50">Dijksterhuis 2010</xref>). However,
aerial hyphae may play an important role in boosting the respiration of a
fungal colony (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref101">Rahardjo <italic>et al.</italic>2002</xref>), and therefore biomass and enzyme production
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">Te Biesebeke <italic>et al.</italic>2006</xref>). The aerial hyphae may form different types of fruiting
bodies and sexual spores (as the ascomata of the <italic>Eurotiales</italic>, or
apothecia and perithecia in other groups of fungi) or other structures
eventually forming asexual spores for dispersion by water or air (see
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref81">van Leeuwen <italic>et al.</italic>2010</xref>). The latter structures can be very simple (as the simple
spore-releasing phialides in <italic>Fusarium</italic>), or elaborate (as the ramified
structures from <italic>Cladosporium</italic> and terverticillate <italic>Penicillia</italic>)
or even closed pycnidial conidiomata that resemble ascomata.</p><p>Growth of the substrate hyphae in <italic>Cladosporium</italic> was documented in a
number of cases at the margin of colonies (<italic>C. chalastosporoides, C. exile,
C. globisporum, C. perangustum</italic> and <italic>C. scabrellum</italic>). These hyphae
grew on the agar surface and penetrated into the agar. In several species the
hyphae differentiated relatively quickly into regularly segmented, broad
hyphae that gave rise to conidiophores (<italic>C. chalastosporoides, C.
cladosporioides, C. exasperatum, C. exile, C. globisporum, C. perangustum, C.
scabrellum</italic> and <italic>C. verrucocladosporioides</italic>). In other cases the
individual hyphal cells appeared swollen and pigmented, and were not
elongated. In <italic>C. acalyphae, C. asperulatum, C. chalastosporoides</italic> and
<italic>C. perangustum</italic> these cells developed into three-dimensional
“meristematic” or “parenchymatic” structures,
<italic>e.g.</italic> in <italic>C. chalastosporoides,</italic> they are the basis of the
structure of the fungal colony on which many conidiophores are formed (see
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig16">Fig. 16F–H</xref>). These
structures are diagnostic for this species. <italic>Cladosporium perangustum</italic>and <italic>C. chalastosporoides</italic> exhibited both the segmented “broad
hyphae” type as well as the meristematic type of structures. In the
first species they appeared to co-exist, while in the second species the
hyphae were observed to fuse and form these elaborated structures. In <italic>C.
exasperatum</italic> the segmented hyphae could also protrude above the agar
surface (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig28">Fig. 28H</xref>). In
<italic>C. asperulatum</italic> a scar was observed directly on the swollen cell of
the three-dimensional structure suggesting the potential of these cells to
form (ramo)conidia directly (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig9">Fig.
9J</xref>).</p><p>These observations suggest that in the <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> clade,
the substrate hyphal stage might be ephemeral, and quickly develops into
segmented, pigmented and/or meristematic structures on which conidiophores are
formed. There is clearly variation in the amount of hyphae present under these
growth conditions. For instance, <italic>C. acalyphae, C.
verrucocladosporioides</italic> and <italic>C. asperulatum</italic> form little of any
hyphae and only exhibit conidiophores sprouting from clumps of fungal cells.
In <italic>C. exile,</italic> hyphae develop into a very regular segmented pattern,
and cells between certain “islands” disappear, presumable due to
lysis (apoptosis?), which is unique for this species in this study.</p><p>Aerial hyphae were observed in several species, but it is difficult to
predict if aerial structures will develop into stipes of conidiophores or if
they can be regarded as very elongated conidiophores (as with <italic>C.
exile</italic> and <italic>C. perangustum</italic>). <italic>Cladosporium exasperatum</italic>produced structures that formed loops and anastomosed in mid air, while <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic> formed numerous aerial hyphae with side branches.</p><p>The secondary ramoconidia and conidia of the <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic>clade are easily dislodged from the conidiophores during snap freezing, or as
a result of electrostatic forces expelled from the electron beam due to the
fragile connections that exist between the spores. This was more prominent
than with fungi of the <italic>C. herbarum</italic> clade that are discussed in
Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">2007b</xref>), and might suggest
that there is variation in the strength of the connection between the cells or
in other properties of the spores (as electrostatic properties of the conidial
cell wall) that result in different forces on these spores resulting in their
release.</p><p>Using microscopy, chains of conidia were observed to be intact, and it was
clear that these chains could extend to 7–8 or even more cells.
<italic>Cladosporium asperulatum</italic> especially formed delicate, long chains
containing elongated spores. There is a marked variety in the shape of the
conidia, from nearly globose (very marked in <italic>C. globisporum</italic> and also
<italic>C. exasperatum; C. scabrellum, C. perangustum</italic> and <italic>C.
verrucocladosporioides</italic>) to highly elongated (most extreme in <italic>C.
chalastosporoides</italic> and to a lesser extent <italic>C. asperulatum</italic> and
<italic>C. acalyphae</italic>). The size of the conidium gradually diminishes
throughout the chain. If the conidia of a chain are only marginally connected
and no free cytoplasmic contact is possible, which is suggested by the
SEM-pictures, novel cells must have been formed from the nutrient sources
present in the former conidium. It might be hypothesised that there is a
maximal length of a chain based on the ability of the more terminal conidia to
obtain nutrients.</p><p>Novel for the species of the <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> clade is the
reticular ornamentation or embossed stripes on the cell walls of conidia and
ramoconidia in most species. This is most prominent in <italic>C. acalyphae, C.
exile, C. verrucocladosporioides</italic> and <italic>C.</italic> <italic>exasperatum</italic> as
well as the neotype of <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> in some micrographs
(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig19">Fig. 19H</xref>). <italic>Cladosporium
chalastosporoides</italic> did not exhibit ornamentation on the spores. The other
species had more subtle patterns present on the spores (especially <italic>C.
globisporum</italic> has a delicate, but subtle ornamentation). The nature of this
ornamentation is not clear; it could be a mucus-like material. Conidiophores
or ramoconidia were in all cases more or less smooth structures. In general,
secondary ramoconidia are ornamented in <italic>C. acalyphae, C. exile, C.
perangustum, C. asperulatum</italic> and <italic>C. exasperatum.</italic></p><p>Scars are prominent in all species and tend to be become increasingly
larger as their position in the conidial chain becomes progressively basal.
Ramoconidia and secondary ramoconidia can bear markedly wider scars (see for
example <italic>C. exile</italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig31">Fig.
31B</xref>; <italic>C. perangustum</italic>,
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig56">Fig. 56F</xref>; <italic>C.
asperulatum</italic>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig9">Fig. 9I</xref>).
They normally show a distinct rim and a more or less flattened dome.
<italic>Cladosporium exile, C. perangustum</italic> and <italic>C. chalastosporoides</italic>show notable scars but a precise analysis of these structures is complex due
to the differences between the cells.</p><p>During the development of the conidiophore its complexity increases and the
overall structure becomes obscured due to numerous branches and conidia. One
can ask how the conidiophores of <italic>Cladosporium</italic> do develop when the
chains of conidia must have a restricted length (<italic>e.g.</italic> eight cells?)
as a result of the lack of an open connection of cytoplasm that delivers
building blocks for the continuous production of new spores as is the case
within the genera <italic>Penicillium</italic> and <italic>Aspergillus</italic>. It has been
observed that conidiophores and spores are formed by <italic>C.
cladosporioides</italic> within 24 h after seeding of spores (J. Dijksterhuis,
unpubl. data). This might indicate that rapid and abundant spore formation is
an important ecological strategy for this fungus.</p><p>When is a <italic>Cladosporium</italic> conidiophore completed? Ramoconidia and to
a lesser extent secondary ramoconidia can be regarded as the powerhouses of
spore formation, because of their capability to give rise to four whorls of
“downstream” ramoconidia that each form several conidial chains.
<italic>Cladosporium perangustum, C. asperulatum</italic> and <italic>C. scabrellum</italic>form markedly long ramoconidia and it would be of interest to evaluate whether
these species form more spores than other species in the clade<italic>.
Cladosporium chalastosporoides</italic> shows a characteristic way of chain
formation with short conidiophores originating from a mass of meristematic
cells. Here, the conidiophore and ramoconidia show a marked bend before
producing the last set of chains (whorl) of spores (see
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig16">Fig. 16A</xref>). An overview of a
small colony of <italic>C. verrucocladosporioides</italic>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig74">Fig. 74A</xref>) suggests that
continually more conidiophores are formed between older ones, which also leads
to a further increase in the number of spores.</p><p>Most species in this study were avid spore formers on the growth media
tested, and showed apparent differences in the stages of colony formation and
not only at the level of conidiophore morphology. Characteristic differences
appeared in the timing and appearance of formation and differentation of
substrate hyphae and aerial hyphae, including of segmented hyphae and
three-dimensional structures within the colony. Other marked differences were
observed in the formation of conidiophores, conidia and conidial
ornamentation.</p><p>Within the <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> complex we failed to induce
<italic>Davidiella</italic> teleomorphs as we successfully did in the <italic>C.
herbarum</italic> complex. All <italic>Davidiella</italic> states readily forming in the
latter complex were homothallic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">Schubert
<italic>et al.</italic> 2007b</xref>). In the absence of nettle stems we used
pine needles in the course of the present examinations, but it seems that they
are a less useful growth medium for inducing <italic>Cladosporium</italic>teleomorphs. However, some members of the <italic>C. cladosporioides</italic> complex
appear to have <italic>Davidiella</italic> states. For instance, CBS strain
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109082&link_type=cbs">109082</ext-link> represents
an ascospore isolate, collected on <italic>Silene maritima</italic>, Skomer Island,
Pembrokeshire, Wales, U.K. by A. Aptroot, as <italic>Mycosphaerella tassiana</italic>var. <italic>arthopyrenioides</italic>. Morphologically the CBS strain is almost
indistinguishable from <italic>C. cladosporioides,</italic> but represents one of the
unnamed, distinct lineages in the tree (<italic>C. cladosporioides s.lat</italic>.
Lineage 3; see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Fig. 1, part a</xref>).
The <italic>Davidiella</italic> teleomorph (<italic>in vivo</italic>;
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-19874&link_type=cbs">CBS H-19874</ext-link>)
(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig77">Fig. 77</xref>) is characterised by
numerous small, dark brown, submerged ascomata, 120–150 μm diam, with
a central periphysate ostiole, 5–10 μm diam. Asci are obovoid,
(25–)30–32(–35) × (8–)10–13(–14)
μm. Ascospores are fusoid-ellipsoidal, thick-walled, constricted at the
median septum, containing angular lumina
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">Aptroot 2006</xref>), turning brown
once discharged, and some contain remnants of a mucoid layer,
(10–)11–13(–14) × (3–)3.5(–4) μm. With
this knowledge in mind, recent collections have revealed <italic>Davidiella</italic>states for other taxa in the <italic>cladosporioides</italic> complex (P.W. Crous,
unpubl. data). They have thus far largely been overlooked, as the ascomata are
usually submerged, around 100 μm in diameter, and thus rather inconspicuous
compared to the erumpent, large ascomata observed in the <italic>herbarum</italic>complex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>2007b</xref>). The fact that the <italic>cladosporioides</italic> clade includes
taxa with a sexual cycle could help explain all the cryptic lineages observed
in the present study. Further studies assessing whether these fungi are
heterothallic or homothallic, using molecular-based tools to determine the
nature and presence of mating genes may help to resolve these issues.</p><p>Several isolates from a single substrate in a single location –
chasmothecia of <italic>Phyllactinia guttata</italic> on leaves of an individual
plant, <italic>Corylus avellana</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref53">Dugan
& Glawe 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl1">Table
1</xref>) were distributed in distinct and widely separated clusters
throughout the tree, and represent several completely different species,
including the new species <italic>Cladosporium exile</italic> and <italic>C.
phyllactiniicola</italic>. Other strains clustered with isolates of <italic>C.
cladosporioides, C. inversicolor, C. lycoperdinum</italic> or <italic>C.
perangustum</italic>. Most of these isolates from chasmothecia had previously been
assigned to <italic>C. uredinicola</italic> on the basis of morphology (“fairly
variable” in <italic>C. uredinicola</italic>) and host (powdery mildew) by keys
and descriptions in Heuchert <italic>et al</italic>.
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">2005</xref>). Two other isolates,
already included in analysis of the <italic>C. herbarum</italic> complex, proved to be
conspecific with <italic>C. macrocarpum</italic> and <italic>C. tenellum</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref124">Schubert <italic>et al.</italic>2007b</xref>), consistent with a prior determination
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref53">Dugan & Glawe 2006</xref>). That
isolates previously identified as <italic>C. uredinicola</italic>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref53">Dugan & Glawe 2006</xref>; and
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=306.84&link_type=cbs">CBS 306.84</ext-link>) should
be more accurately identified in this study by molecular-genetic criteria is
not so surprising. Although our putatively representative material (CPC 5390)
is now well characterised (here, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref70">Ho
<italic>et al</italic>. 1999</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref92">Morgan-Jones & McKemy
1990</xref>), Spegazzini's type material of <italic>C. uredinicola</italic> is in
poor condition (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref69">Heuchert <italic>et al</italic>.
2005</xref>) and further work, including designation of a neotype, may be
necessary. However, that so many taxa should be recovered from a single host
(one powdery mildew species) from an individual plant is quite unexpected.
There are alternative explanations for the wide range of taxa isolated from
these chasmothecia. Use of disinfectants (ethanol, sodium hypochlorite) on
objects as small as chasmothecia is problematic (often rendering internal
fungi nonviable), so detached chasmothecia were “cleaned” by
forcing them through solid agar for 4–5 cm for removal of spores or
hyphae adhering to the chasmothecial surface
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref53">Dugan & Glawe 2006</xref>).
Perhaps not all conidia or hyphae adherent to the chasmothecial surface were
removed by this method. However, microscopic examination revealed growth of
<italic>Cladosporium</italic> hyphae inside penicillate cells of the chasmothecia, or
inside the accompanying gelatinous matrix
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref53">Dugan & Glawe 2006</xref>).
Sometimes hyphae egressed this matrix to sporulate
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref53">Dugan & Glawe 2006</xref>). Kiss
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref75">2003</xref>) also noted growth of
<italic>Cladosporium</italic> spp. inside penicillate cells, and discussed impacts on
chasmothecial function. The gelatinous matrix probably readily entraps conidia
and provides a hospitable environment for growth of multiple
<italic>Cladosporium</italic> species, all components of the aerobiota. The aerobiota
comprises numerous genera of fungi, so it remains to be answered why only
species in <italic>Cladosporium</italic> were observed in penicillate cells and matrix
by Kiss (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref75">2003</xref>) and Dugan &
Glawe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref53">2006</xref>). The phenomenon
of co-occurrence of many species on the same lesions on a single host in
<italic>Mycosphaerella</italic> and <italic>Teratosphaeria</italic> leaf disease complexes has
been frequently described and discussed
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">Crous 1998</xref>, Crous <italic>et
al.</italic> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref34">2004b</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">2007a</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref42">2008a</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref46">b</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">2009b</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref43">f</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref44">f</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">Crous & Groenewald 2005</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref23">Burgess <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">Arzanlou <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>,
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">Cheewangkoon <italic>et al.</italic>2008</xref>). Therefore it is not surprising that co-occurring genotypes
or species also exist in the related genus <italic>Cladosporium</italic> (also see
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref133">Wirsel <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>),
suggesting that special care needs to be taken during the isolation and
culturing of these taxa.</p><p><fig position="float" id="fig77"><label>Fig. 77.</label><caption><p><italic>Davidiella</italic> state
(<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=H-19874&link_type=cbs">CBS H-19874</ext-link>) of
<italic>Cladosporium cladosporioides</italic>-like strain
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109082&link_type=cbs">CBS 109082</ext-link>. A.
Ascomata on stems of <italic>Silene maritima</italic>. B–C. Asci and ascospores
(arrow denotes mucoid layer). Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig77"></graphic></fig></p></sec></body><back><ack><p>The authors thank the technical staff, Arien van Iperen (cultures), Trix
Merkx (deposit of strains) and Marjan Vermaas (photo plates) for their
invaluable assistance. Various colleagues collected material used in this
study, for which we are very grateful, namely M. Arzanlou (Teheran, Iran), W.
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State University, Pullman), B. Heuchert (Martin-Luther-University
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