The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from culture
Identifieur interne : 001306 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 001305; suivant : 001307The Botryosphaeriaceae: genera and species known from culture
Auteurs : A. J. L. Phillips ; A. Alves ; J. Abdollahzadeh ; B. Slippers ; M. J. Wingfield ; J. Z. Groenewald ; P. W. CrousSource :
- Studies in Mycology [ 0166-0616 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
In this paper we give an account of the genera and species in the
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DOI: 10.3114/sim0021
PubMed: 24302790
PubMed Central: 3825232
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>: genera and species known from culture</title><author><name sortKey="Phillips, A J L" sort="Phillips, A J L" uniqKey="Phillips A" first="A. J. L." last="Phillips">A. J. L. Phillips</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alves, A" sort="Alves, A" uniqKey="Alves A" first="A." last="Alves">A. Alves</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Departamento de Biologia, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdollahzadeh, J" sort="Abdollahzadeh, J" uniqKey="Abdollahzadeh J" first="J." last="Abdollahzadeh">J. Abdollahzadeh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slippers, B" sort="Slippers, B" uniqKey="Slippers B" first="B." last="Slippers">B. Slippers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wingfield, M J" sort="Wingfield, M J" uniqKey="Wingfield M" first="M. J." last="Wingfield">M. J. Wingfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groenewald, J Z" sort="Groenewald, J Z" uniqKey="Groenewald J" first="J. Z." last="Groenewald">J. Z. Groenewald</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crous, P W" sort="Crous, P W" uniqKey="Crous P" first="P. W." last="Crous">P. W. Crous</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6"> Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7"> Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24302790</idno><idno type="pmc">3825232</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3825232</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3825232</idno><idno type="doi">10.3114/sim0021</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001306</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>: genera and species known from culture</title><author><name sortKey="Phillips, A J L" sort="Phillips, A J L" uniqKey="Phillips A" first="A. J. L." last="Phillips">A. J. L. Phillips</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alves, A" sort="Alves, A" uniqKey="Alves A" first="A." last="Alves">A. Alves</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Departamento de Biologia, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdollahzadeh, J" sort="Abdollahzadeh, J" uniqKey="Abdollahzadeh J" first="J." last="Abdollahzadeh">J. Abdollahzadeh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Slippers, B" sort="Slippers, B" uniqKey="Slippers B" first="B." last="Slippers">B. Slippers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wingfield, M J" sort="Wingfield, M J" uniqKey="Wingfield M" first="M. J." last="Wingfield">M. J. Wingfield</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groenewald, J Z" sort="Groenewald, J Z" uniqKey="Groenewald J" first="J. Z." last="Groenewald">J. Z. Groenewald</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crous, P W" sort="Crous, P W" uniqKey="Crous P" first="P. W." last="Crous">P. W. Crous</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6"> Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7"> Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Studies in Mycology</title><idno type="ISSN">0166-0616</idno><idno type="eISSN">1872-9797</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P6">In this paper we give an account of the genera and species in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. We consider morphological characters alone as inadequate to define genera or identify species, given the confusion it has repeatedly introduced in the past, their variation during development, and inevitable overlap as representation grows. Thus it seems likely that all of the older taxa linked to the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>, and for which cultures or DNA sequence data are not available, cannot be linked to the species in this family that are known from culture. Such older taxa will have to be disregarded for future use unless they are epitypified. We therefore focus this paper on the 17 genera that can now be recognised phylogenetically, which concentrates on the species that are presently known from culture. Included is a historical overview of the family, the morphological features that define the genera and species and detailed descriptions of the 17 genera and 110 species. Keys to the genera and species are also provided. Phylogenetic relationships of the genera are given in a multi-locus tree based on combined SSU, ITS, LSU, EF1-α and β-tubulin sequences. The morphological descriptions are supplemented by phylogenetic trees (ITS alone or ITS + EF1-α) for the species in each genus.</p><sec id="S1"><title>Taxonomic novelties:</title><p id="P7"><bold>New species</bold> - <bold><italic>Neofusicoccum batangarum</italic></bold> Begoude, Jol. Roux & Slippers. <bold>New combinations</bold> - <italic>Botryosphaeria fabicerciana</italic> (S.F. Chen, D. Pavlic, M.J. Wingf. & X.D. Zhou) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, <italic>Botryosphaeria ramosa</italic> (Pavlic, T.I. Burgess, M.J. Wingf.) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, <italic>Cophinforma atrovirens</italic> (Mehl & Slippers) A. Alves & A.J.L. Phillips, <italic>Cophinforma mamane</italic> (D.E. Gardner) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, <italic>Dothiorella pretoriensis</italic> (Jami, Gryzenh., Slippers & M.J. Wingf.) Abdollahz. & A.J.L. Phillips, <italic>Dothiorella thailandica</italic> (D.Q. Dai., J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde) Abdollahz., A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, <italic>Dothiorella uruguayensis</italic> (C.A. Pérez, Blanchette, Slippers & M.J. Wingf.) Abdollahz. & A.J.L. Phillips, <italic>Lasiodiplodia lignicola</italic> (Ariyawansa, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde) A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Abdollahz., <italic>Neoscytalidium hyalinum</italic> (C.K. Campb. & J.L. Mulder) A.J.L. Phillips, Groenewald & Crous, <italic>Sphaeropsis citrigena</italic> (A.J.L. Phillips, P.R. Johnst. & Pennycook) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, <italic>Sphaeropsis eucalypticola</italic> (Doilom, J.K. Liu, & K.D. Hyde) A.J.L. Phillips, <italic>Sphaeropsis porosa</italic> (Van Niekerk & Crous) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves. <bold>Epitypification (basionym)</bold> - <italic>Sphaeria sapinea</italic> Fries. <bold>Neotypifications (basionyms)</bold> - <italic>Botryodiplodia theobromae</italic> Pat., <italic>Physalospora agaves</italic> Henn, <italic>Sphaeria atrovirens</italic> var. <italic>visci</italic> Alb. & Schwein.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abdollahzadeh, J" uniqKey="Abdollahzadeh J">J Abdollahzadeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mohammadi Goltapeh, E" uniqKey="Mohammadi Goltapeh E">E Mohammadi Goltapeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Javadi, A" uniqKey="Javadi A">A Javadi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shams Bakhsh, M" uniqKey="Shams Bakhsh M">M Shams-Bakhsh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abdollahzadeh, J" uniqKey="Abdollahzadeh J">J Abdollahzadeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Javadi, A" uniqKey="Javadi A">A 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Stud Mycol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Stud. Mycol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">simycol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Studies in Mycology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0166-0616</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1872-9797</issn><publisher><publisher-name>CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24302790</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3825232</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3114/sim0021</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>: genera and species known from culture</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>A.J.L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alves</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abdollahzadeh</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Slippers</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wingfield</surname><given-names>M.J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Groenewald</surname><given-names>J.Z.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Crous</surname><given-names>P.W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref></contrib><aff id="A1"><label>1</label> Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label> Departamento de Biologia, CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label> Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label> Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A6"><label>6</label> Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A7"><label>7</label> Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label><italic>Correspondence</italic>: A.J.L. Phillips, <email>alp@fct.unl.pt</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>30</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>76</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title>Plant pathogenic and endophytic Botryosphaeriales known from culture</issue-title><fpage>51</fpage><lpage>167</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright 2013 CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="creative-commons"><license-p>You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions:</license-p><license-p><bold>Attribution:</bold> You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).</license-p><license-p><bold>Non-commercial:</bold> You may not use this work for commercial purposes.</license-p><license-p><bold>No derivative works:</bold> You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.</license-p><license-p>For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode</uri>. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="51.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p id="P6">In this paper we give an account of the genera and species in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. We consider morphological characters alone as inadequate to define genera or identify species, given the confusion it has repeatedly introduced in the past, their variation during development, and inevitable overlap as representation grows. Thus it seems likely that all of the older taxa linked to the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>, and for which cultures or DNA sequence data are not available, cannot be linked to the species in this family that are known from culture. Such older taxa will have to be disregarded for future use unless they are epitypified. We therefore focus this paper on the 17 genera that can now be recognised phylogenetically, which concentrates on the species that are presently known from culture. Included is a historical overview of the family, the morphological features that define the genera and species and detailed descriptions of the 17 genera and 110 species. Keys to the genera and species are also provided. Phylogenetic relationships of the genera are given in a multi-locus tree based on combined SSU, ITS, LSU, EF1-α and β-tubulin sequences. The morphological descriptions are supplemented by phylogenetic trees (ITS alone or ITS + EF1-α) for the species in each genus.</p><sec id="S1"><title>Taxonomic novelties:</title><p id="P7"><bold>New species</bold> - <bold><italic>Neofusicoccum batangarum</italic></bold> Begoude, Jol. Roux & Slippers. <bold>New combinations</bold> - <italic>Botryosphaeria fabicerciana</italic> (S.F. Chen, D. Pavlic, M.J. Wingf. & X.D. Zhou) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, <italic>Botryosphaeria ramosa</italic> (Pavlic, T.I. Burgess, M.J. Wingf.) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, <italic>Cophinforma atrovirens</italic> (Mehl & Slippers) A. Alves & A.J.L. Phillips, <italic>Cophinforma mamane</italic> (D.E. Gardner) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, <italic>Dothiorella pretoriensis</italic> (Jami, Gryzenh., Slippers & M.J. Wingf.) Abdollahz. & A.J.L. Phillips, <italic>Dothiorella thailandica</italic> (D.Q. Dai., J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde) Abdollahz., A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, <italic>Dothiorella uruguayensis</italic> (C.A. Pérez, Blanchette, Slippers & M.J. Wingf.) Abdollahz. & A.J.L. Phillips, <italic>Lasiodiplodia lignicola</italic> (Ariyawansa, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde) A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Abdollahz., <italic>Neoscytalidium hyalinum</italic> (C.K. Campb. & J.L. Mulder) A.J.L. Phillips, Groenewald & Crous, <italic>Sphaeropsis citrigena</italic> (A.J.L. Phillips, P.R. Johnst. & Pennycook) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, <italic>Sphaeropsis eucalypticola</italic> (Doilom, J.K. Liu, & K.D. Hyde) A.J.L. Phillips, <italic>Sphaeropsis porosa</italic> (Van Niekerk & Crous) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves. <bold>Epitypification (basionym)</bold> - <italic>Sphaeria sapinea</italic> Fries. <bold>Neotypifications (basionyms)</bold> - <italic>Botryodiplodia theobromae</italic> Pat., <italic>Physalospora agaves</italic> Henn, <italic>Sphaeria atrovirens</italic> var. <italic>visci</italic> Alb. & Schwein.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Key words:</title><kwd><italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic></kwd><kwd>canker pathogens</kwd><kwd><italic>Diplodia</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Fusicoccum</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic></kwd><kwd>Multi-Locus Sequence Analysis</kwd><kwd><italic>Sphaeropsis</italic></kwd><kwd>systematics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="S2"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p id="P8">The <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> encompasses a range of morphologically diverse fungi that are either pathogens, endophytes or saprobes, mainly on woody hosts. They are found in all geographical and climatic areas of the world, with the exception of the polar regions. Their frequent association with plant diseases has stimulated substantial interest in these fungi, and much of this interest has been focussed on the systematics of species and genera.</p><sec id="S3"><title>Historical overview</title><p id="P9">The <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> was introduced by Theissen & Sydow (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R201">1918</xref>) as a sub-family in the <italic>Pseudosphaeriaceae</italic>. Although Theissen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R198">1916</xref>) had earlier allocated the <italic>Pseudosphaeriaceae</italic> to the <italic>Myriangiales</italic>, Theissen & Sydow (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R200">1917</xref>) believed that the <italic>Pseudosphaeriaceae</italic> should be united with the <italic>Dothideaceae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R89">Luttrell 1951</xref>). Theissen & Sydow (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R201">1918</xref>) established the sub-class the <italic>Dothideineae</italic> to accommodate the order <italic>Pseudosphaeriales</italic>, family <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>, and the genus <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>. Petrak (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R130">1923</xref>) rejected Theissen & Sydow’s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R201">1918</xref>) classification and placed <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> in the sub-family <italic>Pseudosphaerieae</italic>, which he placed in the <italic>Pleosporaceae</italic> (<italic>Sphaeriales</italic>).</p><p id="P10">Miller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R103">1928</xref>) showed that there was a fundamental difference between the tissues forming the ascoma and those forming the boundary of the locules. He also showed how these different tissue types were correlated with features of the ascocarp centrum. Taxa allocated to the <italic>Sphaeriales</italic> had true perithecial ascomata and paraphyses, while those assigned to the <italic>Dothideales</italic> had ascostromatic ascomata lacking paraphyses. Thus, <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> species (<italic>Pseudosphaeriaceae</italic>) were allocated to the <italic>Dothideales</italic> because they lacked true perithecial walls (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R103">Miller 1928</xref>).</p><p id="P11">Nannfeldt (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R113">1932</xref>) re-grouped the <italic>Euascomycetes</italic> into three orders. The ascostromatic forms, where asci form in cavities in pre-formed stromata, were accommodated in the <italic>Ascoloculares</italic>. The true <italic>Sphaeriales</italic>, i.e., species in which the asci developed in a hymenium, were accommodated in the <italic>Ascohymeniales</italic>. Although these groups were not widely accepted at the time, they were consistent with the bitunicate and unitunicate groups later proposed by Luttrell (1955).</p><p id="P12">Concepts based on morphological features resulting from the ontogeny of the perithecial wall and the development of centrum tissues were further developed by Miller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R104">1938</xref>) and three orders were recognised. The <italic>Sphaeriales</italic> had perithecia and paraphyses, and the <italic>Dothideales</italic> encompassed ascostromatic forms with interthecial threads that appeared in the ascomatal cavity before the asci developed. Miller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R104">1938</xref>) retained <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> in the family <italic>Pseudosphaeriaceae</italic>. Thus, <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> was accommodated in the <italic>Pseudosphaeriales</italic> and not in the <italic>Dothideales</italic>.</p><p id="P13">Luttrell (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R89">1951</xref>) recognised two major morphological groups in the pyrenomycetous fungi. He also emphasised the significance of ontogenetic characters of the ascomata in classification. The two major groups were those with single-walled asci or the unitunicate ascomycetes, and the loculoascomycetes, commonly referred to as the bitunicate ascomycetes (Luttrell 1955). Luttrell also identified eight forms of centrum development and highlighted the taxonomic value of sterile interthecial tissues. Since the type of the family <italic>Pseudosphaeriaceae</italic>, and the type of the genus <italic>Pseudosphaeria</italic> had been transferred to the <italic>Dothideales</italic>, the order <italic>Pseudosphaeriales</italic> was no longer tenable. Therefore, Luttrell (1955) replaced the name <italic>Pseudosphaeriales</italic> with <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, based on the most important genus in the group with that type of centrum development, and assigned <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> to the <italic>Pleosporales</italic>.</p><p id="P14">In Barr’s earlier work (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">1972</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">1976</xref>), she had not studied specimens of <italic>B. dothidea</italic> in which the interthecial tissues were clearly visible, and despite the clear demonstration by Parguey-Leduc (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R120">1966</xref>) that <italic>B. dothidea</italic> exhibited a <italic>Pleospora</italic> centrum type, she classified <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> in the <italic>Dothideales</italic>. Later, however, Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R20">1979</xref>) acknowledged that <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> species had a centrum typical of the <italic>Pleosporales</italic> and she concluded that the genus should reside in this order. This view was retained in subsequent publications (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">1983</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">1987</xref>).</p><p id="P15">According to von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">1975</xref>) and von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">1981</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">1987</xref>) the orders proposed by Lutrell (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R90">1955</xref>, 1973) and Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">1972</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">1987</xref>) comprised a collection of unrelated genera and the taxonomic characters used to separate the orders overlapped. Moreover, von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">1975</xref>) did not support the placement of closely related genera such as <italic>Guignardia</italic> and <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> in different orders, i.e. the <italic>Dothideales</italic> and <italic>Pleosporales</italic> respectively (Luttrel 1973). For this reason von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">1975</xref>) placed all bitunicate ascomycetes in the single order <italic>Dothideales</italic>, comprising two suborders and 34 families, including the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. To complicate matters further, Sivanesan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R170">1984</xref>) placed both <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Guignardia</italic> in the <italic>Dothideales</italic> whereas Hawksworth <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R69">1995</xref>) listed <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> under the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> and <italic>Guignardia</italic> under the <italic>Mycosphaerellaceae</italic>, both in the <italic>Dothideales</italic>. Hence the two major systems of classification were those of Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">1987</xref>) in which <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> is placed in the <italic>Pleosporales</italic>, and von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">1975</xref>) who placed the genus in the <italic>Dothideales</italic>. Eriksson (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R52">1981</xref>), however, emphasised that <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> species have a centrum typical of the <italic>Pleosporales</italic> with pseudoparaphyses and pseudothecia.</p><p id="P16">The advent of DNA sequencing methods provided taxonomists with powerful tools to determine phylogenetic relationships in fungi at various taxonomic levels from species to orders. Berbee (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R25">1996</xref>) used gene sequences of the 18S rRNA gene (SSU) to study phylogenetic relationships amongst genera and orders of loculoascomycetes. However, the positions of the two <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> species included in that study changed depending on the analysis used. Thus, in the neighbour-joining trees of Berbee (1966) these species usually clustered with species of <italic>Dothidea</italic> in the <italic>Dothideales</italic>, but in a single maximum likelihood tree they clustered in the <italic>Pleosporales</italic>. In a subsequent study of 18S rRNA sequence data, Silva-Hanlin & Hanlin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R168">1999</xref>) could not determine whether the <italic>Botryosphaeria-Guignardia</italic> clade corresponded to the <italic>Dothideales</italic> or the <italic>Pleosporales</italic>.</p><p id="P17">Schoch <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R161">2006</xref>) constructed a multigene phylogeny based on SSU, 28S rRNA gene (LSU), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) and RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2) sequence data for 96 taxa in the <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic>. Species of <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Guignardia</italic> formed a clade that could not be associated with any other order. For this reason they proposed a new order <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic> accommodating the single family, the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>.</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>Characteristics of the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic></title><p id="P18">Detailed descriptions of the family <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> have been presented by several authors (von Arx & Müller <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">1954</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">1975</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R69">Hawksworth <italic>et al.</italic> 1995</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R52">Eriksson 1981</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R170">Sivanesan 1984</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">Barr 1987</xref>). Members of the family are pathogenic, necrotrophic or saprobic, especially on woody plants.</p><p id="P19">The <italic>Botryosphaericeae</italic> were characterised primarily on the basis of their large, ovoid to oblong, usually hyaline, aseptate ascospores. Although this could appear to be an inadequate basis for recognition of a family, ascospores with this morphology have been considered as an unusual spore type among loculoascomycetes (Luttrel 1973, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R52">Eriksson 1981</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R170">Sivanesan 1984</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">Barr 1987</xref>). More recently, however, at least six lineages in the family have been recognised as having pigmented ascospores, and in three of these genera the ascospores are septate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>). Therefore, this simple circumscription can no longer be considered suitable for the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">2012</xref>) recently provided a comprehensive definition of the family in which they considered ascospores to be hyaline and aseptate, but that could become pigmented and septate with age. This is an equally unsuitable definition because ascospores in some genera become pigmented and 1-septate at an early stage of their development, long before they can be considered aged. Furthermore, a circumscription based solely on the sexual state is not suitable especially since some species are known only from their asexual state, while in others the sexual state is extremely uncommon. Given these conditions a modified circumscription of the family is provided by Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R171">2013</xref>, this volume).</p></sec><sec id="S5"><title>Genera in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic></title><p id="P20">When Theissen & Sydow (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R201">1918</xref>) introduced the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> they included three genera, namely <italic>Botryosphaeria, Phaeobotryon</italic> and <italic>Dibotryon</italic>. Further genera were included over the years and the addition of separate generic names for asexual and sexual morphs resulted in the inclusion of at least 78 genera in the family (MycoBank, <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.mycobank.org">http://www.mycobank.org</uri>, accessed May 2013). Many of these genera have been determined to be synonyms, some new genera have been introduced, some of the older genera have been resurrected, yet others have been removed to other families. Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">2012</xref>) recognised 29 genera of which 17 are known in culture.</p><p id="P21">The application of DNA sequence analysis and phylogenetic inference has had a major impact on the systematics of the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">2006</xref>) used DNA sequence data of the 28S rRNA gene to resolve 10 lineages within the family. The phylogenetic clades correlated with distinct morphological features and corresponded to separate genera. However, the LSU dataset that Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">2006</xref>) used could not resolve a large clade that comprised <italic>Diplodia, Lasiodiplodia</italic> and related genera with pigmented conidia.</p><p id="P22">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>) attempted to resolve the phylogenetic and taxonomic status of species of <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> with pigmented ascospores. In a phylogeny based on SSU, the internal transcribed spacers and intervening 5.8S rRNA gene (ITS) and LSU together with EF1-α and β-tubulin sequence data they resolved six clades in the <italic>Diplodia/Lasiodiplodia</italic> complex and an additional four clades in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. Damm <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R46">2007</xref>) showed that <italic>Aplosporella</italic> represents yet another genus in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> while Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R153">2008</xref>) determined that <italic>Endomelanconiopsis</italic> also resides in this family. Phillips & Alves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R134">2009</xref>) considered <italic>Melanops</italic> to be a genus in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaeae</italic>. In a phylogeny based on SSU, ITS, LSU and RNA polymerase largest subunit (RPB1) sequences, Minnis <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R105">2012</xref>) included <italic>Kellermania</italic> in the <italic>Planistromellaceae</italic>, sister to the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. Furthermore, Wikee <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R219">2013</xref>, this volume) reinstated the <italic>Phyllostictaceae</italic> to accommodate <italic>Phyllosticta</italic> (= <italic>Guignardia</italic>), which they recognised as distinct from the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. Finally, Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R171">2013</xref>, this volume) introduced new families to accommodate <italic>Saccharata</italic> (<italic>Saccharataceae</italic>), <italic>Melanops</italic> (<italic>Melanopsaceae</italic>), <italic>Aplosporella</italic> and <italic>Bagnisiella</italic> (<italic>Aplosporellaceae</italic>). Thus, 17 genera can now be recognised phylogenetically in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. We consider morphological characters alone as inadequate to define genera or identify species, given the confusion it has caused in the past. Slippers <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R171">2013</xref>, this volume) also illustrates how misleading some of the prominent conidial and ascospore characters can be to reflect evolutionary origin, given independent origins or losses of these characters over time. We therefore focus this paper on the 17 genera that can now be recognised phylogenetically, which concentrates on the species that are presently known from culture.</p></sec><sec id="S6"><title>Circumscription of genera</title><p id="P23">Characters that are used to differentiate genera in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> have largely relied on the morphological features of the ascospores (Barr <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">1987</xref>, 1989, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R73">Hsieh & Chen 1994</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>) and especially the conidial states (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">Crous <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>). The most informative characters are conidial features such as pigmentation, wall thickness, and septation, but other characters such as presence or absence of paraphyses in the conidiomata can be useful. The phylogenetic value of these characters can only be meaningfully interpreted, however, in combination with additional data (e.g. sequence based molecular data), as illustrated by their misinterpretation in the past, and the multiple independent origins and losses of shared characters throughout the evolutionary history of the family (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R171">Slippers <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>, this volume).</p></sec><sec id="S7"><title>Sexual morph morphology</title><sec id="S8"><title>Ascomata</title><p id="P24">Ascomata range from uniloculate, discrete structures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1A, B</xref>) through to relatively large multiloculate structures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1C, D</xref>). The uniloculate forms occur either individually and scattered over the host (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1E</xref>), or they can be aggregated in botryose clusters (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1F</xref>) of several hundred ascomata that are often united on a submerged basal stroma. In the species with multiloculate ascomata, conidiomata can occur within the same stroma. Sometimes the ascomata develop at the periphery of a central conidioma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1G</xref>) and are united with the conidioma in a single stroma. When cut through horizontally the contents are typically brilliant white (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1H</xref>). Irrespective of the form they take, ascomata in <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> species are typical of the loculoascomycetes in which the asci are formed within locules that develop in a pre-formed stroma. The tissues of the stromata are of <italic>textura angularis</italic> and made up of brown, thick-walled cells that turn blue-black in KOH and red-brown in lactic acid. The thickness of the stromata varies considerably not only between species but also with any given species. The walls can be as thin as just 5 or 6 cells layers, or it can be up to 30 or even more. The locules are lined with thin-walled, hyaline, flattened cells.</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Fig. 1.</label><caption><p>Ascomata characters. A-D. Vertical sections through ascomata. E. Ascomata erumpent through host bark. F. Botryose clusters of ascomata. G. Transverse section through a central conidioma surrounded by ascomata. H. Ascomata cut through horizontally revealing the brilliant white contents. Scale bars: A-D, G = 100 μm, E = 1 mm, F, H = 500 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig1"></graphic></fig><p id="P25">The centrum is of the <italic>Pleospora</italic> type in which the asci are interspersed with pseudoparaphyses that grow downwards and fuse at the base of the locule. The form of the ascomata is of little taxonomic value since even within a species ascomata can vary from uniloculate with relatively thin walls to complex multiloculate with thick walls and extensive stromatic tissue. This variation is probably in response to the substrate or the conditions under which the ascomata are formed. For example, ascomata in <italic>B. dothidea</italic> can be either simple, uniloculate structures scattered individually over the surface of the host tissue, or they can be aggregated in large botryose clusters. They can also be formed in large multiloculate stromata united with conidiomata. Furthermore, there does not appear to be any correlation between the form of the ascomata and the asexual genus associated with a particular species.</p></sec><sec id="S9"><title>Asci</title><p id="P26">Asci are bitunicate of the fissitunicate type with a relatively thin ectotunica and a thick endotunica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2A-C</xref>). The apex of the endotunica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2D</xref>) is modified to form a well-defined apical chamber, which results from a displacement of the endotunica by the cytoplasm within the body of the ascus. No other structures can be detected in the ascus apex. Asci are clavate to elongate-clavate approaching cylindrical, but they are never truly cylindrical. They often have a short, indistinct stipe that terminates in a hoof-shaped cell attached to the inner wall of the base of the ascoma. Asci arise from a basal hymenium and grow up through the pseudoparaphyses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2E</xref>). Ascospores are discharged forcibly by what has become known as the “Jack-in-the-box” process whereby the ectotunica splits transversely near the middle of the ascus and the endotunica elongates expelling the spores.</p><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Fig. 2.</label><caption><p>Asci and ascospores. A-C. Asci. D. Ascus tip showing the apical chamber. E. Pseudoparaphyses. F. Brown, 1-septate ascospores. G. Brown, aseptate ascospore with an apiculus at either end. H-J. Hyaline, aseptate ascospores. K, L. Pale brown, 2-septate, aged ascospores in two different focal planes to reveal the verruculose inner surface of the wall. Scale bars: A-C = 20 um, D-L = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig2"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="S10"><title>Ascospores</title><p id="P27">Ascospores are arranged within the asci in an irregular, overlapping biseriate manner (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2A-C</xref>). Typically they are hyaline and aseptate (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2H-J</xref>), but they can be pale or dark brown (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2F, G</xref>), sometimes 1-septate, and may have an apiculus at one or both ends (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2G</xref>). The walls are smooth and in most species they are usually thin, but in some, notably those species with <italic>Diplodia</italic> asexual morphs, it can be moderately thick. Ascospores can be hyaline or coloured, aseptate or 1-2-septate. In species with hyaline, aseptate ascospores the spores can become translucent brown and 1-2-septate with age (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2K</xref>), and the walls may appear roughened (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2L</xref>) due to the deposition of melanin granules on the inner surface, giving the spores a somewhat verruculose appearance. Shapes range from fusiform to ovoid. They are usually widest in the middle part and the ends are subobtusely rounded.</p></sec><sec id="S11"><title>Pseudoparaphyses</title><p id="P28">Pseudoparaphyses are hyphal-like, hyaline with thin walls and frequent septa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2E</xref>), branched, frequently anatomosing. Often they are constricted at the septa. As the asci develop and mature, the pseudoparaphyses gradually dissolve and only traces can be found in older ascomata.</p></sec></sec><sec id="S12"><title>Asexual morph morphology</title><sec id="S13"><title>Conidiomata</title><p id="P29">As with ascomata, conidiomata take on a variety of forms ranging from thin-walled uniloculate pycnidial to large, complex multiloculate forms. Irrespective of the form, the conidiomata are stromatic, that is, the pycnidial cavity develops within a preformed stroma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>). The tissues that make up the stromatal and conidiomata walls are identical to those found in the ascostroma.</p><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Fig. 3.</label><caption><p>Conidiomata. A. Conidiomata covered with mycelium, formed on pine needle in culture. B. Conidiomata erumpent through the host bark. C. Vertical section through a thin-walled conidioma. D. Section through conidiomata formed in culture. E. Transverse section through a stroma with several pycnidial locules. F. Vertical section through conidiomata. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B, D = 500 μm, C, E, F = 50 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig3"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="S14"><title>Conidiophores</title><p id="P30">Conidiophores are not always present in all species. Even within a species, conidiophores may be present or absent. When present, they are hyaline, thin-walled and more or less cylindrical. Mostly they are not branched, but branched, septate conidiophores do occur.</p></sec><sec id="S15"><title>Conidiogenesis</title><p id="P31">The first conidia are formed holoblastically at the tips of conidiogenous cells. Subsequent conidia are formed either by internal proliferation of the conidiogenous cells resulting in periclinal thickenings, or they may proliferate percurrently giving rise to two or three close or widely spaced annellations. Both types of proliferation can sometimes be seen on a single conidiogenous cell.</p><p id="P32">Conidiogenous cells are hyaline with a smooth, thin wall. Shapes vary from long cylindrical to short lageniform or ampuliform. In species with fusicoccum-like asexual morphs, the conidiogenous cells are generally smaller and more slender than the more robust types found in species with diplodia-like asexual morphs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4</xref>).</p><fig id="F4" position="float"><label>Fig. 4.</label><caption><p>Conidiogenous cells and conidia. A-K. Conidiogenous cells with periclinal thickenings (B, K) and annellations (A, C, D), the annellate cell in E has formed a secondary conidiogenous cell. F. Coloured, aseptate conidium of <italic>Diplodia intermedia</italic> attached to a conidiogenous cell. G. H, I. Coloured, 1-septate conidia of <italic>Dothiorella</italic> sp. attached to conidiogenous cells. L. Paraphyses arising between developing conidia in a <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> species. M. Hyaline, aseptate, thin-walled conida of <italic>Botryosphaeria dothidea</italic>. N. Hyaline, aseptate, thin-walled conida of <italic>Neofusicoccum arbuti</italic>. O. Coloured, septate conidia of <italic>B. dothidea</italic>. P. Hyaline, aseptate, thick-walled conidia of <italic>Diplodia mutila</italic>. Q. Hyaline, aseptate, coloured, 1-septate conidia of <italic>Diplodia malorum</italic>. R. Coloured, aseptate conidia of <italic>Diplodia sapinea</italic>. S. Striate, mature and immature conidia of <italic>Barriopsis iraniana</italic>. T. Striate, coloured, 1-septate conidia of a <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> species. Scale bars A, G = 10 μm. Scale bar in A applies to B-F, J, K, M-O. Scale bar in G applies to H-I, L, P-T.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig4"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="S16"><title>Conidia</title><p id="P33">Conidia of the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> display the greatest variation between genera and species. Although variation between species is wide, variability within a species can also be quite considerable. Two basic types of conidia can be distinguished, namely those that are thin-walled, narrow and fusicoccum-like, and the thick-walled, wider, diplodia-like conidia. In addition to these two basic types of conidia, coloured, muriform conidia are found in the <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph of some <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> species. Furthermore, arthric chains of dry, powdery conidia are a prominent feature of <italic>Neoscytalidium</italic> species.</p><p id="P34">The thin-walled, fusicoccum-like conidia range from fusiform to ovoid or elliptical, and typically they are hyaline and aseptate. However, the wall can become thicker and pale brown, and this may be related to aging. Other changes can take place just before germination when the normally hyaline, aseptate conidia can develop one or two septa and in some species they may become pale brown. In others, only the central cell becomes pigmented.</p><p id="P35">The diplodia-like conidia are relatively thick-walled and they can be hyaline or brown. Furthermore, they may be aseptate or 1-septate, sometimes two or even more septa can form. They are mostly ovoid with both ends broadly rounded. Externally the walls are smooth, but melanin deposits on the inner surface of the walls often give the conidia a verruculose appearance. In some species, especially those that have been assigned to the genus <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic>, these deposits are arranged in longitudinal rows giving the conidia a striate appearance.</p><p id="P36">The timing of the onset of pigmentation varies considerably. In most <italic>Diplodia</italic> species, the conidia remain hyaline for a long time, and indeed they may never become brown. However, if they do become brown and septate, this occurs only after they have been discharged from the conidiomata, and in this case large numbers of brown, 1-septate conidia can be found on the surface of the host, surrounding the pycnidia. Nevertheless, in the group of species characterised by their brown, aseptate conidia (such as <italic>D. seriata</italic> and <italic>D. sapinea</italic>) pigmented conidia can be seen within the pycnidia, and often while the conidia are attached to the conidiogenous cells. In <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic>, the conidia usually remain hyaline for a long time after they are formed, but they can become brown and 1-septate whilst enclosed within the pycnidia. Normally, however, pigmentation and septation happen after they have been discharged. Furthermore, in <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> the conidia invariably take on a striate appearance.</p><p id="P37">Conidia of some diplodia-like species become brown at an early stage of their development. For example, conidia of <italic>D. seriata</italic> become brown before they are discharged from the pycnidia. This pattern of development is also seen in <italic>D. sapinea</italic> and its close relative <italic>D. scrobiculata</italic>. In these three species (<italic>D. sapinea, D. scrobiculata</italic> and <italic>D. seriata</italic>) the conidia do not form septa, although one or more can develop at the time of germination. In one group of diplodia-like species the conidia become brown and septate at a very early stage, even before they are released from the conidiogenous cells. The genus <italic>Dothiorella</italic> was resurrected to accommodate these species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R132">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>) and later <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> was introduced to accommodate species with apiculate ascospores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P38">Conidia of some species, both those in the diplodia-like group and the fusicoccum-like group, undergo morphological changes just before they germinate, and these changes can have diagnostic value. Thus, normally hyaline, aseptate conidia can develop one or two septa and become pale translucent brown just before germination. This pigmentation can be either uniform over the entire conidium, or one or more cells may be differentially pigmented. However, this aspect of morphological and colour changes at the time of germination has not been standardised, nor has it been studied for all species. Similarly, as the conidia age they may become darker and some develop septa. The effect of aging on morphological features of these fungi is even less well standardised and can be difficult to interpret.</p></sec><sec id="S17"><title>Paraphyses</title><p id="P39">The presence or absence of paraphyses can be a useful character for differentiating genera in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. However, in practice this can be difficult to apply because paraphyses are not well-defined. In this work we refer to paraphyses as sterile hyphal elements that form between and intermingled with conidiogenous cells. We further regard paraphyses as only those elements that extend beyond the height of conidiogenous cells and this helps to distinguish paraphyses from immature, or developing conidiogenous cells. In working through published descriptions of species, any mention of paraphyses was critically re-examined and only those that comply with the above definition were accepted.</p><p id="P40">An example where paraphyses are useful taxonomic characters is in the differentiation of <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> from <italic>Neodeightonia</italic>. Both <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> and <italic>Neodeightonia</italic> have striate conidia, but only <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> species have paraphyses. Likewise, presence of paraphyses in <italic>Sphaeropsis</italic> differentiates this genus from <italic>Diplodia</italic>, which does not have pycnidial paraphyses. Length of the paraphyses and their morphology, especially the presence or absence of a swelling at the tip can also aid in the differentiation of species.</p></sec><sec id="S18"><title>Spermatogonia</title><p id="P41">Spermatial states are common in the <italic>Dothideomycetes</italic>, and also known in several species in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. However, where seen they are not consistently formed by all isolates of a particular species, that is, they can be present or absent. Thus, their importance in the taxonomy and discrimination of species and genera is of questionable value.</p><p id="P42">The aim of the current paper was to consider all the genera and species in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> known from culture, based on their morphological characters and DNA sequence based phylogenetic relationships. The intention is to provide a comprehensive and up to date document that can serve as a foundation on which future descriptions of species and other genera can build. Of the older taxa linked to the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>, and for which cultures or DNA sequence data are not available, very few, if any, can be linked to the current species that are known from culture. Such older taxa will have to be disregarded for future use unless they are epitypified. The current document will serve as a starting point for that process.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="S19"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><sec id="S20"><title>Morphology</title><p id="P43">Fresh collections and type specimens were examined for most of the species included in this study. However, where the type (or other suitable specimens) could not be obtained, and no fresh collections were available, the descriptions were adapted from the orginal published descriptions. Isolations were made directly from ascomata or conidiomata on the host whenever possible. The sporocarps were cut through vertically with a sterile scalpel, one half was crushed in a drop of sterile water and then spread over the surface of a plate of 1/2 strength Difco potato-dextrose agar (PDA; Becton, Dickinson & Co, Sparks, USA). After incubation for up to 24 h, single germinating spores were transferred to fresh plates of PDA. The other half of the fruit body was placed in a drop of water on a microscope slide and the fertile tissues (asci or conidiogenous layer) were dissected and mounted in 100 % lactic acid for microscopy. This method, when used for ascomata, allowed unambiguous connection to be established between the sexual and asexual morph.</p><p id="P44">Cultures were induced to sporulate by culturing on 2 % water agar bearing double-autoclaved poplar twigs, or pine needles. After a suitable period of incubation, ranging from 1-4 wk, conidiomata were cut through vertically, the conidiogenous layer dissected and mounted in 100 % lactic acid. Observations on micromorphological features were made with Leica MZ95 and Leica DMR microscopes and digital images were recorded with Leica DC300 and Leica DFC320 cameras, respectively. Measurements were made with the measurement module of the Leica IM500 image management system (Leica Micro-systems GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany). Mean, standard deviation (S.D.) and 95 % confidence intervals were calculated for asci, ascospores, and conidia. Minimum and maximum dimensions are given in parenthesis. Cultures were deposited in the CBS culture collection, taxonomic descriptions and nomenclature were deposited in MycoBank (<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="www.MycoBank.org">www.MycoBank.org</uri>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">Crous <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="S21"><title>DNA isolation, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses</title><p id="P45">Most of the sequences used in this work were obtained from GenBank. Methods for DNA isolation, purification and sequencing of new sequences are detailed below. New sequences were deposited in GenBank, and the alignment in TreeBASE. Isolates and GenBank Accession numbers are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>GenBank and culture collection accession numbers of species treated in the phylogenies.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><bold>GenBank accession numbers</bold><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Species</bold><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><bold><sup>1</sup></bold></xref></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cultures</bold><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN2"><bold><sup>2</sup></bold></xref></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SSU</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>ITS</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>LSU</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>EF1-α</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>β-tubulin</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>Barriopsis fusca</bold></italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=174.26&link_type=cbs">CBS 174.26</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673182</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673330</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377857</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673296</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673109</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Barriopsis iraniana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124698&link_type=cbs">CBS 124698</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ919663</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ919652</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN 1449C</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ919665</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ919654</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>Botryobambusa fusicoccum</bold></italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=134113&link_type=cbs">CBS 134113</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646826</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646792</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646809</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646857</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC 11-0657</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646827</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646793</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646810</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646858</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Botryosphaeria agaves</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=133992&link_type=cbs">CBS 133992</ext-link> ex-neotype</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646825</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646791</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646808</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646856</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646841</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC 10-0051</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646824</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646790</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646807</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646855</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646840</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Botryosphaeria corticis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119047&link_type=cbs">CBS 119047</ext-link> ex-epitype</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673175</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ299245</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673244</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU017539</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673107</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 22927</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673176</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ299247</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673245</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673291</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673108</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>Botryosphaeria dothidea</bold></italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115476&link_type=cbs">CBS 115476</ext-link> ex-epitype</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673173</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236949</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY928047</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236898</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236927</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=110302&link_type=cbs">CBS 110302</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673174</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY259092</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673243</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573218</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673106</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Botryosphaeria fabicerciana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=127193&link_type=cbs">CBS 127193</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ332197</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ332213</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 27108</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ332200</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ332216</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Botryosphaeria fusispora</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC 10-0098 ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646823</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646789</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646806</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646854</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646839</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC 11-0507</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646822</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646788</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646805</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646853</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646838</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Botryosphaeria ramosa</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122069&link_type=cbs">CBS 122069</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144055</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144070</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Botryosphaeria scharifii</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124703&link_type=cbs">CBS 124703</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ772020</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ772057</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124702&link_type=cbs">CBS 124702</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ772019</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ772056</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cophinforma atrovirens</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124934&link_type=cbs">CBS 124934</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ888473</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ888456</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124935&link_type=cbs">CBS 124935</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ888476</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ888457</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>Cophinforma atrovirens</bold></italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC 11-0425 ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646833</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646800</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646817</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646865</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646848</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC 11-0655</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646834</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646801</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646818</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646866</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646849</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cophinforma atrovirens</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117444&link_type=cbs">CBS 117444</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531821</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531822</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377855</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531801</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531802</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117450&link_type=cbs">CBS 117450</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF118051</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU134937</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia africana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=120835&link_type=cbs">CBS 120835</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF445343</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF445382</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121104&link_type=cbs">CBS 121104</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF445344</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF445383</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia alatafructa</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124931&link_type=cbs">CBS 124931</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ888460</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ888444</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124933&link_type=cbs">CBS 124933</ext-link> ex-paratype</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ888478</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ888446</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia allocellula</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130408&link_type=cbs">CBS 130408</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239397</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239410</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239384</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239378</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130410&link_type=cbs">CBS 130410</ext-link> ex-paratype</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239399</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239412</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239386</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239380</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia agrifolia</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=132777&link_type=cbs">CBS 132777</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JN693507</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ517317</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ411459</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">UCROK 1429</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ411412</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ512121</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ411443</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia bulgarica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124254&link_type=cbs">CBS 124254</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ923853</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ923821</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124135&link_type=cbs">CBS 124135</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ923852</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ923820</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia corticola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112549&link_type=cbs">CBS 112549</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673206</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY259100</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY928051</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573227</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458853</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112546&link_type=cbs">CBS 112546</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673207</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY259110</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673262</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458872</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673117</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia cupressi</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=168.87&link_type=cbs">CBS 168.87</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673209</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458893</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673263</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458878</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458861</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=261.85&link_type=cbs">CBS 261.85</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673210</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458894</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673264</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458879</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458862</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia intermedia</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124462&link_type=cbs">CBS 124462</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ923858</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ923826</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124134&link_type=cbs">CBS 124134</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HM036528</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ923851</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia malorum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124130&link_type=cbs">CBS 124130</ext-link> ex-epitype</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ923865</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GQ923833</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112554&link_type=cbs">CBS 112554</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY259095</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458870</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>Diplodia mutila</bold></italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112553&link_type=cbs">CBS 112553</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673213</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY259093</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY928049</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573219</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458850</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=230.30&link_type=cbs">CBS 230.30</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673214</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458886</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673265</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458869</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458849</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia olivarum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121887&link_type=cbs">CBS 121887</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU392302</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU392279</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ660079</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121886&link_type=cbs">CBS 121886</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU392297</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU392274</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia pseudoseriata</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124906&link_type=cbs">CBS 124906</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU080927</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU863181</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124907&link_type=cbs">CBS 124907</ext-link> ex-paratype</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU080922</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU863179</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia quercivora</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=133852&link_type=cbs">CBS 133852</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX894205</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX894229</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=133853&link_type=cbs">CBS 133853</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX894206</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX894230</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia rosulata</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116470&link_type=cbs">CBS 116470</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673211</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU430265</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377896</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU430267</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673132</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116472&link_type=cbs">CBS 116472</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673212</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU430266</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377897</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU430268</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673131</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia sapinea</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=393.84&link_type=cbs">CBS 393.84</ext-link> (A) ex-epitype</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673219</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458895</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377893</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458880</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458863</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109725&link_type=cbs">CBS 109725</ext-link> (C)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673222</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458896</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673270</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458881</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458864</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia scrobiculata</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118110&link_type=cbs">CBS 118110</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY253292</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY624253</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY624258</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109944&link_type=cbs">CBS 109944</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673218</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458899</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673268</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458884</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458867</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113423&link_type=cbs">CBS 113423</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673217</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458900</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673267</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458885</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458868</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia seriata</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112555&link_type=cbs">CBS 112555</ext-link> ex-epitype</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673215</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY259094</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY928050</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573220</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458856</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119049&link_type=cbs">CBS 119049</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673216</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458889</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673266</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458874</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458857</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diplodia tsugae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=418.64&link_type=cbs">CBS 418.64</ext-link> ex-isotype</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673208</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458888</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377867</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458873</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458855</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella americana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128309&link_type=cbs">CBS 128309</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ288218</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ288262</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ288297</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128310&link_type=cbs">CBS 128310</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ288219</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ288263</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ288298</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella brevicollis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130411&link_type=cbs">CBS 130411</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239403</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239416</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239390</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239371</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130412&link_type=cbs">CBS 130412</ext-link> ex-paratype</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239404</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239417</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239391</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239372</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella casuarinae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=120688&link_type=cbs">CBS 120688</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ846773</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ875331</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=120690&link_type=cbs">CBS 120690</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ846774</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ875333</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella dulcispinae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130413&link_type=cbs">CBS 130413</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239400</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239413</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239387</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239373</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130414&link_type=cbs">CBS 130414</ext-link> ex-paratype</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239401</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239414</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239388</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239374</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130415&link_type=cbs">CBS 130415</ext-link> ex-paratype</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239402</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239415</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239389</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239375</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121764&link_type=cbs">CBS 121764</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU101299</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU101344</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121765&link_type=cbs">CBS 121765</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU101300</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU101345</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella iberica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115041&link_type=cbs">CBS 115041</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673155</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573202</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY928053</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573222</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673096</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113188&link_type=cbs">CBS 113188</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673156</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573198</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673230</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673278</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673097</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CAA 005</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673157</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673312</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673231</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673279</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673098</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella longicollis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122068&link_type=cbs">CBS 122068</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144054</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144069</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122067&link_type=cbs">CBS 122067</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144052</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144067</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella moneti</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MUCC 505 ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591920</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591937</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591971</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591954</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MUCC 507</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591922</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591939</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591973</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591956</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella pretoriensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130404&link_type=cbs">CBS 130404</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239405</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239418</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239392</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239376</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130403&link_type=cbs">CBS 130403</ext-link> ex-paratype</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239406</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239419</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239393</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239377</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella santali</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MUCC 509 ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591924</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591941</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591975</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591958</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MUCC 508</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591923</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591940</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591974</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591957</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>Dothiorella sarmentorum</bold></italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IMI 63581b ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673158</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573212</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY928052</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573235</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673102</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115038&link_type=cbs">CBS 115038</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673159</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573206</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377860</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573223</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673101</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella thailandica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=133991&link_type=cbs">CBS 133991</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646829</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646796</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646813</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646861</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646844</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella thripsita</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">BRIP 51876 ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ824738</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella uruguayensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124908&link_type=cbs">CBS 124908</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU080923</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU863180</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella</italic> sp.1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=188.87&link_type=cbs">CBS 188.87</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673161</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673316</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377891</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673283</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673119</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=242.51&link_type=cbs">CBS 242.51</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673162</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673317</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673235</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673284</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673105</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella</italic> sp.2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JL 599</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673164</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673314</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673233</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673281</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673099</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella</italic> sp.3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124723&link_type=cbs">CBS 124723</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673163</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673313</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673232</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673280</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673100</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella</italic> sp.4</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124731&link_type=cbs">CBS 124731</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673170</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673321</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673240</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673288</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673143</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124730&link_type=cbs">CBS 124730</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673169</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673320</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673239</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673287</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673142</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>Endomelanconiopsis endophytica</bold></italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=120397&link_type=cbs">CBS 120397</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU683656</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU683629</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU683637</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122550&link_type=cbs">CBS 122550</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU683664</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU683634</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU683645</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Endomelanconiopsis microspora</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=353.97&link_type=cbs">CBS 353.97</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU683655</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU683628</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU683636</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia citricola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124707&link_type=cbs">CBS 124707</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU945354</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU945340</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124706&link_type=cbs">CBS 124706</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU945353</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU945339</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia crassispora</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118741&link_type=cbs">CBS 118741</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ103550</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673303</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAC 12534</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ103551</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ103558</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=110492&link_type=cbs">CBS 110492</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673189</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF622086</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673251</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF622066</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673134</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia egyptiacae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130992&link_type=cbs">CBS 130992</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JN814397</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JN814424</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">BOT-29</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JN814401</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JN814428</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia gilanensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124704&link_type=cbs">CBS 124704</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU945351</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU945342</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124705&link_type=cbs">CBS 124705</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU945352</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU945341</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia gonubiensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115812&link_type=cbs">CBS 115812</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673193</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY639595</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377902</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ103566</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458860</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116355&link_type=cbs">CBS 116355</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673194</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY639594</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673252</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ103567</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673126</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia hormozganensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124709&link_type=cbs">CBS 124709</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU945355</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU945343</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124708&link_type=cbs">CBS 124708</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU945356</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU945344</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia iraniensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124710&link_type=cbs">CBS 124710</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU945346</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU945334</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124711&link_type=cbs">CBS 124711</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU945347</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU945335</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia lignicola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=134112&link_type=cbs">CBS 134112</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646830</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646797</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646814</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646862</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646845</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC 11-0656</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646831</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646798</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646815</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646863</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646846</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia margaritacea</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122519&link_type=cbs">CBS 122519</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144050</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144065</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122065&link_type=cbs">CBS 122065</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144051</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144066</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia mahajangana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124927&link_type=cbs">CBS 124927</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ900597</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ900643</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124925&link_type=cbs">CBS 124925</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ900595</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ900641</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia missouriana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128311&link_type=cbs">CBS 128311</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ288225</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ288267</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128312&link_type=cbs">CBS 128312</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ288226</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ288268</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia parva</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=456.78&link_type=cbs">CBS 456.78</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF622083</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF622063</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=494.78&link_type=cbs">CBS 494.78</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673201</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF622084</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673258</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF622064</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673114</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=356.59&link_type=cbs">CBS 356.59</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673200</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF622082</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673257</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF622062</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673113</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia plurivora</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=120832&link_type=cbs">CBS 120832</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF445362</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF445395</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121103&link_type=cbs">CBS 121103</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY343482</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF445396</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116459&link_type=cbs">CBS 116459</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673199</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF622077</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673256</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF622057</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673111</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=447.62&link_type=cbs">CBS 447.62</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673198</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF622081</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673255</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF622060</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673112</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia rubropurpurea</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118740&link_type=cbs">CBS 118740</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673191</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ103553</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377903</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673304</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673136</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAC 12536</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ103554</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ103572</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>Lasiodiplodia theobromae</bold></italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=164.96&link_type=cbs">CBS 164.96</ext-link> ex-neotype</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673196</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY640255</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673253</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY640258</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673110</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124.13&link_type=cbs">CBS 124.13</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673195</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458890</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY928054</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458875</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458858</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=111530&link_type=cbs">CBS 111530</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF622074</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF622054</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CAA 006</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673197</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458891</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673254</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458876</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458859</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia venezuelensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118739&link_type=cbs">CBS 118739</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673192</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ103547</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377904</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673305</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673129</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAC 12540</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ103548</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ103569</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lasiodiplodia viticola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128313&link_type=cbs">CBS 128313</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ288227</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ288269</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ288306</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128315&link_type=cbs">CBS 128315</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ288228</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ288270</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ288307</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>Macrophomina phaseolina</bold></italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=227.33&link_type=cbs">CBS 227.33</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531823</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531825</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377906</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531804</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531806</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=162.25&link_type=cbs">CBS 162.25</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531824</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531826</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377905</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531803</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531805</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neodeightonia palmicola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC 10-0822 ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ199223</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ199221</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ199222</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC 10-0823</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ199226</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ199224</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ199225</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neodeightonia phoenicum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122528&link_type=cbs">CBS 122528</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673205</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673340</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673261</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673309</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673116</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=169.34&link_type=cbs">CBS 169.34</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673203</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673338</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673259</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673307</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673138</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>Neodeightonia subglobosa</bold></italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=448.91&link_type=cbs">CBS 448.91</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673202</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673337</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377866</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673306</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673137</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC 11-0163</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646794</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646811</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646859</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646842</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum andinum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117453&link_type=cbs">CBS 117453</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY693976</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY693977</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117452&link_type=cbs">CBS 117452</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ306263</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ306264</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum arbuti</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116131&link_type=cbs">CBS 116131</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531814</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY819720</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377915</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531792</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531793</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117090&link_type=cbs">CBS 117090</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531813</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY819724</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377919</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531791</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531794</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum australe</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 6837 ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY339262</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY339270</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY339254</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 6853</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY339263</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY339271</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY339255</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum batangarum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124924&link_type=cbs">CBS 124924</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ900607</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ900653</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ900634</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124923&link_type=cbs">CBS 124923</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ900608</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ900654</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ900635</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum cordaticola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123634&link_type=cbs">CBS 123634</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU821898</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU821868</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU821838</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123635&link_type=cbs">CBS 123635</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU821903</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU821873</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU821843</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum corticosae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=120081&link_type=cbs">CBS 120081</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ923533</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum eucalypticola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115679&link_type=cbs">CBS 115679</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY615141</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY615133</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY615125</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115766&link_type=cbs">CBS 115766</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY615143</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY615135</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY615127</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115791&link_type=cbs">CBS 115791</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF283686</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236891</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236920</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW 10126</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF283687</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236892</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236921</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum grevilleae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129518&link_type=cbs">CBS 129518</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JF951137</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JF951157</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum kwambonambiense</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123639&link_type=cbs">CBS 123639</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU821900</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU821870</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU821840</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123641&link_type=cbs">CBS 123641</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU821919</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU821889</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU821859</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum luteum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=110299&link_type=cbs">CBS 110299</ext-link> ex-type sexual morph</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673148</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY259091</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY928043</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573217</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ458848</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=562.92&link_type=cbs">CBS 562.92</ext-link> ex-type asexual morph</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=110497&link_type=cbs">CBS 110497</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673149</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673311</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673229</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673277</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673092</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum macroclavatum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118223&link_type=cbs">CBS 118223</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ093196</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ093217</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ093206</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAC 12445</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ093197</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ093218</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ093208</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum mangiferae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118531&link_type=cbs">CBS 118531</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673153</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY615185</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377920</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ093221</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY615172</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118532&link_type=cbs">CBS 118532</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673154</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY615186</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377921</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ093220</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY615173</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum mediterraneum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121718&link_type=cbs">CBS 121718</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU251176</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU251308</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU251836</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121558&link_type=cbs">CBS 121558</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU799463</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU799462</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU799461</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum nonquaesitum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126655&link_type=cbs">CBS 126655</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU251163</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU251295</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU251823</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">PD 301</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU251164</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU251296</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU251824</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum occulatum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128008&link_type=cbs">CBS 128008</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU301030</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU339509</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU339472</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MUCC 286</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU736947</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU339511</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU339474</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>Neofusicoccum parvum</bold></italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 58191 ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673151</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236943</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY928045</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236888</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236917</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=110301&link_type=cbs">CBS 110301</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673150</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY259098</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY928046</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY573221</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673095</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum pennatisporum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAC 13153 ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591925</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591942</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591976</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF591959</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum protearum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">STE-U 4361 ex-type asexual morph</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF196295</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=114176&link_type=cbs">CBS 114176</ext-link> ex-type sexual morph</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF452539</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum ribis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115475&link_type=cbs">CBS 115475</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236935</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236877</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236906</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121.26&link_type=cbs">CBS 121.26</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AF241177</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236879</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY236908</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum umdonicola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123645&link_type=cbs">CBS 123645</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU821904</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU821874</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU821844</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123646&link_type=cbs">CBS 123646</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU821905</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU821875</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU821845</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum viticlavatum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112878&link_type=cbs">CBS 112878</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY343381</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY343342</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112977&link_type=cbs">CBS 112977</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY343380</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY343341</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neofusicoccum vitifusiforme</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=110887&link_type=cbs">CBS 110887</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY343383</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY343343</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=110880&link_type=cbs">CBS 110880</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY343382</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY343344</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>Neoscytalidium hyalinum</bold></italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=499.66&link_type=cbs">CBS 499.66</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531818</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531820</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377925</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531798</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531800</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=251.49&link_type=cbs">CBS 251.49</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531817</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531819</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377923</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531797</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531799</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=145.78&link_type=cbs">CBS 145.78</ext-link> ex-isotype</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531815</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531816</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377922</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531795</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531796</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122071&link_type=cbs">CBS 122071</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF585540</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF585580</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122610&link_type=cbs">CBS 122610</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF585536</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF585578</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>Phaeobotryon cercidis</bold></italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phaeobotryon cupressi</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124700&link_type=cbs">CBS 124700</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ919672</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ919661</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN 1458C</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ919671</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ919660</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phaeobotryon mamane</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122980&link_type=cbs">CBS 122980</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673184</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673332</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673248</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673298</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673121</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CPC 12442</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673185</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673333</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377899</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673299</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673124</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudofusicoccum adansoniae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122055&link_type=cbs">CBS 122055</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF585523</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF585571</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAC 12689</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF585534</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF585554</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF585567</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudofusicoccum ardesiacum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122062&link_type=cbs">CBS 122062</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144060</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144075</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">WAC 13294</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU172405</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GU172437</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudofusicoccum kimberleyense</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122058&link_type=cbs">CBS 122058</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144057</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144072</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122059&link_type=cbs">CBS 122059</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144056</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU144071</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudofusicoccum olivaceum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124939&link_type=cbs">CBS 124939</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ888459</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ888437</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124940&link_type=cbs">CBS 124940</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ888462</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ888438</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum</bold></italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117448&link_type=cbs">CBS 117448</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673146</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY693974</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377931</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY693975</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673094</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117449&link_type=cbs">CBS 117449</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673147</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ436935</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377932</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ436936</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673093</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudofusicoccum violaceum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124936&link_type=cbs">CBS 124936</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ888474</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ888442</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124937&link_type=cbs">CBS 124937</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ888458</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">FJ888440</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>Spencermartinsia viticola</bold></italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117009&link_type=cbs">CBS 117009</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673165</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY905554</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377873</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY905559</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673104</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=302.75&link_type=cbs">CBS 302.75</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673168</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673319</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673238</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673286</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673135</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> sp.1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 16827</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673171</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673322</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673241</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673289</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673144</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 16828</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673172</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673323</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673242</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673290</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673145</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> sp.2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=500.72&link_type=cbs">CBS 500.72</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673167</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673318</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673237</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673285</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673118</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> sp.3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117006&link_type=cbs">CBS 117006</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673166</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY905555</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673236</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY905562</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673103</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sphaeropsis citrigena</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 16812 ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673180</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673328</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673246</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673294</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673140</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 16818</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673181</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673329</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673247</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673295</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673141</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sphaeropsis eucalypticola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=133993&link_type=cbs">CBS 133993</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646835</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646802</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646819</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646867</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646850</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC 11-0654</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646836</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646803</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646820</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646868</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX646851</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sphaeropsis porosa</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=110496&link_type=cbs">CBS 110496</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673179</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY343379</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377894</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY343340</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673130</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=110574&link_type=cbs">CBS 110574</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY343378</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AY343339</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>Sphaeropsis visci</bold></italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122526&link_type=cbs">CBS 122526</ext-link> ex-neotype</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673324</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673292</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=186.97&link_type=cbs">CBS 186.97</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673178</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673325</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377868</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673293</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673128</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=100163&link_type=cbs">CBS 100163</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673177</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673324</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377870</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673292</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673127</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tiarosporella graminis</italic> var. <italic>karoo</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118718&link_type=cbs">CBS 118718</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531827</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531828</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377939</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531807</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531808</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tiarosporella madreeya</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=532.76&link_type=cbs">CBS 532.76</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KC769960</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377940</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tiarosporella tritici</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118719&link_type=cbs">CBS 118719</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531829</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531830</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DQ377941</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531809</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">KF531810</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tiarosporella urbis-rosarum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130405&link_type=cbs">CBS 130405</ext-link> ex-type</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239407</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239420</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239394</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239381</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130406&link_type=cbs">CBS 130406</ext-link> ex-paratype</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239408</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239421</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239395</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239382</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN1"><label><sup>1</sup></label><p>Type species of each genus are given in bold typeface.</p></fn><fn id="TFN2"><label><sup>2</sup></label><p>Acronyms of culture collections: ATCC: American Type Culture Collection, Virginia, USA; BRIP: Culture collection, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland, Australia; CAA: Personal culture collection A Alves, University of Aveiro, Portugal; CBS: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CMW: Tree Patholgy Co-operative Program, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, South Africa; ICMP: International Collection of Microorganisms from Plants, Landcare Research, Aukland, New Zealand; IMI: International Mycological Institute, CBI-Bioscience, Egham, Bakeham Lane, UK; IRAN: Iranian Fungal Culture Collection, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Iran; JL: Personal culture collection, J Luque, IRTA, Barcelona, Spain; MFLUCC: Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection, Chiang Rai, Thailand; PD: Culture collection, University of California, Davis, USA; STE-U: Culture collection of the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa; UCROK: Culture collection, University of Riverside, California, USA; WAC: Department of Agriculture, Western Australia Plant Pathogen Collection, South Perth, Western Australia.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec><sec id="S22"><title>DNA isolation</title><p id="P46">Isolates were grown on PDA plates in darkness at 25 °C until they completely covered the medium surface. The mycelium was then scraped off and collected in a 2 mL Eppendorf tube with 50 μL of autoclaved glass micro spheres (230-320 μm diam). The tubes were then placed in liquid nitrogen for 5 min and transferred to ice. To separate organic and aqueous phases, 250 μL of phenol and 250 μL of chloroform were added, together with 500 μL of lysis buffer (100 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA, 2 % Triton X-100, 1 % SDS). Tubes were vortexed for 20 min and then centrifuged (19000 × g, 4 °C, 25 min). The aqueous phase was transferred to a new 1.5 mL tube and the nucleic acids precipitated with an equal volume of cold absolute isopropanol. The tubes were centrifuged again (19 000 × g, 4 °C, 10 min), the supernatants discarded and the pellets washed with 1 mL of cold 70 % ethanol. After a further centrifugation (19 000 × g, 4 °C, 5 min), the supernatants were discarded and the pellets dried at RT with the tubes open in an inverted position. RNA was digested by incubating the pellets with 50 μL of TE (10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA) + RNAse A (Sigma®) (50 μg/mL) at 55 °C for 15 min.</p></sec><sec id="S23"><title>DNA sequencing</title><p id="P47">A portion of the nuclear ribosomal 18S RNA gene (SSU) was amplified with primers NS1 and NS4 (White <italic>et al.</italic> 1990). The nucleotide sequence was determined using the above primers along with the internal sequencing primers NS2 and NS3 (White <italic>et al</italic>. 1990). The amplification and sequencing were done as described by Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>).</p><p id="P48">Part of the nuclear rRNA cluster comprising the ITS region plus the D1/D2 variable domains of the ribosomal 28S RNA gene (LSU) was amplified using the primers ITS1 (White <italic>et al.</italic> 1990) and NL4 (O’Donnell 1993) as described by Alves <italic>et al.</italic> (2005). Nucleotide sequences of the ITS and D1/D2 regions were determined as described previously (Alves <italic>et al</italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">2004</xref>, 2005) using the primers ITS4 (White <italic>et al</italic>. 1990) and NL1 (O’Donnell 1993) as internal sequencing primers.</p><p id="P49">The primers EF1-688F (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">Alves <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>) and EF1-986R (Carbone & Kohn 1999) and Bt2a and Bt2b (Glass & Donaldson 1995) were used to amplify and sequence part of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) gene and part of the β-tubulin gene, respectively. Amplification and nucleotide sequencing of the EF1-α and β-tubulin genes were performed as described previously (Alves <italic>et al</italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">2008</xref>).</p><p id="P50">The amplified PCR fragments were purified with the JETQUICK PCR Purification Spin Kit (GENOMED, Löhne, Germany). Both strands of the PCR products were sequenced at STAB Vida Lda (Portugal) or GATC Biotech (Germany). The nucleotide sequences were read and edited with FinchTV v. 1.4.0 (Geospiza Inc.). All sequences were checked manually and nucleotide arrangements at ambiguous positions were clarified using both primer direction sequences</p><sec id="S24"><title>DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis</title><p id="P51">A phylogenetic analysis based on sequence data from five loci, namely SSU, ITS, LSU, EF1-α and β-tubulin, was done to define the phylogenetic position of genera in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS or ITS+EF1-α sequences were done for the species in each of the genera, except where there are few species in the genus.</p><p id="P52">Sequences were aligned with ClustalX v. 1.83 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R202">Thompson <italic>et al</italic>. 1997</xref>), using the following parameters: pairwise alignment parameters (gap opening = 10, gap extension = 0.1) and multiple alignment parameters (gap opening = 10, gap extension = 0.2, transition weight = 0.5, delay divergent sequences = 25 %). Alignments were checked and manual adjustments were made where necessary.</p><p id="P53">Phylogenetic analyses of sequence data were done using PAUP v. 4.0b10 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R194">Swofford 2003</xref>) for Maximum-Parsimony (MP) analyses and MEGA v. 5 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R195">Tamura <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>) for Maximum-Likelihood (ML) analyses. The general time reversible model of evolution (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R152">Rodriguez <italic>et al.</italic> 1990</xref>), including estimation of invariable sites and assuming a discrete gamma distribution with six rate categories (GTR+Γ+G) was used for the ML analysis. Trees were rooted using an outgroup and visualised with TreeView (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R118">Page 1996</xref>).</p><p id="P54">MP analyses were performed using the heuristic search option with 1 000 random taxa addition and tree bisection and reconnection (TBR) as the branch-swapping algorithm. All characters were unordered and of equal weight and gaps were treated as missing data. Maxtrees were set to 500, branches of zero length were collapsed, and all multiple equally most parsimonious trees were saved. The robustness of the most parsimonious trees was evaluated from 1 000 bootstrap replications. Other measures used were consistency index (CI), retention index (RI) and homoplasy index (HI).</p><p id="P55">ML analyses were performed on a MP starting tree automatically generated by the software. Nearest-Neigbour-Interchange (NNI) was used as the heuristic method for tree inference and 1 000 bootstrap replicates were performed.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="S25"><title>RESULTS</title><sec id="S26"><title>DNA phylogeny</title><p id="P56">After alignment the combined five-locus dataset consisted of 3 362 characters (including alignment gaps) for 94 ingroup taxa and one outgroup taxon. Of the 3 362 characters, 2 418 were constant and 159 were variable and parsimony-uninformative. Maximum parsimony analysis of the remaining 785 parsimony-informative characters resulted in 16 equally most parsimonious trees of 3 010 steps (CI = 0.499, RI = 0.846, HI = 0.501), one of which is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Fig. 5</xref>. The phylogenetic tree resulting from ML analyses using the general time reversible model of DNA evolution (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R152">Rodriguez <italic>et al.</italic> 1990</xref>), including estimation of invariable sites and assuming a discrete gamma distribution with six rate categories (GTR+Γ+G), had a topology identical to the MP tree presented.</p><fig id="F5" position="float"><label>Fig. 5.</label><caption><p>One of 16 equally most parsimonious trees obtained from the combined analysis of 5 loci (SSU, LSU, ITS, EF1-α and β-tubulin), for all genera in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> that are known from culture. Gaps were treated as missing data. MP/ML values (> 50 %) resulting from 1000 bootstrap replicates are given at the nodes. The tree was rooted to <italic>Saccharata proteae</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115206&link_type=cbs">CBS 115206</ext-link>. Clades corresponding to genera within the family <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> are highlighted.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig5"></graphic></fig><p id="P57">In both analyses (MP and ML) a clade corresponding to the family <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> received a bootstrap support of 100 %. The genera <italic>Saccharata</italic> (used as outgroup) and <italic>Melanops</italic> are clearly excluded from the family. Within the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> 17 clades corresponding to an equal number of genera could be readily recognised. All clades received moderate to high bootstrap support (> 70 %). The only exception was the <italic>Dothiorella</italic> clade, which had very low bootstrap support in both MP and ML analyses.</p><p id="P58">Although Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">2012</xref>) included <italic>Auerswaldia</italic> in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>, our analysis of the sequences of their isolates revealed that <italic>A. dothiorella</italic> is in fact a species of <italic>Dothiorella</italic> while <italic>A. lignicola</italic> apears to be best placed in <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic>. Thus, at this stage there is no evidence to indicate that <italic>Auerswaldia</italic> should be considered as a genus in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>.</p><p id="P59">Therefore, we accept 17 genera in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. These genera, defined as clades in the five-locus phylogeny, are also supported by morphological characteristics. These morphological characters provide the basis for the following key to the genera.</p></sec><sec id="S27"><title>Key to the genera<sup>1</sup></title><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>1. Conidia formed within a pycnidium......................................................................................................................................................... 2</p></list-item><list-item><p>1. Conida formed as dry powdery arthric chains................................................................................................................. <italic>Neoscytalydium</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidia hyaline (only rarely turn brown with age)................................................................................................................................... 3</p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidia brown (can remain hyaline for some time before becoming brown).......................................................................................... 8</p></list-item><list-item><p>3. Conidia hyaline, with persistent mucous sheath..................................................................................................................................... 4</p></list-item><list-item><p>3. Conidia hyaline, mucous sheath absent................................................................................................................................................. 5</p></list-item><list-item><p>4. Conidia fusiform with apical mucoid appendages................................................................................................................ <italic>Tiarosporella</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>4. Conidia cylindrical, not reaching 50 μm long............................................................................................................... <italic>Pseudofusicoccum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>5. Conidia thin-walled.................................................................................................................................................................................. 6</p></list-item><list-item><p>5. Conidia thick-walled................................................................................................................................................................................ 9</p></list-item><list-item><p>6. Conidia mostly fusoid to ellipsoidal......................................................................................................................................................... 7</p></list-item><list-item><p>6. Conidia cylindrical to cylindro-clavate.............................................................................................................................. <italic>Botryobambusa</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>7. Most conidia longer than 30 μm........................................................................................................................................... <italic>Cophinforma</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>7. Conidia mostly less that 30 μm long...................................................................................................... <italic>Botryosphaeria/Neofusicoccum</italic><sup>2</sup></p></list-item><list-item><p>8. Conidia with a single germ slit.................................................................................................................................. <italic>Endomelanconiopsis</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>8. Germ slit absent...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9</p></list-item><list-item><p>9. Conidia with longitudinal striations........................................................................................................................................................ 10</p></list-item><list-item><p>9. Conidia not striate................................................................................................................................................................................. 12</p></list-item><list-item><p>10. Immature, hyaline conidia striate.............................................................................................................................................. <italic>Barriopsis</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>10. Immature conidia not striate.................................................................................................................................................................. 11</p></list-item><list-item><p>11. Pycnidial paraphyses present.............................................................................................................................................. <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>11. Pycnidial paraphyses absent............................................................................................................................................. <italic>Neodeightonia</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>12. Conidia aseptate................................................................................................................................................................................... 13</p></list-item><list-item><p>12. Conidia with 1 or more septa................................................................................................................................................................ 15</p></list-item><list-item><p>13. Pycnidial paraphyses present............................................................................................................................................... <italic>Sphaeropsis</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>13. Pycnidial paraphyses absent................................................................................................................................................................ 14</p></list-item><list-item><p>14. Conidiogenous cells and conidia enclosed in mucoid sheath........................................................................................... <italic>Macrophomina</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>14. Mucoid sheath absent.................................................................................................................................................................. <italic>Diplodia</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>15. Conidia become brown and septate only after dehiscence................................................................................................................... 16</p></list-item><list-item><p>15. Conidia become brown and 1-septate while attached to the conidiogenous cells before dehiscence...... <italic>Dothiorella/Spencermartinsia</italic><sup>3</sup></p></list-item><list-item><p>16. Conidia frequently 2-septate.............................................................................................................................................. <italic>Phaeobotryon</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>16. Conidia 1-septate only rarely becoming 2-septate....................................................................................................................... <italic>Diplodia</italic></p></list-item></list><p id="P60"><sup>1</sup>This key is based on morphology of the asexual morph because the sexual morph is not known for some genera, is very uncommon for others and has not been induced in culture for many of the genera.</p><p id="P61"><sup>2</sup>It is difficult to separate these two genera morphologically but phylogenetically they are distinct.</p><p id="P62"><sup>3</sup>These two genera cannot be separated on the morphology of the conidial states but the presence of apiculi on the ascospores of <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> distinguishes it from <italic>Dothiorella</italic>.</p></sec><sec id="S28"><title>Generic and species descriptions</title><p id="P63"><bold><italic>Barriopsis</italic></bold> A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous, Persoonia 21: 39. 2008. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB511712&link_type=mb">MB511712</ext-link>.</p><p id="P64"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>Barriopsis fusca</italic> (N.E. Stevens) A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous, Persoonia 21: 39. 2008.</p><p id="P65"><italic>Ascomata</italic> pseudothecial, scattered or clustered, brown to black, wall composed of several layers of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, ostiole central. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> hyaline, smooth, multiseptate, constricted at septa. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, clavate, stipitate, thick-walled with thick endotunica and well-developed apical chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> aseptate, ellipsoid to ovoid, brown when mature, without terminal apiculi. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, pycnidial, superficial, dark brown to black, un- or multilocular. <italic>Ostiole</italic> central, circular, non-papillate. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> arising from the conidiogenous layer, extending above the level of developing conidia, thin-walled, hyaline, mostly aseptate. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, cylindrical, holoblastic, proliferating at the same level forming periclinal thickenings. <italic>Conidia</italic> thick-walled, initially hyaline, aseptate with longitudinal striations, striations visible on immature hyaline conidia even while attached to conidiogenous cells, oval, both ends broadly rounded, becoming brown, aseptate or 1-3-septate, with prominent longitudinal striations, wall smooth. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> catenate, intercalary, brown, smooth, thick-walled, formed within the agar medium.</p><p id="P66"><italic>Notes</italic>: The absence of apiculi on the ascospores differentiate this genus from <italic>Sphaeropsis</italic> and <italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria</italic>. The aseptate, brown ascospores without apiculi are unique in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>, as are the striate immature conidia. The genus is currently represented by two species that can be distinguished based on their conidial dimensions. Thus, conidia of <italic>B. fusca</italic> (20-28 × 11-16 μm) are smaller than those of <italic>B. iraniana</italic> (23-30 × 13-21.5 μm).</p></sec><sec id="S29"><title>Species descriptions</title><p id="P67"><bold><italic>Barriopsis fusca</italic></bold> (N.E. Stevens) A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous, Persoonia 21: 39. 2008. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB511713&link_type=mb">MB511713</ext-link>. See Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P68"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Physalospora fusca</italic> N.E. Stevens, Mycologia 18: 210. 1926.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria fusca</italic> (N.E. Stevens) Petr., Sydowia 6: 317. 1952.</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p><italic>= Sphaeria disrupta</italic> Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grevillea 4 (no. 32): 149. 1876.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Physalospora disrupta</italic> (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 438. 1882.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Phaeobotryon disruptum</italic> (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Petr. & Syd., Annls mycol. 23(3/6): 255. 1925.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Botryosphaeria disrupta</italic> (Berk. & Curtis) Arx & Müller, Beitr. Kryptfl. Schweiz 11(1): 37. 1954.</p></list-item></list></list-item></list><p id="P69"><italic>Ascomata</italic> scattered, immersed, brown to black, separate or aggregated, wall composed of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, uniloculate, ostiole single, central. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> hyaline, smooth, 3-4.5 μm wide, multiseptate with septa 14-18 μm apart. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, clavate, 8-spored, stipitate, thick-walled with thick endotunica and well-developed apical chamber, 125-180 × 30-36 μm. <italic>Ascospores</italic> biseriate, aseptate, ellipsoid to oval, straight or slightly curved, apex and base obtuse, without terminal apiculi, wall externally smooth, internally finely verruculose, brown, widest in the middle, (30-)31-36.5(-38.5) × (15.5-)16-18.5(-21) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 32.6-33.4 × 17.0-17.5 μm (av. ± S.D. = 33.0 ± 1.5 × 17.2 ± 1.0 μm), L/W ratio = 1.9 ± 0.15.</p><p id="P70"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Cuba</bold>, Herradura, on twigs of <italic>Citrus</italic> sp., 15 Jan. 1925, N.E. Stevens, <bold>holotype</bold> BPI 599052.</p><p id="P71"><italic>Culture</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=174.26&link_type=cbs">CBS 174.26</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P72"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Citrus</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R184">Stevens 1926</xref>, pathogenicity not known).</p><p id="P73"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: USA; Cuba (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R184">Stevens 1926</xref>), Florida (BPI 500054 collected by Shear 1923, determined by N.E. Stevens).</p><p id="P74"><italic>Notes</italic>: Von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">1954</xref>) placed <italic>P. fusca</italic> as a synonym of <italic>Botryosphaeria disrupta</italic>, along with various species in <italic>Phaeobotryon</italic> and <italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria</italic>. However, the broad concept of <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> followed by von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">1954</xref>) encompassed such genera as <italic>Phaeobotryon</italic> and <italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria</italic> that Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>) showed to be phylogenetically distinct from <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>.</p><p id="P75">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>) could not induce the ex-type culture to sporulate, no doubt because it had been in culture for more than 80 years. According to Stevens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R184">1926</xref>) the asexual morph is lasiodiplodia-like and he described it as, “Conidia initially hyaline, aseptate and thick-walled becoming dark brown and septate with irregular longitudinal striations, (20-)23-25(-28) × (11-)12-13(-16) μm”. Stevens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R184">1926</xref>) placed this species in <italic>Physalospora</italic>, but he was obviously hesitant to do so, judging from his statement, “To place in the genus <italic>Physalospora</italic> a fungus with colored ascospores is of course to do violence to the ideas of that genus”. On account of the bitunicate asci and brown ascospores of this species, <italic>Physalospora</italic> is clearly unsuitable for it. Petrak & Deighton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R131">1952</xref>) transferred this species to <italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria</italic> Speg. as <italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria fusca</italic> (N.E. Stevens) Petr., presumably because it has dark ascospores. Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>) examined the type species of <italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria</italic> (<italic>P. yerbae</italic>) and found that it had terminal apiculi on the ascospores. Therefore, <italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria</italic> was also unsuitable and for that reason they proposed the new genus <italic>Barriopsis</italic> for this fungus.</p><p id="P76"><bold><italic>Barriopsis iraniana</italic></bold> Abdollahz., Zare & A.J.L. Phillips, Persoonia 23: 4. 2009. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB513235&link_type=mb">MB513235</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Fig. 6</xref>.</p><fig id="F6" position="float"><label>Fig. 6.</label><caption><p><italic>Barriopsis iraniana</italic>. A. Conidiomata on pine needles in culture. B, C. Conidia developing on conidiogenous cells between paraphyses. D. Young, immature conidium attached to a conidiogenous cell, longitudinal striations are visible on the conidium. E. Hyaline, immature, striate conidia. F-I. Hyaline and brown, striate conidia, 1- and 3-septate conidia can be seen in F and G. J. Catenulate chlamydospores formed within the agar medium. Scale bars: A = 250 μm, B, C, E-I = 10 μm, D = 5 μm, J = 40 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig6"></graphic></fig><p id="P77"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, pycnidial, superficial, dark brown to black, covered with dense mycelium, on pine needles mainly unilocular and up to 600 μm diam, on <italic>Populus</italic> twigs mostly multilocular, individual or aggregated, thick-walled, ostiolate. <italic>Ostiole</italic> central, circular, non-papillate. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> arising from the conidiogenous layer, extending above the level of developing conidia, up to 70 μm long, 3.5 μm wide, thin-walled, hyaline, usually aseptate, sometimes becoming up to 2-3-septate, not constricted at the septa, tip rounded, occasionally branched. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> 7-12 × 3-5 μm, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, cylindrical, holoblastic, proliferating at the same level, with visible periclinal thickening. <italic>Conidia</italic> thick-walled, initially hyaline, aseptate with longitudinal striations, striations visible on hyaline conidia even while attached to conidiogenous cells, oval, both ends broadly rounded, becoming brown, aseptate or 1-3-septate, with prominent longitudinal striations, wall smooth, (22.5-)24-30 × (12.8-)14-18(-21.5) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 27-27.4 × 16.2-16.6 μm (av. ± S.D. = 27.2 ± 1.8 × 16.4 ± 1.3 μm), L/W ratio = 1.7 ± 0.16. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> catenate, intercalary, brown, smooth, thick-walled, formed within the agar medium.</p><p id="P78"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> with appressed mycelial mat and fluffy aerial mycelium in the middle, becoming dull green to olivaceous-black at the surface, and dull green to grey-olivaceous at the reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 45-50 mm diam on MEA after 4 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 5 °C, max > 35 °C, opt 25-30 °C.</p><p id="P79"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Iran</bold>, Hormozgan Province, Minab, Hajikhademi, on twigs of <italic>Mangifera indica</italic>, 27 Feb. 2007, J. Abdollahzadeh & A. Javadi, <bold>holotype</bold> IRAN 13939F.</p><p id="P80"><italic>Cultures</italic>: IRAN 1448C = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124698&link_type=cbs">CBS 124698</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P81"><italic>Hosts</italic>: Endophytic in stems of <italic>Citrus</italic> sp., <italic>Mangifera indica</italic> and <italic>Olea</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P82"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Iran (Hormozgan Province) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P83"><italic>Notes</italic>: Conidia of <italic>Barriopsis iraniana</italic> are significantly larger than those reported by Stevens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R184">1926</xref>) for <italic>B. fusca</italic>, the only other species known in this genus. The only available culture of <italic>B. fusca</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=174.26&link_type=cbs">CBS 174.26</ext-link>, ex-type) has lost its ability to sporulate. According to Stevens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R184">1926</xref>) the asexual morph is lasiodiplodia-like with hyaline conidia that become dark-brown and septate with irregular longitudinal striations. However, in contrast to <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic>, the conidia of <italic>Barriopsis</italic> are striate at a very early stage of development and the striations are clearly visible in young, hyaline conidia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Fig. 6</xref>). This is an unusual character not found in any other genus of the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. The sexual morph of <italic>B. iraniana</italic> has not been seen.</p><p id="P84"><bold><italic>Botryobambusa</italic></bold> R. Phookamsak, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Divers. 57: 166. 2012. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB801313&link_type=mb">MB801313</ext-link>.</p><p id="P85"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>Botryobambusa fusicoccum</italic> R. Phookamsak, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Divers. 57: 166. 2012.</p><p id="P86"><italic>Ascomata</italic> dark brown to black, immersed under host epidermis to erumpent, gregarious, multiloculate, locules individual globose to subglobose or fused, vertical to the host surface, with a central, papillate, periphysate ostiole. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindro-clavate, pedicellate, with well-developed ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled, ellipsoidal to obovoid, thick-walled, surrounded by mucilagenous sheath. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> developing in stromatic clusters, fused, multiloculate, individually globose to subglobose, wall composed of several layers of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, broader at the base, outer layers dark-brown and thick-walled, inner layers hyaline and thin-walled. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, cylindrical to ellipsoidal, smooth. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, thin-walled.</p><p id="P87"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Botryobambusa</italic> was introduced by Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">2012</xref>) as a monotypic genus for <italic>B. fusicoccum</italic>. The genus is distinguished from the morphologically similar <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> by its smaller asci and ascospores that are surrounded by a mucilagenous sheath. Phylogenetically the two genera are clearly distinct.</p></sec><sec id="S30"><title>Species description</title><p id="P88"><bold><italic>Botryobambusa fusicoccum</italic></bold> R. Phookamsak, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Divers. 57: 166. 2012. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB801314&link_type=mb">MB801314</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Fig. 7</xref>.</p><fig id="F7" position="float"><label>Fig. 7.</label><caption><p><italic>Botryobambusa fusicoccum</italic>. A. Asci with ascospores. B. Pseudoparaphyses. C. Ascus with ascospores. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig7"></graphic></fig><p id="P89"><italic>Ascomata</italic> 90-152 μm diam, 104-152 μm high, dark brown to black, immersed under epidermis to erumpent, gregarious, visible as black dots or paillae on host surface, multiloculate, individual locules globose to subglobose or fused, vertical to the host surface, wall 12-20 μm thick, composed of several layers of cells with thick brown wall. <italic>Ostiole</italic> central, papillate, persiphystae necks 40-60 μm diam, 30-55 μm long. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> frequently septate, constricted at septum. <italic>Asci</italic> (45-)55-66(-82) × 14-17(-18) μm, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindro-clavate, pedicellate, apically rounded with well-developed ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> (8-)11-13(-14) × 5-7 μm, irregularly biseriate, hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoidal to obovoid, usually wider in the upper third, thick-walled, surrounded by an irregular mucilagenous sheath. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> superficial, clustered in a stroma, multiloculate, globose to subglobose, wall composed of several layers of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, outer layers dark and thick-walled, inner layers hyaline and thin-walled. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> (8-)10-14(-16) × 3-5 μm, holoblastic, cylindrical to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, hyaline. <italic>Conidia</italic> (21-)22-25(-26) × 5-7 μm, hyaline, asepatte, cylindrical to cylindro-clavate, thin-walled, with rough walls.</p><p id="P90"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Thailand</bold>, Lampang Province, Jae Hom District, Mae Yuag Forestry Plantation, on dead culms of <italic>Bambusa</italic> sp., 19 Aug. 2010, R. Phookamsak, <bold>holotype</bold> MFLU 11-0179.</p><p id="P91"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=134113&link_type=cbs">CBS 134113</ext-link> = MFLUCC 11-0143 (ex-type), MFLUCC 11-0657.</p><p id="P92"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Bambusa</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P93"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Thailand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P94"><italic>Notes</italic>: The genus <italic>Botryobambusa</italic> is presently monotypic, and only known from <italic>Bambusa</italic> sp. in Thailand. The sexual morph is characterised by having ascospores surrounded by an irregular sheath, while the asexual morph is fusicoccum-like in morphology (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">Liu <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P95"><bold><italic>Botryosphaeria</italic></bold> Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1: 211. 1863; emend. Sacc., Michelia 1: 42. 1877. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB635&link_type=mb">MB635</ext-link>.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Fusicoccum</italic> Corda, in Sturm, Deutschl. Flora, III (Pilze) 2: 111. 1829.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Thuemenia</italic> Rehm, Flora 62: 123. 1878.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Coutinia</italic> J.V. Almeida & Sousa da Câmara, Rev. Agron. Lisboa 1: 392. 1903.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Cryptosporina</italic> Höhn. Öst. bot. Z. 55: 54. 1905.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Amerodothis</italic> Theiss. & Syd., Ann. mycol. 13: 295. 1915.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Epiphyma</italic> Theiss., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 66: 306. 1916.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Pyreniella</italic> Theiss., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 66: 371. 1916.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Desmotascus</italic> F. Stevens, Bot. Gaz. 68: 476. 1919.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Creomelanops</italic> Höhn. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 129: 146. 1920.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Macrophomopsis</italic> Petr., Ann. mycol. 22: 108. 1924.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Rostrosphaeria</italic> Tehon & E.Y. Daniels, Mycologia 19: 112. 1927.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Apomella</italic> Syd. Annls mycol. 35: 47. 1937.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Caumadothis</italic> Petr., Sydowia 24: 276. 1971.</p></list-item></list><p id="P96"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>Botryosphaeria dothidea</italic> (Moug.: Fr.) Ces. & De Not., Comment. Soc. Crittog. Ital. 1: 212. 1863.</p><p id="P97"><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed, consisting of branched, septate, smooth, hyaline hyphae. <italic>Ascomata</italic> eustromatic, scattered, solitary, aggregated or forming botryose clusters, externally black, uniloculate, with a thick pseudoparenchymatic wall composed of <italic>textura angularis</italic> or <italic>textura globosa</italic> with the outer layers blackened and their cells more thickened, ostiolate, embedded in the substrate and partially erumpent at maturity. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> thin-walled, hyaline, frequently septate, constricted at the septa, deliquescing from the basal parts when the asci mature. <italic>Asci</italic> clavate or cylindric-clavate, stipitate, bitunicate, ectotunica thin, endotunica rather thick, 3-layered (<italic>sensu</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R52">Eriksson 1981</xref>), with a prominent apical chamber, 8-spored, developing on a broad basal hymenial layer. <italic>Ascospores</italic> irregularly biseriate in the ascus, hyaline, sometimes becoming pale brown with age, thin-walled, ovoid, fusoid, fusoid-ellipsoid, usually widest in the middle, straight or inequilateral, smooth, one-celled sometimes becoming 1-2 septate with age, contents smooth or granular, may be guttulate. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, pycnidial, solitary or aggregated, often occurring within the same stroma as the ascomata, walls composed of dark brown, thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming thin-walled and hyaline towards the inner layer. <italic>Ostioles</italic> indistinct to well-defined, round or irregular. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> hyaline, cylindrical, tapering to rounded ends, septate, arising between the conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> when present hyaline, cylindrical, branched at the base, smooth, 0-1 septate. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> enteroblastic, integrated, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, first-formed conidium holoblastic, determinate or proliferating percurrently with 1-2 indistinct annellations, or proliferating at the same level resulting in typical phialides (<italic>sensu</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">Sutton 1980</xref>) with periclinal thickenings. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, sometimes becoming olivaceous or darker with age, thin-walled, smooth, aseptate, occasionally forming one or two septa with age or before germination, with shapes varying from elliptical to fusiform or clavate, finely guttulate, apex subobtuse to obtuse, base conspicuously truncate with a minute marginal basal frill.</p><p id="P98"><italic>Notes</italic>: When Cesati & De Notaris (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">1863</xref>) introduced <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> Ces. & De Not. they listed nine species (plus another six that they did not recombine in the genus) but they did not designate a type. Subsequently, Saccardo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R155">1877</xref>) emended the genus to exclude hypocreaceous species. Von Höhnel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R71">1909</xref>) designated <italic>B. berengeriana</italic> De Not. as the type, but this species was not included in the original description of the genus, although it was published soon after (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R117">De Notaris 1864</xref>). Theissen & Sydow (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R199">1915</xref>) suggested <italic>B. quercuum</italic> (Schwein.) Sacc. as the type since it was typical of Saccardo’s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R155">1877</xref>) emendation of <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>, and this was accepted by von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">1954</xref>). However, <italic>B. quercuum</italic> also was not one of the original species of the genus and therefore is unsuitable as the type. Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">1972</xref>) proposed <italic>B. dothidea</italic> (Moug.: Fr.) Ces. & De Not. as lectotype because it was one of the original species described, it conforms with Saccardo’s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R155">1877</xref>) emendation and it is an earlier synonym of <italic>B. berengeriana</italic>, von Höhnel’s (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R71">1909</xref>) designated type. The proposal of Barr (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">1972</xref>) has been accepted generally, and Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R172">2004a</xref>) provided a revised description of this species based on the type specimen and fresh collections, and they designated a neotype and epitype.</p><p id="P99">Species in <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> were described largely on the basis of the morphology of their ascomata and host associations, and this led to a proliferation of names. Von Arx and Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">1954</xref>) examined 183 taxa and reduced them to 11 species, with extensive synonymies under <italic>B. dothidea</italic> and <italic>B. quercuum,</italic> together with nine new combinations. However, because von Arx and Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">1954</xref>) did not take into account the characters of the asexual morphs and because species of <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> are difficult to separate on the basis of sexual morph characters, these synonymies have not always been accepted (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R167">Shoemaker 1964</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R170">Sivanesan 1984</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R172">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004a</xref>).</p><p id="P100">The genus <italic>Botryosphaeria,</italic> based on the type species <italic>B. dothidea</italic>, typically has ascospores that are hyaline and aseptate, although they can become pale brown and septate with age (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R167">Shoemaker 1964</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R170">Sivanesan 1984</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R48">Denman <italic>et al.</italic> 2000</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R132">Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. 2005</xref>). Because some species of <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> have ascospores that become brown with age, von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">1954</xref>) placed <italic>Dothidea visci</italic> with brown ascospores in <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> as <italic>B. visci</italic>, and later they (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">von Arx & Müller 1975</xref>) also placed the dark-spored <italic>Neodeightonia subglobosa</italic> in <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>. Since it is the type species of <italic>Neodeightonia</italic>, this genus was reduced to synonymy with <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>. In recognising these synonymies, von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">1954</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">1975</xref>) broadened the concept of <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> to include species with brown ascospores.</p><p id="P101">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R132">2005</xref>) resurrected the genus <italic>Dothiorella</italic> for species with 1-septate conidia that darken at an early stage of development, and have sexual morphs with brown, 1-septate ascospores. Phylogenetically (ITS+EF1-α) the two species studied by Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R132">2005</xref>) fell within <italic>Botryospheria</italic> as defined by the broad morphological concept recognised by von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">1954</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">1975</xref>). For these reasons, Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R132">2005</xref>) described the sexual morphs of <italic>Dothiorella</italic> as two new species of <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> with brown, 1-septate ascospores. Subsequently, Luque <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R88">2005</xref>) described another dark-spored <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>, namely <italic>B. viticola</italic>, with a <italic>Dothiorella</italic> asexual morph.</p><p id="P102">At least 18 asexual genera have been associated with <italic>Botryosphaeria s. lat</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R48">Denman <italic>et al.</italic> 2000</xref>) including <italic>Diplodia, Dothiorella, Fusicoccum</italic>, and <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic>. The morphological diversity of the asexual morphs linked to species of <italic>Botryosphaeria,</italic> together with the broad concept of the sexual genus was clear evidence that <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> encompassed several distinct genera. Thus, through a study of partial sequences of the LSU gene, Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">2006</xref>) showed that <italic>Botryosphaeria s. lat.</italic> is composed of 10 phylogenetic lineages, each of which corresponds to different asexual genera. To avoid the unnecessary introduction of new generic names, these authors chose to use existing asexual generic names for most of the lineages, and restricted the use of <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> to <italic>B. dothidea</italic> and <italic>B. corticis</italic>. Seven species are currently recognised in <italic>Botryospheria</italic>.</p></sec><sec id="S31"><title>DNA phylogeny</title><p id="P103">In an ITS phylogeny the ex-type isolate of <italic>B. mamane</italic> and isolates previously regarded as <italic>B. mamane</italic> clustered in <italic>Cophinforma</italic> together with <italic>C. atrovirens</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Fig. 8</xref>). Based on combined ITS and EF1-α sequence data seven species are currently recognised in <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Fig. 8</xref>). Apart from <italic>B. fabicerciana</italic> all species clades are supported by high bootstrap values.</p><fig id="F8" position="float"><label>Fig. 8.</label><caption><p>One of 18 equally most parsimonious trees obtained from the combined analysis of ITS and EF1-α sequences from species of the genera <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>, <italic>Cophinforma</italic>, <italic>Macrophomina</italic> and <italic>Neoscytalidium</italic>. The phylogenetic tree resulting from ML analysis using the general time reversible model of DNA evolution and assuming a discrete gamma distribution (GTR+G) had a topology identical to the MP tree presented. MP/ML values (> 50 %) resulting from 1000 bootstrap replicates are given at the nodes. The tree was rooted to <italic>N. parvum</italic> and <italic>N. luteum</italic>. Clades corresponding to genera and species are highlighted.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig8"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="S32"><title>Key to <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> spp.</title><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>1. Conidia 12-17 μm long........................................................................................................................................................................... 2</p></list-item><list-item><p>1. Most conidia longer than 18 μm.............................................................................................................................................................. 3</p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Average conidial length greater than 15 μm............................................................................................................................ <italic>B. scharifii</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Average conidial length less than 15 μm................................................................................................................................ <italic>B. ramosa</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>3. On <italic>Vaccinium</italic> species, conidia 23.5-32.5 μm long................................................................................................................... <italic>B. corticis</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>3. On hosts other than <italic>Vaccinium</italic>............................................................................................................................................................... 4</p></list-item><list-item><p>4. Conidia 16-22 μm long.......................................................................................................................................................... <italic>B. fusispora</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>4. Conidia mostly longer than 20 μm........................................................................................................................................................... 5</p></list-item><list-item><p>5. Conidial L/W ratio greater than 4.5......................................................................................................................................... <italic>B. dothidea</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>5. Conidial L/W ratio less than 4.0........................................................................................................................................ <italic>B. fabicerciana</italic></p></list-item></list><p id="P104"><italic>Notes</italic>: This key is based only on characters of the asexual morphs, because the sexual morphs are generally uncommon or have not been induced to form in culture. <italic>Botryosphaeria agaves</italic> was not included in the key because the asexual morph has never been reported.</p></sec><sec id="S33"><title>Species descriptions</title><p id="P105"><bold><italic>Botryosphaeria agaves</italic></bold> (Henn.) E.J. Butler, Ann. Mycol. 9: 415. 1911. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB119799&link_type=mb">MB119799</ext-link>. See Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">2012</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P106"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Physalospora agaves</italic> Henn., Bot. Jb. 34: 51. 1905.</p><p id="P107"><italic>Ascomata</italic> 140-260 μm high × 600-800 μm diam, circular blackened areas on host tissue, immersed to erumpent on host, uni to multiloculate, aggregated, individually globose to subglobose, wall composed of several layers of dark brown walled cells of <italic>textura angularis. Ostiole</italic> circular, central, papillate. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> 3-5 μm wide, aseptate. <italic>Asci</italic> 91-122 × 27-38 μm, 8-spored, bitunicate with a thick endotunica, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindro-clavate, short pedicellate, with well-developed apical chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> 21-43 × 8-12 μm, biseriate in the ascus, hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoidal, fusiform, or inequilateral, usually wider at the middle, wall rough, surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> not reported.</p><p id="P108"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Tanzania</bold>, Zanzibar, on leaves of <italic>Agave sisalana</italic>, Zimmerman, holotype presumably lost (not in B). <bold>Thailand</bold>, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Fah Luang District, Doi Tung, on living and dead leaves of <italic>Agave</italic> sp., 16 Jun. 2010, <italic>R. Phookamsak</italic>, <bold>neotype designated here</bold> MFLU 11-0161; MBT176241.</p><p id="P109"><italic>Cultures</italic>: MFLUCC 11-0125 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=133992&link_type=cbs">CBS 133992</ext-link> (ex-neotype), MFLUCC 10-0051.</p><p id="P110"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Agaves</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P111"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Thailand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P112"><italic>Notes</italic>: Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">2012</xref>) proposed a specimen from <italic>Agave</italic> sp. collected in Thailand (MFLU 11-0161) to serve as epitype for <italic>B. agaves</italic>. However, as they did not cite nor examine the holotype, their epitypification is invalid. We have also been unable to trace the holotype, thus designate the Thailand specimen as neotype to rectify this situation.</p><p id="P113"><bold><italic>Botryosphaeria corticis</italic></bold> (Demaree & Wilcox) Arx & E. Müll., Beitr. Kryptfl. Schweiz 11(1): 43. 1954. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB293807&link_type=mb">MB293807</ext-link>. Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">10</xref>.</p><fig id="F9" position="float"><label>Fig. 9.</label><caption><p><italic>Botryosphaeria corticis</italic>. A. Ascomatal necks emerging through the bark of <italic>Vaccinium</italic>. B. Section through an ascoma. C. Section through the ascomal wall. D, E. Asci with ascospores. F. Septate pseudoparaphyses. G, H. Apical chamber at tip of an ascus as seen in interference contrast (G) or phase contrast (H). I, J. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm, B = 50 μm, C, E = 20 μm, D, F-J = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig9"></graphic></fig><fig id="F10" position="float"><label>Fig. 10.</label><caption><p><italic>Botryosphaeria corticis</italic>. A. Conidiomata formed on poplar twigs in culture. B-E. Conidiogenous cells and paraphyses. F. Conidia with mucous sheath (arrowheads). G-I. Spermatogenous cells. J. Spermatia. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm, B-J = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig10"></graphic></fig><p id="P114"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Physalospora corticis</italic> Demaree & Wilcox, Phytopathology 32: 1074. 1942.</p><p id="P115"><italic>Ascomata</italic> abundant, embedded in the host becoming partially erumpent at maturity, up to 250 μm diam, conical with a dark brown to black wall composed of up to six cell layers of thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic> giving way to hyaline, thinner-walled cells lining the ascomata. <italic>Asci</italic> hyaline, clavate and stipitate, bitunicate with a thick endotunica and well-developed apical chamber, eight-spored, 145-165 × 25-28 μm, irregularly biseriate, formed amongst hyaline, thin-walled, septate <italic>pseudoparaphyses. Ascospores</italic> ellipsoid to fusoid, (24-)25.5-33(-34.5) × (9.5-)10-12.5(-13.5) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 28.5-30.1 × 11.2-11.9 μm (av. ± S.D. of 32 conidia = 29.3 ± 2.4 × 11.6 ± 1.0 μm), L/W = 2.5 ± 0.23. Ascospores germinate within 24 h at 25 °C and form unbranched germ tubes. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> developing in culture on pieces of poplar twigs after 14 d and producing conidia after 28 d, solitary to aggregated, dark brown to black, globose, up to 450 μm diam. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, septate, branched in the upper parts, 7.5-14 × 3.5-4.5 μm, lining the entire inner surface of the conidiomata. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> lageniform, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, 12.5-17.5 × 2.5-4.5 μm, holoblastic producing a single conidium at the tip, rarely proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings. <italic>Conidia</italic> fusiform, widest in the middle to upper third, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, apex acute, base truncate with a minute marginal frill and persistent mucous sheath, (20.5-) 23.5-32.5(-34.5) × (5.0-)5.5-7(-7.5) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 27.7-30.2 × 6.2-6.7 μm (av. ± S.D. of 26 conidia = 28.9 ± 3.4 × 6.4 ± 0.7 μm), L/W = 4.5 ± 0.46. <italic>Spermatogonia</italic> globose, dark brown to black. <italic>Spermatophores</italic> cylindrical, hyaline, branched, 11-14 × 2-3 μm. <italic>Spermatogenous cells</italic> hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, 14.5-20.5 × 1.5-2.3 μm, producing conidia at their tips, proliferating internally to form periclinal thickenings. <italic>Spermatia</italic> rod-shaped with obtuse ends, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, 4-6 × 1.5-2 μm.</p><p id="P116"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on CMA reaching 28-40 mm diam after 7 d at 25 °C, initially white becoming olive-green with clumps of loosely aggregated hyphae.</p><p id="P117"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>, North Carolina, Atkinson, <italic>Vaccinium corymbosum</italic>, 14 Feb. 1940, J.B. Demaree, <bold>holotype</bold> BPI 598729; New Jersey, Hammonton, on cankered stems of <italic>V. corymbosum</italic>, May 2005, P.V. Oudemans, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-19706&link_type=cbs">CBS H-19706</ext-link><bold>epitype</bold> (designated by Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2006a).</p><p id="P118"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119047&link_type=cbs">CBS 119047</ext-link>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119048&link_type=cbs">CBS 119048</ext-link> (ex-epitype).</p><p id="P119"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Vaccinium</italic> species including <italic>V. corymbosum, V. ashei, V. tenellum</italic> and <italic>V. virgatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R140">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R223">Wright & Harmon 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P120"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: USA (Florida, Georgia, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R140">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R223">Wright & Harmon 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P121"><italic>Notes</italic>: This species appears to be restricted to <italic>Vaccinium</italic> spp. and has not been reported outside of the continental USA. The mucilaginous sheath surrounding the conidia is unusual in <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>.</p><p id="P122"><bold><italic>Botryosphaeria dothidea</italic></bold> (Moug.: Fr.) Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. Crittog. Ital. 1: 212. 1863. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB183247&link_type=mb">MB183247</ext-link>. Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">11</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">12</xref>.</p><fig id="F11" position="float"><label>Fig. 11.</label><caption><p><italic>Botryosphaeria dothidea</italic>. A. Botryose clusters of ascomata erumpent through the bark of a poplar twig. B. Transverse section through ascomata revealing brilliant white contents. C. Section through ascomata. D. Ascus with ascospores. E. Septate pseudoparaphyses. F. Ascospores. G, H. Ascus tip showing apical chamber as seen by interference contrast (G) or phase contrast (H). I. Ascospores. Scale bars: A, B = 0.5 mm, C = 100 μm, D-I = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig11"></graphic></fig><fig id="F12" position="float"><label>Fig. 12.</label><caption><p><italic>Botryosphaeria dothidea</italic>. A. Botryose cluster of conidiomata erumpent through the bark of a poplar twig. B-E. Conidiogenous cells with periclinal thickenings (black arrowheads) or annellations (white arrowheads). F. Paraphyses. G, H. Conidia. I. Spermatia. J. Pigmented, thick-walled, septate conidia. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm, B-J = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig12"></graphic></fig><p id="P123"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Sphaeria dothidea</italic> Moug., <italic>In</italic>: Fries, <italic>Syst. Mycol.</italic> (Lundae) 2(2): 423. 1823.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Botryosphaeria berengeriana</italic> De Not., Sfer. Ital. 82. 1863 [1864].</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Fusicoccum aesculi</italic> Corda, <italic>In</italic>: Sturm, Deutschl. Fl., Abth. 3, 2: 111. 1829.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Sphaeria coronillae</italic> Desm., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2 13: 188. 1840.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Macrophoma coronillae</italic> (Desm.) Höhn., Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 28: 479. 1910.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Macrophomopsis coronillae</italic> (Desm.) Petr., Annls mycol. 22(1/2): 108. 1924.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Dothiorella coronillae</italic> (Desm.) Petr., Sydowia 16(1-6): 188. 1963.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Fusicoccum coronillae</italic> (Desm.) Vanev. & Aa, <italic>In</italic>: van der Aa & Vanev, <italic>A Revision of the Species Described in Phyllosticta</italic> (Utrecht): 192. 2002.</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Phyllosticta divergens</italic> Sacc., Malpighia 5: 274. 1891.</p></list-item></list><p id="P124"><italic>Ascostroma</italic> erumpent, 200-500 μm diam. <italic>Ascomata</italic> pseudothecial, forming a botryose aggregate of up to 100, sometimes solitary, globose with a central ostiole, ¼ to ½ emergent, rarely embedded, papillate or not, brown to black, pseudothecial wall comprising 5-15 layers of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, outer region of dark brown cells, inner region of 2-4 layers of hyaline cells lining the locule. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, clavate, 63-125 × 16-20 μm, forming between pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> filiform, septate, constricted at the septa, rarely branched, 2-4 μm wide. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusoid to ovoid, sometimes with tapered ends and appearing spindle-shaped, biseriate in the ascus, (17-)19-24(-32) × (6-)7-8(-10) μm (av. of 102 ascospores = 22.7 × 7.8 μm), L/W = 2.9. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, morphologically indistinguishable from the ascomata. <italic>Paraphyses</italic>, when present hyaline, septate, up to 110 μm long, 2.5-6 μm wide at the base tapering to acutely rounded apices, 2-2.5 μm wide at the tip. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, rarely branched at the base, cylindrical, formed from the cells lining the locule wall, 23-35 × 4-5 μm, or reduced to conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, sub-cylindrical, 6-20 × 2-5 μm, proliferating percurrently to produce 1-2 annellations or proliferating internally resulting in periclinal thickenings and typical “phialides” (<italic>sensu</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">Sutton 1980</xref>). <italic>Conidia</italic> narrowly fusiform, or irregularly fusiform, base subtruncate to bluntly rounded, (17-) 19.5-30(-34) × 4-6(-7.5) μm, 95 % confidence limits of 350 conidia = 25.8-26.5 × 5.3-5.4 μm (av. ± S.D. of 350 conidia = 26.2 ± 3.1 × 5.4 ± 0.7 μm), L/W = 4.9 ± 0.96 with 95 % confidence limits of 4.8-5.0, rarely forming a septum before germination, smooth with granular contents, in some isolates becoming dark-walled and septate with age, (9.5-) 10.5-20(-23) × (3-)4-6(-6.5) μm (av. ± S.D. of 150 conidia = 15.5 ± 2.7 × 5.1 ± 0.6 μm). <italic>Spermatophores</italic> hyaline, smooth, occasionally branched, cylindrical to subcylindrical septate, 4-15 × 1-3.5 μm. <italic>Spermatogenous cells</italic> discrete or integrated, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, holoblastic or proliferating via phialides with periclinal thickenings, 7-10 × 2-3 μm. <italic>Spermatia</italic> unicellular, hyaline, allantoid to rod-shaped, 3-6 × 1.5-2 μm.</p><p id="P125"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> oliveaceous becoming grey with reverse black. Mycelial mat moderately dense, margin smooth. Optimum temperature for growth 25(-30) °C, colony on ½ PDA reaching 50 mm radius after 4 d at 25 °C in the dark.</p><p id="P126"><italic>Type:</italic><bold>France</bold>, <italic>Rosa</italic> sp., 1823, Fries ex Mougeot. Herbarium S (<bold>neotype</bold> of <italic>Sphaeria dothidea</italic> designated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R172">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004a</xref>). <bold>Switzerland</bold>, Ticino, Crocifisso, <italic>Prunus</italic> sp., Oct. 2000, B. Slippers, PREM 57372 (<bold>epitype</bold> designated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R172">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004a</xref>). <bold>Italy</bold>, on branches of <italic>Aesculus</italic> sp., P.A. Saccardo, PAD, (neotype of asexual morph designated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R39">Crous & Palm 1999</xref>).</p><p id="P127"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115476&link_type=cbs">CBS 115476</ext-link> = CMW 8000 (ex-epitype).</p><p id="P128"><italic>Hosts</italic>: Woody plants in numerous families. Reports of hosts prior to 2000 are unreliable because the concept of this species was not clear until Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R172">2004a</xref>) redefined it and proposed neotype, epitype and ex-epitype cultures. It is highly probable that before that time some of the host associations may have been of species of <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic>. However, some recent reports can confirm the following hosts: <italic>Cistus ladanifer</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R160">Sánchez <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>), <italic>Fraxinus, Ostrya, Prunus, Populus</italic>, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R172">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004a</xref>), <italic>Acacia rostellifera, Eucalyptus marginata</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">Taylor <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>) <italic>Vitis vinifera, Olea europaea</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R132">Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. 2005</xref>, Lazzizera <italic>et al.</italic> 2008b), <italic>Quercus suber, Q. ilex</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R159">Sánchez <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>), <italic>Cistus ladanifer</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R160">Sánchez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2002</xref>), <italic>Juniperus communis, Acer</italic> sp., <italic>Actinidia deliciosa, C. limon, Fagus</italic> sp., <italic>Juglans regia, Mangifera indica, Olea europaea, Picea</italic> sp., <italic>Populus nigra, Prunus persica, Quercus</italic> sp., <italic>Rubus</italic> sp., <italic>Salix</italic> sp., <italic>V. vinifera</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>).</p><p id="P129"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Probably worldwide and cosmopolitan.</p><p id="P130"><italic>Notes</italic>: The description of <italic>S. dothidea</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R56">Fries 1823</xref>) refers to a fungus on twigs of <italic>Fraxinus</italic> sp. According to Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R172">2004a</xref>) the specimen of <italic>S. dothidea</italic> in the Fries collection that has been cited as the holotype (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">von Arx & Müller 1954</xref>) is on what appears to be a <italic>Rosa</italic> sp. and thus cannot be the holotype. Phillips & Lucas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R139">1997</xref>) and Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R172">2004a</xref>) examined the only other specimen of <italic>S. dothidea</italic> in the Fries herbarium and found it to be immature with no spores. Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R172">2004a</xref>) designated that specimen as the neotype and also designated an epitype (PREM 57372) on <italic>Prunus</italic> sp. collected from Crocifisso, Switzerland, with an ex-epitype culture (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115476&link_type=cbs">CBS 115476</ext-link> = CMW 8000).</p><p id="P131">Pennycook & Samuels (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R127">1985</xref>) described two new species of <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> (<italic>B. parva</italic> and <italic>F. luteum</italic>) on kiwifruit, and suggested that <italic>B. dothidea</italic> may be a complex of species. This suggestion led to doubts about the earlier identifications of <italic>B. dothidea</italic>. However, the name <italic>B. dothidea</italic> continued to be used in a broad sense. Only after gene sequence data were used to clarify species concepts in the genus (e.g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R137">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R172">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004a</xref>) it became apparent that some of the earlier reports of <italic>B. dothidea</italic> in association with plant diseases may have been misidentifications. Thus, the earlier reports of <italic>B. dothidea</italic> prior to 2004 should be interpreted with circumspection.</p><p id="P132"><bold><italic>Botryosphaeria fabicerciana</italic></bold> (S.F. Chen, D. Pavlic, M.J. Wingf. & X.D. Zhou) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB805457&link_type=mb">MB805457</ext-link>. See Chen <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">2011</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P133"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Fusicoccum fabicercianum</italic> S.F. Chen, D. Pavlic, M.J. Wingf. & X.D. Zhou, Plant Pathol. 60: 746. 2011.</p><p id="P134"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> developing in culture on pine needles after 10 d and producing conidia after 14 d, superficial, solitary to aggregated, dark brown, globose, covered with hyphae, (245-)346-470(-525) μm, wall composed of three layers: an outer of thick-walled dark to light brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, a middle layer of thin-walled light brown cells, and an inner layer of thin-walled hyaline cells. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> cylindrical to lageniform, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, holoblastic producing a single conidium at the tip, rarely proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, (6.5-)10.5-13.5(-16) × (2-)2.5-3.5(-4.5) μm (av. of 50 conidiogenous cells = 12 × 3 μm). <italic>Paraphyses</italic> not seen. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, thin-walled, smooth with granular contents, unicellular, aseptate, fusiform, widest in the middle to upper third, apex acute, base truncate with a minute marginal frill, forming one or two septa before germination, (16.5-) 19.5-24.5(-26) × (4.5-)5-6.5(-7.5) μm (av. of 100 conidia = 22.0 × 5.8 μm), L/W = 3.8.</p><p id="P135"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> with fluffy mycelium, initially white turning smoke-grey from the middle of colonies within 4-6 d, with an appressed mycelial mat, sparse to moderately dense. Cottony aerial mycelium toward the edge of colony, becoming pale olivaceous-grey, and greenish black (reverse) within 12-16 d. Optimal temperature for growth 25(-30) °C, colony covering the 90 mm diam Petri dish after 5 d in the dark at 25 °C.</p><p id="P136"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>China</bold>, FuJian Province, from senescing twigs of an unknown <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp., Aug. 2007, M.J. Wingfield, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 60449.</p><p id="P137"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=127193&link_type=cbs">CBS 127193</ext-link> = CMW 27094 (ex-type).</p><p id="P138"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp., <italic>E. urophylla</italic> × <italic>E. tereticornis, Eucalyptus grandis</italic> hybrid (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">Chen <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P139"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: China (FuJian, HaiNan and GuangXi Provinces) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">Chen <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P140"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Botryosphaeria fabicerciana</italic> is morphologically similar to <italic>B. dothidea</italic> (size of conidia = 24.5 × 5 μm in culture, 19.5 × 5 μm on a natural <italic>Prunus</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R172">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004a</xref>), but differs from other species in the genus. Conidia of <italic>B. fabicerciana</italic> are larger than those of <italic>B. ramosa</italic> (av. size of conidia = 13.4 × 5.7 μm in culture; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>) and <italic>B. scharifii</italic> (av. size of conidia = 15.4 × 5.2 μm; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), but smaller than those of <italic>Botryosphaeria corticis</italic> (av. size of conidia = 28.9 × 6.4 μm; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R140">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>).</p><p id="P141"><bold><italic>Botryosphaeria fusispora</italic></bold> Boonmee, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Divers. 57: 171. 2012. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB801319&link_type=mb">MB801319</ext-link>. See Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">2012</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P142"><italic>Ascomata</italic> dark brown to black, immersed in the host, becoming erumpent, clustered, gragarious or scattered, subglobose with indistinct ostiole, 137-210 μm high × 160-230 μm diam, wall composed of 3-4 layers of dark brown cells of <italic>textura angularis. Pseudoparaphyses</italic> 2.5-5 μm wide, aseptate. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, broadly cylindrical, short pedicellate with a well-developed apical chamber, 77.5-112.5 × 20-25 μm. <italic>Ascospores</italic> biseriate, partially overlapping, hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoidal to fusiform, smooth-walled, thin-walled, 20-27.5 × 10-12.5 μm. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, solitary, semi-immersed, dark brown to black, 140-180 × 160-210 μm, walls composed of thick-walled dark brown cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, beconming thinner-walled and hyaline towards the inner region. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline, septate, cylindrical, smooth, 2-4.5 μm wide. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, cylindrical, integrated, producing a single apical conidium. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, thin-walled, aseptate, fusiform to ellipsoidal, sometimes irregular ellipsoidal, smooth, apex obtuse, base truncate or bluntly rounded, 16-22 × 4-5.5 μm.</p><p id="P143"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on MEA growing rapidly, reaching 9 cm diam within 7 d at room temperature, aerial mycelium at first white becoming dark grey to black.</p><p id="P144"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Thailand</bold>, Chiang Rai, Doi Tung, on dried bark of <italic>Entada</italic> sp., 10 Jun. 2009, S. Boonmee, <bold>holotype</bold> MFLU 10-0028.</p><p id="P145"><italic>Culture</italic>: MFLUCC 10-0098 (ex-type).</p><p id="P146"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Caryota</italic> sp., <italic>Entada</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P147"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Thailand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P148"><italic>Notes</italic>: The shorter conidia separate this species from <italic>B. corticis, B. dothidea</italic> and <italic>B. fabicerciana</italic>. Conidia of <italic>B. fusispora</italic> are larger than those of <italic>B. ramosa</italic> and <italic>B. scharifii</italic>.</p><p id="P149"><bold><italic>Botryosphaeria ramosa</italic></bold> (Pavlic, T.I. Burgess, M.J. Wingf.) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB805458&link_type=mb">MB805458</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">Fig. 13</xref>.</p><fig id="F13" position="float"><label>Fig. 13.</label><caption><p><italic>Botryosphaeria ramosa</italic>. A-C. Conidia developing on conidiogenous cells. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig13"></graphic></fig><p id="P150"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Fusicoccum ramosum</italic> Pavlic, T.I. Burgess & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 100: 861. 2008.</p><p id="P151"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> semi-immersed, solitary, globose, papillate, chestnut, covered by hyphal hairs, up to 510 μm diam, sometimes with a neck to 1.7 mm long, arising from the substrate. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> reduced to conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> smooth, cylindrical to subcylindrical, hyaline, the first conidium produced holoblastically and subsequent conidia enteroblastically, (6-)7.5-10(-11) × (2-)2-3(-3.5) μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> fusiform to ellipsoid to oval, rounded at apex, base truncate, smooth with fine granular contents, hyaline, thin-walled, aseptate, (11-)12-15(-16) × (4.7-)5-6(-7) μm, L/W ratio = 2.3.</p><p id="P152"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> initially white turning grey-olivaceous from the middle of colonies within 5-7 d, with appressed mycelial mat and white moderately dense, cottony aerial mycelium toward the edge of colony, becoming smoke grey to olivaceous-grey (surface) and iron grey (beneath) within 10-14 d. Optimum growth at 25 °C, covering the 9 cm diam Petri dish after 4 d in the dark.</p><p id="P153"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Western Australia, Bell Gorge, on <italic>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</italic>, Jul. 2006, T.I. Burgess, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 59846.</p><p id="P154"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122069&link_type=cbs">CBS 122069</ext-link> = CMW 26167 (ex-type).</p><p id="P155"><italic>Host</italic>: Asymptomatic branches of <italic>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P156"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Western Australia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P157"><italic>Notes</italic>: No sexual morph has been reported, but phylogenetically this is clearly a species of <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>. Only one culture of <italic>B. ramosa</italic> is known. Although Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">2008</xref>) reported long, branched conidiophores, we could not find such structures in the holotype. No <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph was reported by Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">2008</xref>). The conidia of <italic>B. ramosa</italic> are significantly shorter than those of any other species in this genus, although they are of a similar length to <italic>B. scharifii</italic>.</p><p id="P158"><bold><italic>Botryosphaeria scharifii</italic></bold> Abdollahz., Zare, A.J.L. Phillips, Mycologia 105: 213. 2013. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB564800&link_type=mb">MB564800</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Fig. 14</xref>.</p><fig id="F14" position="float"><label>Fig. 14.</label><caption><p><italic>Botryosphaeria scharifii</italic>. A. Conidiomata on pine needles in culture. B. Conidia developing on conidiogenous cells. C. Conidiogenous cells with periclinal thickenings. D, E. Conidiogenous cells and conidiophores. F. Conidia. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B-E = 5 μm, F = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig14"></graphic></fig><p id="P159"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, pycnidial, produced on pine needles on WA within 2-4 wk, solitary or aggregated, dark brown to black, globose, up to 760 μm diam, superficial, mostly uniloculate, thick-walled, non-papillate with a central ostiole. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, septate, branched at apex, 7.5-33.5 × 2-4.5 μm, lining the entire inner surface of the conidiomata. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> cylindrical to lageniform, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, 7-15 × 1.5-3.5 μm, holoblastic, phialidic with periclinal thickening. <italic>Conidia</italic> fusiform, unicellular, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, apex obtuse, base subtruncate to bluntly rounded, (11.5-)13-17(-19) × 4-6.5 μm, 95 % confidence limits = 15.2-15.6 × 5.2-5.4 μm (av. ± S.D. = 15.4 ± 1.4 × 5.2 ± 0.5 μm), L/W ratio = 2.7.</p><p id="P160"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> with abundant aerial mycelium reaching to the lid of Petri dishes, aerial mycelium becoming smoke-grey to olivaceous-grey at the surface and greenish olivaceous to dull green at the reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 84 mm on MEA after 3 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min ≤ 5 °C, max ≥ 35 °C, opt 25 °C.</p><p id="P161"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Iran</bold>, Tehran, on fruits of <italic>Mangifera indica</italic> imported from Pakistan, Aug. 2006, J. Abdollahzadeh, <bold>holotype</bold> IRAN 14275F.</p><p id="P162"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124703&link_type=cbs">CBS 124703</ext-link> = IRAN 1529C (ex-type).</p><p id="P163"><italic>Host</italic>: On twigs and fruits of <italic>Mangifera indica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>).</p><p id="P164"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Iran (Hormozgan and Kurdistan Provinces and Tehran) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>).</p><p id="P165"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Botryosphaeria scharifii</italic> is phylogenetically closely related to <italic>B. ramosa</italic>. Conidia of <italic>B. scharifii</italic> and <italic>B. ramosa</italic> are considerably shorter than all other species in the <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> clade. However, the slightly longer conidia of <italic>B. scharifii</italic> distinguish it from <italic>B. ramosa</italic>. This speces was found on twigs of mango trees in Hormozgan Province (Minab) and from mango fruits, imported from Pakistan, in Kurdistan Province (Sanandaj) and Tehran.</p><p id="P166"><bold><italic>Cophinforma</italic></bold> Doilom, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Divers. 57: 174. 2012. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB801315&link_type=mb">MB801315</ext-link>.</p><p id="P167"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>Cophinforma atrovirens</italic> (Mehl & Slippers) A. Alves & A.J.L. Phillips, <bold>comb. nov.</bold></p><p id="P168"><italic>Ascomata</italic> initially immersed under host epidermis, becoming semi-immersed to erumpent, gregarious and fused, uniloculate, globose to subglobose ostiolate. <italic>Ostiole</italic> central, papillate, periphysate. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindro-clavate, pedicellate, apex rounded with well-developed ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospore</italic> overlapping uniseriate to biseriate, hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled, ellipsoidal to obovoid, slightly wider above the centre. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> indistinguishable from ascomata. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> enteroblastic, integrated, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, first-formed conidium holoblastic, proliferating at the same level resulting in typical phialides (<italic>sensu</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">Sutton 1980</xref>) with periclinal thickenings. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, aseptate, fusiform. <italic>Spermatophores</italic> reduced to conidiogenous cells, occurring intermingled among conidiogenous cells in same conidioma, subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth. <italic>Spermatia</italic> hyaline, smooth, granular, subcylindrical.</p><p id="P169"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Cophinforma</italic> was introduced by Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">2012</xref>) as a monotypic genus for <italic>C. eucalypti</italic>. Here we show that two species previously included in <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> are better accommodated in <italic>Cophinforma</italic>. Conidia of the two known species of <italic>Cophinforma</italic> are longer than any known species in <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>. In all other aspects the two genera are morphologically similar but are phylogenetically distinct. Two species are currently recognised in <italic>Cophinforma</italic>.</p></sec><sec id="S34"><title>DNA phylogeny</title><p id="P170">The first 87 bases of the ITS sequences of the two <italic>C. atrovirens</italic> isolates appear to have many sequencing errors and were excluded from the analyses. In the ITS + EF1-α phylogeny (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Fig. 8</xref>) the two isolates of <italic>C. atrovirens</italic> clustered with <italic>C. eucalypti</italic> and since the sequences were identical we consider this to represent a single species. The oldest epithet is <italic>atrovirens</italic>, thus <italic>C. eucalypti</italic> becomes a synonym. Unfortunately, no EF-α sequences are available for <italic>C. mamane</italic> and no cultures are extant, and thus we could not include <italic>C. mamane</italic> in the combined ITS + EF-α phylogeny. Nevertheless, in the ITS phylogeny (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">Fig. 15</xref>), 3 bp differences separate <italic>C. mamane</italic> from <italic>C. atrovirens</italic> and for this reason we consider these to represent two distinct species.</p><fig id="F15" position="float"><label>Fig. 15.</label><caption><p>Single most parsimonious tree obtained from the analysis of ITS sequences from species of the genera <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> and <italic>Cophinforma</italic>. The phylogenetic tree resulting from ML analysis using the general time reversible model of DNA evolution and assuming a discrete gamma distribution with invariant sites (GTR+G+I) had a topology identical to the MP tree presented. MP/ML values (> 50 %) resulting from 1000 bootstrap replicates are given at the nodes. The tree was rooted to <italic>M. phaseolina</italic>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig15"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="S35"><title>Key to <italic>Cophinforma</italic> spp.</title><p id="P171">The two species are morphologically very similar, with significant overlap in conidial dimensions, suggesting that they can only clearly be distinguished based on DNA data.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>1. Conidia 30-40 × 8-9 μm............................................................................................................................................................ <italic>C. mamane</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>1. Conidia 31-36 × 7-10 μm........................................................................................................................................................ <italic>C. atrovirens</italic></p></list-item></list></sec><sec id="S36"><title>Species descriptions</title><p id="P172"><bold><italic>Cophinforma atrovirens</italic></bold> (Mehl & Slippers) A. Alves & A.J.L. Phillips, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB805459&link_type=mb">MB805459</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Fig. 16</xref>.</p><fig id="F16" position="float"><label>Fig. 16.</label><caption><p><italic>Cophinforma atrovirens</italic>. A, B. Conidiomata formed on pine needles in culture. Conidia are oozing from the conidiomata in B. C-E. Conidiogenous cells. F, G. Conidia. H-J. Spermatogenous cells. K. Spermatia. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm, C = 10 μm. Scale bar in A applies to B. Scale bar in C applies to D-K.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig16"></graphic></fig><p id="P173"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Fusicoccum atrovirens</italic> Mehl & Slippers, Mycologia 103: 543. 2011.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Cophinforma eucalypti</italic> Doilom, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Divers. 57: 174. 2012.</p></list-item></list><p id="P174"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> on pine needles and host material pycnidial, superficial, multilocular, dark brown to black, eustromatic, complex, effuse, globose, covered with hyphae; wall composed of three layers, an outer of thick-walled dark to light brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, a middle layer of thin-walled light brown cells, and an inner layer of thin-walled hyaline cells, (180-)215-275(-285) μm diam. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> indistinguishable from ascomata. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, holoblastic, smooth, discrete, cylindrical, proliferating percurrently to form one or two distinct annellations, or proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings (10.5-)13.5-19(-22) × (2-)3.5-4.5(-5.5) μm (av. of 50 conidiogenous cells = 16.3 × 3.8 μm). <italic>Paraphyses</italic> absent. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, thin-walled, unicellular, aseptate, rarely becoming septate on germination, granular, ellipsoid to obovoid, (27-)31-36(-40) × (6-)7-10(-12) μm (av. of 50 conidia = 33.5 × 8.5 μm). <italic>Spermatophores</italic> reduced to <italic>Spermatogenous cells</italic>, occurring intermingled among conidiogenous cells in same conidioma, subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, 5-20 × 3-5 μm. <italic>Spermatia</italic> hyaline, smooth, granular, subcylindrical, straight or slightly curved, apex obtuse, base truncate, 5-8 × 3-4 μm.</p><p id="P175"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> fluffy, initially white to olivaceous in the center, edges becoming olivaceous to greenish black with age. Submerged mycelia (reverse) initially white to dark amber on the edges to olivaceous in the center, becoming olivaceous to greenish black with age. Optimum temperature for growth 30 °C.</p><p id="P176"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Mpumalanga Province, Mawewe Nature Reserve, from an asymptomatic branch of <italic>Pterocarpus angolensis</italic>, Dec. 2005, J.W.M. Mehl & J. Roux, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 60341; <bold>paratype</bold> PREM 60342.</p><p id="P177"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124934&link_type=cbs">CBS 124934</ext-link> = CMW 22674 (ex-holotype), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124935&link_type=cbs">CBS 124935</ext-link> = CMW 22682 (ex-paratype).</p><p id="P178"><italic>Hosts</italic>: Asymptomatic branches and twigs of <italic>Pterocarpus angolensis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R102">Mehl <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>), on dead branch of <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">Liu <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>) as <italic>C. eucalypti</italic>.</p><p id="P179"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R102">Mehl <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>), Thailand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">Liu <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P180"><italic>Notes</italic>: Morphologically this species is closely related to <italic>C. mamane</italic> but the highly divergent ITS phylogeny and several morphological characters separate the two species. Conidia can be 1- or 2-septate in <italic>C. mamane</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R107">Mohali <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>) but remain aseptate until germination in <italic>C. atrovirens</italic>.</p><p id="P181"><bold><italic>Cophinforma mamane</italic></bold> (D.E. Gardner) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB805460&link_type=mb">MB805460</ext-link>. See Gardner (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R61">1997</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P182"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Botryosphaeria mamane</italic> D.E. Gardner, Mycologia 89: 299. 1997.</p><p id="P183"><italic>Stromata</italic> erumpent through host tissue, black, 0.5-1.25 mm diam, multiloculate, locules spherical to ovoid, ostiolate, 100-200 μm diam. <italic>Ascomata, conidiomata</italic> and <italic>Spermatogonia</italic> distinct but often formed in the same stroma. <italic>Ascomata</italic> with a short neck, opening through a nonperiphysate ostiolar canal. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, clavate, 8-spored, 100-180 × 25-35 μm, associated with filamentous <italic>pseudoparaphyses. Ascospores</italic> aseptate, hyaline, with granular or reticulately textured contents, oval to broadly fusiform, 25-39 × 15-20 μm. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> simple, uniformly lining the locule wall. <italic>Conidia</italic> at first produced holoblastically, later enteroblastically, hyaline, 1-celled, fusiform, with truncate base when newly formed, (19-)30-44(-55) × (7-)8-9(-10) μm. <italic>Spermatia</italic> hyaline, rod-like to allantoid, 3-9 × 2-4 μm.</p><p id="P184"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>, Hawaii, Hawaii Island, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Kipuka Ki, on bark of a swollen branch of <italic>Sophora chrysophylla</italic>, 1 May 1996, D.E. Gardner, <bold>holotype</bold> BISH 644614; <bold>isotype</bold> BISH 737731; <bold>paratypes</bold> BPI 737732, BPI 737733.</p><p id="P185"><italic>Cultures</italic>: No ex-type cultures are known to be extant. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117444&link_type=cbs">CBS 117444</ext-link> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117450&link_type=cbs">CBS 117450</ext-link> are reportedly <italic>B. mamane</italic> but they were isolated from <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> and <italic>Acacia</italic> in Venezuela and their ITS sequences differ by 3 bp from the ex-type isolate of <italic>B. mamane</italic> collected by Gardner in 1996 and thus represent a different species.</p><p id="P186"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Sophora chrysophylla</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R61">Gardner 1997</xref>).</p><p id="P187"><italic>Diseases</italic>: Witch’s brooms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R61">Gardner 1997</xref>).</p><p id="P188"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: USA (Hawaii) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R61">Gardner 1997</xref>).</p><p id="P189"><italic>Notes</italic>: Originally reported from Hawaii, this species is thought to be restricted to <italic>Sophora chrysophylla</italic>. Mohali <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R107">2007</xref>) reported what they considered to be <italic>B. mamane</italic> on <italic>Acacia mangium</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117445&link_type=cbs">CBS 117445</ext-link>/<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117450&link_type=cbs">CBS 117450</ext-link>) and <italic>Eucalyptus urophylla</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117444&link_type=cbs">CBS 117444</ext-link>/<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117917&link_type=cbs">CBS 117917</ext-link>) in Venezuela. They based this conclusion on an ITS phylogeny and similarity in conidial characters and dimensions of their isolates with those of the ex-type strains of <italic>B. mamane</italic>. Unfortunately, the ex-type isolates of <italic>B. mamane</italic> no longer exist. Apparently D.E. Gardner sent sub-cultures to G. Stanosz at the University of Wisconsin and these were given the codes 97-58 and 97-59. Zhou & Stanosz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R226">2001</xref>) sequenced ITS of these two strains and the sequences are available in GenBank as AF246929 and AF246930. Unfortunately no other sequences were generated and these two isolates have since been lost.</p><p id="P190">In the ITS phylogeny generated by Mohali <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R107">2007</xref>) isolates from <italic>E. urophylla</italic> and <italic>A. mangium</italic> clustered with the two ex-type isolates of <italic>B. mamane</italic>. However, three base pairs in ITS separate the ex-type isolates of <italic>C. mamane</italic> from the Venezuelan isolates. Furthermore, ITS sequences of the Venezuelan isolates of <italic>C. mamane</italic> are exactly the same as the ITS sequence of <italic>C. atrovirens</italic>. Therefore we consider the Venezuelan isolates to represent <italic>C. atrovirens</italic>.</p><p id="P191"><bold><italic>Diplodia</italic></bold> Fr., <italic>In</italic>: Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., sér. 2, 1: 302. 1834. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB8047&link_type=mb">MB8047</ext-link>.</p><p id="P192"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>Diplodia mutila</italic> Fr., <italic>In</italic>: Mont., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., sér. 2, 1: 302. 1834.</p><p id="P193"><italic>Ascomata</italic> unilocular, solitary or clustered, immersed, partially erumpent when mature, dark brown to black, thick-walled, wall composed of outer layers of thick-walled, dark brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, inner layers of thin-walled, hyaline <italic>textura angularis. Ostiole</italic> central, circular, papillate, periphysate. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> hyaline, branched, septate. <italic>Asci</italic> clavate, stipitate, bitunicate, containing eight, biseriate ascospores. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusiform, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, aseptate, rarely becoming light brown and 1-2-septate with age. <italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed or superficial, branched, septate, melanised, dark brown. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, ostiolate, formed in uni- or multiloculate stromata, immersed, becoming erumpent at maturity. <italic>Ostiole</italic> central, circular, papillate. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> lacking. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> (when present) hyaline, simple, occasionally septate, rarely branched, cylindrical, arising from the cells lining the pycnidial cavity. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, cylindrical, determinate or proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, or proliferating percurrently and forming two or three annellations. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline, aseptate, thick-walled, becoming 1-2-septate and pale transluscent brown after discharge from the pycnidia, but the colouration is often delayed or never occurs, in some species the conidia become pigmented while still enclosed in the conidioma and in these species the conidia rarely become septate.</p><p id="P194"><italic>Notes</italic>: Two distinct conidial morphologies are seen in <italic>Diplodia</italic> species. In one type the conidia are initially hyaline and aseptate and later become pale to dark brown and 1-septate. Pigmentation is often delayed and in some species dark conidia are never seen. In the other type, the conidia become pigmented at an early stage of development, even while they are still enclosed within the pycnidia. These conidia only rarely become septate. These two morphological groups are supported by two distinct phylogenetic lineages.</p></sec><sec id="S37"><title>Key to <italic>Diplodia</italic> spp.</title><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>1. Conidia hyaline and aseptate, becoming brown and 1-septate only with age........................................................................................ 2</p></list-item><list-item><p>1. Conidia dark brown and aseptate before discharge from pycnidia....................................................................................................... 11</p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Av. conidial length greater than 29 μm.................................................................................................................................................... 3</p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Av. conidial length less than 29 μm......................................................................................................................................................... 5</p></list-item><list-item><p>3. Conidia 18-22 μm wide............................................................................................................................................................. <italic>D. tsugae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>3. Conidia not more than 16 μm wide......................................................................................................................................................... 4</p></list-item><list-item><p>4. On <italic>Quercus</italic>, av. conidial length 29.9 × 13.5 μm..................................................................................................................... <italic>D. corticola</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>4. On hosts other than <italic>Quercus</italic>, colonies rosulate..................................................................................................................... <italic>D. rosulata</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>5. On <italic>Malus</italic>, conidia pale brown................................................................................................................................................ <italic>D. bulgarica</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>5. Conidia hyaline, becoming pigmented and 1-septate with age............................................................................................................... 6</p></list-item><list-item><p>6. On <italic>Cupressus</italic> or <italic>Juniperus</italic> spp.............................................................................................................................................. <italic>D. cupressi</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>6. On other hosts......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7</p></list-item><list-item><p>7. Av. conidial length 28 μm or longer......................................................................................................................................................... 8</p></list-item><list-item><p>7. Av. conidial length less than 28 μm......................................................................................................................................................... 9</p></list-item><list-item><p>8. Conidia up to 17 or more μm wide......................................................................................................................................... <italic>D. malorum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>8. Conidia never reach 17 μm wide........................................................................................................................................................... 10</p></list-item><list-item><p>9. On <italic>Quercus</italic>......................................................................................................................................................................... <italic>D. quercivora</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>9. On other hosts......................................................................................................................................................................... <italic>D. africana</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>10. Av. conidial length greater than 27 μm (27.7 μm)..................................................................................................................... <italic>D. agrifolia</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>10. Av. conidial length less than 27 μm....................................................................................................................................................... 11</p></list-item><list-item><p>11. Av. conidial size 24.5 × 12.5 μm, on <italic>Olea</italic>............................................................................................................................... <italic>D. olivarum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>11. Av. conidial size 25.5 × 13.5 μm, on other hosts......................................................................................................................... <italic>D. mutila</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>12. Av. conidial length greater than 35 μm.................................................................................................................................................. 13</p></list-item><list-item><p>12. Av. conidial length less than 35 μm....................................................................................................................................................... 14</p></list-item><list-item><p>13. Conidial length exceeding 50 μm (up to 54 μm)....................................................................................................................... <italic>D. sapinea</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>13. Conidial length never exceeding 50 μm (up to 41.5 μm)................................................................................................... <italic>D. scrobiculata</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>14. Av. conidial length greater than 28 μm................................................................................................................................ <italic>D. intermedia</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>14. Av. conidial length less than 28 μm....................................................................................................................................................... 15</p></list-item><list-item><p>15. Av. conidial length greater than or equal to 25 μm................................................................................................................................ 16</p></list-item><list-item><p>15. Av. conidial length less than 25 μm...................................................................................................................................... <italic>D. allocellula</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>16. Conidial length never exceeding 30 μm.................................................................................................................................... <italic>D. seriata</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>16. Conidial length exceeding 30 μm........................................................................................................... <italic>D. alatafructa</italic>/<italic>D. pseudoseriata</italic><sup>1</sup></p></list-item></list><p id="P195"><sup>1</sup>These two species cannot be distinguished based on their morphology.</p></sec><sec id="S38"><title>DNA phylogeny</title><p id="P196">Phylogenetic analysis based on combined ITS and EF1-α sequences revealed three major clades, A, B and C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F17">Fig. 17</xref>). Most of the species in clade A have hyaline conidia that become pigmented and 1-septate only some time after discharge from the pycnidia. The exception is <italic>D. bulgarica</italic>, which has pale brown conidia, but these become more darkly pigmented and 1-septate with time. Eleven species can be distinguished in this clade and all are supported by moderate to high bootstrap values. In clade B the species all have conidia that become pigmented soon after they have formed, sometimes while still attached to the conidiogenous cell and usually before discharge from the pycnidia. Only rarely do they become septate. Bootstrap support for some of the species, such as <italic>D. pinea</italic> and <italic>D. intermedia</italic>, is quite low. <italic>Diplodia alatafructa</italic> and <italic>D. pseudoseriata</italic> could not be separated clearly because none of the polymorphisms between isolates in this clade are fixed or consistent within a species. Clade C contains only two species, <italic>D. corticola</italic> and <italic>D. quercivora</italic>, and the conidia of these species have a morphology similar to that found in clade A, but they tend to be larger.</p><fig id="F17" position="float"><label>Fig. 17.</label><caption><p>One of 75 equally most parsimonious trees (tree length = 371, CI = 0.752, RI = 0.673, HI = 0.248) obtained from the combined analysis of ITS and EF1-α sequences from <italic>Diplodia</italic> species. Phylogenetic information contained in alignment gaps was incorporated into the phylogenetic analyses using simple indel coding as implemented by GapCoder (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R196">Young & Healy 2003</xref>). The phylogenetic tree resulting from ML analysis using the general time reversible model of DNA evolution and assuming a discrete gamma distribution (GTR+G) had a topology identical to the MP tree presented. MP/ML values (> 50 %) resulting from 1000 bootstrap replicates are given at the nodes. The tree was rooted to <italic>Lasiodiplodia theobromae</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=164.96&link_type=cbs">CBS 164.96</ext-link> and <italic>Lasiodiplodia gonubiensis</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115812&link_type=cbs">CBS 115812</ext-link>. Clades corresponding to the 17 recognised species within the genus <italic>Diplodia</italic> are highlighted.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig17"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="S39"><title>Species descriptions</title><p id="P197"><bold><italic>Diplodia africana</italic></bold> Damm & Crous, Mycologia 99: 671. 2008. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB501323&link_type=mb">MB501323</ext-link>. See Damm <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R46">2007</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P198"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, produced on pine needles on SNA in 2-4 wk, solitary, globose to ovoid, dark brown, up to 500 μm wide, semi-immersed to erumpent, unilocular, sometimes multilocular in vitro, with a short neck and a central ostiole, wall 6-8 cell layers thick, outer layers composed of dark-brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming thin-walled and hyaline toward the inner region. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> 1-2 celled, hyaline, 10-25 × 3.5-6 μm. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, cylindrical, sometimes ampulliform, proliferating percurrently near the apex, sometimes with periclinical thickening, 3-15 × 3-6 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> aseptate, hyaline, thick-walled, smooth, subcylindrical to oblong-elliptical, sometimes slightly curved, with rounded ends, hyaline after discharge from pycnidia, a few of them becoming brown, septate and finely verruculose with age, (17-)25.5-33(-34) × (10-) 12-14(-15) μm (av. ± SD = 29.2 ± 3.6 × 13 ± 1.1 μm), L/W ratio = 2.2.</p><p id="P199"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on PDA in the dark: mycelium pale olivaceous-grey, surface pale olivaceous-grey to dark grey-olivaceous, reverse olivaceous-black, umbonate with irregular zonation and lobate edges. Colonies under near ultraviolet: mycelium and surface greenish olivaceous to dark grey-olivaceous; reverse greenish olivaceous to olivaceous-black. Colonies reaching 26.8 mm diam after 2 d, reaching the edge the Petri dish within 5 d. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 5 °C, max 35 °C, opt 20 °C.</p><p id="P200"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Western Cape Province, Paarl, from wood section close to pruning wound of <italic>Prunus persica</italic>, 10 Jun. 2004, <italic>U. Damm</italic>, <bold>holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-19843&link_type=cbs">CBS H-19843</ext-link>.</p><p id="P201"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=120835&link_type=cbs">CBS 120835</ext-link> = STE-U 5908 (ex-type), STE-U 6289.</p><p id="P202"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Prunus persica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R46">Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>).</p><p id="P203"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: South Africa (Western Cape Province) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>).</p><p id="P204"><italic>Notes</italic>: Conidia of <italic>D. africana</italic> are hyaline and thick-walled even after discharge from conidiomata and only a few conidia become brown and septate with age. It shares these features with <italic>D. mutila, D. corticola, D. cupressi, D. rosulata, D. quercivora</italic> and <italic>D. tsugae</italic>.</p><p id="P205"><bold><italic>Diplodia agrifolia</italic></bold> S.C. Lynch, A. Eskalen, Mycologia 105: 135. 2013. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB800443&link_type=mb">MB800443</ext-link>. See Lynch <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R92">2013</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P206"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> single or in groups, immersed to erumpent when mature, black and globose, 189 × 171-836 × 721 μm, wall composed of three layers; an outer layer of dark, thick-walled cells, middle layer with dark brown, thin-walled cells, and an inner layer of thin-walled hyaline cells. <italic>Ostiole</italic> central, circular, apapillate to papillate. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, discrete, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, indeterminate, proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings or proliferating percurrently to form one to two indistinct annellations, 18.0 ± 7.4 × 8.1 ± 2.4 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> in equal proportions hyaline, aseptate and pale to dark brown and 1-septate before and after discharge, smooth, thick-walled, oblong to ovoid, straight, both ends broadly rounded, (21.5-)27-36.5 × (12-)14.5-18 μm (av. ± S.D. = 27.7 ± 2.2 × 14.7 ± 1.2 μm), L/W = 1.9.</p><p id="P207"><italic>Type:</italic><bold>USA</bold>, California, San Diego County, Mataguay Scout Camp, on cankered branch of <italic>Quercus agrifolia</italic>, 23 Feb. 2010, S.C. Lynch & A. Eskalen, <bold>holotype</bold> BPI 884095 (dried culture of <italic>D. agrifolia</italic>).</p><p id="P208"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=132777&link_type=cbs">CBS 132777</ext-link> = ATCC MYA-4895 = UCROK 732 (ex-type).</p><p id="P209"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Quercus agrifolia</italic> and <italic>Q. kelloggii</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R92">Lynch <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>).</p><p id="P210"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>, Coast range of north-central California southward to northern Baja California, with <italic>Q. kelloggii</italic> extending as far north as Eugene, Oregon (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R92">Lynch <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>).</p><p id="P211"><italic>Notes</italic>: Phylogenetically, <italic>D. agrifolia</italic> is distinct from but closely related to <italic>D. mutila. Diplodia agrifolia</italic> differs from <italic>D. mutila</italic> in the conidia that are longer and wider than <italic>D. mutila</italic>. Conidia of <italic>D. agrifolia</italic> are hyaline and aseptate, but most become dark brown and 1-septate before discharge from pycnidia, whereas conidia of <italic>D. mutila</italic> are hyaline, aseptate, rarely becoming pale brown and 1-septate with age.</p><p id="P212"><bold><italic>Diplodia alatafructa</italic></bold> Mehl & Slippers, Mycologia 103: 542. 2011. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB513498&link_type=mb">MB513498</ext-link>. See Mehl <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R102">2011</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P213"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> on both pine needles and host material stromatic, superficial, unilocular, dark brown to black, mostly solitary, more or less globose/circular, covered with mycelium/hyphae, wall composed of three layers; an outer thick-walled dark brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, a middle layer of light brown to reddish brown thin-walled cells, and an inner layer of hyaline thin-walled cells, (114-)130-155(-160) μm diam (av. of 50 conidioma = 141.4 μm). <italic>Ostiole</italic> central, circular. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, discrete, spherical to cylindrical, proliferating percurrently to form two or three distinct annellations, or proliferating at same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, (10-)12.5-18(-23) × (8-)11-14(-15.5) μm (av. of 40 conidiogenous cells = 15.4 × 12.5 μm). <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline becoming pigmented and dark brown with age, unicellular, rarely septate or biseptate, rarely striate, ellipsoid to obovoid, thick-walled, granular, rounded at apices, eguttulate, smooth, (22.5-)24.5-29(-33) × (9.5-)11-14(-16) μm (av. of 50 conidia = 26.9 × 12.4 μm).</p><p id="P214"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> with fluffy mycelium, initially white to amber in the centre turning dark amber within 7 d and becoming white to dark amber, almost olivaceous with age; submerged mycelium (reverse) same except becoming white to dark amber, almost olivaceous, at the periphery, and olivaceous in the centre with age. Optimum temperature for growth 25 °C.</p><p id="P215"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Mpumalanga Province, Sudwala Caves area, from a stem wound on <italic>P. angolensis</italic>, Dec. 2005, J.W.M. Mehl & J. Roux, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 60337.</p><p id="P216"><italic>Culture</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124931&link_type=cbs">CBS 124931</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P217"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Pterocarpus angolensis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R102">Mehl <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P218"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R102">Mehl <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P219"><italic>Note</italic>: See notes to <italic>D. pseudoseriata</italic>.</p><p id="P220"><bold><italic>Diplodia allocellula</italic></bold> Jami, Gryzenh., Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Cryptogamie Mycol. 33: 257. 2012. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB564140&link_type=mb">MB564140</ext-link>. See Jami <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">2012</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P221"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> immersed on MEA, solitary, globose, brown, up to 100 μm diam. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, smooth, unicellular, cylindrical to sub-cylindrical, hyaline (4-)4.5-5(-5.5) × (10.5-)13.5-23.5(-27.5) μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth with fine granular contents, apex rounded, base truncate, thick-walled, aseptate, initially hyaline, becoming dark brown, aseptate (20-)21.5-25(-30) × (9-)10-12.5(-14.5) μm.</p><p id="P222"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Gauteng Province, Pretoria, from branch of <italic>Acacia karroo</italic> with dieback, Nov. 2009, M. Gryzenhout & F. Jami, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 60701.</p><p id="P223"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130408&link_type=cbs">CBS 130408</ext-link> (ex-type) <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130409&link_type=cbs">CBS 130409</ext-link>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130410&link_type=cbs">CBS 130410</ext-link> (paratype).</p><p id="P224"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Acacia karroo</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">Jami <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P225"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: South Africa (Gauteng Province) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">Jami <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P226"><italic>Notes</italic>: Phylogenetically <italic>D. allocellula</italic> falls within the group of species with conidia that become brown and aseptate at an early stage of their development. Morphologically it is most similar to <italic>D. seriata</italic> and <italic>D. alatafructa/D. pseudoseriata</italic> but can be distinguished from these species on account of its generally smaller conidia.</p><p id="P227"><bold><italic>Diplodia bulgarica</italic></bold> A.J.L. Phillips, J. Lopes & S.G. Bobev, Persoonia 29: 33. 2012. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB19632&link_type=mb">MB19632</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">Fig 18</xref>.</p><fig id="F18" position="float"><label>Fig. 18.</label><caption><p><italic>Diplodia bulgarica</italic>. A. Culture grown on PDA. B. Conidiomata developing on pine needles in culture. C. Conidioma on pine needles oozing conidia. D-G. Conidiogenous cells with developing conidia. H. Pale brown, aseptate conidia. I. Pale brown, aseptate conidia and one 2-celled conidium. J, K. Brown conidium in two focal planes showing the finely verruculose inner surface of the wall. Scale bars: B = 0.5 mm, C = 200 μm, D-I = 10 μm, J, K, = 5 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig18"></graphic></fig><p id="P228"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, produced on pine needles on WA after 7-21 d, solitary, immersed, partially erumpent when mature, dark brown to black, globose to ovoid, up to 600 μm diam and 700 μm high, wall composed of an outer layer of dark brown, thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, a middle layer of dark brown thin-walled cells, an inner layer of thin-walled hyaline cells. <italic>Ostiole</italic> central, circular, papillate. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, cylindrical, holoblastic, forming a single conidium at the tip, discrete, smooth, indeterminate, proliferating internally giving rise to periclinal thickenings, or proliferating percurrently to form 1-5 annellations, 9-18 × 2-5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> aseptate, smooth, thick-walled, oblong to ovoid, straight, both ends broadly rounded, (22.5-)24-27(-28) × (14.5-)15.5-18(-18.5) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 25.0-25.7 × 16.6-17.0 μm (av. ± S.D. of 50 conidia = 25.4 ± 1.2 × 16.8 ± 0.7 μm), L/W ratio = 1.5.</p><p id="P229"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Bulgaria</bold>, Plovdiv, on dead twigs of <italic>Malus sylvestris</italic>, 2005, S.G. Bobev, <bold>holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20189&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20189</ext-link> (a dried culture of <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124254&link_type=cbs">CBS 124254</ext-link> grown on pine needles).</p><p id="P230"><italic>Culture</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124254&link_type=cbs">CBS 124254</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P231"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Malus</italic> spp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R138">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P232"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Bulgaria, Iran (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R138">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P233"><italic>Notes</italic>: This species is morphologically distinct from all other <italic>Diplodia</italic> species reported from apples. Conidia are shorter and wider than both <italic>D. malorum</italic> and <italic>D. intermedia</italic>. Furthermore, the conidia are distinctive in that they become pale brown soon after they are formed. Phylogenetically this species is closely related to <italic>D. cupressi</italic> and <italic>D. tsugae</italic>.</p><p id="P234"><bold><italic>Diplodia corticola</italic></bold> A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & J. Luque, Mycologia 96: 603. 2004. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB488568&link_type=mb">MB488568</ext-link>. Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">19</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F20">20</xref>.</p><fig id="F19" position="float"><label>Fig. 19.</label><caption><p><italic>Diplodia corticola</italic>. A. Ascomata partially erumpent through the host bark. B. Multilocular ascoma cut through horizontally revealing the brilliant white contents. C. Vertical section through an ascoma showing the thick wall and three locules opening through periphysate ostioles. D, E. Ascus tip as seen by interference contrast (D) and phase contrast (E) showing the well-developed apical chamber. F. Mature ascus containing ascospores, several immature asci and pseudoparaphyses. G. Pseudoparaphyses. H-J. Ascospores. K, L. Brown, 2-septate ascospores. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B = 500 μm, C = 100 μm, D, E, G = 10 μm, F = 20 μm, H-L = 5 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig19"></graphic></fig><fig id="F20" position="float"><label>Fig. 20.</label><caption><p><italic>Diplodia corticola</italic>. A. Sectioned conidiomata showing thick wall and three locules. B, C. Percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells in surface view (B) and optical section (C) with annellations arrowed. D. Phialide with periclinal thickenings. E. Conidia. F. Brown and septate conidia. Scale bars: A = 100 μm, B-F = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig20"></graphic></fig><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Botryosphaeria corticola</italic> A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & J. Luque, Mycologia 96: 603. 2004.</p></list-item></list><p id="P235"><italic>Pseudothecia</italic> stromatic, immersed, partially erumpent when mature, dark brown to black, more or less circular, up 1 mm diam, multiloculate, individual locules 200-300 μm diam, thick-walled, wall composed of outer layers of thick-walled, dark brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, inner layers of thin-walled, hyaline <italic>textura angularis. Ostiole</italic> circular, central, papillate, periphysate. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> hyaline, branched, septate, 2-3 μm wide. <italic>Asci</italic> clavate, stipitate, bitunicate, containing eight, biseriate ascospores, 160-250 × 30-35 μm (including stipe). <italic>Ascospores</italic> broadly fusiform to rhomboid, widest in the middle, both ends obtuse, hyaline, moderately thick-walled (ca. 1 μm), smooth-walled, aseptate, rarely becoming light brown and 1-2-septate with age, (28.5-)30-38(-40.5) × (13-)14-18.5(-19) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 33.6-35 × 15.3-16.2 μm (av. ± S.D. of 90 ascospores = 34.3 ± 2.4 × 15.8 ± 1.5 μm), L/W ratio = 2.2. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> eustromatic, immersed, partially erumpent when mature, dark brown to black, more or less circular, up to 1 mm diam, multiloculate, individual locules 200-300 μm diam, wall composed of three layers, an outer of dark brown, thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, a middle layer of dark brown thin-walled cells, and an inner layer of thin-walled hyaline cells. <italic>Ostiole</italic> central, circular, papillate. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> reduced to conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, discrete, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, indeterminate, proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, or proliferating percurrently to form one or two indistinct annellations, 12-19(-24) × 4-6 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, aseptate, eguttulate or sometimes with a large central guttule, contents granular, smooth, thick-walled, oblong to cylindrical, straight, both ends broadly rounded, rarely becoming brown and septate when aged, (23.5-)26-34.5(-46) × (9-)12-16(-18.5) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 29.6-30.3 × 13.4-13.8 μm (av. ± S.D. of 250 conidia = 29.9 ± 2.5 × 13.6 ± 1.4 μm), L/W ratio = 2.2.</p><p id="P236"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> reaching 36-44 mm diam on PDA after 4 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 5 °C, max < 35 °C, opt 20-25 °C.</p><p id="P237"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Portugal</bold>, Beira Littoral, Requeixo near Aveiro, on dead branches of <italic>Quercus suber</italic>, Feb. 2002, A. Alves, <bold>holotype</bold> LISE 94839.</p><p id="P238"><italic>Culture</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112549&link_type=cbs">CBS 112549</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P239"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Quercus</italic> spp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>).</p><p id="P240"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Iberian Peninsula, Italy, N. America (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>).</p><p id="P241"><italic>Notes</italic>: Conidia of this species are larger than in any other species of <italic>Diplodia</italic>. Phylogenetically <italic>D. corticola</italic> groups with <italic>D. quercivora</italic> (also an oak pathogen) in a distinct clade. It is responsible for dieback and cankers on <italic>Q. suber</italic> and <italic>Q. ilex</italic> and has been implicated as contributing to the general decline of cork oaks in the Iberian Peninsula and other regions of the Mediterranean.</p><p id="P242"><bold><italic>Diplodia cupressi</italic></bold> A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Fungal Divers. 23: 9. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB510136&link_type=mb">MB510136</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F21">Fig. 21</xref>.</p><fig id="F21" position="float"><label>Fig. 21.</label><caption><p><italic>Diplodia cupressi</italic>. A. Conidiomata on host bark. B-E. Conidiogenous cells. F. Spermatogenous cells. G. Spermatia. H. Hyaline, aseptate conidia. I. Mature dark-walled, 1-septate conidia. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B, H = 10 μm. Scale bar of B applies to C-G. Scale bar of H applies to I.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig21"></graphic></fig><p id="P243"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> up to 300 μm diam, solitary, separate, uniloculate, dark brown to black, globose, ostiolate, wall composed of thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming thin-walled and hyaline toward the inner region. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> reduced to conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, smooth, holoblastic forming conidia at their tips, proliferating internally giving rise to periclinal thickenings or proliferating percurrently with 1-4 close or widely spaced annellations, formed from the inner wall of the pycnidium, 12.5-20 × 4-4.5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> thick-walled, wall up to 2 μm wide, ovoid with both ends rounded, aseptate, hyaline and remaining so for a long time, becoming brown and 1-septate after discharge from the pycnidia, (21.5-)23.5-28.5(-30.5) × (12-) 13.5-15(-16) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 24.4-25.4 × 13.9-14.5 μm, (av. ± S.D. of 50 conidia = 24.9 ± 1.9 × 14.2 ± 0.9 μm), L/W = 1.76. <italic>Spermatophores</italic> hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, up to 10 μm long, 2.5-3 μm wide. <italic>Spermatogenous cells</italic> discrete or integrated, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, holoblastic or proliferating via determinate phialides with periclinal thickening, 10-14 × 2-2.5 μm. <italic>Spermatia</italic> hyaline, smooth, aseptate, rod-shaped with rounded ends, 4-5 × 1.5 μm.</p><p id="P244"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Israel</bold>, Bet Dagan, dried culture from cankered stems of <italic>Cupressus sempervirens</italic>, 1986, Z. Solel, <bold>holotype</bold> IMI 303475.</p><p id="P245"><italic>Culture</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=168.87&link_type=cbs">CBS 168.87</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P246"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Cupressus</italic> and <italic>Juniperus</italic> spp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R181">Solel <italic>et al.</italic> 1987</xref>).</p><p id="P247"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Cyprus, Greece, Israel, Italy, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia, USA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R216">De Wet <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R181">Solel <italic>et al.</italic> 1987</xref>).</p><p id="P248"><italic>Notes</italic>: Solel <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R181">1987</xref>) considered this fungus to be a sub-population of <italic>Diplodia pinea</italic> and named it <italic>Diplodia pinea</italic> f. sp. <italic>cupressi</italic>. Swart <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R193">1993</xref>) challenged this assumption and showed that <italic>D. pinea</italic> f. sp. <italic>cupressi</italic> differed morphologically from <italic>D. pinea</italic> in terms of conidial dimensions, shape, colouration and this was supported by isozyme profiles. The observations of Swart <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R193">1993</xref>) were supported by ITS sequence data by Zhou & Stanosz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R226">2001</xref>). Finally, Alves <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">2006</xref>) introduced the name <italic>D. cupressi</italic> for the Cypress pathogen. This species is morphologically similar to <italic>D. mutila</italic> but the conidia of <italic>D. cupressi</italic> are wider than are typical for <italic>D. mutila</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">Alves <italic>et al</italic>. 2004</xref>).</p><p id="P249"><bold><italic>Diplodia intermedia</italic></bold> A.J.L. Phillips, J. Lopes & A. Alves, Persoonia 29: 33. 2012. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB19633&link_type=mb">MB19633</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F22">Fig. 22</xref>.</p><fig id="F22" position="float"><label>Fig. 22.</label><caption><p><italic>Diplodia intermedia</italic>. A. Culture grown on PDA. B. Conidiomata developing on pine needles in culture. C. Asci. D, E. Ascus, ascospores and pseudoparaphyses. F-I. Conidiogenous cells. J, K. Conidia in two focal planes to show finely verruculose inner surface of the wall. L, M. Conidia. N, O. Spermatia. Scale bars: B = 0.5 mm, C, D = 20 μm, E-M = 10 μm, N, O = 5 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig22"></graphic></fig><p id="P250"><italic>Ascomata</italic> unilocular, solitary or clustered, immersed, partially erumpent when mature, globose, up to 400 μm diam, dark brown to black, thick-walled, wall composed of outer layers of thick-walled, dark brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, inner layers of thin-walled, hyaline <italic>textura angularis. Ostiole</italic> central, circular, nonpapillate, periphysate. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> hyaline, branched, septate, constricted at the septum, 2-3 μm wide. <italic>Asci</italic> clavate, stipitate, bitunicate, containing eight ascospores biseriate in the ascus, 85-160 × 22-28 μm. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusiform, widest in the upper third, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, aseptate, 32-37(-40) × 6-8 μm. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, solitary or clustered, immersed in the host, partially erumpent at maturity, dark brown to black, ostiolate, nonpapillate, thick-walled, outer and inner layers composed of dark brown and thin-walled hyaline <italic>textura angularis</italic>, respectively. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, cylindrical, swollen at the base, discrete, producing a single conidium at the tip, indeterminate, proliferating internally giving rise to periclinal thickenings or proliferating percurrently forming 2-3 annellations. <italic>Conidia</italic> aseptate, ovoid, widest in the middle, with obtuse apex and truncate or rounded base, initially hyaline, becoming dark brown before release from the pycnidia, wall moderately thick, externally smooth, internally roughened, (24.5-)29-33.5(-37) × (10-)11-16(-17.5) μm, with 95 % confidence limits = 30.2-31.1 × 13-13.6 μm (av. ± S.D. of 150 conidia = 30.6 ± 1.9 × 13.3 ± 1.8 μm), L/W = 2.3. <italic>Spermatia</italic> hyaline, aseptate, smooth, oblong, ends rounded, 5.5-9.5 × 4-6.5 μm. <italic>Spermatogenous cells</italic> not seen.</p><p id="P251"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Portugal</bold>, Setúbal, Monte da Caparica, dead twigs of <italic>Malus sylvestris</italic>, Mar. 2006, A.J.L. Phillips, <bold>holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20190&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20190</ext-link>.</p><p id="P252"><italic>Culture</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124462&link_type=cbs">CBS 124462</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P253"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Cydonia, Malus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R138">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P254"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Portugal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R138">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P255"><italic>Notes</italic>: Phylogenetically this species is very closely related to <italic>D. sapinea</italic>. However, on account of its smaller conidia, apparent preference for <italic>Rosaceae</italic> hosts, and the distinct clade it forms in the ITS + EF1-α phylogenies, Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R138">2012</xref>) considered it to represent a distinct and separate species.</p><p id="P256"><bold><italic>Diplodia malorum</italic></bold> Fuckel, Jb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23-24: 395. 1870. MycoBank MB 246351. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F23">Fig. 23</xref>.</p><fig id="F23" position="float"><label>Fig. 23.</label><caption><p><italic>Diplodia malorum</italic>. A. Culture growing on PDA. B. Pycnidia formed on pine needles. C-E. Conidiogenous cells. F. Hyaline aseptate conidia. G. Hyaline and 1-septate brown conidia. H, I. Brown conidia at two different planes of focus to show the finely verruculose inner surface of the wall. Scale bars: B = 500 μm, C-I = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig23"></graphic></fig><p id="P257"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, immersed, erumpent, dark brown to black, aggregated, internally white, ostiolate, ostiole circular, central, short papilla. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> cylindrical, thin-walled, hyaline, holoblastic, indeterminate, proliferating at the same level to produce periclinal thickenings, or proliferating percurrently giving rise to 2-3 indistinct annellations. <italic>Conidia</italic> oblong with broadly rounded ends, smooth-walled, thick walled, hyaline, eguttulate, aseptate, becoming dark brown and 1-septate soon after release from the pycnidium, (24-)26-32(-36) × (12-)13-17.5(-18.5) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 28.0-28.3 × 14.3-14.5 μm (av. ± S.D. = 28.1 ± 2.4 ×14.4± 1.4 μm), L/W = 1.9.</p><p id="P258"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Rhineland, on <italic>Malus</italic> sp., 1870, J. Fuckel, Fuckel, Fungi rhenani N° 1706, <bold>holotype</bold> in G, <bold>isotypes</bold> K and M. <bold>Portugal</bold>, Setúbal, Monte da Caparica, <italic>Malus sylvestris</italic>, Feb. 2006, A.J.L. Phillips, <bold>epitype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-201888&link_type=cbs">CBS H-201888</ext-link>.</p><p id="P259"><italic>Culture</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124130&link_type=cbs">CBS 124130</ext-link> (ex-epitype).</p><p id="P260"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Malus</italic> spp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R138">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P261"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Germany, Portugal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R138">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P262"><italic>Notes</italic>: Since the time that it was introduced by Fuckel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R58">1870</xref>), the name <italic>D. malorum</italic> has been used infrequently, while the name <italic>D. mutila</italic> was applied to the apple pathogen. However, <italic>D. malorum</italic> is morphologically and phylogenetically distinct from <italic>D. mutila</italic>. The conidia are larger than those of <italic>D. mutila</italic> and they frequently become brown and 1-septate soon after discharge from the conidioma.</p><p id="P263"><bold><italic>Diplodia mutila</italic></bold> (Fr.) Mont., Ann. Sci. nat., sér. 2, 1: 302. 1834. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB201741&link_type=mb">MB201741</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F24">Fig. 24</xref>.</p><fig id="F24" position="float"><label>Fig. 24.</label><caption><p><italic>Diplodia mutila</italic>. A. Sectioned ascoma. B. Immature asci and pseudoparaphyses. C, D. Asci with ascospores. E, F. Ascospores. G. Conidiomata partially erumpent through host. H. Sectioned conidioma. I-L. Conidiogenous cells. M-P. Conidia. M. Hyaline, aseptate conidia of <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112553&link_type=cbs">CBS 112553</ext-link>. N. Pale brown, 1-septate conidia of <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112553&link_type=cbs">CBS 112553</ext-link>. O. Hyaline, aseptate conidia of BPI 599153. P. Hyaline, aseptate conidia of K(M) 99664. Scale bars: A = 100 μm, B = 10 μm, E, F = 10 μm, G = 500 μm, H = 100 μm, I, L = 10 μm, M = 10 μm. Scale bar in B applies to C, D. Scale bar in I applies to J, K. Scale bar in M applies to N-P.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig24"></graphic></fig><p id="P264"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Sphaeria mutila</italic> Fr., Syst. Mycol. (Lundae) 2: 424. 1823.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Physalospora mutila</italic> (Fr.) N.E. Stevens, Mycologia 28: 333. 1936.</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Botryosphaeria stevensii</italic> Shoemaker, Canad. J. Bot. 42: 1299. 1964.</p></list-item></list><p id="P265">Further synonyms are given by Stevens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R185">1933</xref>).</p><p id="P266"><italic>Ascomata</italic> unilocular, solitary or clustered, immersed, partially erumpent when mature, globose, up to 300 μm diam, dark brown to black, thick-walled, wall composed of outer layers of thick-walled, dark brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, inner layers of thin-walled, hyaline <italic>textura angularis. Ostiole</italic> central, circular, papillate, periphysate. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> hyaline, branched, septate, 2-3 μm wide. <italic>Asci</italic> clavate, stipitate, bitunicate, containing eight, biseriate ascospore, 100-160 × 14-22 μm (including stipe). <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusiform, widest in the middle, both ends obtuse, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, aseptate, rarely becoming light brown and 1-2-septate with age, (24.5-)28-35(-36) × (9.5-)10-13(-13.5) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 30.8-32.1 × 11.2-11.7 μm (av. ± S.D. of 50 ascospores = 31.5 ± 2.3 × 11.4 ± 0.9 μm), L/W = 2.8. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> solitary or aggregated in clusters of up to five or more, immersed, partially erumpent when mature, dark brown to black, more or less globose, up to 600 μm diam, wall composed of three layers, an outer of dark brown, thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, a middle layer of dark brown thin-walled cells, an inner layer of thin-walled hyaline cells. <italic>Ostiole</italic> central, circular, papillate. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, discrete, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, indeterminate, proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, or proliferating percurrently to form one or two indistinct annellations, 11-15 × 4-5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, aseptate, smooth, thick-walled, oblong to ovoid, straight, both ends broadly rounded, rarely becoming pale brown and septate when aged, (23.5-)24.5-27(-27.5) × (12.5-)13-14(-14.5) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 25.1-25.7 × 13.2-13.5 μm (av. ± S.D. of 50 conidia = 25.4 ± 1.0 × 13.4 ± 0.5 μm), L/W ratio = 1.9.</p><p id="P267"><italic>Type</italic>: of <italic>Physalospora mutila</italic> (designated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>): <bold>UK</bold>, England, Cornwall, Saltash, on bark of <italic>Malus</italic> sp., 22 Aug. 1935, N.E. Stevens, <italic>lectotype</italic> BPI 599153. Of <italic>Diplodia mutila</italic>: <bold>France</bold>, Ardenne, Sedan, on bark of <italic>Populus nigra</italic>, date unknown, <italic>Montagne</italic> sp., <bold>isotype</bold> K(M)99664.</p><p id="P268"><italic>Cultures</italic>: No ex-type, or authentic cultures of either state are known. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112553&link_type=cbs">CBS 112553</ext-link> has been regarded, unofficially, as a standard isolate of <italic>D. mutila</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>, Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2008).</p><p id="P269"><italic>Hosts</italic>: While Farr <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R54">2013</xref>) list 55 hosts for <italic>D. mutila</italic> it is now clear that many of the earlier reports of this fungus could be misidentifications (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R81">Lazzizera <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R138">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). The following are confirmed hosts: <italic>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Fraxinus, Malus, Populus, Taxus baccata, Vitis vinifera</italic>.</p><p id="P270"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: England, France, Italy, Portugal, South Africa, USA (California).</p><p id="P271"><italic>Notes</italic>: The taxonomic history of <italic>D. mutila</italic> and the controversy surrounding the characters that define this fungus have been explained by Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">1980</xref>) and Alves <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">2004</xref>). However, in the interests of presenting a comprehensive analysis, these explanations are repeated here.</p><p id="P272">Fries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R56">1823</xref>) described <italic>Sphaeria mutila</italic> and distributed two exsiccati under that name as <italic>Scler. Suec.</italic> 164 and 385. Alves <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">2004</xref>) examined material of these two exsiccati in STR and found both to be devoid of spores. Stevens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R185">1933</xref>) and Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">1980</xref>) also reported that these two exsiccati in BPI and K had no spores. Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">1980</xref>) reported that 164 was an ascomycete of the <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> type and pointed out that <italic>Sphaeria mutila</italic> should be adopted for the ascomycetous element it represents. Montagne sent Fries a fungus that was identified as <italic>S. mutila</italic>. The record was listed under <italic>S. mutila</italic> Fr. by Montagne (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R110">1834</xref>) with the note that this species would become the type of a new genus, <italic>Diplodia,</italic> later characterised by Fries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R57">1849</xref>). Therefore, the name of the pycnidial fungus dates from Montagne (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R110">1834</xref>); it is typified by his material and the correct citation is <italic>Diplodia mutila</italic> Fr. in Montagne (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R110">1834</xref>).</p><p id="P273">Montagne distributed this fungus in his exsiccatus No. 498. According to Françoise Deluzarche of the Institut de Botanique, Strasbourg, France, no material of this could be found in STR (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>). However, according to Alves <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">2004</xref>), Montagne’s specimen of <italic>D. mutila</italic> in Kew, K(M)99664 (isotype), agrees in all aspects with Stevens’ (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R185">1933</xref>) account of Montagne’s exs. 498 but differs from the description given by Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">1980</xref>). While Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">1980</xref>) referred to the conidia as initially hyaline with a large central guttule, later becoming dark brown and medianly one eusepate, Alves <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">2004</xref>) reported that the vast majority of conidia in K(M)99664 are hyaline and aseptate, although pale brown and one- or two-septate conidia are seen rarely. The conidia usually have a large central guttule. Furthermore, the dimensions that Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">1980</xref>) reported (27-31 × 12-13.5 μm) are somewhat larger than Alves <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">2004</xref>) found (23.5-27.5 × 12-14 μm). Stevens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R185">1933</xref>) reported the conidia as (20-)25-27 × 10-12(-16) μm.</p><p id="P274">In the original description, Montagne (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R110">1834</xref>) described the conidia as “Asci [conidia] elliptico-oblongi, didymi, sporidiis binis referti.” Stevens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R185">1933</xref>) studied slides of Montagne’s exsiccatus in STR and described the conidia as hyaline and aseptate with a thick smooth, glassy wall, although pale brown, 1-septate conidia sometimes were present. Both Shoemaker (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R167">1964</xref>) and Laundon (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R79">1973</xref>) agreed with Stevens’ concept. Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">1980</xref>), however, described the conidia as hyaline at first but becoming dark brown and 1-septate when mature. In his illustration of this species he depicts a predominance of dark conidia. Alves <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">2004</xref>) re-examined the isotype in K and concluded that the conidia are predominantly hyaline, although some are dark and 1-septate. The consensus was that conidia of <italic>D. mutila</italic> are (20-)25-27.5 × 10-12 μm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R185">Stevens 1933</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R167">Shoemaker 1964</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R79">Laundon 1973</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R170">Sivanesan 1984</xref>), but Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">1980</xref>) considered they can be up to 31 μm long.</p><p id="P275">Stevens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R186">1936</xref>) reported on the sexual morph of <italic>D. mutila</italic> that he found on apple and ash in England. The connection between this fungus and <italic>D. mutila</italic> was established through single ascospore isolations and Stevens applied the name <italic>Physalospora mutila</italic> (Fr.) N.E. Stevens. Shoemaker (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R167">1964</xref>) considered this to be a species of <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> and applied the new name <italic>B. stevensii</italic> Shoemaker because the name <italic>Botryosphaeria mutila</italic> was already taken. Stevens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R186">1936</xref>) referred to a specimen on cut sticks of <italic>Fraxinus excelsior</italic> as the type.</p><p id="P276">When Alves <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">2004</xref>) examined the type specimen of <italic>P. mutila</italic> in BPI 599151 they could find no ascomycete. There was, however, ample material of the sexual morph on BPI 599153, which is a specimen of <italic>P. mutila</italic> on apple collected by Stevens from the same locality and at the same time that he collected BPI 599151. Since this specimen conformed in all ways with the protologue, Alves <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">2004</xref>) designated this specimen as lectotype. Unfortunately, no ex-type cultures exist. The type host of <italic>P. mutila</italic> is <italic>Fraxinus excelsior</italic> whereas the type host of <italic>Diplodia mutila</italic> is a <italic>Populus</italic> sp.</p><p id="P277"><bold><italic>Diplodia olivarum</italic></bold> A.J.L. Phillips, Frisullo & Lazzizera, Fungal Divers. 31: 67. 2008. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB511402&link_type=mb">MB511402</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F25">Fig. 25</xref>.</p><fig id="F25" position="float"><label>Fig. 25.</label><caption><p><italic>Diplodia olivarum</italic>. A-C. Conidia developing on conidiogenous cells. D. Hyaline, aseptate conidia. E. Dark pigmented, one-septate conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig25"></graphic></fig><p id="P278"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, produced on pine needles on WA after 7-14 d, solitary, globose to ovoid, dark brown to black, up to 150 μm wide, wall composed of dark brown, thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming thin-walled and hyaline towards the inner region, semi-immersed to erumpent, unilocular, with a short neck. <italic>Ostiole</italic> circular, central. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline, cylindrical, 10-15 × 3.5-5 μm. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, cylindrical, holoblastic forming a single conidium at the tip, proliferating internally to form periclinal thickenings or proliferating percurrently giving rise to 2-3 annellations, 8-12 × 3-6 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, aseptate, smooth, thick-walled, oblong to oval, widest in the middle, apex broadly rounded, base rounded or truncate, rarely becoming pale brown, internally verruculose, 1-septate after discharge from the pycnidia, (21.5-)22-27.5(-28.5) × (10-)11-13.5(-14.5) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 23.9-24.8 × 12.2-12.7 μm, av. ± S.D. = 24.4 ± 1.6 × 12.4 ± 1 μm), L/W = 2.0.</p><p id="P279"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Italy</bold>, Puglia, Lecce, Scorrano, Basco Belvedere, on rotting drupes of <italic>Olea europaea</italic>, Dec. 2004, S. Frisullo, <bold>holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-19914&link_type=cbs">CBS H-19914</ext-link>.</p><p id="P280"><italic>Culture</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121887&link_type=cbs">CBS 121887</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P281"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Olea europaea</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R80">Lazzizera <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P282"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Italy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R80">Lazzizera <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), Spain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R64">Gramaje <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P283"><italic>Notes</italic>: This species is similar to <italic>D. mutila</italic> but the two can be distinguished based on minor differences in the dimensions of their conidia. Although the ranges of dimensions overlap considerably, mean dimensions of conidia of <italic>D. olivarum</italic> are smaller than <italic>D. mutila</italic>.</p><p id="P284"><bold><italic>Diplodia pseudoseriata</italic></bold> C.A. Pérez, Blanchette, Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Fungal Divers. 41: 63. 2010. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB513545&link_type=mb">MB513545</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">Fig. 26</xref>.</p><fig id="F26" position="float"><label>Fig. 26.</label><caption><p><italic>Diplodia pseudoseriata</italic>. A, B. Conidiogenous cells. C-G. Conidia. The conidium in C, D is shown at two different focal planes revealing the ornamentation on the inner surface of the conidium wall. Scale bar A = 10 μm. Scale bar in A applies to B-G.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig26"></graphic></fig><p id="P285"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> (formed in culture on sterilised pine needles) semi-immersed or superficial, solitary, globose, black, covered by mycelium, up to 430 μm diam. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> cylindrical, discrete, producing a single conidium at the tip, with no evident annellations. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline becoming dark brown, wall externally smooth, roughened on the inner surface, sometimes 1-septate, ovoid, apex obtuse, base truncate, (23-)25.5-26.5(-30.5) × (10-)11.5-12(-14) μm.</p><p id="P286"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Uruguay</bold>, Paysandu, Guaviyu, isolated from asymptomatic twig of <italic>Blepharocalyx salicifolius</italic>, Aug. 2006, C. Pérez, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 60264.</p><p id="P287"><italic>Culture</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124906&link_type=cbs">CBS 124906</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P288"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Acca sellowiana, Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Eugenia uniflora, Eugenia involucrata, Hexachlamis edulis, Myrceugenia euosma, Myrciaria tenella, Myrcianthes cisplatensis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R128">Pérez <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P289"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Uruguay (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R128">Pérez <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P290"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Diplodia pseudoseriata</italic> was described from native <italic>Myrtaceae</italic> trees in Uruguay (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R128">Pérez <italic>et al</italic>. 2010</xref>) while <italic>D. alatafructa</italic> was described from <italic>Pterocarpus angolensis</italic> in South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R102">Mehl <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>). In the phylogeny constructed by Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R138">2012</xref>) and in the present work, isolates of both of these species formed a cluster suggesting that they represent several phylogenetic species. Nevertheless, sequences of the ex-type isolates are divergent and indicate two separate species. Thus, it seems likely that either cultures or sequences of the other isolates of these two species have been mislabelled. Furthermore, the isolates in this cluster should be studied in detail to determine if they represent a complex of species.</p><p id="P291"><bold><italic>Diplodia quercivora</italic></bold> Linaldeddu & A.J.L. Phillips, Mycologia 105: 1269. 2013. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB801757&link_type=mb">MB801757</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F27">Fig 27</xref>.</p><fig id="F27" position="float"><label>Fig. 27.</label><caption><p><italic>Diplodia quercivora</italic>. A-H. Conidiogenous cells with developing conidia, arrows in D-H indicate periclinal thickenings. I. Hyaline, aseptate conidia. J. Hyaline, aseptate conidia and one pale brown conidium. K. Hyaline, aseptate conidium and one pale brown, one-septate conidium. Scale bar A = 5 μm. Scale bar in A applies to B-K.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig27"></graphic></fig><p id="P292"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, produced on poplar twigs on PDA within 14 d, superficial, dark brown to black, mostly uniloculate, solitary, globose, thick-walled, non-papillate with a central ostiole. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> not seen. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, sometimes slightly swollen at the base, holoblastic forming conidia at their tips, proliferating internally giving rise to periclinal thickenings, 9.1-13.5 × 3.5-6 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, aseptate, smooth, thick-walled, subcylindrical to oblong-elliptical, widest at the middle, both ends broadly rounded, rarely becoming brown and 1-septate with age, (23-)28(-30.5) × (11.5-)14(-14.5) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 27.7-28.5 × 12.9-13.2 μm (av. ± S.D. of 50 conidia = 28.1 ± 1.4 × 13.8 ± 0.6 μm), L/W = 2.16.</p><p id="P293"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Cardinal temperatures for growth: min < 5 °C, max > 35 °C and opt 20-25 °C. All isolates failed to grow at 40 °C, but mycelium resumed growth when plates were moved to 25 °C.</p><p id="P294"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Tunisia</bold>, Tabarka, isolated from branch cankers of <italic>Quercus canariensis</italic>, 20 Sep. 2006, B.T. Linaldeddu, <bold>holotype</bold> LISE 96110 (a dried culture sporulating on holm oak twigs).</p><p id="P295"><italic>Culture</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=133852&link_type=cbs">CBS 133852</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P296"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Quercus canariensis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R84">Linaldeddu <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>).</p><p id="P297"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: North-west Tunisia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R84">Linaldeddu <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>).</p><p id="P298"><italic>Note</italic>: <italic>Diplodia quercivora</italic> is similar to <italic>D. corticola</italic> but the two species are readily distinguishable by conidial shape and size.</p><p id="P299"><bold><italic>Diplodia rosulata</italic></bold> Gure, Slippers & Stenlid, Mycol. Res. 109: 1010. 2005. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB344348&link_type=mb">MB344348</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F28">Fig. 28</xref>.</p><fig id="F28" position="float"><label>Fig. 28.</label><caption><p><italic>Diplodia rosulata</italic>. A, B. Conidiogenous cells. C, D. Hyaline, aseptate conidia. E-H. Brown, one-septate conidia. Scale bar A = 10 μm. Scale bar in A applies to B-H.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig28"></graphic></fig><p id="P300"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> (formed on WA on sterilised pine needles and seeds after 45 d), pycnidial, stromatic, erumpent, solitary, globose with a central ostiole, papillate, wall composed of outer layers of thick-walled, dark brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming thin-walled and hyaline towards the inner layers. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, cylindrical, proliferating percurrently with indistinct annellations, 8-12 × 2-4 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> oval to ellipsoid or ovoid, ends obtuse, initially hyaline, aseptate, granular contents, wall 1.5-2 μm thick and smooth, often turning light brown and 1-septate after discharge, (21-)25-32(-36) × (10-)11-17.5(-19.5) μm (av. size of 106 conidia = 28 × 14.5 μm), L/W ratio = 1.93.</p><p id="P301"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> initially beige to whitish (upper surface), becoming greenish grey from above, bluish-grey with whitish centre from below, cultures partially translucent after 2 wk, becoming opaque after 3 wk. Colony margin forming a concentric ring after 3-4 d with smooth margins, followed by additional rings forming as small sectors along the circumference of the colony, creating a lobed rosette appearance after 4-5 d. Mycelium dense, forming an appressed mat, average growth rate approximately 7 and 8.5 mm filling the 9 cm Petri dishes within 12 and 10 d at 20 °C and 25 °C, respectively.</p><p id="P302"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Ethiopia</bold>, Southeastern Oromia, Gambo, Munessa-Shashamane Forest Enterprise, from seeds of <italic>Prunus africana</italic>, 20 Jul. 2001, A. Gure, <bold>holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-12357&link_type=cbs">CBS H-12357</ext-link>.</p><p id="P303"><italic>Culture</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116470&link_type=cbs">CBS 116470</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P304"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Prunus africana</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R67">Gure <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>).</p><p id="P305"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Ethiopia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R67">Gure <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>).</p><p id="P306"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Diplodia rosulata</italic> has a distinct rosulate colony morphology, which separates it from all other <italic>Diplodia</italic> spp. including the closely related <italic>D. africana</italic> and <italic>D. olivarum</italic>. Iranian isolates of <italic>D. bulgarica</italic> have also rosulate colonies, but the conidia of <italic>D. rosulata</italic> (28 × 14.5 μm, L/W = 1.93) are longer and narrower than those of <italic>D. bulgarica</italic> (25.4 × 16.8 μm, L/W = 1.5).</p><p id="P307"><bold><italic>Diplodia sapinea</italic></bold> (Fr.) Fuckel, J. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23-24: 393. 1870. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB146913&link_type=mb">MB146913</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F29">Fig. 29</xref>.</p><fig id="F29" position="float"><label>Fig. 29.</label><caption><p><italic>Diplodia sapinea</italic>. A. Annellate conidiogenous cells. B-E. Conidia developing on conidiogenous cells. F-I. Conidia, the ones in H have up to 2 septa. J, K. Conidium in two different focal planes to show verruculose inner side of the wall. Scale bars = 10 μm. Scale bar in A applies to B. Scale bar in C applies to D-K.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig29"></graphic></fig><p id="P308"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Sphaeria sapinea</italic> Fr., Syst. Mycol. 2: 491. 1823.</p><p id="P309">Synonyms see Sutton & Dyko (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R190">1989</xref>).</p><p id="P310"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, globose, immersed, sometimes appearing superficial, separate or aggregated, dark brown to black, unilocular, 0.3-0.5 mm diam, wall 6-8 layers, 30-60 μm thick, outer wall of dark brown thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells darker around the the ostiole. <italic>Ostiole</italic> central, circular single. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> lageniform to cylindrical, occasionally proliferating percurrently, discrete, indeterminate, hyaline, smooth, arising from the inner wall of the locule, 8.5-15 × 4-7.5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> oblong to clavate, straight to slightly curved, at first aseptate, sometimes much later becoming 1-euseptate, walls 0.5-1 μm thick, outer surface of wall smooth, or appearing pitted, apex obtuse, base truncate, (25.5-)30.5-52.5(-54) × (10-)12.5-20(-21) μm (av. ± S.D. of 200 conidia = 40.8 ± 4.9 × 15.5 ± 2.1 μm).</p><p id="P311"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Sweden</bold>, Suecia Smaland, Femsjo, on <italic>Pinus</italic> sp., E. Fries, <italic>Scleromyceti Sueciae Exsiccati</italic> No 126, <italic>Sphaeria sapinea</italic> Fries, <bold>lectotype</bold>: B, <bold>isotypes</bold>: G, K, E, UPS, C, BR, FH. <bold>The Netherlands</bold>, Gelderland, Schovenhorst, Putten, Pinetum, on cones of <italic>Pinus nigra</italic>, June 1984, H.A. van der Aa. <bold>epitype designated here</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-18340&link_type=cbs">CBS H-18340</ext-link>; MBT176178, culture ex-epitype <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=393.84&link_type=cbs">CBS 393.84</ext-link>.</p><p id="P312"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=393.84&link_type=cbs">CBS 393.84</ext-link> (ex-epitype), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109725&link_type=cbs">CBS 109725</ext-link>.</p><p id="P313"><italic>Hosts</italic>: Host range includes <italic>Abies, Larix, Picea, Thuja, Pseudotsuga</italic>, and 33 species of <italic>Pinus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R119">Palmer <italic>et al.</italic> 1987</xref>).</p><p id="P314"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Worldwide wherever pines are grown (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R119">Palmer <italic>et al.</italic> 1987</xref>).</p><p id="P315"><italic>Notes</italic>: The history of this species has been explained by Sutton & Dyko (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R190">1989</xref>). Briefly, the pine pathogen was known for many years as <italic>Diplodia pinea</italic> (Desm.) Kickx. and later as <italic>Sphaeropsis sapinea</italic> (Fr.) Dyko & Sutton. According to Sutton & Dyko (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R190">1989</xref>) <italic>S. sapinea</italic> is based on <italic>Sphaeria sapinea</italic> Fr. and they proposed the specimen of Fries exsiccata in B as lectotype. Sutton & Dyko (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R190">1989</xref>) give extensive synonymies for <italic>S. sapinea</italic> including <italic>Diplodia pinea</italic>. We examined <italic>Sphaeria pinea</italic> Desm. (Desmaziéres No 1277 in PC) and found that the conidia are smaller (25-32 × 12-15 μm) than those reported by Sutton & Dyko (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R190">1989</xref>) for the type of <italic>S. sapinea</italic> and thus they represent two distinct species. Furthermore, average conidial dimensions of the common pine pathogen fall within the range of 33-39 × 11.5-13 μm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R119">Palmer <italic>et al.</italic> 1987</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R192">Swart <italic>et al.</italic> 1991</xref>), thus corresponding to <italic>S. sapinea</italic>. Therefore we consider that the correct name to apply to the common pine pathogen is <italic>Diplodia sapinea</italic> based on <italic>Sphaeria sapinea</italic>.</p><p id="P316">Differences in colony appearance and growth rate were reported for isolates of <italic>D. sapinea</italic> from the north central United States and these two colony types were referred to as morphotypes A and B (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R119">Palmer <italic>et al.</italic> 1987</xref>). Isolates of the A morphotype were described as producing fluffy, white to grey-green mycelium and faster growth on PDA than isolates of the B morphotypes which produced white to black mycelium closely appressed to the agar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R119">Palmer <italic>et al.</italic> 1987</xref>). Other differences between the two morphotypes have been suggested including differences in radial growth, conidial dimensions and conidial septation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R119">Palmer <italic>et al.</italic> 1987</xref>), and texture of the conidium wall (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R214">Wang <italic>et al.</italic>1985</xref>). However, each of these differences has been shown to vary substantially within each group, or to be similar for each group. Nevertheless, according to Palmer <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R119">1987</xref>) conidia of type A isolates are larger than conidia of type B isolates. They also considered that although conidia of both morphotypes were mostly aseptate, when septa were present the type B isolates had up to three septa while the type A isolates only ever formed a single septum.</p><p id="P317">De Wet <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R217">2002</xref>) used RAPD markers and morphological characters to distinguish a third morphotype, which they referred to as the C morphotype. The C morphotypes had considerably larger conidia than the A morphotypes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R217">De Wet <italic>et al</italic>. 2002</xref>) and were significantly more virulent than the A and B morphotypes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R217">De Wet <italic>et al</italic>. 2002</xref>). Also see the notes for <italic>D. scrobiculata</italic> below.</p><p id="P318"><bold><italic>Diplodia scrobiculata</italic></bold> J. de Wet, Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Mycol. Res. 107: 562. 2003. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB372427&link_type=mb">MB372427</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F30">Fig. 30</xref>.</p><fig id="F30" position="float"><label>Fig. 30.</label><caption><p><italic>Diplodia scrobiculata</italic>. A, B. Conidiogenous layer with developing conidia. C. Conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. Scale bar in A applies to B and C.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig30"></graphic></fig><p id="P319"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, covered in mycelium, dark, immersed in pine needles or in the agar, single, papillate ostiole, (100-)150(-250) μm diam. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> discrete, dark, smooth, 10 mm in diameter, holoblastic with limited percurrent proliferation forming a small number of annellations. <italic>Conidia</italic> clavate to truncate, dark mouse grey, (37.5-)39.5(-41.5) × (13-)14(-15.5) μm, 1-3 septa, thick, pitted walls (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R214">Wang <italic>et al.</italic> 1985</xref>).</p><p id="P320"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> pale mouse-grey to mouse-grey viewed from the top of the Petri dish, dark mouse-grey to fuscous black viewed from the bottom of the Petri dish, colonies with sinuate edges. Optimal growth at 25 °C, covering the medium surface (9 cm Petri dishes) in 8 d. Mycelium dark, septate, appressed to the agar surface.</p><p id="P321"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>, Wisconsin, Jackson County, <italic>Pinus banksiana</italic>, 1987, M.A. Palmer, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 57461.</p><p id="P322"><italic>Cultures</italic>: CMW 189 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118110&link_type=cbs">CBS 118110</ext-link> (ex-type). Other authentic culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117836&link_type=cbs">CBS 117836</ext-link>.</p><p id="P323"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Pinus banksiana, P. resinosa</italic>, and <italic>P. greggii</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R215">De Wet <italic>et al</italic>. 2003</xref>).</p><p id="P324"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Europe (France, Italy), Mexico and, USA (California, Minnesota, Wisconsin) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R215">De Wet <italic>et al</italic>. 2003</xref>).</p><p id="P325"><italic>Notes</italic>: The differences in morphology and behaviour of the various morphotypes of <italic>D. sapinea</italic> were considered insufficient to justify separation into distinct species. However, De Wet <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R215">2003</xref>) showed that differences in partial sequences of six protein coding genes and six microsatellite markers were consistent between the A and B morphotypes and they considered this to be sufficient evidence to consider them as two distinct species. On this basis they described the B morphotypes as <italic>Diplodia scrobiculata</italic>, while the A and C morphotypes were regarded as <italic>Diplodia pinea</italic>, now treated as <italic>D. sapinea</italic>.</p><p id="P326"><bold><italic>Diplodia seriata</italic></bold> De Not., Micr. Ital. Dec. 4: 6. 1942. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB180468&link_type=mb">MB180468</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F31">Fig. 31</xref>.</p><fig id="F31" position="float"><label>Fig. 31.</label><caption><p><italic>Diplodia seriata</italic>. A-C. Asci with ascospores. D. Sectioned conidioma. E, F. Conidia developing on conidiogenous cells, one conidium in F is starting to become coloured. G, H. Brown, aseptate conidia. Scale bars: A = 20 μm, B, C = 10 μm, D = 50 μm, E-H = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig31"></graphic></fig><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Sphaeria obtusa</italic> Schwein., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. II, 4: 220. 1832.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Physalospora obtusa</italic> (Schwein.) Cooke, Grevillea 20: 86. 1892.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Botryosphaeria obtusa</italic> (Schwein.) Shoemaker, Canad. J. Bot. 42: 1298. 1964.</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Diplodia pseudodiplodia</italic> Fuckel, Jb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23-24: 393. 1870.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Physalospora cydoniae</italic> G. Arnaud, Annals d’École National d’Agric. de Montpellier, Série 2, 12(1): 9. 1911.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Physalospora malorum</italic> Shear, N.E. Stevens & Wilcox, J. Agric. Res. 28: 596. 1924.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Diplodia profusa</italic> De Not., Micr. Ital. Dec. 4: No 8. 1842.</p></list-item></list><p id="P327"><italic>Ascomata</italic> stromatic, immersed, solitary to botryose up to 3 mm wide. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate, 90-120 × 17μm. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> hyaline, branched, septate, 2-3 μm wide. <italic>Asci</italic> clavate, stipitate, bitunicate, containing eight, biseriate ascospores, 95-100 × 15-20 μm (including stipe). <italic>Ascospores</italic> irregularly biseriate in the ascus, broadly fusoid, widest in the middle, smooth, hyaline, aseptate, 25-33 × 7-12 μm. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, separate or aggregated and confluent, immersed in the host, partially emergent at maturity, dark brown to black, ostiolate, non-papillate, thick-walled, outer layers composed of dark brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, inner layers of thin-walled hyaline <italic>textura angularis. Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, cylindrical, swollen at the base, discrete, producing a single conidium at the tip, indeterminate, proliferating internally giving rise to periclinal thickenings or proliferating percurrently forming 2-3 annellations, 3-5.5 × 7-10(-15) μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline, becoming dark brown, moderately thick-walled (ca. 0.5 μm thick), wall externally smooth, roughened on the inner surface, aseptate, ovoid, widest in the middle, apex obtuse, base truncate or rounded, (21.5-)22-27(-28) × (11-)11.5-14.5(-15.5) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 24.3-25.4 × 12-6-13.2 μm (av. ± S.D. of 50 conidia = 24.9 ± 1.9 × 12.9 ± 1.1 μm), L/W = 1.9.</p><p id="P328"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Italy</bold>, on dead stems of <italic>Jasminium</italic> sp., 18 Aug. 1837, De Notaris, <bold>holotype</bold> HERB RO. <bold>Portugal</bold>, Montemor-o-Novo, on dead stems of <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic>, 31 Jul. 1997, A.J.L. Phillips, <bold>epitype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-19809&link_type=cbs">CBS H-19809</ext-link>.</p><p id="P329"><italic>Culture</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112555&link_type=cbs">CBS 112555</ext-link> (ex-epitype).</p><p id="P330"><italic>Hosts</italic>: Apparently plurivorous.</p><p id="P331"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Apparently worldwide.</p><p id="P332"><italic>Notes</italic>: The connection between the sexual and asexual morph was established by Hesler (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R70">1916</xref>) and confirmed by Shear, Stevens and Wilcox (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R163">1925</xref>) and Stevens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R186">1936</xref>). When Shoemaker transferred this name to <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> he decided not to apply a name to the asexual morph and for many years it was referred to as <italic>B. obtusa</italic>. After Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (2005) transferred this species to <italic>Diplodia</italic>, no valid name was available.</p><p id="P333">A great deal of controversy has surrounded the correct name for this fungus. Peck (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R126">1881</xref>) found what he considered to be the conidial state of this species in New York, and reported it as <italic>Sphaeropsis malorum</italic> (Berk.) Berk. According to Stevens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R185">1933</xref>), <italic>S. malorum</italic> (Berk.) Berk. is a synonym of <italic>Diplodia mutila</italic> Fr., which has hyaline conidia. Stevens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R185">1933</xref>) studied Peck’s collection and confirmed that the conidia are dark and aseptate.</p><p id="P334">This fungus has also been referred to as <italic>S. malorum</italic> Peck. This name came about when Saccardo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R157">1884</xref>) transferred <italic>S. malorum</italic> (Berk.) Berk. to the genus <italic>Phoma</italic> on account of its hyaline conidia. Because Peck’s collection had brown conidia, Saccardo considered it not the same as Berkley’s collection, and used the name <italic>S. malorum</italic> Peck. Thus, Peck did not name a new species and even if he had proposed the name <italic>S. malorum</italic> in 1880, it would be an illegitimate later homonym of <italic>S. malorum</italic> (Berk.) Berk. (1860). Since <italic>S. malorum</italic> Peck is illegitimate and <italic>S. malorum</italic> (Berk.) Berk. is a synonym of <italic>D. mutila,</italic> neither of these names can be used for this species.</p><p id="P335">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R175">2007</xref>) initially regarded <italic>Diplodia malorum</italic> Fuckel to be a more appropriate name for this fungus. However, after studying the type specimen in G (Fungi rhenani 1706) they rejected this possibility. Therefore, <italic>D. malorum</italic> is not the asexual morph of “<italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>” <italic>obtusa</italic>. Finally, through a study of type specimens Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R136">2007</xref>) determined that <italic>D. seriata</italic> was the oldest name available for the asexual morph of what had been referred to as“<italic>B.</italic>” <italic>obtusa</italic>.</p><p id="P336"><bold><italic>Diplodia tsugae</italic></bold> (A. Funk) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, Persoonia 29: 35. 2012. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB801409&link_type=mb">MB801409</ext-link>. See Funk (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R59">1964</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P337"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Botryosphaeria tsugae</italic> A. Funk, Canad. J. Bot. 42: 770. 1964.</p><p id="P338"><italic>Ascomata</italic> pseudothecial, black, globose or subglobose, immersed, uniloculate, with a short apical beak which becomes ostiolate and breaks through the periderm, 360-540 μm diam, wall pseudoparenchymatous, large-celled, 60-70 μm thick. <italic>Asci</italic> clavate, short-stalked, bitunicate, formed between pseudoparaphyses, 140-180 × 30-36 μm. <italic>Ascospores</italic> ellipsoid to fusoid-ellipsoid, sometimes inequilateral, one-celled, hyaline, 42-47 × 13-18 μm. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, black, immersed, globose or subglobose, uniloculate, with a short papilla which breaks through the periderm, 400-540 μm diam, wall pseudoparenchymatous, 35-45 μm thick. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> simple, bearing a single conidium at the tip. <italic>Conidia</italic> oblong to ovoid, one-celled, hyaline, 36-41 × 18-22 μm.</p><p id="P339"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Canada</bold>, British Columbia, near Coola (Snootli Creek), on branches of <italic>Tsuga heterophylla</italic>, 11 Sep. 1963, A. Funk, <bold>holotype</bold> DAVFP 15485. Lake Cowichan, 1 Nov. 1962, A. Funk, <bold>isotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-6790&link_type=cbs">CBS H-6790</ext-link>.</p><p id="P340"><italic>Culture</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=418.64&link_type=cbs">CBS 418.64</ext-link> = IMI 197143 (ex-isotype).</p><p id="P341"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Tsuga heterophylla</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R59">Funk 1964</xref>).</p><p id="P342"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Canada (British Columbia) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R59">Funk 1964</xref>).</p><p id="P343"><italic>Notes</italic>: When Funk (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R59">1964</xref>) introduced <italic>B. tsugae</italic> he did not name the asexual morph, but referred to it as a species of <italic>Macrophoma</italic>. However, morphologically and phylogenetically it is undoubtedly a species in <italic>Diplodia</italic> and for this reason Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R138">2012</xref>) transferred it to <italic>Diplodia</italic> as <italic>D. tsugae</italic>.</p><p id="P344"><bold><italic>Dothiorella</italic></bold> Sacc., Michelia 2: 5. 1880. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB8098&link_type=mb">MB8098</ext-link>. <italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>Dothiorella pyrenophora</italic> Sacc., Michelia 2: 5. 1880.</p><p id="P345"><italic>Ascomata</italic> immersed becoming erumpent, finally appearing superficial, usually aggregated, often in rows or in small rounded groups, at times connected at sides, globose, sphaeroid or ovoid, medium sized, rarely small; apex rounded, with short or well developed papilla, often opening widely by rounded ostiole, lined with hyaline cells; surface smooth or roughened with protruding cells or bearing short to elongate hyphal appendages; peridium wide, composed externally of rows of large, brown-walled, pseudoparenchymatous cells, often blackened over surface, internally of more compressed rows of pallid cells, at times wedge-shaped groups of cells extending from lower sides, or basal portion of peridium thickened and hypostromatic, hyphae dark brown, coarse, forming slight or well-developed subiculum beneath and connecting ascomata. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, basal, clavate or oblong, endotunica thickened. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> cellular, usually wide. <italic>Ascospores</italic> dull brown or dark reddish brown, ellipsoid, fusoid, obovoid, ends obtuse or somewhat acute, straight, inequilateral or slightly curved, one- to two-septate, infrequently one-celled, not or slightly constricted at septum; contents minutely granular; wall thick, smooth or verruculose at times; overlapping biseriate in the ascus. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, ostiolate, individual or in loose clusters of up to 10 conidiomata, immersed, breaking through the bark when mature. <italic>Ostiole</italic> circular, central, non-papillate or papillate. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical and slightly swollen at the base, determinate or indeterminate and proliferating at the same level to form periclinal thickenings, rarely proliferating percurrently to produce two or three indistinct annellations, borne directly on the cells lining the pycnidial cavity. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline, becoming dark brown and one-euseptate within the pycnidial cavity often while still attached to the conidiogenous cell, ellipsoid to ovoid, thick-walled, externally smooth or striate, internally verruculose.</p><p id="P346"><italic>Notes</italic>: The genus <italic>Dothiorella</italic> has been the source of much confusion in the past and the name has been used in more than one sense. <italic>Dothiorella</italic> has been used for asexual morphs with hyaline, aseptate conidia similar to those normally associated with <italic>Fusicoccum</italic> and <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic>. Presumably this confusion started when Petrak (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R129">1922</xref>) transferred <italic>F. aesculi</italic> to <italic>Dothiorella</italic>, citing the species as the conidial state of <italic>B. berengeriana</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">Sutton 1980</xref>). In later years, <italic>Dothiorella</italic> was used for fusicoccum-like asexual morphs with multiloculate conidiomata (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R66">Grossenbacher & Duggar 1911</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">Barr 1987</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R151">Rayachhetry <italic>et al.</italic> 1996</xref>). Sivanesan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R170">1984</xref>) confused matters further by reducing <italic>Dothiorella pyrenophora</italic> to synonymy with <italic>Dothichiza sorbi</italic>, which has small, hyaline, aseptate conidia and is the asexual morph of <italic>Dothiora pyrenophora</italic> (Fr.) Fr. However, he was referring to <italic>Dothiorella pyrenophora</italic> Sacc. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R157">1884</xref>), which is a later homonym of <italic>Dothiorella pyrenophora</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R156">Sacc. 1880</xref> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R188">Sutton 1977</xref>). The taxonomic history of <italic>Dothiorella</italic> has been explained by Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R188">1977</xref>) and Crous & Palm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R39">1999</xref>), and is illustrated by Crous & Palm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R39">1999</xref>).</p><p id="P347"><italic>Dothiorella</italic> was reduced to synonymy under <italic>Diplodia</italic> by Crous & Palm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R39">1999</xref>), who used a broad morphological concept for <italic>Diplodia</italic>. Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R132">2005</xref>) re-examined the type of <italic>Dothiorella pyrenophora</italic> Sacc. (K 54912) and found that it differed from <italic>Diplodia</italic> by having conidia that are brown and 1-septate early in their development, while they are still attached to the conidiogenous cells. In <italic>Diplodia</italic> conidial darkening and septation takes place after discharge from the conidiomata. Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">2006</xref>) re-examined the types of both <italic>Diplodia</italic> and <italic>Dothiorella</italic> and confirmed these morphological differences.</p><p id="P348">Sexual morphs of <italic>Dothiorella</italic> have pigmented, septate ascospores. Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R132">2005</xref>) and Luque <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R88">2005</xref>) broadened the concept of <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> to include species with brown, 1-septate ascospores. Their reasons for doing this were based on the fact that ITS phylogenies placed <italic>D. sarmentorum</italic> and <italic>D. iberica</italic> within the boundaries of <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> as it was circumscribed at that time. In a phylogeny based on partial sequences of the LSU gene Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">2006</xref>) revealed that <italic>Botryosphaeria sensu lato</italic> is composed of a number of distinct lineages that represent different genera. They suggested that the species with dark brown, 1-septate ascospores should be accommodated in <italic>Dothidotthia</italic>. Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>) showed that <italic>Dothidotthia symphoricarpa</italic> (the type species of <italic>Dothidotthia</italic>) belongs in a distinct family within the <italic>Pleosporales</italic> while <italic>D. sarmentorum, D. iberica</italic> and <italic>D. viticola</italic> fall within two separate genera in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> and a new genus, <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> was introduced to accommodate <italic>D. viticola</italic>.</p><p id="P349">More than 350 species names exist in <italic>Dothiorella</italic>, but presently cultures are available for only 17 species in fungal collections. Of these, ten species are known in <italic>Dothiorella</italic>, two species introduced in <italic>Spencermatinsia</italic> should be transferred to <italic>Dothiorella, Auerswaldia dothiorella</italic> is re-combined here as <italic>D. thailandica</italic> and the other four species remain unnamed. All of these, except <italic>D. sarmentorum</italic>, have been introduced since 2005. Considering the earlier problems surrounding the circumscription of this genus especially the confusion with <italic>Diplodia</italic>, it is likely that many more species will be found. The sexual stage of the species is rarely encountered in nature and under experimental conditions and no ascomata have been observed for any of the species, except for <italic>D. sarmentorum</italic> and <italic>D. iberica</italic>. Therefore, differentiation of species has mostly been done based on asexual morphs and cultural characteristics.</p></sec><sec id="S40"><title>Key to <italic>Dothiorella</italic> species</title><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>1. Conidiomata papillate.............................................................................................................................................................................. 2</p></list-item><list-item><p>1. Conidiomata non-papillate...................................................................................................................................................................... 6</p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidiomata with long necks (up to 1.5 mm)........................................................................................................................ <italic>D. longicollis</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidiomata with short necks (less than 0.5 mm).................................................................................................................................. 3</p></list-item><list-item><p>3. Conidia length not exceeding 22 μm (16-22 × 7-10 μm).................................................................................................. <italic>D. dulcispinae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>3. Conidial length exceeding 22 μm (up to 33 μm)..................................................................................................................................... 4</p></list-item><list-item><p>4. Conidial width less than 12 μm (conidia fed by thrips)............................................................................................................. <italic>D. thripsita</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>4. Conidial length greater than 12 μm (up to 14 μm)................................................................................................................................... 5</p></list-item><list-item><p>5. Colony growth rate on MEA in the dark at 25 °C > 20 mm/d.............................................................................................. <italic>D. pretoriensis</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>5. Colony growth rate on MEA in the dark at 25 °C < 20 mm/d................................................................................................ <italic>D. brevicollis</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>6. Conidial length less than 16 μm (av. length 15 μm)............................................................................................................ <italic>D. americana</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>6. Conidial length 16 μm or more (av. length > 18 μm)............................................................................................................................... 7</p></list-item><list-item><p>7. Average width of conidia greater than 10 μm.......................................................................................................................................... 8</p></list-item><list-item><p>7. Average width of conidia less than 10 μm............................................................................................................................................... 9</p></list-item><list-item><p>8. Conidia 23-31 × 9-11 μm (av. 27.1 × 10.8 μm)..................................................................................................................... <italic>D. casuarini</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>8. Conidia 23-23.4 × 10.8-11 μm (av. 23.2 × 10.9 μm)................................................................................................................. <italic>D. iberica</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>9. Average length of conidia greater than 20 μm...................................................................................................................................... 10</p></list-item><list-item><p>9. Average length of conidia less than 20 μm........................................................................................................................................... 11</p></list-item><list-item><p>10. Conidia 21.4-21.9 × 9.7-9.9 μm (L/W ratio 2.2)............................................................................................................ <italic>D. sarmentorum</italic><sup>1</sup></p></list-item><list-item><p>10. Conidia 22-22.5 × 9-9.5 μm (L/W ratio 2.4).................................................................................................................. <italic>D. uruguayensis</italic><sup>1</sup></p></list-item><list-item><p>11. Conidia with slight undulating striations on the surface...................................................................................................... <italic>D. thailandica</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>11. Conidia smooth..................................................................................................................................................................................... 12</p></list-item><list-item><p>12. Conidial L/W ratio 2.................................................................................................................................................................... <italic>D. santali</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>12. Conidial L/W ratio 2.4................................................................................................................................................................ <italic>D. moneti</italic></p></list-item></list><p id="P350"><sup>1</sup>It is difficult to distinguish these two species in terms of morphology but phylogenetically they are distinct.</p></sec><sec id="S41"><title>DNA phylogeny</title><p id="P351">Phylogenetic analyses revealed two main clades representing the two distinct genera <italic>Dothiorella</italic> and <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic>. These two genera cannot be separated based on ITS sequence data and it is necessary to combine the ITS with EF1-α or other protein coding genes. The phylogeny based on ITS and EF1-α sequence data revealed 16 subclades representing 16 distinct species in <italic>Dothiorella</italic>. Most of these sub-clades received high bootstrap support (BS) in the MP analysis. But, these values are quite low for some internal nodes that can be improved with more sampling and gene loci (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F32">Fig. 32</xref>). It is important to note that all of the known species of <italic>Dothiorella</italic> in culture and studied here can be separated based solely on ITS, although bootstrap support values for some of the internal nodes are quite low (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">Fig. 33</xref>). Based on multi-gene phylogenies, <italic>Auerswaldia dothiorella</italic>, a species recently described by Liu <italic>et al</italic>. (2013) was found to reside in <italic>Dothiorella</italic> closely related to <italic>D. dulcispinae</italic> and a new name is introduced here. <italic>Spencermartinsia pretoriensis</italic> and <italic>S. uruguayensis</italic>, two recently described species were also found to reside in <italic>Dothiorella</italic>, and are treated below.</p><fig id="F32" position="float"><label>Fig. 32.</label><caption><p>Single most parsimonious tree obtained from combined ITS and EF-1α sequence data, for species in <italic>Dothiorella</italic> and <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic>. MP bootstrap values are given based on 1000 pseudoreplicates on the nodes. The tree is rooted to <italic>Neofusicoccum luteum</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=110299&link_type=cbs">CBS 110299</ext-link>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=110497&link_type=cbs">CBS 110497</ext-link>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig32"></graphic></fig><fig id="F33" position="float"><label>Fig. 33.</label><caption><p>Single most parsimonious tree obtained from ITS sequence data for species in <italic>Dothiorella</italic>. MP bootstrap values are given based on 1000 pseudoreplicates on the nodes. The tree is rooted to <italic>Neofusicoccum luteum</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=110299&link_type=cbs">CBS 110299</ext-link>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=110497&link_type=cbs">CBS 110497</ext-link>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig33"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="S42"><title>Species descriptions</title><p id="P352"><bold><italic>Dothiorella americana</italic></bold> Úrbez-Torres, Peduto & Gubler, Fungal Divers. 52: 184. 2011. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519956&link_type=mb">MB519956</ext-link>. See Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> (2011) for illustrations.</p><p id="P353"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, produced on PDA within 2 wk, solitary, globose, black, covered with moderate mycelium, up to 650 μm wide, thick-walled, unilocular, with a central ostiole. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, cylindrical to subcylindrical 7-16 × 4-6 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline, unicellular, becoming light brown to dark brown and 1-septate while still attached to the conidiogenous cells, light to dark brown, thin-walled, oval to ovoid, round apex and truncate base, (13.5-)14-156(-17) × (5-)5.5-6.5(-8) μm (av. of 60 conidia = 15 × 6.1), L/W ratio = 2.4.</p><p id="P354"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on PDA suppressed, initially olivaceous buff in the centre of the colony and white at the edge, becoming olivaceous within 7 d, turning dark green within 28 d on the surface, violaceous grey at the reverse after 28 d. Colonies reaching 90 mm diam on PDA after 5 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 10 °C, max 35 °C, opt 20-25 °C.</p><p id="P355"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>, Missouri, Purdy, on diseased interspecific grape cultivar Vignoles (Ravat51), R.K. Striegler & G.M. Leavitt, <bold>holotype</bold> UCD2252MO.</p><p id="P356"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128309&link_type=cbs">CBS 128309</ext-link> (ex-type), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128310&link_type=cbs">CBS 128310</ext-link>.</p><p id="P357"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Vitis</italic> spp. (Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al</italic>. 2011).</p><p id="P358"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: USA (Missouri) (Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al</italic>. 2011).</p><p id="P359"><italic>Notes</italic>: Based on ITS and EF1-α sequence data, <italic>D. americana</italic> is closely related to <italic>D. iberica</italic> and <italic>D. sarentorum</italic>. But, morphologically conidia of this species are smaller than those in any other in <italic>Dothiorella</italic> sp. and obviously is a distinct species. Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al</italic>. (2011) considered this species to be a weak pathogen on grapevines.</p><p id="P360"><bold><italic>Dothiorella brevicollis</italic></bold> Jami, Gryzenh., Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Cryptog. Mycol. 33: 260. 2012. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB564142&link_type=mb">MB564142</ext-link>. See Jami <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">2012</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P361"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, produced on <italic>Acacia karroo</italic> twigs on MEA within 2-4 wk, brown, solitary, up to 200 μm wide, semi-immersed, unilocular, globose, papillate with a short neck, wall 5-7 cell layers, outer layers composed of dark-brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming thin-walled and hyaline toward the inner region. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, cylindrical, (3-)3.5-7.5(-9) × (3-)3.5-4 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline and aseptate, becoming dark brown and 1-septate, with 2 cells of equal length, thick-walled, ovoid, smooth with fine granular content, rounded apices, (20-)21.5-26(-27) × (8-)9-12(-13) μm.</p><p id="P362"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on MEA appressed, conidiomata emerging after 9-10 d under near UV light, becoming pale olivaceous-grey to dark olivaceous-grey at the surface, and olivaceous-black to iron-grey at the reverse, with irregular edges. Colonies reaching 90 mm diam on PDA after 6 d (17.6 mm/d) in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 5 °C, max 35 °C, opt 25 °C.</p><p id="P363"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Gauteng Province, Pretoria, from healthy wood section of <italic>Acacia karroo</italic>, Nov. 2009, F. Jami, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 60704.</p><p id="P364"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130411&link_type=cbs">CBS 130411</ext-link> = CMW 36463 (ex-type), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130412&link_type=cbs">CBS 130412</ext-link> = CMW 36464.</p><p id="P365"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Acacia karroo</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">Jami <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P366"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: South Africa (Gauteng Province) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">Jami <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P367"><italic>Notes</italic>: Phylogenetically this species is closely related to <italic>D. longicollis</italic> and <italic>D. dulcispinae</italic> and in terms of morphology it resembles <italic>D. thripsita</italic> and <italic>D. dulcispinae</italic>. All of these species produce papillate conidiomata. <italic>Dohiorella longicollis</italic> differs from the other three species by having very long necks (up to 1.5 mm). Moreover, conidia of <italic>D. longicollis</italic> (20.4 × 8.7 μm) are smaller than those of <italic>D. brevicollis</italic> (21.5-26 × 9-12 μm) and longer than those of <italic>D. dulcispinae</italic> (16-22 × 7-10 μm). Conidia of <italic>D. brevicollis</italic> are clearly larger (21.5-26 × 9-12 μm) than those of <italic>D. dulcispinae</italic> (16-22 × 7-10 μm). It is difficult to distinguish <italic>D. brevicollis</italic> from <italic>D. thripsita</italic> (av. size of conidia 20-25 × 8.5-11.5 μm) but phylogenetically, based on ITS sequence data, they are distinct (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">Fig. 33</xref>).</p><p id="P368"><bold><italic>Dothiorella casuarini</italic></bold> J. de Wet, Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 101: 505. 2009. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB510856&link_type=mb">MB510856</ext-link>. See De Wet <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R216">2009</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P369"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, few produced on pine needles, black, globose, solitary, scattered and immersed in water agar, ostiolate. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> emerging directly from cells lining the pycnidial cavity, holoblastic, hyaline, smooth-walled, subcylindrical, determinate or indeterminate and proliferating at the same level resulting in periclinal thickening, very rarely proliferating percurrently to produce two or three indistinct annellations. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially aseptate and hyaline, becoming brown to dark brown or sepia and 1-septate within the conidiomata, rarely 2-3-septate, ellipsoid to ovoid, rarely narrow ellipsoid, apex obtuse, base truncate, (22-)23-31(-38) × (8-)9-12 (-13.5) μm (av. of 60 conidia = 27.1 × 10.8 μm).</p><p id="P370"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> smooth to fluffy, pale greenish grey to greenish grey from above, becoming lighter or white around the edges, light bluish or sky grey from below, colony margins irregular, rosette-like. <italic>Mycelium</italic> thick-walled, branched, septate, melanised, pale to dark brown, with strings of dark brown chlamydospore-like hyphal swellings.</p><p id="P371"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Canberra, Cotter River, on <italic>Casuarina</italic> sp., 2000, M.J. Wingfield, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 59650.</p><p id="P372"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=120688&link_type=cbs">CBS 120688</ext-link> = CMW 4855 (ex-type), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=120690&link_type=cbs">CBS 120690</ext-link> = CMW 4857.</p><p id="P373"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Casuarina</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">De Wet <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P374"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Australia (Canberra) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R216">De Wet <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P375"><italic>Note</italic>: Phylogenetically this species formed a distinct highly supported clade and morphologically conidia of <italic>D. casuarini</italic> are longer (27.1 × 10.8 μm) than those of any other <italic>Dothiorella</italic> species.</p><p id="P376"><bold><italic>Dothiorella dulcispinae</italic></bold> Jami, Gryzenh., Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Cryptogam. Mycol. 33: 258. 2012. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB564141&link_type=mb">MB564141</ext-link>. See Jami <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">2012</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P377"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, produced on <italic>Acacia karroo</italic> twigs on MEA within 2-4 wk, solitary, dark brown, up to 200 μm wide, semi-immersed, unilocular, globose papillate with a short neck (100-300 μm), wall 6-8 cell layers, outer layers composed of dark-brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming thin-walled and hyaline toward the inner region. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> 1-2-celled, holoblastic, hyaline, cylindrical, proliferating percurrently. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline and aseptate, becoming dark brown or sepia and 1-septate, with 2 cells of unequal length, thick-walled, ovoid, smooth with fine granular content, rounded apices, (14-)16-22(-24) × (6-)7-10(-11) μm.</p><p id="P378"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on MEA developing dense aerial mycelium with age, becoming pale olivaceous-grey to olivaceous-black at the surface, and olivaceous black at the reverse, umbonate with irregular zonation and lobate edges. Colonies reaching 90 mm diam on PDA after 5 d (17.9 mm/d) in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 5 °C, max 35 °C, opt 25 °C.</p><p id="P379"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Gauteng Province, Pretoria, from die-back wood section of <italic>Acacia karroo</italic>, Nov. 2009, F. Jami, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 60706.</p><p id="P380"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130413&link_type=cbs">CBS 130413</ext-link> = CMW 36460 (ex-type), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130414&link_type=cbs">CBS 130414</ext-link> = CMW 36461, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130415&link_type=cbs">CBS 130415</ext-link> = CMW 36462, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121764&link_type=cbs">CBS 121764</ext-link>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121765&link_type=cbs">CBS 121765</ext-link>.</p><p id="P381"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Acacia karroo</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">Jami <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P382"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: South Africa (Gauteng Province) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">Jami <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P383"><italic>Notes</italic>: See notes for <italic>D. brevicollis</italic>.</p><p id="P384"><bold><italic>Dothiorella iberica</italic></bold> A.J.L. Phillips, J. Luque & A. Alves, Mycologia 97: 524. 2005. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB344530&link_type=mb">MB344530</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F34">Fig. 34</xref>.</p><fig id="F34" position="float"><label>Fig. 34.</label><caption><p><italic>Dothiorella iberica</italic>. A. Vertical section through an ascoma. B. Ascus with brown, 1-septate ascospores. C. Immature asci and one ascus with four ascospores. D. Details of the ascoma wall. E. Pseudoparaphyses. F. Ascospores. G. Ascospore. H. Young conidiogenous cells. I. Conidiogenous cells with developing conidia. J, K. Conidia viewed at two different focal planes to show verruculose inner surface of the wall. L, M. Conidia. N. Germinating conidia. Scale bars: A = 50 μm, B-N = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig34"></graphic></fig><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p><italic>= Botryosphaeria iberica</italic> A.J.L. Phillips, J. Luque & A. Alves, Mycologia 97: 524. 2005.</p></list-item></list><p id="P385"><italic>Ascomata</italic> dark brown to black, globose pseudothecial, up to 350 μm diam, submerged in the substrate, partly erumpent at maturity, ostiole circular, central, papillate, wall up to 50 μm thick, composed of dark brown thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 8-17 × 6-10 μm and lined with thinner-walled, hyaline, <italic>textura angularis. Pseudoparaphyses</italic> thin walled, hyaline, frequently septate, slightly constricted at the septum, 2.5-3.5(-4) μm wide. <italic>Asci</italic> 100-125 × 18-25 μm, stipitate, arising from the base of the ascoma, clavate, thick-walled, bitunicate with a well-developed apical chamber, stipitate, (4-)8-spored, irregularly biseriate. <italic>Ascospores</italic> oblong, ovate to sub-clavate, (0-)1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, dark brown, moderately thick-walled, finely verruculose on the inner surface, straight or inequilateral, widest in the lower 1/3 to middle of the apical cell, basal cell tapering towards the rounded end, (17.5-)22.5-23.5(-29) × (8.5-)10-10.5(-12.5) μm (av. ± S.D. of 50 ascospores = 23.1 ± 2.1 × 10.2 ± 0.8 μm). <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, solitary, globose, up to 450 μm wide, thick walled, composed of dark brown thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming thin-walled and hyaline towards the inner region. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> lining the pycnidial cavity, holoblastic, hyaline, subcylindrical, 8-15 × 3-5(-6.5) μm, proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, or rarely proliferating percurrently forming one or two indistinct annellations. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline, becoming dark brown and one-euseptate often while still attached to the conidiogenous cell, ovoid with a broadly rounded apex and truncate base, brown walled, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, (17-)23-23.5(-28.5) × (8-)10.5-11(-16) μm (av. ± S.D. of 400 conidia = 23.2 ± 1.9 × 10.9 ± 1.2 μm), L/W ratio = 2.2. <italic>Spermatia</italic> not seen. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 5 °C, max < 35 °C, opt 20-25 °C.</p><p id="P386"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Spain</bold>, Zaragoza province, Aragon, Tarazona, on dead twigs of <italic>Quercus ilex</italic>, Dec. 2002, J. Luque, <bold>holotype</bold> LISE 94944.</p><p id="P387"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115041&link_type=cbs">CBS 115041</ext-link> (ex-type), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113188&link_type=cbs">CBS 113188</ext-link>.</p><p id="P388"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Cupressus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R16">Azouaoui-Idjer <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>), J<italic>uniperus communis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">Alves <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), <italic>Malus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R132">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>), <italic>Persea</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R100">Mcdonald & Eskalen 2011</xref>), <italic>Pistacia</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>), <italic>Quercus</italic> (Phillips <italic>et al.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R132">2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R92">Lynch <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), <italic>Vitis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R206">Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R149">Qiu <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>, Baskaratevan <italic>et al</italic>. 2012) and probably many more.</p><p id="P389"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Algeria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R16">Azouaoui-Idjer <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>), Australia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R149">Qiu <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>), Italy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R132">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>), New Zealand (Baskaratevan <italic>et al</italic>. 2012), Portugal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">Alves <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), Spain (Phillips <italic>et al.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R132">2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>), USA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R206">Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R100">Mcdonald & Eskalen 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R92">Lynch <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>).</p><p id="P390"><italic>Notes</italic>: This species is similar to <italic>D. sarmentorum</italic> but can be distinguished on characteristics of the asci, ascospores and conidia. Thus, in <italic>D. iberica</italic> the asci are shorter and more clavate, the ascospores characteristically taper towards the base, and on average the conidia are slightly longer. Also see notes for <italic>D. americana</italic>.</p><p id="P391"><bold><italic>Dothiorella longicollis</italic></bold> Pavlic, T.I. Burgess & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 100: 859. 2008. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512053&link_type=mb">MB512053</ext-link>. See Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">2008</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P392"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> semi-immersed, mostly solitary, with globose base (up to 550 μm diam), papillate with long neck (sometimes branching) up to 1.5 mm, arising from the substrate. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, hyaline, the first conidium produced holoblastically and subsequent conidia enteroblastically, (5-)6-8(-10) × (2.5-)3-4(-4.5) μm (av. of 30 conidiogenous cells = 7.3 × 3.4 μm). <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline, unicellular, becoming cinnamon to sepia and 1-septate while still attached to conidiogenous cells, oval to ovoid, apices rounded and base truncate, (17-)19-22(-23) × (7-)8-9.5(-10.5) μm (av. of 50 conidia = 20.4 × 8.7 μm), L/W ratio = 2.3.</p><p id="P393"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> initially white to olivaceous buff, becoming greenish olivaceous to citrine from the middle of colonies within 7 d, iron-grey (surface) and black (reverse) with age, with suppressed, moderately fluffy mycelium, edges smooth appearing sinuate as the colony darkens with age. Conidiomata readily formed from the middle of colony within 7-10 d, covering the entire surface of the colony and immersed in the medium (seen as round black structures on the reverse side of Petri dishes) 14 d after incubation. Optimum growth at 25 °C, covering 90 mm diam Petri dishes after 4 d in the dark.</p><p id="P394"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Western Australia, Tunnel Creek National Park, on healthy branches of <italic>Lysiphyllum cunninghamii</italic>, Jul. 2006, T.I. Burgess, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 59485.</p><p id="P395"><italic>Cultures</italic>: CMW 26166 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122068&link_type=cbs">CBS 122068</ext-link> (ex-type), CMW 26165 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122067&link_type=cbs">CBS 122067</ext-link>.</p><p id="P396"><italic>Hosts</italic>: Asymptomatic branches of <italic>L. cunninghamii</italic> (<italic>Caesalpiniaceae</italic>) and <italic>Terminalia</italic> sp. (<italic>Combretaceae</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P397"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Australia (Western Australia) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P398"><italic>Notes</italic>: This species differs from all othe <italic>Dothiorella</italic> species by having papillate pycnidia with very long necks (up to 1.5 mm). Also see notes for <italic>D. brevicollis</italic>.</p><p id="P399"><bold><italic>Dothiorella moneti</italic></bold> K. Taylor, Barber, G.E. Hardy & T.I. Burgess, Mycol. Res. 113: 342. 2009. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB511825&link_type=mb">MB511825</ext-link>. See Taylor <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">2009</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P400"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, superficial, dark brown-grey, cylindrical, mostly solitary, covered in mycelium, 0.5-1.5 mm in length and 0.1-0.5 mm in diam. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, cylindrical to flask shaped, (4-)6-12(-16) × 2-4(-5) (av. of 150 conidiogenous cells = 8.4 × 2.6 μm). <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline and aseptate becoming dark brown and 1-septate sometimes while still attached to conidiogenous cell, ellipsoid, smooth-walled, apex obtuse, frequently base truncate, often strongly constricted at the septum, usually widest at the middle of apical cell, (13-)17-22(-32) × (6-)7-10(-11) μm (av. of 300 conidia = 19.8 × 8.4 μm), L/W ratio = 2.4.</p><p id="P401"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> composed of appressed mycelial mat with diffuse irregular edges, initially white, edge remaining white, centre turning olive-grey to dark greenish grey and entire culture becoming dark olive-grey by day 8 and very dark greenish grey with age. Conidiomata produced profusely in the centre of culture within 8 d. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 5 °C, max < 35 °C, opt 25 °C.</p><p id="P402"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Western Australia, Yalgorup National Park, from healthy stem of <italic>Acacia rostellifera</italic>, Jun. 2005, K.M. Taylor, <bold>holotype</bold> PERTH 07692978.</p><p id="P403"><italic>Cultures</italic>: MUCC 505 = WAC 13154 (ex-type), MUCC 506.</p><p id="P404"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Acacia rostellifera</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">Taylor <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P405"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Australia (Western Australia) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">Taylor <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P406"><italic>Notes</italic>: In the original description, Taylor <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">2009</xref>) mention that pycnidial paraphyses are very rare, but they did not provide an illustration of these structures although they do show young conidiogenous cells. Since pycnidial paraphyses have not been reported in any other <italic>Dothiorella</italic> species, other than <italic>D. santali</italic>, it is possible that Taylor <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">2009</xref>) were referring to immature conidiogenous cells rather than paraphyses. Morphologically and phylogenetically, <italic>D. moneti</italic> is closely related to <italic>D. santali</italic>. This species is quite different in nucleotide sequences from <italic>D. santali</italic> (6-7 substitutions in ITS, 11 substitutions and 9 insertions/deletions in EF1-α) and thus are easily separated based on ITS sequence data (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">Fig. 33</xref>). Moreover, it can be distinguished by having longer conidia (19.8 × 8.4 μm, L/W ratio = 2.4) compare with <italic>D. santali</italic> (18.2 × 9 μm, L/W ratio = 2).</p><p id="P407"><bold><italic>Dothiorella pretoriensis</italic></bold> (Jami, Gryzenh., Slippers & M.J. Wingf.) Abdollahz. & A.J.L. Phillips, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB803995&link_type=mb">MB803995</ext-link>. See Jami <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">2012</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P408"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Spencermartinsia pretoriensis</italic> Jami, Gryzenh., Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Cryptogam. Mycol. 33(3): 261. 2012.</p><p id="P409"><italic>Conidiomata</italic> (on sterile twigs of <italic>Acacia karroo</italic>) pycnidial, up to 200 μm diam, semi-immersed, unilocular, with short necks; wall of 5-7 layers of thick, dark-brown cells of <italic>textura angularis. Conidiophores</italic> reduced to conidiogenous cells, or a supporting cell. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> 1-2-celled, hyaline, subcylindrical, proliferating percurrently near apex, (3-)3.5-7.5(-9) × (3-)3.5-4 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> ovoid, smooth, granular, apices rounded, thick-walled, initially hyaline, aseptate, becoming dark brown and 1-septate, apex obtuse, base bluntly rounded, (18-)20-28(-33) × (6.5-)7-14(-11) μm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">Jami <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P410"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on MEA appressed; surface pale olivaceous to dark greenish olivaceous; reverse olivaceous-black, with regular zonation and lobate margins. Colonies growing at 5-25 °C, reaching up to 22.5 mm / d at 25 °C.</p><p id="P411"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Gauteng, Pretoria, from wood of <italic>Acacia karroo</italic> with die-back symptoms, Nov. 2009, F. Jami, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 60709.</p><p id="P412"><italic>Cultures</italic>: CMW 36481 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130404&link_type=cbs">CBS 130404</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P413"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Acacia karroo</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">Jami <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P414"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: South Africa (Gauteng Province) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">Jami <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P415"><italic>Note</italic>: <italic>Dothiorella pretoriensis</italic> induced dieback when inoculated into healthy branches of <italic>A. karroo</italic>, suggesting that it is a pathogen of this host (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">Jami <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P416"><bold><italic>Dothiorella santali</italic></bold> K. Taylor, Barber & T.I. Burgess, Mycol. Res. 113: 345. 2009. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB511828&link_type=mb">MB511828</ext-link>. See Taylor <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">2009</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P417"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, mostly superficial, dark brown to black, globose, solitary, occasionally covered in mycelium, 100-600 μm in length and 50-650 μm in diam. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, cylindrical to flask-shaped, (4-)6-12(-17) × 2-3(-4) (av. of 50 conidiogenous cells = 8.6 × 2.4 μm). <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline and aseptate becoming pigmented brown and 1-septate often while still attached to conidiogenous cell, ellipsoid, apex obtuse, sometimes base truncate, sometimes slightly constricted at the septum, usually widest at the middle of apical cell, (15-)16-20(-22) × 7-11(-13) μm (av. of 100 conidia = 18.2 × 9.0 μm), L/W ratio = 2.0.</p><p id="P418"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> initially white, appressed mycelial mat, within 8 d turning greenish to dark greenish grey and fluffy, becoming very dark greenish grey to black with age. Conidiomata produced on the agar. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 5 °C, max < 35 °C, opt 25 °C.</p><p id="P419"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Western Australia, Yalgorup National Park, from healthy stem of <italic>Santalum acuminatum</italic>, Jun. 2005, K.M. Taylor, <bold>holotype</bold> PERTH 07693028.</p><p id="P420"><italic>Cultures</italic>: MUCC 509 = WAC 13155 (ex-type), MUCC 508.</p><p id="P421"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>S. acuminatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">Taylor <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P422"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Australia (Western Australia) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">Taylor <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P423"><italic>Note</italic>: See notes for <italic>D. moneti</italic>.</p><p id="P424"><bold><italic>Dothiorella sarmentorum</italic></bold> (Fr.) A.J.L. Phillips, J. Luque & A. Alves, Mycologia 97: 522. 2005. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB501403&link_type=mb">MB501403</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F35">Fig. 35</xref>.</p><fig id="F35" position="float"><label>Fig. 35.</label><caption><p><italic>Dothiorella sarmentorum</italic>. A. Vertical section through an ascoma. B. Cylindrical to clavate asci bearing eight brown ascospores. C. Details of ascus tip and ascospores. D. Conidiogenous layer with developing conidia. E. Dark brown, 1-septate conidia. Scale bars: A, B = 50 μm, C-E = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig35"></graphic></fig><p id="P425"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Sphaeria sarmentorum</italic> Fr., K. svenska Vetensk-Acad. Handl. 39: 107. 1818.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Diplodia sarmentorum</italic> (Fr.) Fr., Summ. veg. Scand. (Stockholm) 2: 417. 1849.</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Diplodia pruni</italic> Fuckel, Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins Naturk., 23-24: 169. 1870 [1869].</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Botryosphaeria sarmentorum</italic> A.J.L. Phillips, J. Luque & A. Alves, Mycologia 97: 522. 2005.</p></list-item></list><p id="P426"><italic>Ascomata</italic> dark brown to black, globose pseudothecial, 350-400 μm diam, submerged in the substrate, partially erumpent at maturity, ostiolate; ostiole circular, central, papillate; wall 50-75 μm thick, composed of dark brown thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 10-17 × 6-9 μm, lined with thinner-walled, hyaline, <italic>textura angularis. Pseudoparaphyses</italic> thin-walled, hyaline, frequently septate, often constricted at the septa, 3-4 μm wide. <italic>Asci</italic> 140-210 × 17-24 μm, stipitate, arising from the base of the ascoma, cylindric-clavate, bitunicate, endotunica thick-walled, with a well-developed apical chamber, 4-6(-8)-spored, obliquely uniseriate or irregularly biseriate. <italic>Ascospores</italic> oblong to ovate, widest in the middle part, straight, (0-)1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, dark brown, moderately thick-walled, surface smooth, finely verruculose on the inner surface, (21-)24.5-25.5(-30.5) × (10-)11.5-12.5(-14) μm (av. ± S.D. = 25.0 ± 2.0 × 12.1 ± 0.9 μm). <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, solitary, globose, up to 450 μm wide, wall 5-8 cell layers thick, composed of dark brown thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming thin-walled and hyaline towards the inner region. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> lining the pycnidial cavity, holoblastic, hyaline, subcylindrical, 7-15 × 3-7 μm, proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, or rarely proliferating percurrently to form one or two close, indistinct annellations. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline and aseptate becoming pigmented brown and 1-septate often while still attached to conidiogenous cell, brown walled, slightly constricted at the septum, ovoid with a broadly rounded apex and truncate base, (17.5-)21.5-22(-25) × (8-)9.5-10(-11.5) μm (av. ± S.D. = 21.6 ± 1.5 × 9.8 ± 0.9 μm), L/W ratio = 2.2. <italic>Spermatogenous cells</italic> discrete or integrated, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, holoblastic or proliferating via phialides with periclinal thickenings, 7-10 × 2-3 μm. <italic>Spermatia</italic> hyaline, smooth, aseptate, rod-shaped with rounded ends, 4-5.5 × 2 μm. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 5 °C, max < 35 °C, opt 20-25 °C.</p><p id="P427"><italic>Type</italic>: Of the sexual morph; <bold>UK</bold>, England, Warwickshire, on <italic>Ulmus</italic> sp., Aug. 1956, E.A. Ellis, <bold>holotype</bold> IMI 63581b (as <italic>Otthia spiraeae</italic>); of the asexual morph; <bold>Sweden</bold>, Lund, Botanical Garden, on <italic>Menispermum canadense</italic>, 1818, E.M. Fries Scleromyc. Suec. 18, <bold>holotype</bold> UPS-FRIES (as <italic>Sphaeria sarmentorum</italic>); <bold>isotype</bold> of the asexual morph, K(M) 104852.</p><p id="P428"><italic>Cultures</italic>: IMI 63581b (ex-type), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115038&link_type=cbs">CBS 115038</ext-link>.</p><p id="P429"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Dothiorella sarmentorum</italic> is a plurivorous species and has been isolated from 34 different host species including <italic>Malus, Menispermum, Prunus, Pyrus, Ulmus</italic>, etc.</p><p id="P430"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: This species is cosmopolitan distributed worldwide and has been found across six continents.</p><p id="P431"><italic>Notes</italic>: In proposing 145 species as synonyms of <italic>D. sarmentorum</italic>, Wollenweber (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R221">1941</xref>) reported a wide range of dimensions for the conidia, namely, (15-)20-24(-35) × (7-)7.4-11.5(-15) μm. Some species in <italic>Dothiorella</italic> are separated by minor differences in conidium dimensions. It is therefore possible that some of Wollenweber’s synonyms are in fact distinct species. Also see notes for <italic>D. americana</italic> and <italic>D. iberica</italic>.</p><p id="P432"><bold><italic>Dothiorella thailandica</italic></bold> (D.Q. Dai., J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde) Abdollahz., A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB805461&link_type=mb">MB805461</ext-link>. See Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">2012</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P433"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Auerswaldia dothiorella</italic> D.Q. Dai., J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Divers. 57: 162. 2012.</p><p id="P434">Saprobic on dead bamboo. <italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, 400-800 μm wide, 200-250 μm high, 250-500 μm diam, immersed in the host tissue and becoming erumpent at maturity, globose, coriaceous, dark brown in the erumpent part. <italic>Conidiomata wall</italic> 15-50 μm wide, with brown to dark brown outer layers and hyaline to light brown inner layers, comprising several layers with cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, cells 3-9.5 × 2-6 μm. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> reduced to conidiogenous cells which are 2-5.5 × 1.5-4.5 μm, holoblastic, discrete, hyaline, cylindrical to ellipsoidal, smooth, straight or curved, formed from cells lining the innermost layer of the pycnidium. <italic>Conidia</italic> 15-20 × 6.5-8 μm (av. 20 conidia = 18.5 × 7 μm), initially hyaline and aseptate, becoming brown at maturity, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, oblong to ellipsoidal, ends rounded, with slight undulating striations on the surface, occasionally curved, lower cell smaller, thick-walled.</p><p id="P435"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on PDA, slow growing, 15 mm diam after 45 d at 23-25 °C, circular, with uneven margin, greyish brown after 7 d, becoming cottony and brown at the centre and dark brown towards the edge. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> produced after 30 d.</p><p id="P436"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Thailand</bold>, Chiang Rai Province, Doi Pui, on dead bamboo culm, 1 Sep. 2011, D.Q. Dai, <bold>holotype</bold> MFLU 12-0751.</p><p id="P437"><italic>Culture</italic>: MFLUCC 11-0438 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=133991&link_type=cbs">CBS 133991</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P438"><italic>Host</italic>: Bamboo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">Liu <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P439"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Thailand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P440"><italic>Notes</italic>: This species is phylogenetically closely related to <italic>D. dulcispinae</italic>. Furthermore, in terms of morphology it resembles <italic>D. santali</italic> and <italic>D. moneti</italic>. But <italic>D. thailandica</italic> can easily be separated from those three species by its striate conidia.</p><p id="P441"><bold><italic>Dothiorella thripsita</italic></bold> R.G. Shivas & D.J. Tree, Fungal Planet No. 32. 2009. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB513166&link_type=mb">MB513166</ext-link>. See Shivas <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R166">2009</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P442"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, solitary, immersed, partially erumpent when mature, dark brown, globose to ellipsoidal, papillate with a central ostiole, up to 300 × 200 μm diam, uniloculate, wall composed of an outer layer of dark brown, thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, and an inner layer of thin-walled hyaline cells. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous</italic> cells 10-15 × 3-6 μm, holoblastic, discrete, cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, indeterminate. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline, becoming dark brown and 1-euseptate often while still attached to the conidiogenous cell, aseptate and pale brown when young, becoming septate and brown when mature, often with a guttule in each cell, cylindrical to clavate, straight, both ends broadly rounded, 20-25 × 8.5-11.5 μm, conidial wall densely and minutely verruculose, profile smooth in LM, verruculose in SEM.</p><p id="P443"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on 10 % potato-dextrose agar (Difco) reaching to 65 mm diam after 5 d in the dark at 23 °C, covered the entire plate after 3 wk in the dark followed by 5 d under black light, and were olivaceous-black to charcoal with sparse aerial mycelium, reverse greyish black to charcoal. Abundant conidia produced on Sachs’ agar supporting sterilised pieces of maize leaf.</p><p id="P444"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Queensland, Tallegalla, on dead stems and phyllodes of <italic>Acacia harpophylla</italic>, Mar. 2008, D.J. Tree & C.E.C. Tree, <bold>holotype</bold> BRIP 51876.</p><p id="P445"><italic>Culture</italic>: BRIP 51876 (ex-type).</p><p id="P446"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Acacia harpophylla</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R166">Shivas <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P447"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Australia (Queensland) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R166">Shivas <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P448"><italic>Notes</italic>: Larvae and adults of the thrips <italic>Mecynothrips hardyi</italic> feed almost exclusively on conidia of <italic>D. thripsita</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R166">Shivas <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>). Only ITS sequence data are available for the single isolate of this species. Based on ITS sequence data <italic>D. thripsita</italic> constitutes a completely distinct clade from all other species in <italic>Dothiorella</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">Fig. 33</xref>). In morphology it resembles <italic>D. brevicollis</italic>.</p><p id="P449"><bold><italic>Dothiorella uruguayensis</italic></bold> (C.A. Pérez, Blanchette, Slippers & M.J. Wingf.) Abdollahz. & A.J.L. Phillips, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB803999&link_type=mb">MB803999</ext-link>. For illustrations see Pérez <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R128">2010</xref>).</p><p id="P450"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Spencermartinsia uruguayensis</italic> C.A. Pérez, Blanchette, Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Fungal Divers. 41: 65. 2010.</p><p id="P451"><italic>Conidiomata</italic> (on PNA) pycnidial, superficial, solitary, globose, black, non-papillate, covered with mycelium, up to 350 μm diam. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, subcylindrical. <italic>Conidia</italic> (17-)22-22.5(-26.5) × (7-)9-9.5(-12) μm, dark brown, 1-septate, slightly constricted at septum, ovoid with broadly rounded apex and truncate base (from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R128">Pérez <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P452"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Uruguay</bold>, Paysandu, Tres Bocas, endophytic on twigs of <italic>Hexachlamis edulis</italic>, Aug. 2006, C.A. Pérez, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 60268.</p><p id="P453"><italic>Cultures</italic>: UY672 = CMW 26763 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124908&link_type=cbs">CBS 124908</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P454"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Hexachlamis edulis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R128">Pérez <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P455"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Uruguay (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R128">Pérez <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P456"><italic>Notes</italic>: Inoculation results suggest that <italic>D. uruguayensis</italic> is a weak pathogen on <italic>Hexachlamis edulis</italic>. It also proved to be uncommon in the area, and not pathogenic to <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R128">Pérez <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P457"><bold><italic>Endomelanconiopsis</italic></bold> Rojas & Samuels, Mycologia 100: 770. 2008. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB511837&link_type=mb">MB511837</ext-link>.</p><p id="P458"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>Endomelanconiopsis endophytica</italic> Rojas & Samuels, Mycologia 100: 770. 2008.</p><p id="P459"><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed, branched, septate, hyaline to pale brown. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, immersed, peridermal to subepidermal, separate, irregularly multilocular, walls composed of small-celled, pale brown, thin-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming hyaline towards the conidiogenous region. Dehisence irregular. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, determinate, discrete, cylindrical, tapered markedly or gradually towards the apices, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, formed from the walls of the locules. <italic>Conidia</italic> aseptate, pyriform to limoniform, dark brown, thick-walled, smooth, base often protruding and papillate, often with a central guttule and a single germ slit.</p><p id="P460"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Endomelanconiopsis</italic> was introduced by Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R153">2008</xref>) for <italic>E. endophytica</italic> and <italic>E. microspora</italic>. The genus is similar to <italic>Endomelanconium</italic> Petrak but belongs to the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> and the conidia are non-papillate. Only two species are currently known in culture and the main difference between them is that chlamydospores are abundant in <italic>E. microspora</italic> but absent in <italic>E. endophytica</italic>.</p></sec><sec id="S43"><title>Species descriptions</title><p id="P461"><bold><italic>Endomelanconiopsis endophytica</italic></bold> Rojas & Samuels, Mycologia 100: 770. 2008. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB511838&link_type=mb">MB511838</ext-link>. See Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R153">2008</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P462"><italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, scattered throughout colony, varying from globose to cylindrical, 1-3 cylindrical necks, superficial or immersed in the agar; often cylindrical papillae protruding from the agar in groups of a few; wall composed of pale brown and black angular cells, becoming hyaline and more hyphal toward the conidiogenous cells; locule convoluted, completely lined with conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> formed from the inner cells all over the conidiomata wall, discrete, determinate, cylindrical, tapered toward the apex, hyaline, holoblastic, rarely with a single percurrent proliferation, 7.5-23.5 × 1-3.5 μm at apex, 1.5-4 μm at base (av. = 14.2 × 1.6 μm at apex, 14.2 × 2.2 μm at base). <italic>Conidia</italic> ellipsoidal to limoniform, apex rounded, base flat to rounded, aseptate, hyaline when immature, dark brown with a single longitudinal slit three-quarters of the length of the conidia when mature, (4.5-)5.5-7.5(-10) × (3-)3.5-4.5(-6) μm. <italic>Spermatia</italic> forming in the same locules as conidia from densely arranged, enteroblastic, phialidic conidiogenous cells, appearing to arise from the inner cells of the conidioma wall, ellipsoidal to allantoid, formed on PDA and SNA, 2-7(-10) × (1-2(-3) μm. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed.</p><p id="P463"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> at first colourless with hyaline immersed hyphae, after 4 d colonies olivaceous in center and concentric rings with irregular shape, after 10 d aerial mycelium dense dark olivaceous or grey or shiny black with little aerial mycelium. Optimum temperature at 30-37 °C; colony radius 43-55 mm after 5 d on PDA.</p><p id="P464"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Panama</bold>, Nombre de Dios, isolated from leaves of <italic>Theobroma cacao</italic>, 2000, E. Rojas, L. Mejía & Z. Maynard, <bold>holotype</bold> BPI 878370.</p><p id="P465"><italic>Culture</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=120379&link_type=cbs">CBS 120379</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P466"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Heisteria concinna, Theobroma cacao</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R153">Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P467"><italic>Distribution</italic>: Panama (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R153">Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P468"><italic>Notes</italic>: The germ slit in the conidia of <italic>E. endophytica</italic> and <italic>E. microspora</italic> is an unusual feature in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. While <italic>Neodeightonia subglobosa</italic> was reported to have conidia with germ slits (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R146">Punithalingam 1969</xref>), and these were interpreted by Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">2006</xref>) as striations similar to those seen in <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic>.</p><p id="P469"><bold><italic>Endomelanconiopsis microspora</italic></bold> (Verkley & Aa) E.I. Rojas & Samuels, Mycologia 100: 772. 2008. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB511839&link_type=mb">MB511839</ext-link>.</p><p id="P470"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Endomelanconium microsporum</italic> Verkley & Aa, Mycologia, 89: 967. 1997.</p><p id="P471"><italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, solitary and globose to subglobose, or convoluted with merging cavities, superficial or immersed in the agar, at first pale olivaceaous, later black, glabrous, often with an apical papilla but seldom a functional ostiole, mostly dehiscing by bursting or partial dissolution of upper wall tissue, 200-500 μm diam. <italic>Conidiomatal wall</italic> composed of two layers, an outer layer of brown to olivaceous <italic>textura epidermoidea-angularis</italic>, and an inner layer variable in thickness of hyaline <italic>textura angularis-globulosa. Conidiogenous cells</italic> formed from the inner cells all over the conidiomatal wall, discrete, determinate, cylindrical, but tapering towards the apex, hyaline, holoblastic, rarely with a single percurrent proliferation, mostly 6-10 × 5-7 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> ellipsoidal to pyriform, apex rounded, base with an inconspicuous scar, aseptate, smooth, hyaline when liberated, soon becoming dark brown with a single longitudinal hyaline slit, containg one large and a few smaller oil droplets, (4.5-)5.5-6.5(-7) × (3.5-)4-4.5) μm. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> abundant in immersed mycelium, intercalary and terminal, when interclary, subglobose to fusiform, single or catenate (2-5), when terminal, globose to clavate-pyriform, occasionally with a small basal, apophysis-like cell or an apical papilla, thick-walled, brown, often verruculose, filled with oil droplets, mostly 9-17 × 6-10 μm. In older cultures additional chlamydospores forming in basipetal succession behind the terminal ones.</p><p id="P472"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Papua New Guinea</bold>, Central Province, 22 km E of Port Moresby, Varirata National Park near Varirata Lookout, soil in dry secondary forest with <italic>Casuarina</italic> and <italic>Eucalyptus</italic>, and conglomerate rock outcrops, 23 Oct. 1995, A. Aptroot, H.A. van der Aa 12183 (a dried culture on oatmeal agar), <bold>holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-12183&link_type=cbs">CBS H-12183</ext-link>.</p><p id="P473"><italic>Culture</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=353.97&link_type=cbs">CBS 353.97</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P474"><italic>Substrate</italic>: Soil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R213">Verkley & van der Aa 1997</xref>).</p><p id="P475"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Papua New Guinea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R213">Verkley & van der Aa 1997</xref>).</p><p id="P476"><italic>Note</italic>: <italic>Endomelanconiopsis microspora</italic> is characterised by having stromatic conidiomata that give rise to brown, aseptate conidia, and abundant terminal, and intercalary chlamydospore-like structures that are formed in culture (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R213">Verkley & van der Aa 1997</xref>).</p><p id="P477"><bold><italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic></bold> Ellis & Everh., Bot. Gaz. 21: 92. 1896. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB8708&link_type=mb">MB8708</ext-link>.</p><p id="P478"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>Lasiodiplodia theobromae</italic> (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl., Bull. trimest. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 25: 57. 1909.</p><p id="P479"><italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed or superficial, branched, septate, dark brown. <italic>Ascomata</italic> eustromatic, dark brown to black, uniloculate with thick pseudoparenchymatic wall, ostiolate, embedded in the substrate and partially erumpent at maturity. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> hyaline, septate. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate with thick endotunica and well-developed apical chamber, clavate, stipitate, 8-spored. <italic>Ascospores</italic> irregularly biseriate, initially hyaline, becoming dark brown, aseptate. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, immersed or superficial, separate or aggregated and confluent, globose, dark brown, uni- or multilocular; wall of dark brown, thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, paler and thinner-walled towards the conidiogenous region, often with dark brown superficial hyphae over the surface. <italic>Ostiole</italic> central, single, papillate. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> often reduced to conidiogenous cells, if present hyaline, simple, sometimes septate, rarely branched, cylindrical, arising from the inner layers of cells lining the locules. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, smooth, cylindrical to subobpyriform, holoblastic, discrete, determinate or indeterminate and proliferating percurrently with one or two distinct annellations, or proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, formed from cells lining the inner wall of the conidiomata. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline when young, later becoming medianly 1-euseptate, dark brown with longitudinal striations, thick-walled, oblong to ellipsoid, straight, broadly rounded at the apex, base truncate. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> hyaline, cylindrical, septate.</p><p id="P480"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> was introduced by Ellis in 1894 with <italic>L. tubericola</italic> as the type species. Although Ellis did not describe it, Clendenin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">1896</xref>) provided a description of the genus and the species, attributing both to Ellis and Everhardt. Griffin & Maublanc (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R65">1909</xref>) considered that on account of the pycnidial paraphyses, the cocoa pathogen, <italic>Botryodiplodia theobromae</italic>, was more suitably accommodated in <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic>. Since the epithet <italic>theobromae</italic> (1892) is older than <italic>tubericola</italic> (1896), <italic>L. theobromae</italic> should be regarded as the type species of <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic>. Unfortunately, neither Patouillard (1892) nor Clendenin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">1896</xref>) referred to any type or other specimens of the genus or species. Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R122">2004</xref>) could not locate the types, and they also could not find any specimens from the original hosts or origins.</p><p id="P481">It has been thought that <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> could represent a possible synonym of <italic>Diplodia</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R48">Denman <italic>et al.</italic> 2000</xref>). However, phylogenetic studies by Zhou & Stanosz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R226">2001</xref>), Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> (2004) and Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>) show that it clusters separately from <italic>Diplodia</italic>. On account of the phylogenetic and morphological differences there is no reason to consider the two as synonymous. Morphologically the two genera are also clearly distinct. Thus, striations on the conidia distinguish <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> from <italic>Diplodia</italic>, the conidiomatal paraphyses distinguish it from <italic>Neodeightonia</italic>, which also has striate conidia. Although <italic>Barriopsis</italic> has striate conidia, they are unique in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> because they are also present on immature, hyaline conidia. The sexual morph has been reported only for <italic>L. theobromae</italic>, but the connection with the asexual morph has not been confirmed (see notes under <italic>L. theobromae</italic>). While 27 species names are listed in MycoBank, only 18 species are currently known in culture and all, except <italic>L. theobromae</italic>, have been introduced since 2004. Species can be differentiated based on conidial morphology (especially dimensions) and morphology of the paraphyses.</p></sec><sec id="S44"><title>Key to <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> spp.</title><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>1. Conidia sub-globose, L/W ratio less than 1.5.......................................................................................................................................... 2</p></list-item><list-item><p>1. Conidia ellipsoidal to ovoid, L/W ratio greater than 1.5........................................................................................................................... 3</p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidia 13.5-21.5 × 10-14 um (av. length 17.5 μm)...................................................................................................... <italic>L. mahajangana</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidia 12-19 × 10-12.5 μm (av. length 15.3 μm).......................................................................................................... <italic>L. margaritacea</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>3. L/W ratio greater than 2.0....................................................................................................................................................................... 4</p></list-item><list-item><p>3. L/W ratio less than 2.0............................................................................................................................................................................ 5</p></list-item><list-item><p>4. Conidia 26-33 × 12-15 μm (av. length 28.4 μm)............................................................................................................ <italic>L. venezuelensis</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>4. Conidia 17-23 × 8-11 μm (av. length 19.5 μm).......................................................................................................................... <italic>L. viticola</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>5. Longest paraphyses more than 100 μm long.......................................................................................................................................... 6</p></list-item><list-item><p>5. Longest paraphyses less than 100 μm long............................................................................................................................................ 9</p></list-item><list-item><p>6. Average conidial length less than 25 μm................................................................................................................................................ 7</p></list-item><list-item><p>6. Average conidial length greater than 25 μm........................................................................................................................................... 8</p></list-item><list-item><p>7. Average conidial width = 13 μm............................................................................................................................................. <italic>L. iraniensis</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>7. Conidia average width = 11.5 μm................................................................................................................................................. <italic>L. parva</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>8. Conidia 22-35 μm long (av. 29.6 μm), L/W ratio = 1.9............................................................................................................ <italic>L. plurivora</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>8. Conidia 20-31 μm long (av. 24.5 μm), L/W ratio = 1.6.............................................................................................................. <italic>L. citricola</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>9. Average width of conidia less than 16 μm............................................................................................................................................. 10</p></list-item><list-item><p>9. Average width of conidia 16 μm or more............................................................................................................................................... 15</p></list-item><list-item><p>10. Conidia small, mostly less than 25 μm long.......................................................................................................................................... 11</p></list-item><list-item><p>10. Conidia large, mostly longer than 25 μm, up to 30 μm or more............................................................................................................ 14</p></list-item><list-item><p>11. Average width of conidia less than 10 μm............................................................................................................................................. 12</p></list-item><list-item><p>11. Average width of conidia greater than 10 μm........................................................................................................................................ 13</p></list-item><list-item><p>12. Length of paraphyses up to 15, conidia up to 17.5 μm............................................................................................................ <italic>L. lignicola</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>12. Length of paraphyses up to 55, conidia up to 21 μm........................................................................................................ <italic>L. missouriana</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>13. Paraphyses up to 55 μm long, conidial L/W ratio = 2.......................................................................................................... <italic>L. egyptiacae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>13. Paraphyses up to 85 μm long, conidial L/W ratio = 1.7.............................................................................................. <italic>L. hormozganensis</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>14. Conidiomata dark brown to black....................................................................................................................................... <italic>L. theobromae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>14. Conidiomata reddish-purple........................................................................................................................................... <italic>L. rubropurpurea</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>15. Conidia not exceeding 35 μm long........................................................................................................................................................ 16</p></list-item><list-item><p>15. Conidia up to 39 μm long...................................................................................................................................................................... 17</p></list-item><list-item><p>16. Paraphyses mostly septate................................................................................................................................................ <italic>L. crassispora</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>16. Paraphyses mostly aseptate.................................................................................................................................. <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>17. Paraphyses up to 95 μm long............................................................................................................................................... <italic>L. gilanensis</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>17. Paraphyses not exceeding 65 μm, never reaching 95 μm................................................................................................. <italic>L. gonubiensis</italic></p></list-item></list></sec><sec id="S45"><title>DNA phylogeny</title><p id="P482">Combined analysis of ITS and EF1-α separates the 18 species currently recognised in this genus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">Fig. 36</xref>). Some of the species, such as <italic>L. citricola / L. parva / L. hormozganensis</italic>, are distinguishable mainly from differences in their EF1-α sequences. Furthermore, bootstrap support for some of the inner branches is quite low. This would suggest that a reappraisal of the species in <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> based on more gene loci should be undertaken.</p><fig id="F36" position="float"><label>Fig. 36.</label><caption><p>One of the two equally most parsimonious trees obtained from combined ITS and EF-1α sequence data for species in <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic>. MP bootstrap values are given based on 1000 pseudoreplicates on the nodes. The tree is rooted to <italic>Diplodia mutila</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112553&link_type=cbs">CBS 112553</ext-link>) and <italic>D. seriata</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112555&link_type=cbs">CBS 112555</ext-link>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig36"></graphic></fig><p id="P483"><bold><italic>Lasiodiplodia citricola</italic></bold> Abdollahz., Javadi & A.J.L. Phillips, Persoonia 25: 4. 2010. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB16777&link_type=mb">MB16777</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F37">Fig. 37</xref>.</p><fig id="F37" position="float"><label>Fig. 37.</label><caption><p><italic>Lasiodiplodia citricola</italic>. A. Conidiomata on pine needles in culture. B. Conidia developing on conidiogenous cells. C. Annellations on conidiogenous cell. D. Conidia developing on conidiogenous cells between paraphyses. E. Septate paraphyses. F. Hyaline, immature conidia. G, H. Mature conidia in two different focal planes to show the longitudinal striations. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B, C = 5 μm, D-H = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig37"></graphic></fig><p id="P484"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, produced on pine needles on WA within 2-4 wk, superficial, dark brown to black, covered with dense mycelium, mostly uniloculate, up to 2 mm diam, solitary, globose, thick-walled, non-papillate with a central ostiole. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> hyaline, cylindrical, thin-walled, initially aseptate, becoming up to 1-5 septate when mature, occasionally branched, rounded at apex, occasionally basal, middle or apical cells swollen, up to 125 μm long, 3-4 μm wide. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, discrete, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, cylindrical, proliferating percurrently with 1-2 annellations, 11-16 × 3-5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoid to ovoid, with granular content, both ends broadly rounded, wall < 2 μm, becoming pigmented, verruculose, ovoid, 1-septate with longitudinal striations, (20-)22-27(-31) × (11-)12-17(-19) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 24.1-24.9 × 15-15.7 μm (av. ± S.D. = 24.5 ± 0.2 × 15.4 ± 1.8 μm, L/W ratio = 1.6).</p><p id="P485"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> with abundant aerial mycelia reaching to the lid of Petri plate, aerial mycelia becoming smoke grey to olivaceous-grey or iron-grey at the surface and greenish grey to dark slate blue at the reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 85 mm on MEA after 2 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min ≤ 10 °C, max ≥ 35 °C, opt 25-30 °C.</p><p id="P486"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Iran</bold>, Gilan Province, Chaboksar, on twigs of <italic>Citrus</italic> sp., Jun. 2007, J. Abdollahzadeh & A. Javadi, <bold>holotype</bold> IRAN 14270F.</p><p id="P487"><italic>Cultures</italic>: IRAN 1522C = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124707&link_type=cbs">CBS 124707</ext-link> (ex-type), IRAN 1521C = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124706&link_type=cbs">CBS 124706</ext-link>.</p><p id="P488"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Citrus</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), <italic>Juglans regia</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R34">Chen <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>).</p><p id="P489"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Iran (Chaboksar, Gilan Province; Sari, Mazandaran Province; Northern Iran) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), USA (California) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R34">Chen <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>).</p><p id="P490"><italic>Notes</italic>: Phylogenetically, <italic>Lasiodiplodia citricola</italic> is closely related to <italic>L. parva</italic>, but conidia of <italic>L. citricola</italic>, (20-)22-27(-31) × (11-)12-17(-19) μm, are longer and wider than those of <italic>L. parva</italic> (15.5-)16-23.5(-24.5) × (10-)10.5-13(-14.5) μm. In terms of morphology it resembles <italic>L. plurivora</italic> but on average the conidia of <italic>L. citricola</italic> (av. length = 24.5 μm) are shorter than those of <italic>L. plurivora</italic> (av. length = 29.6 μm). This species produces a pink pigment in PDA cultures at 35 °C.</p><p id="P491"><bold><italic>Lasiodiplodia crassispora</italic></bold> T.I. Burgess & Barber, Mycologia 98: 425. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500235&link_type=mb">MB500235</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F38">Fig. 38</xref>.</p><fig id="F38" position="float"><label>Fig. 38.</label><caption><p><italic>Lasiodiplodia crassispora</italic>. A. Hyaline, aseptate conidia. B, C. Dark brown, 1-septate conidia in two focal planes to show the longitudinal striations. Scale bar A = 10 μm. Scale bar in A applies to B and C.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig38"></graphic></fig><p id="P492"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, superficial, mostly solitary, conical, smooth, iron grey, 0.5-1 mm diam. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> cylindrical, septate, hyaline (21-)30-62(-66) × 2-3.5(-4) μm (av. of 50 paraphyses = 45.7 × 2.7 μm). <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, subcylindrical to cylindrical to ampulliform, proliferating percurrently, (6-)8-16(-19) × 3-7 μm (av. of 50 conidiogenous cells = 11.8 × 5 μm). <italic>Conidia</italic> produced in culture initially hyaline, unicellular, ellipsoid to obovoid, thick-walled (2-3 μm, av. of 50 conidia = 2.6 μm) with granular content, round at apex, occasionally truncate at base, becoming pigmented with one septum when mature or before germination, developing longitudinal striations when mature, 27-30(-33) × 14-17 μm (av. ± S.D. = 28.8 × 16.0 μm, L/W ratio = 1.8).</p><p id="P493"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> moderately dense, with appressed mycelial mat, initially white to buff turning pale olivaceous-grey within 7 d and darkening with age. After 7 d the submerged mycelia are olivaceous-grey, becoming black with age. Optimum temperature for growth 30 °C, reaching 74 mm on PDA after 3 d at 30 °C in the dark.</p><p id="P494"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Western Australia, Kununurra, from canker on <italic>Santalum album</italic>, Dec. 2003, T.I. Burgess, <bold>holotype</bold> MURU 407.</p><p id="P495"><italic>Cultures</italic>: WAC 12533 = CMW 14691 (ex-type), CMW 13448.</p><p id="P496"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Santalum album</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">Burgess <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>), <italic>Eucalyptus urophylla</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R128">Perez <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R210">Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R116">van Niekerk <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P497"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Australia (Western Australia) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">Burgess <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>), South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R116">van Niekerk <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), Uruguay (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R128">Perez <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), USA (California) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R210">Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P498"><italic>Notes</italic>: This species is phylogenetically closely related to <italic>L. rubropurpurea</italic> and <italic>L. venezuelensis</italic>, but can be distinguished from <italic>L. rubropurpurea</italic> by the absence of red-purple conidiomata. Furthermore, conidia of <italic>L. crassispora</italic> (av. = 28.8 × 16 μm) are wider than those of <italic>L. venezuelensis</italic> (av. = 28.4 × 13.5 μm). In terms of morphology <italic>L. crassispora</italic> resembles <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic> and the only feature that distinguishes the two species is that in <italic>L. crassispora</italic> the pseudoparaphyses are mostly septate, while in <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic> they are mostly aseptate.</p><p id="P499"><bold><italic>Lasiodiplodia egyptiacae</italic></bold> A.M. Ismail, L. Lombard & Crous, Australas. Plant Path. 41: 655. 2012. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB564516&link_type=mb">MB564516</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F39">Fig. 39</xref>.</p><fig id="F39" position="float"><label>Fig. 39.</label><caption><p><italic>Lasiodiplodia egypticae</italic>. A, B. Conidiogenous layer with conidia developing on conidiogenous cells between paraphyses. C. Hyaline, aseptate conidia. D. Dark-walled, 1-septate conidia. Scale bar A = 10 μm. Scale bar in A applies to B-D.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig39"></graphic></fig><p id="P500"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, mostly solitary, dark-grey to black, globose to subglobose. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> hyaline, subcylindrical, aseptate, up to 57 μm long, 2-3 μm wide. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, cylindrical, proliferating percurrently, 5-11 × 3-5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline, smooth, thick-walled, aseptate, obovoid to ellipsoid, granular, mostly somewhat tapered at apex, and rounded at base, becoming brown, 1-septate, with longitudinal striations when mature, (17-)20-24(-27) × 11-12(-13) μm (av. ± S.D. = 22 ± 2 × 12 ± 1 μm, L/W ratio = 2).</p><p id="P501"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on PDA with moderately dense, raised mycelium mat, initially white to smoke-grey, turning greenish grey on the surface and greenish grey in reverse, becoming dark slate-blue with age. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 15 °C, max 35 °C, opt 25 °C.</p><p id="P502"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Egypt</bold>, Sharkia Province, El Menayar, from <italic>M. indica</italic> leaf, Feb. 2010, A.M. Ismail, <bold>holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20736&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20736</ext-link>.</p><p id="P503"><italic>Cultures</italic>: BOT-10 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130992&link_type=cbs">CBS 130992</ext-link> (ex-type), BOT-29.</p><p id="P504"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Mangifera indica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R75">Ismail <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P505"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R97">Marques <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>), Egypt (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R75">Ismail <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P506"><italic>Notes</italic>: This species is morphologically and phylogenetically closely related to <italic>L. citricola, L. hormozganensis, L. parva</italic> and <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic>, but can be distinguished based on the dimensions of conidia and paraphyses.</p><p id="P507"><bold><italic>Lasiodiplodia gilanensis</italic></bold> Abdollahz., Javadi & A.J.L. Phillips, Persoonia 25: 5. 2010. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB16778&link_type=mb">MB16778</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F40">Fig. 40</xref>.</p><fig id="F40" position="float"><label>Fig. 40.</label><caption><p><italic>Lasiodiplodia gilanensis</italic>. A. Conidiomata on pine needles in culture. B. Conidia developing on conidiogenous cells. C. Conidia developing on conidiogenous cells between paraphyses. D. Paraphyses. E. Hyaline, immature conidia. F, G. Mature conidia in two different focal planes to show the longitudinal striations. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B = 5 μm, C-G = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig40"></graphic></fig><p id="P508"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, produced on pine needles on WA within 2-4 wk, superficial, dark brown to black, covered with dense mycelium, mostly uniloculate, up to 940 μm diam, solitary, globose, thick-walled, non-papillate with a central ostiole. <italic>Paraphyses</italic>, hyaline, cylindrical, thin-walled, initially aseptate, becoming up to 1-3 septate when mature, rarely branched, rounded at apex, up to 95 μm long, 2-4 μm wide. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, discrete, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, cylindrical, 11-18 × 3-5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoid to ovoid, with granular content, rounded at apex, base mostly truncate, wall < 2 μm, becoming pigmented, verruculose, ellipsoid to ovoid, 1-septate with longitudinal striations, (25-)28-35(-39) × (14.5-)15-18(-19) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 30.6-31.4 × 16.5-16.7 μm (av. ± S.D. = 31 ± 2.4 × 16.6 ± 1 μm, L/W ratio = 1.9).</p><p id="P509"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> with abundant aerial mycelia reaching to the lid of Petri plate, aerial mycelia becoming smoke-grey to olivaceous-grey at the surface and greenish grey to dark slate blue at the reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 80 mm on MEA after 2 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min ≤ 10 °C, max ≥ 35 °C, opt 25-30 °C.</p><p id="P510"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Iran</bold>, Gilan Province, Rahimabad-Garmabdost, on twigs of unknown woody plant, Jun. 2007, J. Abdollahzadeh & A. Javadi, <bold>holotype</bold> IRAN 14272F.</p><p id="P511"><italic>Cultures</italic>: IRAN 1523C = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124704&link_type=cbs">CBS 124704</ext-link> (ex-type), IRAN 1501C = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124705&link_type=cbs">CBS 124705</ext-link>.</p><p id="P512"><italic>Hosts</italic>: Unknown (isolated from twigs of an unknown woody plant).</p><p id="P513"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Rahimabad-Garmabdost, Gilan Province, Northern Iran (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P514"><italic>Notes</italic>: Phylogenetically, <italic>L. gilanensis</italic> is closely related to <italic>L. plurivora</italic> and <italic>L. missouriana</italic>, but the three species can be distinguished on average conidial dimensions. Moreover, the paraphyses of <italic>L. gilanensis</italic> are up to 95 μm long and 4 μm wide, whereas paraphyses of <italic>L. plurivora</italic> are up to 130 μm long and 10 μm wide (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>). Also, the 1-3 basal cells of <italic>L. plurivora</italic> paraphyses often are broader than the apical cells whereas, in <italic>L. gilanensis</italic> they are the same as the apical cells. In terms of morphology, <italic>L. gilanensis</italic> is similar to <italic>L. gonubiensis</italic>, but paraphyses of <italic>L. gilanensis</italic> (up to 95 μm) are longer than those of <italic>L. gonubiensis</italic> (up to 65 μm). Moreover, conidia of <italic>L. gilanensis</italic> (av. ± S.D. = 31 × 16.6 μm) are slightly shorter than in <italic>L. gonubiensis</italic> (av. ± S.D. = 33.8 × 17.3 μm). This species produces a pink pigment in PDA cultures at 35 °C.</p><p id="P515"><bold><italic>Lasiodiplodia gonubiensis</italic></bold> Pavlic, Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 50: 318. 2004. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500079&link_type=mb">MB500079</ext-link>. See Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R122">2004</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P516"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, formed on WA on sterilised pine needles within 7-21 d, semi-immersed, solitary, globose, papillate, leaden-black, covered by mycelium, up to 460 μm diam. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> cylindrical, aseptate, hyaline, (14-)26.5-47(-65) × (1.5-)2-2.5(-3) μm. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, cylindrical, hyaline, (6.5-)10-15(-18) × (1-)2-4(-4.5) μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline, unicellular, ellipsoid to obovoid, thick-walled with granular content, rounded at apex, occasionally truncate at base becoming cinnamon to sepia with longitudinal striations, forming one to three septa, (28-)32-36(-39) × (14-)16-18.5(-21) μm (av. of 100 conidia = 33.8 × 17.3 μm, L/W ratio = 1.9).</p><p id="P517"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> initially white to smoke-grey with fluffy, aerial mycelium, becoming olivaceous-grey on the surface after 3-4 d, with dense aerial mycelium, margins slightly irregular; reverse side of the colonies dark slate-blue. Optimum temperature for growth 25 °C, covering the medium surface (90 mm Petri dish) after 5 d in the dark. Isolates growing at 35 °C produced a coral red pigment within 4 d.</p><p id="P518"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Eastern Cape Province, Gonubie, isolated from <italic>Syzygium cordatum,</italic> Jul. 2002, D. Pavlic, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 58127 (conidiomata on needles of <italic>Pinus</italic> sp. on WA).</p><p id="P519"><italic>Cultures</italic>: CMW 14077 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115812&link_type=cbs">CBS 115812</ext-link> (ex-type), CMW 14078 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116355&link_type=cbs">CBS 116355</ext-link>.</p><p id="P520"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Syzygium cordatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R122">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>).</p><p id="P521"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: South Africa (Gonubie, Eastern Cape Province) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R122">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>).</p><p id="P522"><italic>Notes</italic>: Phylogenetically this species is clearly distinct from all other <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> species. In terms of morphology, conidia of <italic>L gonubiensis</italic> are larger than those of any other species presently known in the genus.</p><p id="P523"><bold><italic>Lasiodiplodia hormozganensis</italic></bold> Abdollahz., Zare & A.J.L. Phillips, Persoonia 25: 6. 2010. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB16779&link_type=mb">MB16779</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F41">Fig 41</xref>.</p><fig id="F41" position="float"><label>Fig. 41.</label><caption><p><italic>Lasiodiplodia hormozganensis</italic>. A. Conidiomata on pine needles in culture. B, C. Conidia developing on conidiogenous cells between paraphyses. D, E. Septate and aseptate paraphyses. F. Hyaline immature conidia. G, H. Mature conidia in two different focal planes to show the longitudinal striations. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B, C = 5 μm, D-H = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig41"></graphic></fig><p id="P524"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, produced on pine needles on WA within 2-4 wk, superficial, dark brown to black, covered with dense mycelium, mostly uniloculate, up to 950 μm diam, solitary, globose, thick-walled, non-papillate with a central ostiole. <italic>Paraphyses</italic>, hyaline, cylindrical, thin-walled, initially aseptate, becoming up to 1-7-septate when mature, rarely branched, occasionally basal, middle or apical cells swollen, rounded at apex, up to 83 μm long, 2-4 μm wide. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, discrete, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, cylindrical, 9-15 × 3-5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoid to cylindrical, with granular contents, rounded at apex, base round or truncate, wall < 2 μm, becoming pigmented, verruculose, ellipsoid to ovoid, 1-septate with longitudinal striations, (15.5-)18-24(-25) × 11-14 μm, 95 % confidence limits = 21.2-21.7 × 12.4-12.6 μm (av. ± S.D. = 21.5 ± 1.9 × 12.5 ± 0.8 μm, L/W ratio = 1.7).</p><p id="P525"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> with abundant aerial mycelia reaching to the lid of Petri dish, aerial mycelia becoming smoke grey to olivaceous-grey at the surface and greenish grey to dark slate blue at the reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 83 mm on MEA after 2 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min ≤ 10 °C, max ≥ 35 °C, opt 25-30 °C.</p><p id="P526"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Iran</bold>, Hormozgan Province, Rodan, on twigs of <italic>Olea</italic> sp., Jun. 2007, J. Abdollahzadeh & A. Javadi, <bold>holotype</bold> IRAN 14271F.</p><p id="P527"><italic>Cultures</italic>: IRAN 1500C = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124709&link_type=cbs">CBS 124709</ext-link> (ex-type), IRAN 1498C = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124708&link_type=cbs">CBS 124708</ext-link>.</p><p id="P528"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Mangifera indica</italic>, (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R97">Marques <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>), <italic>Olea</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P529"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Iran (Hormozgan Province) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R97">Marques <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>).</p><p id="P530"><italic>Notes</italic>: Phylogenetically and morphologically, this species is closely related to <italic>L. citricola, L. egyptiacae, L. parva</italic> and <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic>, but can be distinguished based on average conidial dimensions and paraphyses length. This species does not produce a pink pigment in PDA cultures at 35 °C.</p><p id="P531"><bold><italic>Lasiodiplodia iraniensis</italic></bold> Abdollahz., Zare & A.J.L. Phillips, Persoonia 25: 8. 2010. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB16780&link_type=mb">MB16780</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F42">Fig 42</xref>.</p><fig id="F42" position="float"><label>Fig. 42.</label><caption><p><italic>Lasiodiplodia iraniensis</italic>. A. Conidiomata on pine needles in culture. B. Conidia developing on conidiogenous cells. C, D. Conidia developing on conidiogenous cells between paraphyses. E. Paraphyses. F. Hyaline, immature conidia. G, H. Mature conidia in two different focal planes to show the longitudinal striations. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B, C = 5 μm, D-H = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig42"></graphic></fig><p id="P532"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, produced on pine needles on WA within 2-4 wk, superficial, dark brown to black, covered with dense mycelium, mostly uniloculate, up to 980 μm diam, solitary, globose, thick-walled, non-papillate with a central ostiole. <italic>Paraphyses</italic>, hyaline, cylindrical, thin-walled, initially aseptate, becoming up to 1-6 septate when mature, rarely branched, occasionally basal, middle or apical cells swollen, rounded at apex, up to 127 μm long, 2-4 μm wide. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, discrete, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, cylindrical, 9-16 × 3-5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline, aseptate, subglobose to subcylindrical, with granular content, both ends rounded, wall < 2 μm, becoming pigmented, verruculose, ellipsoid to ovoid, 1-septate with longitudinal striations, (15.5-) 17-23(-29.5) × 11-14 μm, 95 % confidence limits = 20.6-20.8 × 13-13.1 μm (av. ± S.D. = 20.7 ± 2 × 13 ± 0.9 μm, L/W ratio = 1.6).</p><p id="P533"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> with abundant aerial mycelia reaching to the lid of Petri dish, aerial mycelia becoming smoke grey to olivaceous-grey at the surface and greenish grey to dark slate blue at the reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 80 mm on MEA after 2 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min ≤ 10 °C, max ≥ 35 °C, opt 25-30 °C.</p><p id="P534"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Iran</bold>, Hormozgan Province, Bandar Abbas, Geno mountain, on twigs of <italic>Salvadora persica</italic>, Mar. 2007, J. Abdollahzadeh & A. Javadi, <bold>holotype</bold> IRAN 14268F.</p><p id="P535"><italic>Cultures</italic>: IRAN 1520C = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124710&link_type=cbs">CBS 124710</ext-link> (ex-type), IRAN 1519C.</p><p id="P536"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Citrus</italic> sp., <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp., <italic>Juglans</italic> sp., <italic>Mangifera indica, Salvadora persica, Terminalia catapa</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P537"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R97">Marques <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>), Iran (Hormozgan & Golestan Provinces) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P538"><italic>Notes</italic>: Phylogenetically this species is closely related to <italic>L. mahajangana, L. theobromae</italic> and <italic>L. viticola</italic>. This species can be easily separated from the first two species based on conidial dimensions. Conidia of <italic>L. iraniensis</italic> (av. = 20.7 × 13 μm) are larger and smaller than those of <italic>L. mahajangana</italic> (av. = 17.5 × 11.5 μm) and smaller than <italic>L. theobromae</italic> (av. = 26.2 × 14.2 μm). Conidia of <italic>L. viticola</italic> (av. = 19.5 × 9.5 μm) are shorter and narrower than those of <italic>L. iraniensis</italic>. Furthermore, the paraphyses in <italic>L. iraniensis</italic> are longer than 100 μm, while they are less than 100 μm in <italic>L. viticola</italic>. Although, conidial dimensions of <italic>L. iraniensis</italic> are similar to those of <italic>L. parva</italic>, the average width of conidia of <italic>L. iraniensis</italic> (13 μm) is greater than in <italic>L. parva</italic> (av. width = 11.5 μm). This species produces a pink pigment in PDA cultures at 35 °C.</p><p id="P539"><bold><italic>Lasiodiplodia lignicola</italic></bold> (Ariyawansa, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde) A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Abdollahz., <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB805462&link_type=mb">MB805462</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F43">Fig. 43</xref>.</p><fig id="F43" position="float"><label>Fig. 43.</label><caption><p><italic>Lasiodiplodia lignicola</italic>. A. Conidiomata developing on pine needles in culture. B-D. Conidiogenous cells. E, F. Brown, striate conidia. Scale bars: A = 500 μm, B = 10 μm. Scale bar in B applies to C-F.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig43"></graphic></fig><p id="P540"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Auerswaldia lignicola</italic> Ariyawansa, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Divers. 57: 161. 2012.</p><p id="P541">Saprobic on dead wood. <italic>Ascomata</italic> 0.5-0.75 mm diam, 0.75-1 mm high, dark brown to black, developing on host tissue, semi-immersed, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, multiloculate, with 4-5 locules, with individual ostioles, cells of ascostromata brown-walled <italic>textura angularis. Locules</italic> 100-130 × 110-130 μm, with individual papillate ostioles. <italic>Peridium</italic> of locules 30-60 μm diam, thick-walled, wall composed of outer layers of thick-walled, dark brown cells of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, inner layers of thin-walled cells of <italic>textura angularis. Pseudoparaphyses</italic> not observed. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to broadly clavate, with short and narrow pedicel, rounded at the apex with an ocular chamber, 80-90 × 15-25 μm. <italic>Ascospores</italic> uniseriate or partially overlapping, reddish brown to dark brown, aseptate, fusiform to ellipsoid with narrowly rounded ends, smooth-walled, 15-20 × 8-10 μm (av. of 40 ascospores = 19 × 9 μm). <italic>Conidiomata</italic> indistinguishable from ascomata. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> aseptate, thin-walled, with slightly bulbous tip up to 15 μm long. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline, thin-walled, cylindrical, 6-12 × 2.5-3 μm. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, cylindrical, forming a single conidium at the tip, holoblastic, proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, 10-15 × 2.5-3.5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth, thick-walled, globose to ovoid, becoming dark brown with longitudinal striations, (15-)16-17.5 × (8-)8.5-10.5(-11) μm, L/W ratio = 1.7.</p><p id="P542"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> growing slowly on MEA, reaching 3 mm after 5 d at 27 °C, effuse, velvety, with entire to slightly undulate edge, dark brown to black.</p><p id="P543"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Thailand</bold>, Chiang Rai Province, Muang District, Bandu, on dead wood, 30 Sep. 2011, A.D. Ariyawansa, <bold>holotype</bold> MFLU 12-0750.</p><p id="P544"><italic>Cultures</italic>: MFLUCC 11-0435 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=134112&link_type=cbs">CBS 134112</ext-link> (ex-type), MFLUCC 11-0656.</p><p id="P545"><italic>Hosts</italic>: Dead wood of unknown host (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">Liu <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P546"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Thailand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P547"><italic>Notes</italic>: This species was introduced by Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">2012</xref>) under <italic>Auerswaldia lignicola</italic>. However, in the phylogenenies presented here, it is obviously a distinct species in <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> and formed a clade as a group basal to all other species. This is one of the few species in which the asexual morph and sexual have been definitively linked, and the dark brown ascospores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>) are assumed to be a typical feature of the genus.</p><p id="P548"><bold><italic>Lasiodiplodia mahajangana</italic></bold> Begoude, Jol. Roux & Slippers, Mycol. Prog. 9: 110. 2010. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB514012&link_type=mb">MB514012</ext-link>. See Didier Begoude <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R50">2010</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P549"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, produced on pine needles on MEA within 2 wk, up to 300 μm diam, solitary and covered by mycelium, superficial, conical, unilocular, with long necks (up to 200 μm) and single ostioles at the tips, locule walls thick, consisting of two layers: an outer dark brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, lined with inner thin-walled, hyaline cells. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> rare, cylindrical, hyaline, aseptate 1-celled, (27.5-)33.5-52.5(-66) × (2-)2.5-3.5(-5) μm, (av. of 50 paraphyses = 43 × 3 μm), rounded at the tips, unbranched. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, discrete, hyaline, cylindrical, (10-)10.5-18(-26) × (3-)3.5-5.5(-6) μm (av. of 50 conidiogenous cells = 14.5 × 4.5 μm, L/W ratio = 3.2). <italic>Conidia</italic> initially aseptate, hyaline, ellipsoid to ovoid, thick-walled (< 2.5 μm), granular content, becoming 1-septate and pigmented after release, vertical striations observed at maturity, (13.5-)15.5-19(-21.5) × (10-)11.5-13(-14) μm (av. of 50 conidia = 17.5 × 11.5 μm, L/W ratio = 1.4).</p><p id="P550"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> initially white, fluffy with abundant aerial mycelium, becoming pale olivaceous-grey after 4 d, with the reverse sides of the colonies olivaceous-grey. Optimum temperature for growth 25-30 °C, covering a 90 mm Petri dish after 3 d on MEA in the dark, no growth observed at 10 °C.</p><p id="P551"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Madagascar</bold>, Mahajanga, isolated from healthy branches of <italic>Terminalia catappa</italic>, Oct. 2007, J. Roux, PREM 60288 <bold>holotype</bold> (a dry culture of CMW 27801 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124925&link_type=cbs">CBS 124925</ext-link> on pine needles); isolated from healthy branches of <italic>Terminalia catappa</italic>, Oct. 2007, J. Roux, <bold>paratype</bold> PREM 60289.</p><p id="P552"><italic>Cultures</italic>: CMW 27820 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124927&link_type=cbs">CBS 124927</ext-link>, CMW 27801 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124925&link_type=cbs">CBS 124925</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P553"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Terminalia catappa</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R50">Didier Begoude <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P554"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Madagascar (Mahajanga) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R50">Didier Begoude <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P555"><italic>Notes</italic>: Conidia of <italic>L. mahajangana</italic> are smaller than those of its closest relative, <italic>L. theobromae</italic>. Paraphyses of <italic>L. mahajangana</italic> are aseptate while those of <italic>L. theobromae</italic> are septate. In terms of morphology it is similar to <italic>L. margaritacea</italic> and the two can be distinguished only on the average lengths of their conidia (<italic>L. mahajangana</italic> = 17.5 μm, <italic>L. margaritacea</italic> = 15.3 μm).</p><p id="P556"><bold><italic>Lasiodiplodia margaritacea</italic></bold> Pavlic, T.I. Burgess & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 100: 860. 2008. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512052&link_type=mb">MB512052</ext-link>. See Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">2008</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P557"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, semi-immersed, solitary, globose, papillate, black, covered by hyphal hairs, up to 520 μm diam. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> cylindrical, 1-2-septate, hyaline, (19-) 28-46(-54) × (1.5-)2-2.5(-3) μm (av. = 37.1 × 2.2 μm), formed among conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, hyaline, the first conidium produced holoblastically and subsequent conidia enteroblastically, (6-)10-11(-19.5) × (2-)3-4(-4.5) μm (av. = 10.3 × 3.3 μm). <italic>Conidia</italic> globose to subglobose to obovoid, (12-)14-17(-19) × (10-)11-12(-12.5) μm (av. of 50 conidia = 15.3 × 11.4 μm, L/W ratio = 1.3), with granular content, thick-walled (1-2 μm), initially unicellular, hyaline, becoming cinnamon to sepia, forming one septum and longitudinal striations with maturation.</p><p id="P558"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> initially white to smoke grey with woolly aerial mycelium, becoming pale olivaceous-grey within 5-7 d, olivaceous-grey to iron-grey with age, margins regular. Submerged mycelium dense, reverse grey olivaceous to olivaceous-black after 7 d, becoming black with age. Optimum growth at 30 °C, covering the 90 mm Petri dish after 3 d in the dark.</p><p id="P559"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Western Australia, Tunnel Creek Gorge, on <italic>Adansonia gibbosa</italic>, Jul. 2006, T.I. Burgess, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 59844 (a dry culture of CMW 26162 on pine needles).</p><p id="P560"><italic>Cultures</italic>: CMW 26162 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122519&link_type=cbs">CBS 122519</ext-link> (ex-type), CMW 26163 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122065&link_type=cbs">CBS 122065</ext-link>.</p><p id="P561"><italic>Host</italic>: Asymptomatic branches of <italic>Adansonia gibbosa</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">Pavlic <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P562"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Australia (Western Australia) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">Pavlic <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P563"><italic>Notes</italic>: The small sub-globose conidia clearly distinguish this species from all species other than <italic>L. mahajangana</italic>, and these two can be separated morphologically only on average conidial lengths (<italic>L. mahajangana</italic> = 17.5 μm, <italic>L. margaritacea</italic> = 15.3 μm). Phylogenetically, however, they are clearly two distinct species.</p><p id="P564"><bold><italic>Lasiodiplodia missouriana</italic></bold> Úrbez-Torres, Peduto & Gubler, Fungal Divers. 52: 181. 2012. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519954&link_type=mb">MB519954</ext-link>. See Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> (2012) for illustrations.</p><p id="P565"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, superficial, formed on PDA within 2-3 wk, black, covered with mycelium, up to 320 μm diam, globose to ovoid, thick-walled, unilocular, with a central ostiole, often oozing conidia. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, not branched, round at apex, up to 55 μm long, 2-3 μm wide. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical. <italic>Conidia</italic> produced in culture initially hyaline, unicellular, ellipsoid to ovoid, thick-walled (1-2 μm), contents granular, becoming dark brown, 1-septate, with longitudinal striations while still inside the conidiomata, (16-)17.5-19.5(-21) × (8-)9-10.5(-11.5) μm (av. of 60 conidia ± 18.5 × 9.8 μm, L/W ratio = 1.9).</p><p id="P566"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on PDA with moderately dense aerial mycelium, initially white becoming pale olivaceous-grey within 7 d and turning iron grey to greenish black within 28 d; reverse dark slate blue after 28 d. Colonies covering the dish on PDA after 48 h in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 10 °C, max 35 °C, opt 25-30 °C.</p><p id="P567"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>, Saint James, on <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> × <italic>V. labrusca</italic> hybrid cv. Catawba, Jun. 2006, R.K. Striegler & G.M. Leavitt, <bold>holotype</bold> UCD2193MO.</p><p id="P568"><italic>Cultures</italic>: UCD2193MO = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128311&link_type=cbs">CBS 128311</ext-link> (ex-type), UCD2199MO = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128312&link_type=cbs">CBS128312</ext-link>.</p><p id="P569"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Vitis</italic> spp. (Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al</italic>. 2012).</p><p id="P570"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: USA (Missouri) (Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al</italic>. 2012)</p><p id="P571"><italic>Notes</italic>: The small conidia of this species distinguish it morphologically from all others except <italic>L. hormozganensis</italic> and these two can be distinguished only by small differences in conidial widths (<italic>L. missouriana</italic> = 8-12 μm, <italic>L. hormozganensis</italic> = 11-14 μm). Nevertheless, phylogenetically they are clearly two distinct species.</p><p id="P572"><bold><italic>Lasiodiplodia parva</italic></bold> A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous, Fungal Divers. 28: 9. 2007. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB510942&link_type=mb">MB510942</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F44">Fig. 44</xref>.</p><fig id="F44" position="float"><label>Fig. 44.</label><caption><p><italic>Lasiodiplodia parva</italic>. A. Conidiogenous layer with paraphyses and developing conidia. B. Percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells. C. Hyaline, aseptate conidia and dark-walled, septate conidia. D, E. Mature conidia at two different focal planes showing the striations on the inner side of the conidial wall. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig44"></graphic></fig><p id="P573"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, formed on poplar twigs in culture, uniloculate, dark brown to black, immersed in the host becoming erumpent when mature. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> hyaline, cylindrical, septate, ends rounded, up to 105 μm long, 3-4 μm wide arising amongst the conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, slightly swollen at the base, holoblastic, proliferating percurrently to form one or two annellations, or proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings. <italic>Conidia</italic> ovoid, apex broadly rounded, base rounded or truncate, widest in the middle or upper third, thick-walled, initially hyaline and aseptate and remaining so for a long time, becoming 1-septate and dark-walled only some time after release from the conidiomata, with melanin deposits on the inner surface of the wall arranged longitudinally giving a striate appearance to the conidia, (15.5-)16-23.5(-24.5) × (10-)10.5-13(-14.5) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 19.8-20.5 × 11.4-11.7 μm (av. ± S.D. = 20.2 ± 1.9 × 11.5 ± 0.8 μm, L/W ratio = 1.8).</p><p id="P574"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Colombia</bold>, Dep. Meta, Villavicencio, cassava field soil, 1978, O. Rangel, <bold>holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-19915&link_type=cbs">CBS H-19915</ext-link>.</p><p id="P575"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=456.78&link_type=cbs">CBS 456.78</ext-link> (ex-type), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=494.78&link_type=cbs">CBS 494.78</ext-link>.</p><p id="P576"><italic>Hosts</italic>: Cassava-field soil, <italic>Theobroma cacao</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P577"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Colombia, Sri Lanka (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P578"><italic>Notes</italic>: This species can be separated from its closest relatives, <italic>L. citricola, L. egypticae, L. hormozganensis</italic> and <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic> based on conidial and paraphyses dimensions. In terms of morphology it is similar to <italic>L. iraniensis</italic> and the two species can be separated only on the average width of conidia, but phylogenetically they are clearly distinct.</p><p id="P579"><bold><italic>Lasiodiplodia plurivora</italic></bold> Damm & Crous, Mycologia 99: 674. 2007. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB501322&link_type=mb">MB501322</ext-link>. See Damm <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">2007</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P580"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, produced on pine needles on SNA within 2-4 wk, solitary, globose to ovoid, dark brown, up to 400 μm diam, embedded in needle tissue, semi-immersed, unilocular, with a central ostiole; wall 4-7 cell layers thick, outer layers composed of dark brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming thin-walled and hyaline toward the inner region. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, discrete, hyaline, cylindrical, proliferating percurrently several times near the apex, 8-13 × 4-7 μm. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> hyaline, cylindrical, 2-7-celled, the 1-3 basal cells often broader than the apical cells, apical cell with rounded tip, sometimes branched, up to 130 μm long, 2-5 μm broad at the upper part and up to 10 μm broad at the lower part (basal cells). <italic>Conidia</italic> initially aseptate, thick-walled (< 3 μm), hyaline, ellipsoidal to obovate, sometimes somewhat irregular, with granular content, becoming 1-septate after release, brown, obovate, verruculose and with longitudinal striations, (22-)26.5-32.5(-35) × (13-)14.5-17(-18.5) μm (av. ± S.D. = 29.6 ± 2.9 × 15.6 ± 1.2 μm, L/W ratio = 1.9).</p><p id="P581"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on PDA in the dark: mycelium and surface white to pale olivaceous-grey, reverse pale olivaceous-buff to pale grey-olivaceous, flat with undulate margins. Under near-ultraviolet light: mycelium and surface white to pale mouse-grey, reverse pale olivaceous-buff to smoke-grey. Colonies 76 mm after 2 d, reaching the edge the Petri dish after 3 d. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 10 °C, max ≥ 35 °C, opt 30 °C.</p><p id="P582"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Western Cape Province, Stellenbosch, from V-shaped necrotic lesion of <italic>P. salicina</italic>, May 2004, U. Damm, <bold>holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-19844&link_type=cbs">CBS H-19844</ext-link>.</p><p id="P583"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=120832&link_type=cbs">CBS 120832</ext-link> = STE-U 5803 (ex-type), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121103&link_type=cbs">CBS 121103</ext-link> = STE-U 4583.</p><p id="P584"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Prunus salicina, Vitis vinifera</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>).</p><p id="P585"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: South Africa (Western Cape Province) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>).</p><p id="P586"><italic>Notes</italic>: Phylogenetically this species is close to <italic>L. gilanensis</italic> and <italic>L. missouriana</italic>, but it can be separated from that species based on conidial dimensions and paraphyses length and shape. Conidia of <italic>L. gilanensis</italic> (av. = 29.6 × 15.6 μm) are larger than those of <italic>L. missouriana</italic> (av. = 18.5 × 9.8 μm), but compared to <italic>L. gilanensis</italic> they are slightly shorter. Moreover, paraphyses of <italic>L. plurivora</italic> (up to 130 μm) are longer than 100 μm, while in <italic>L. gilanensis</italic> and <italic>L. missouriana</italic> they are consistently less than 100 μm. In terms of morphology it is close to <italic>L. citricola</italic>, but conidia of <italic>L. citricola</italic> (av. = 24.5 × 15.4 μm) are quite small compared with <italic>L. plurivora</italic> (av. = 29.6 × 15.6 μm).</p><p id="P587"><bold><italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</italic></bold> A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous, Fungal Divers. 28: 8. 2007. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB510941&link_type=mb">MB510941</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F45">Fig. 45</xref>.</p><fig id="F45" position="float"><label>Fig. 45.</label><caption><p><italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</italic>. A. Conidiogenous layer with developing conidia and paraphyses. B. Paraphyses. C. Conidium developing on an annellidic conidiogenous cell. D. Immature, hyaline conidia. E, F. Mature, dark-walled, one-septate, striate conidia in two different focal planes to show the striations on the inner side of the wall. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig45"></graphic></fig><p id="P588"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, formed on poplar twigs in culture, uniloculate, dark brown to black, immersed in the host becoming erumpent when mature. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> hyaline, cylindrical, mostly aseptate, sometimes branched, ends rounded, up to 58 μm long, 3-4 μm wide arising amongst the conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, slightly swollen at the base, holoblastic, proliferating percurrently to form one or two closely spaced annellations. <italic>Conidia</italic> ellipsoidal, apex and base rounded, widest at the middle, thick-walled, initially hyaline and aseptate and remaining so for a long time, becoming 1-septate and dark brown only some time after release from the conidiomata, with melanin deposits on the inner surface of the wall arranged longitudinally giving a striate appearance to the conidia, (22.5-)23.5-32(-33) × (13.5-)14-18(-20) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 27.5-28.5 × 15.5-16.5 μm (av. ± S.D. = 28.0 ± 2.5 × 16.0 ± 1.2 μm, L/W ratio = 1.7).</p><p id="P589"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Costa Rica</bold>, San Carlos, on <italic>Gmelina arborea</italic>, J. Carranza-Velazquez, <bold>holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-19916&link_type=cbs">CBS H-19916</ext-link>.</p><p id="P590"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116459&link_type=cbs">CBS 116459</ext-link> (ex-type), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=447.62&link_type=cbs">CBS 447.62</ext-link>.</p><p id="P591"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Acacia mangium, Citrus aurantium, Coffea</italic> sp., <italic>Gmelina arborea, Rosa</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P592"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Costa Rica, Netherlands, Suriname, Zaire (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P593"><italic>Notes</italic>: This species can be separated from its closest relatives, <italic>L. citricola, L. egypticae, L. hormozganensis</italic> and <italic>L. parva</italic> and as previously mentioned under <italic>L. plurivora</italic>. In terms of morphology it is close to <italic>L. crassispora</italic> but the two species differ in that the pseudparaphyses of <italic>L. crassispora</italic> are mostly septate, while in <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic> they are mostly aseptate.</p><p id="P594"><bold><italic>Lasiodiplodia rubropurpurea</italic></bold> Burgess, Barber & Pegg, Mycologia 98: 431. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500236&link_type=mb">MB500236</ext-link>. See Burgess <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">2006</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P595"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, superficial, globose, red to dark vinaceous, mostly solitary, 0.5-1.5 mm diam and covered with mycelium. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> cylindrical, aseptate, hyaline (30-)32-52(-58) × 1.5-3.5 μm (av. of 50 paraphyses = 42.4 × 2.6 μm). <italic>Conidiophores</italic> reduced to conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, subcylindrical to ampulliform, 7-13(-15) × 3-5 μm (av. of 50 conidiogenous cells = 10.2 × 4 μm), proliferating percurrently with a single annellation. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline, unicellular, ellipsoid to obovoid, thick-walled (1 μm) with granular contents, rounded at apex, occasionally truncate at base, initially hyaline and unicellular, becoming pigmented with one septum when mature or before germination, longitudinal striations observed at maturation, 24-33 × 13-17 μm (av. of 100 conidia = 28.2 × 14.6 μm, L/W ratio = 1.9).</p><p id="P596"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> moderately dense, with appressed mycelial mat, colonies initially white to buff turning to pale olivaceous-grey within 7 d and becoming darker with age. After 7 d submerged mycelia olivaceous-grey, becoming black with age. Optimum temperature for growth 25-30 °C, reaching 76 mm on PDA after 3 d at both 25 °C and 30 °C in the dark.</p><p id="P597"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Queensland, Tully, from canker on <italic>Eucalyptus grandis</italic>, May 2003, T.I. Burgess, <bold>holotype</bold> MURU 409.</p><p id="P598"><italic>Cultures</italic>: WAC12535 = CMW 14700 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118740&link_type=cbs">CBS 118740</ext-link> (ex-type), WAC12536 = CMW 15207.</p><p id="P599"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Eucalyptus grandis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">Burgess <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>).</p><p id="P600"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Australia (Queensland) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">Burgess <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>).</p><p id="P601"><italic>Note</italic>: The red-purple conidiomata of <italic>L. rubropurpurea</italic> are unique in this genus and distuinguish it from all other species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">Burgess <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>).</p><p id="P602"><bold><italic>Lasiodiplodia theobromae</italic></bold> (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl., Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 25: 57. 1909. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB188476&link_type=mb">MB188476</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F46">Fig. 46</xref>.</p><fig id="F46" position="float"><label>Fig. 46.</label><caption><p><italic>Lasiodiplodia theobromae</italic> (A-D from holotype of <italic>Sphaeria rhodina</italic>). A, B. Asci. C, D. Ascospores. E, I. Conidiogenous layer with conidiogenous cells and paraphyses. F. Paraphyses. G. Immature hyaline conidia. H. Developing conidia. J, K. Mature, dark-walled, one-septate, striate conidia in two different focal planes. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig46"></graphic></fig><p id="P603"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Botryodiplodia theobromae</italic> Pat., Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 8: 136. 1892.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Diplodia theobromae</italic> (Pat.) W. Nowell, Diseases of Crop Plants in the Lesser Antiles: 158. 1923.</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Sphaeria glandicola</italic> Schwein., Trans. Am. phil. Soc., Ser. 2 4(2): 214. 1832.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Physalospora glandicola</italic> (Schwein.) N.E. Stevens, Mycologia 25: 504. 1933.</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Physalospora rhodina</italic> Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grevillea 17: 92. 1889.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Botryosphaeria rhodina</italic> (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Arx, Gen. Fungi Sporul. Cult. (Lehr): 143. 1970.</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Diplodia gossypina</italic> Cooke, Grevillea 7: 95. 1879.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Macrophoma vestita</italic> Prill. & Delacr., Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 10: 165. 1894.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Diplodia cacaoicola</italic> Henn., Bot. Jb. 22: 80. 1895.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Lasiodiplodia tubericola</italic> Ellis & Everh., Bot. Gaz. 21: 92. 1896.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Diplodia tubericola</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Taubenh., Am. J. Bot. 2: 328. 1915.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Botryodiplodia tubericola</italic> (Ellis & Everh.) Petr., Ann. Mycol. 21: 332. 1923.</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Botryodiplodia gossypii</italic> Ellis & Barth., J. Mycol. 8: 175-176. 1902.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Botryodiplodia elasticae</italic> Petch., Ann. R. Bot. Gdns Peradeniya 3: 7. 1906.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Diplodia arachidis</italic> Petch., Ann. R. Bot. Gdns Peradeniya 3: 6. 1906.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Chaetodiplodia grisea</italic> Petch., Ann. R. Bot. Gdns Peradeniya 3: 6. 1906.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Lasiodiplodia nigra</italic> Appel & Laubert, Arbeiten Kaiserl. Biol. Anst. Ld.-u. Forstw. 5: 147. 1907.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Diplodia rapax</italic> Massee, Bull. Misc. Inf., Kew: 3. 1910.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Diplodia natalensis</italic> Pole-Evans Transvaal Dept. of Agricult. Sci. Bull. 4: 15. 1911 (1910).</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Diplodia manihoti</italic> Sacc. (as “<italic>maniothi</italic>”), Ann. Mycol. 12: 310. 1914.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Botryodiplodia manihoti</italic> (Sacc.) Petr. (as “<italic>maniothi</italic>”), Ann. Mycol. 22: 83. 1924.</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Botryodiplodia manihotis</italic> Syd. & P. Syd., Ann. Mycol. 14: 202. 1916.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Diplodia corchori</italic> Syd. & P. Syd., Ann. Mycol. 14: 196. 1916.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Diplodia musae</italic> Died., Ann. Mycol. 14: 200. 1916.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Lasiodiplodia triflorae</italic> B.B. Higgins, Bull. Georgia Exp. Stn 118: 16. 1916.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Diplodia ananassae</italic> Sacc., Atti Acad. Sci. Ven.-Tren.-Istr. 10: 75. 1917.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Botryodiplodia ananassae</italic> (Sacc.) Petr., Ann. Mycol. 27: 365. 1929.</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Physalospora gossypina</italic> N.E. Stevens, Mycologia 17: 198. 1925.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Botryodiplodia manihoticola</italic> Petr., <italic>In</italic>: Petrak & Syd., Feddes Repert., Beih. 42: 143. 1926.</p></list-item></list><p id="P604"><italic>Ascomata</italic> dark brown to black, aggregated, thick-walled, wall composed of dark brown, thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming thinner and hyaline towards the inner layers, 250-400 μm diam. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, clavate, stipitate, 8-spored, 90-120 μm long. <italic>Ascospores</italic> irregularly biseriate, hyaline, aseptate (24-)30-35(-42) × (7-)11-14(-17) μm. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, simple or aggregated, immersed in the host becoming erumpent when mature, dark brown, unilocular, thick- or thin-walled, wall formed of dark brown thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, frequently setose, up to 5 mm wide, ostiole central, single, papillate. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> hyaline, cylindrical, septate, occasionally branched, ends rounded, up to 55μm long, 3-4 μm wide. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline, simple, sometimes septate, rarely branched, cylindrical, arising from the inner layers of cells lining the locules. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, cylindrical to sub-obpyriform, holoblastic, discrete, determinate or indeterminate and proliferating percurrently with one or two distinct annellations, or proliferating at the same level, giving rise to periclinal thickenings. <italic>Conidia</italic> subovoid to ellipsoid-ovoid, apex broadly rounded, tapering to truncate base, widest in middle to upper third, thick-walled, contents granular, initially hyaline and aseptate, remaining hyaline for a long time, becoming dark brown and 1-septate only a long time after discharge from the conidiomata, with melanin deposits on the inner surface of the wall arranged longitudinally giving a striate appearance to the conidia, (19-)21.5-31.5(-32.5) × (12-)13-17 (-18.5) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 26.2-27 × 14-14.4 μm (av. ± S.D. = 26.2 ± 2.6 × 14.2 ± 1.2 μm, L/W ratio = 1.9).</p><p id="P605"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Ecuador</bold>, on <italic>Theobroma cacao</italic>, Lagerheim, holotype not found, and presumably lost. <bold>Papua New Guinea</bold>, Madang, Jais Aben, from unidentified fruit along coral reef coast, No. 1995, A. Aptroot, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-21411&link_type=cbs">CBS H-21411</ext-link>, <bold>neotype designated here</bold>; MBT176098, culture ex-neotype <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=164.96&link_type=cbs">CBS 164.96</ext-link>.</p><p id="P606"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=164.96&link_type=cbs">CBS 164.96</ext-link> (ex-neotype), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=111530&link_type=cbs">CBS 111530</ext-link>.</p><p id="P607"><italic>Hosts</italic>: Punithalingam (1976) refers to a wide host range. Considering that the original concept of <italic>L. theobromae</italic> now refers to a complex of species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), many of the older records of this fungus are unreliable.</p><p id="P608"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions (Punithalingham 1976).</p><p id="P609"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Botryodiplodia theobromae</italic> was originally described from <italic>Theobroma cacao</italic> in Ecuador. In spite of searching through literature and many herbaria, we have been unable to locate the holotype specimen. In recent years numerous new species have been described, but in spite of this, the generic application of the name, <italic>L. theobromae</italic>, has not been resolved. To address this issue, we thus designate <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=164.96&link_type=cbs">CBS 164.96</ext-link> as ex-neotype culture, and have deposited a dried specimen as neotype. Although this isolate, from an unidentified fruit on a coral reef coast in Papua New Guinea, is from neither the type locality (Equador) nor the type substrate (cocoa plant), it has long been regarded as a reference strain for <italic>L. theobromae</italic>. For this reason we consider that it best serves to stabilise this species by continuing to use this isolate as a reference strain and to elevate its status to ex-neotype.</p><p id="P610">The connection between <italic>L. theobromae</italic> and its sexual morph has not been proven conclusively. Stevens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R183">1925</xref>) made single ascospore cultures from a fungus that he referred to as <italic>Physalospora gossypina</italic> on cotton stems in Florida, and from <italic>Hicoria, Ilex, Liquidambar, Quercus</italic> and <italic>Vitis</italic>. In all cases the conidia formed in these cultures were morphologically identical to those of <italic>L. theobromae</italic>. Stevens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R184">1926</xref>) then determined that the fungus he called <italic>P. gossypina</italic> was in fact <italic>Physalospora rhodina</italic> Cooke, which was later transferred by von Arx (1970) to <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> as <italic>B. rhodina</italic> (Cooke) Arx. However, there have been no subsequent reports to confirm this connection, leaving some doubts about its authenticity. Thus the connection between the sexual morph and asexual morph has not been established beyond all doubt and the value of the above description of the sexual morph is questionable. Phylogenetically this species is close to <italic>L. mahajangana</italic>, but it is easily separated by its larger conidia (av. = 26.2 × 14.2 μm) compared with <italic>L. mahajangana</italic> (av. = 17.5 × 11.5 μm). In terms of morphology <italic>L. theobromae</italic> is similar to <italic>L. rubropurpurea</italic>, but it differs from <italic>L. rubropurpurea</italic> by the absence of red-purple conidiomata. Moreover, conidial length of this species (av. length = 26.2 μm) is slightly shorter than in <italic>L. rubropurpurea</italic> (av. length = 28.2 μm).</p><p id="P611"><bold><italic>Lasiodiplodia venezuelensis</italic></bold> T.I. Burgess, Barber & Mohali, Mycologia 98: 432. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500237&link_type=mb">MB500237</ext-link>. See Burgess <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">2006</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P612"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, superficial, smooth, cylindrical, mostly solitary, 0.5-1 mm diam, often oozing immature conidia. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> cylindrical, septate, hyaline (12-) 16-41(-45) × (1.5-)2-5 μm (av. of 50 paraphyses = 28.3 × 3.5 μm). <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, subcylindrical to cylindrical to ampulliform, (5-)7-14(-15) × 3-4.5(-5), proliferating percurrently. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline, unicellular, ellipsoid to obovoid, thick-walled (1.5-)2.5(-3) μm, av. of 50 conidia = 1.96 μm) with granular contents, rounded at apex, occasionally truncate at base, becoming pigmented with one septum when mature or before germination, developing longitudinal striations when mature, 26-33 × 12-15 μm (av. of 75 conidia = 28.4 × 13.5 μm, L/W ratio = 2.1).</p><p id="P613"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> moderately dense, with appressed mycelial mat, initially white to buff turning pale olivaceous-grey within 7 d and becoming darker with age. After 7 d submerged mycelia olivaceous-grey, becoming black with age. Optimum temperature for growth 25 °C, reaching 75 mm on PDA after 3 d at 25 °C in the dark.</p><p id="P614"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Venezuela</bold>, Estado Portuguesa, Acarigua, from wood of living <italic>Acacia mangium</italic>, Oct. 2003, S. Mohali, <bold>holotype</bold> MURU 413.</p><p id="P615"><italic>Cultures</italic>: WAC12539 = CMW 13511 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118739&link_type=cbs">CBS 118739</ext-link> (ex-type), WAC12540 = CMW 13512.</p><p id="P616"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Acacia mangium</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">Burgess <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>).</p><p id="P617"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Venezuela (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">Burgess <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>).</p><p id="P618"><italic>Notes</italic>: Phylogenetically, this species is closely related to <italic>L. crassispora</italic> and <italic>L. rubropurpurea</italic>, but can be distinguished from <italic>L. rubropurpurea</italic> by the absence of red-purple conidiomata. Furthermore, conidia of <italic>L. venezuelensis</italic> are narrower (av. = 28.4 × 13.5 μm) than those of <italic>L. crassispora</italic> (av. = 28.8 × 16 μm). In terms of morphology this species is similar to <italic>L. viticola</italic>, but conidia of <italic>L. venezuelensis</italic> (av. = 28.4 × 13.5 μm) are considerably larger than those of <italic>L. viticola</italic> (av. = 19.5 × 9.5 μm).</p><p id="P619"><bold><italic>Lasiodiplodia viticola</italic></bold> Úrbez-Torres, Peduto & Gubler, Fungal Divers. 52: 183. 2011. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB519966&link_type=mb">MB519966</ext-link>. See Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R210">2010</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P620"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, solitary, formed on PDA within 3-4 wk, black, covered with moderately dense mycelium, up to 900 μm wide, globose to ovoid, thick-walled, unilocular, with a central ostiole, often oozing conidia. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> hyaline, cylindrical, aseptate, not branched, round at apex, up to 60 μm long, 2-3 μm wide. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical. <italic>Conidia</italic> produced in culture initially hyaline, unicellular, ellipsoidal, base rounded or truncate, thick-walled (1-2 μm), granular content, becoming dark brown, 1-septate, with longitudinal striations while still inside the conidiomata, (16.5-)18-20.5(-23) × (8-)9-10.1(-10.5) μm (av. of 60 conidia = 19.5 × 9.5 μm, L/W ratio = 2.05). <italic>Colonies</italic> on PDA with dense aerial mycelium, mycelium initially white becoming pale olive-buff within 7 d and turning iron grey to greenish black within 28 d, reverse dark slate blue after 28 d, reaching 90 mm on PDA after 48 h in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 10 °C, max 35 °C, opt 25-30 °C.</p><p id="P621"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>, Arkansas, Altus, on interspecific hybrid grape Vignoles cv. Ravat 51R, D. Cartwright & W. D. Gubler, <bold>holotype</bold> UCD2553AR.</p><p id="P622"><italic>Cultures</italic>: UCD2553AR = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128313&link_type=cbs">CBS 128313</ext-link> (ex-type), UCD2604MO = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128314&link_type=cbs">CBS 128314</ext-link>.</p><p id="P623"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Vitis</italic> hybrids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R209">Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P624"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: USA (Arkansas and Missouri) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R209">Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P625"><italic>Note</italic>: Phylogenetically this species is closely related to <italic>L. mahajangana, L. theobromae</italic> and <italic>L. iraniensis</italic>, but can be easily distinguished based on conidial and paraphyses dimensions (see notes for <italic>L. iraniensis</italic>).</p><p id="P626"><bold><italic>Macrophomina</italic></bold> Petr. Ann. Mycol. 21: 314. 1923. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB8814&link_type=mb">MB8814</ext-link>.</p><p id="P627"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>Macrophomina phaseolina</italic> (Tassi) Goid., Annali Sper. agr. N.S. 1: 457. 1947.</p><p id="P628"><italic>Mycelium</italic> superficial or immersed, brown to hyaline, branched, septate, often dendroid in culture. <italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, separate, globose, dark brown, immersed, unilocular, thick-walled, wall consisting of an outer layer of dark brown thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming hyaline towards the inside. <italic>Ostiole</italic> central, circular, papillate. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> enteroblastic, phialidic, determinate, discrete, lageniform to doliiform, hyaline, smooth, with wide aperture and minute collarette, formed from the inner cells of the pycnidial wall. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, aseptate, obtuse at each end, straight, cylindrical to fusiform, thin-walled, smooth, guttulate. <italic>Sclerotia</italic> black, smooth, hard, formed of dark brown, thick-walled cells.</p><p id="P629"><italic>Note</italic>: Of the five species listed in MycoBank, only one (<italic>M. phaseolina</italic>) is known in culture.</p><p id="P630"><bold><italic>Macrophomina phaseolina</italic></bold> (Tassi) Goid., Annali Sper. agr. N.S. 1: 457. 1947. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB300023&link_type=mb">MB300023</ext-link>. See Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">2006</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P631"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Macrophoma phaseolina</italic> Tassi, Bull. Lab. Ort. bot. Siena 4: 9. 1901.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Tiarosporella phaseolina</italic> (Tassi) Aa, <italic>In</italic>: von Arx, Gen. Fungi Sporul. Cult., Edn 3 (Vaduz): 208. 1981.</p></list-item></list><p id="P632">Additional synonyms listed by Holliday & Punithalingam (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R72">1988</xref>).</p><p id="P633"><italic>Sclerotia</italic> occurring in host tissue or in soil, black, smooth, hard, 100-1000 μm diam. <italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, dark brown to black, solitary or gregarious, up to 200 μm diam, opening by a central ostiole, wall multilayered, cells dark brown, thick-walled. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> reduced to conidiogenous cells that are arranged along the inner lining of the conidioma, hyaline, short obpyriform to subcylindrical, proliferating several times percurrently near the apex, 6-12 × 4-6 μm, young conidiogenous cells having a mucous layer that extends over the apex of the developing conidium. <italic>Conidia</italic> ellipsoid to obovoid, (16-)20-24(-32) × (6-)7-9(-11) μm; immature conidia hyaline, enclosed in a mucous sheath that upon dehiscence encloses the top half of the conidium, becoming two lateral tentaculiform, apical mucoid appendages (type C, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R112">Nag Raj 1993</xref>); mature conidia becoming medium to dark brown, with a granular outer layer that in some cases appears pitted, without any mucoid appendages; conidium hilum frequently with a marginal frill.</p><p id="P634"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <bold>Niger</bold>, <italic>Vigna minima</italic>, M. Ndiaye, CPC 11052, 11070. <bold>Senegal</bold>, soil, M. Ndiaye, CPC 11079, 11085, 11106, 11108. <bold>Uganda</bold>, <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp., Jan. 1925, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=162.25&link_type=cbs">CBS 162.25</ext-link>; <bold>Unknown</bold>, <italic>Zea mays,</italic> Jun. 1933, S.F. Ashby, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=227.33&link_type=cbs">CBS 227.33</ext-link>.</p><p id="P635"><italic>Hosts</italic>: Plurivorous.</p><p id="P636"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Cosmopolitan.</p><p id="P637"><italic>Notes</italic>: Although <italic>Macrophomina phaseolina</italic> can have apical mucoid appendages as found in <italic>Tiarosporella</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R191">Sutton & Marasas 1976</xref>), it is distinguished by having percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells, which are not seen in any species of <italic>Tiarosporella sensu</italic> Nag Raj (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R112">1993</xref>), nor in those investigated by Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">2006</xref>), and conidia that become dark brown at maturity, and the presence of microsclerotia. Based on these differences (and in the absence of authentic cultures of <italic>T. paludosa</italic>), Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">2006</xref>) chose to retain the genus <italic>Macrophomina</italic> and the name <italic>M. phaseolina</italic>.</p><p id="P638"><bold><italic>Neodeightonia</italic></bold> Booth, in Punithalingam, Mycol. Pap. 19: 17. 1970 [1969]. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB3450&link_type=mb">MB3450</ext-link>.</p><p id="P639"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>Neodeightonia subglobosa</italic> Booth, in Punithalingam, Mycol. Pap. 119: 19. 1970 [1969].</p><p id="P640"><italic>Ascostromata</italic> immersed, dark brown to black, with a single aparaphysate locule, wall composed of pseudoparenchymatic cells many layers thick, asci developing amongst partially disintegrating sterile thin-walled tissue in locule. Neck of ascostromata narrow, opening by an apical ostiole, formed by the disintegration of the central thin-walled cells. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> hyphae-like, septate, constricted at the septa. <italic>Asci</italic> parallel, more or less separated from one another by stromatic tissue, clavate to cylindric-clavate, 8-spored, bitunicate with a thick endotunica. <italic>Ascospores</italic> biseriate, initially hyaline, brown when mature, oval to broadly ellipsoidal with a single transverse septum, surrounded or not by a mucilagenous sheath. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> brown to black, solitary or aggregated, sometimes intermixed with ascomata, globose, uni- to multilocular, stromatic, wall composed of dark-brown thick-walled <italic>textura angularis. Paraphyses</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical to sub-cylindrical. <italic>Conidia</italic> spherical to globose, initially hyaline, pale to dark brown when mature, thick-walled, smooth to finely rough-walled with fine striations.</p><p id="P641"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Neodeightonia</italic> was introduced by Booth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R146">Punithalingam 1969</xref>). Von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">1975</xref>) transferred <italic>N. subglobosa</italic> to <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>, and because this is the type species of the genus, they reduced <italic>Neodeightonia</italic> to synonymy under <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>. However, morphologically (based on the dark, 1-septate ascospores) and phylogenetically (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), this genus is distinguishable from <italic>Botryosphaeria,</italic> and the genus was reinstated by Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>). Punithalingam (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R146">1969</xref>) referred to germ slits in the conidia. Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">2006</xref>) suggested that these were in fact striations on the conidial wall, and that more than one could occur per conidium, a feature confirmed by Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>). The striate walls suggest an affinity to <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic>. Nevertheless, <italic>Neodeightonia</italic> can be distinguished from <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> by the absence of conidiomatal paraphyses. Thus, conidial striations distinguish <italic>Neodeightonia</italic> from <italic>Diplodia</italic>, and the absence of conidiomatal paraphyses distinguishes it from <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic>.</p></sec><sec id="S46"><title>DNA phylogeny</title><p id="P642">The three species fall in three clades with <italic>N. palmicola</italic> distantly related to the other two known species (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F47">Fig. 47</xref>).</p><fig id="F47" position="float"><label>Fig. 47.</label><caption><p>The single most parsimonious tree obtained from ITS sequences of <italic>Neodeightonia</italic> species. Bootstrap values from 1000 replicates are given at the nodes.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig47"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="S47"><title>Key to <italic>Neodeightonia</italic> spp.</title><p id="P643">The three species known in culture can be separated on conidial length:</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>1. Conidia less than 15 μm long, 9-12 μm long..................................................................................................................... <italic>N. subglobosa</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>1. Conidia longer than 15 μm...................................................................................................................................................................... 2</p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidia 15.5-21.5 μm long................................................................................................................................................. <italic>N. phoenicum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidia never shorter than 17 μm, 17.5-24.5 μm long......................................................................................................... <italic>N. palmicola</italic></p></list-item></list></sec><sec id="S48"><title>Species descriptions</title><p id="P644"><bold><italic>Neodeightonia palmicola</italic></bold> J.K. Liu, Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, Sydowia 62: 268. 2010. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB518804&link_type=mb">MB518804</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F48">Fig. 48</xref>.</p><fig id="F48" position="float"><label>Fig. 48.</label><caption><p><italic>Neodeightonia palmicola</italic>. A-C. Asci. D-F Ascospores with apiculi at either end. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig48"></graphic></fig><p id="P645"><italic>Ascomata</italic> uniloculate, immersed to erumpent in host tissue, globose to subglobose, brown to dark brown, rounded at the base, 180-230 μm high (excluding the neck), 270-420 μm diam. <italic>Ostiole</italic> circular, central, papillate. <italic>Peridium</italic> 26-55 μm wide, comprising several layers of brown-walled cells, the outer stratum of 1-3 cells comprising thick, dark brown walls, the inner layer 3-5 cells, <italic>textura angularis</italic> comprising pale brown to hyaline, thin-walled cells. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> thin-walled, hyaline, frequently septate, often constricted at the septa, up to 3-5 μm diam. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, with thick endotunica, clavate to cylindrical-clavate, stipitate, apically rounded, with a well-developed ocular apical chamber, arising from the base of ascoma, (80-)110-210(-225) × 17-22.5(-24) μm (av. = 154.2 × 20.5 μm). <italic>Ascospores</italic> obliquely uniseriate or irregularly biseriate, ellipsoidal-fusiform or fusiform, widest in the middle, both ends obtuse, 1-celled, aseptate, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, with bipolar germ pores, surrounded by a wing-like hyaline sheath, 23-31.5 × 8.5-12.5 μm (av. = 27 × 10 μm). <italic>Conidioma</italic> (formed on WA on sterilised pine needles within 21-28 d) uniloculate, semi-immersed, solitary, globose, covered by mycelium, up to 240 μm wide, wall 4-8 cell layers thick, composed of dark brown thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming thin-walled and hyaline toward the inner region. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, hyaline, 9-20 × 3-6 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline, unicellular, ellipsoid to obovoid, thick-walled with granular content, rounded at apex, occasionally truncate at base, aging conidia becoming cinnamon to sepia, forming a single septum, 17.5-24.5 × 9.5-12.5 μm (av. of 50 conidia = 21.5 × 11.0 μm).</p><p id="P646"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Thailand</bold>, Chiang Rai, Muang District, Khun Korn Waterfall, on dead leaves of <italic>Arenga westerhoutii</italic>, 18 Dec. 2009, Jian-Kui Liu, <bold>holotype</bold> MFLU10 0407.</p><p id="P647"><italic>Culture</italic>: MFLUCC10 0822 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=136074&link_type=cbs">CBS 136074</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P648"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Arenga westerhoutii</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R86">Liu <italic>et al</italic>. 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P649"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Thailand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R86">Liu <italic>et al</italic>. 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P650"><italic>Notes</italic>: This species is unusual in having ascospores surrounded by a mucilagenous sheath and pycnidial paraphyses, features not seen in other species of <italic>Neodeightonia</italic>. Furthermore, there are no striations on the conidia and it is also phylogenetically somewhat divergent from other <italic>Neodeightonia</italic> species.</p><p id="P651"><bold><italic>Neodeightonia phoenicum</italic></bold> A.J.L. Phillips & Crous, Persoonia 21: 43. 2008. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB511708&link_type=mb">MB511708</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F49">Fig. 49</xref>.</p><fig id="F49" position="float"><label>Fig. 49.</label><caption><p><italic>Neodeightonia phoenicum</italic>. A. Conidiogenous layer. B-E. Conidiogenous cells. F. Hyaline, aseptate conidia. G, H. Brown, 1-septate conidia with longitudinal striations. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig49"></graphic></fig><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Macrophoma phoenicum</italic> Sacc., Annuar. R. Ist. Bot. Roma 4: 195. 1890.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Diplodia phoenicum</italic> (Sacc.) H.S. Fawc. & Klotz, Bull. Calif. Agric. Exp. Sta. 52: 8. 1932.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Strionemadiplodia phoenicum</italic> (Sacc.) Zambett., Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 70: 235. 1955 (1954).</p></list-item></list></list-item></list><p id="P652"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> formed on pine needles in culture pycnidial, stromatic, multiloculate, dark brown to black, immersed in the host becoming erumpent when mature. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, swollen at the base, holoblastic, proliferating percurrently to form one or two annellations, or proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings. <italic>Conidia</italic> ovoid to ellipsoid, apex and base broadly rounded, widest in the middle to upper third, thick-walled, initially hyaline and aseptate, becoming dark brown and 1-septate some time after discharge from the pycnidia, with melanin deposits on the inner surface of the wall arranged longitudinally giving a striate appearance to the conidia, (14.5-)15.5-21.5(-24) × (9-)10-12(-14) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 18.6-19.5 × 11.2-11.8 μm (av. ± S.D. = 19.1 ± 1.7 × 11.5 ± 1.1 μm), L/W ratio = 1.7.</p><p id="P653"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Spain</bold>, Catalonia, Tarragona, Salou, on <italic>Phoenix</italic> sp., F. Garcia, <bold>holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20108&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20108</ext-link>.</p><p id="P654"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122528&link_type=cbs">CBS 122528</ext-link> (ex-type), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123168&link_type=cbs">CBS 123168</ext-link>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=169.34&link_type=cbs">CBS 169.34</ext-link>.</p><p id="P655"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Phoenix</italic> spp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P656"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Spain, USA (California) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P657"><bold><italic>Neodeightonia subglobosa</italic></bold> C. Booth, Mycol. Pap. 119: 19. 1970 (1969). MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB318601&link_type=mb">MB318601</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F50">Fig. 50</xref>.</p><fig id="F50" position="float"><label>Fig. 50.</label><caption><p><italic>Neodeightonia subglobosa</italic>. A. Globose conidiomata. B, C. Conidiogenous cells. D. Hyaline conidia. E. Mature, brown conidia with faint striations. Scale bars: A = 250 μm, B-E = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig50"></graphic></fig><list list-type="simple"><list-item><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Botryosphaeria subglobosa</italic> (C. Booth) Arx & E. Müll., Stud. Mycol. 9: 15. 1975.</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Sphaeropsis subglobosa</italic> Cooke, Grevillea 7: 95. 1879.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Macrodiplodia subglobosa</italic> (Cooke) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. 3: 492. 1898.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Coniothyrium subglobosum</italic> (Cooke) Tassi, Bulletin Labor. Orto Bot. de R. Univ. Siena 5: 25. 1902.</p></list-item></list></list-item></list><p id="P658"><italic>Ascomata</italic> immersed, up to 300 μm wide, dark brown to black with a single locule, aparaphysate, locule filled with disintegrating sterile thin-walled tissue, amongst which the asci develop, neck narrow, cone-shaped, opening by an apical ostiole. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, clavate, with well-developed apical chamber, 110-140 × 16-20 μm, 8-spored. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline, aseptate, becoming brown and 1-septate, ovoid to broadly ellipsoidal, smooth or with a finely roughened surface, 20-26 × 7-10 μm. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> brown to black, solitary or aggregated, sometimes intermixed with ascomata, globose, uni- to multilocular, stromatic, up to 200 μm broad. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, simple, hyaline. <italic>Conidia</italic> spherical to globose, pale to dark brown when mature, smooth to finely rough-walled, 9-12 × 6-9 μm.</p><p id="P659"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Sierra Leone</bold>, Njala (Kori), on dead culms of <italic>Bambusa arundinacea</italic>, 17 Aug. 1954, F.C. Deighton, <bold>holotype</bold> IMI 57769(f).</p><p id="P660"><italic>Culture</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=448.91&link_type=cbs">CBS 448.91</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P661"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Bambusa arundinacea</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R146">Punithalingam 1969</xref>).</p><p id="P662"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Sierra Leone (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R146">Punithalingam 1969</xref>).</p><p id="P663"><italic>Notes</italic>: According to Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>) the type specimen of <italic>Neodeightonia subglobosa</italic> contains only immature asci with hyaline ascospores. However, Punithalingam (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R146">1969</xref>) clearly described and illustrated the ascospores as brown and 1-septate. According to Punithalingam (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R146">1969</xref>) this species is homothallic and forms asci in culture.</p><p id="P664"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum</italic></bold> Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Stud. Mycol. 55: 247. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500870&link_type=mb">MB500870</ext-link>.</p><p id="P665"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>Neofusicoccum parvum</italic> (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Stud. Mycol. 55: 248. 2006. <italic>Synasexual morph</italic>: Dichomera-like.</p><p id="P666"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> was introduced by Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">2006</xref>) for species that are morphologically similar to, but phylogenetically distinct from <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> and thus could no longer be accommodated in that genus. Morphologically <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> resembles <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> and it can be difficult to separate the two genera. The presence of a <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph in <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> has been used to differentiate it from <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>. However, not all <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> species, or even all isolates of any given species form such a synasexual morph, and some isolates of <italic>B. dothidea</italic> have been reported to form dichomera-like conidia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R132">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">Barber <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>). Paraphyses have not been reported in conidiomata of any <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> species, but have been seen in most of the currently accepted <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> species. However, the similarity of paraphyses to developing conidiogenous cells makes this feature difficult to apply as a general rule to separate the two genera. Conidial L/W ratios of the fusicoccum-like state are normally less than 4 and the condidia are more ellipsoidal than in the definitely fusiform ones of <italic>Fusicoccum s. str</italic>.</p><p id="P667">Currently 22 species are recognised in <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> and they have been separated on the basis of conidial dimensions and pigmentation, pigment production in culture media and ITS sequence data, although taxonomic significance of some of these characters have recently been questioned (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>). Species in some of the species complexes are morphologically indistinguishable and are defined almost exclusively on sequence of ITS often together with loci of other genes. In some cases, multi-gene sequence data are essentail to unambiguously identify the species.</p><p id="P668">Species in <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> appear to be evolving quite rapidly and this is reflected in the appearance of distinct groups of isolates in various geographic regions with fixed nucleotide differences in ITS and EF1-α and other regions of the genome. Some have already been described as new species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>) while others are regarded as local variants (e.g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R80">Lazzizera <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>, Spagnolo <italic>et al.</italic> 2010). Many of the species in <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> are morphologically similar and can be very difficult to distinguish from one another. <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> species are notoriously variable and the full range of variability within species has not been determined for most of the species. Nevertheless, an attempt has been made to differentiate all species in the key presented here, but it must be stressed that the outcome should be checked carefully against the description of that species. Host association has been used in this key for some species that have thus far not been found on any other host. However, it must be borne in mind that this apparent host specialisation may not be absolute. For example, <italic>N. vitifusiforme</italic> was originally considered to be restricted to <italic>Vitis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R115">van Niekerk <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>), but was later isolated from rotting olive drupes in Southern Italy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R80">Lazzizera <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>) and shown to be pathogenic on that host. Some species may well be truly host specific, such as <italic>N. arbuti</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R55">Farr <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>) and <italic>N. protearum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R47">Denman <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>), which have not yet been found on any other host since they were first described.</p><p id="P669">Some species can be determined relatively easily. For example, the conidia of <italic>N. macroclavatum</italic> and <italic>N. pennatosporum</italic> are far longer than any other species in the genus and these two species are easily differentiated on the shape and dimensions of their conidia.</p></sec><sec id="S49"><title>Key to <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> spp.</title><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>1. Average length of conidia 30 μm or more............................................................................................................................................... 2</p></list-item><list-item><p>1. Average length of conida less than 30 μm.............................................................................................................................................. 3</p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidia fusiform, up to 50 μm long.............................................................................................................................. <italic>N. pennatisporum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidia clavate-fusiform, length not exceeding 41 μm................................................................................................ <italic>N. macroclavatum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>3. Average length of conidia 25 μm or more............................................................................................................................................... 4</p></list-item><list-item><p>3. Average length of conidia less than 25 μm............................................................................................................................................. 7</p></list-item><list-item><p>4. Average conidial width less than 6 μm................................................................................................................................... <italic>N. andinum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>4. Average conidial width 7 μm or more...................................................................................................................................................... 5</p></list-item><list-item><p>5. On <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> spp.......................................................................................................................................................... <italic>N. eucalypticola</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>5. On hosts other than <italic>Eucalyptus</italic>.............................................................................................................................................................. 6</p></list-item><list-item><p>6. On <italic>Grevillea</italic> spp., conidial length not exceeding 32 μm....................................................................................................... <italic>N. grevilleae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>6. On hosts other than <italic>Grevillea</italic>, conidial length up to 40 μm................................................................................................. <italic>N. protearum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>7. Average length of conidia 20 μm or more............................................................................................................................................... 8</p></list-item><list-item><p>7. Average length of conidia less than 20 μm........................................................................................................................................... 15</p></list-item><list-item><p>8. Conidial L/W ratio 4 or more................................................................................................................................................................... 9</p></list-item><list-item><p>8. Conidial L/W ratio less than 4............................................................................................................................................................... 11</p></list-item><list-item><p>9. Average conidial width 6 μm, L/W ratio 4..................................................................................................................... <italic>N. mediterraneum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>9. Average conidial width less than 6, L/W ratio greater than 4................................................................................................................ 10</p></list-item><list-item><p>10. No yellow pigment, on <italic>Syzygium cordatum</italic>........................................................................................................................ <italic>N. cordaticola</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>10. Yellow pigment on PDA, on hosts other than <italic>Syzygium</italic>......................................................................................................... <italic>N. australe</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>11. Average conidial width 7 μm or more.................................................................................................................................................... 12</p></list-item><list-item><p>11. Average conidial width less than 7 μm.................................................................................................................................................. 13</p></list-item><list-item><p>12. Conidial width less than 11 μm..................................................................................................................................... <italic>N. nonquaesitum</italic><sup>1</sup></p></list-item><list-item><p>12. Conidial width up to 12 μm............................................................................................................................................ <italic>N. eucalyptorum</italic><sup>1</sup></p></list-item><list-item><p>13. Broad host range, average conidial width less than 6 μm.............................................................................................................. <italic>N. ribis</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>13. Narrow host range, average conidial width greater than 6 μm.............................................................................................................. 14</p></list-item><list-item><p>14. On <italic>Syzygium cordatum</italic>, from South Africa........................................................................................................... <italic>N. kwambonambiense</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>14. On hosts other than <italic>Syzygium</italic>, from outside Africa.................................................................................................................... <italic>N. arbuti</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>15. Average conidial length less than 15 μm........................................................................................................................... <italic>N. mangiferae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>15. Average conidial length greater than 15 μm......................................................................................................................................... 16</p></list-item><list-item><p>16. Conidial L/W ratio less than 3............................................................................................................................................................... 17</p></list-item><list-item><p>16. Conidial L/W ratio greater than 3.......................................................................................................................................................... 18</p></list-item><list-item><p>17. Conidia fusoid to ovoid, L/W ratio 2.9............................................................................................................................... <italic>N. batangarum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>17. Conidia ellipsoid to clavate, L/W ratio 2.4......................................................................................................................... <italic>N. viticlavatum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>18. Average conidial length less than 18 μm................................................................................................................................. <italic>N. parvum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>18. Average conidial length greater than 18 μm......................................................................................................................................... 19</p></list-item><list-item><p>19. Yellow pigment on PDA............................................................................................................................................................. <italic>N. luteum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>19. No yellow pigment................................................................................................................................................................................. 20</p></list-item><list-item><p>20. Conidia L/W ratio 3.3......................................................................................................................................................... <italic>N. vitifusiforme</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>20. Conidia L/W ratio 3.5............................................................................................................................................................................. 21</p></list-item><list-item><p>21. Conidia fusiform to oval, average length greater than 19 μm............................................................................................ <italic>N. umdonicola</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>21. Conidia fusiform to ellipsoid, average length less than 19 μm............................................................................................. <italic>N. occulatum</italic></p></list-item></list><p id="P670"><sup>1</sup>Morphologically it is very difficult to separate these two species, but phylogenetically they are clearly distinct.</p><p id="P671"><italic>Notes</italic>: In this key we have used conidial morphology and dimensions, cultural characteristics, host association and geographic distribution to separate all the 22 described <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> species. But, it is important to consider that there is overlap between species in some of those characters. Furthermore, some characters are not stable between populations or individuals of a given species. For example, not all isolates of <italic>N. luteum</italic> and <italic>N. australe</italic> produce a yellow pigment in culture media and recently we found this pigment production in some isolates of <italic>N. parvum</italic>. Thus, definitive identification of most of the species is dependent on the use sequence data for the ITS region alone, or more often in combination with EF1-α sequence data.</p></sec><sec id="S50"><title>DNA phylogeny</title><p id="P672">Phylogenetic analyses were done using ITS alone and ITS combined with EF1-α. No EF1-α sequences are available for <italic>N. protearum, N. corticosae</italic> and <italic>N. grevilleae</italic>. Thus, the phylogenetic position of these species was deduced based on ITS phylogeny. Phylogenetic analysis using ITS sequence data revealed 21 <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> species (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F51">Fig. 51</xref>). With the exception of <italic>N. ribis</italic> and <italic>N. occulatum</italic>, all of the species in the <italic>N. ribis</italic> / <italic>N. parvum</italic> species complex can be separated based on ITS alone (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F51">Fig. 51</xref>). However, the bootstrap support was quite low for most of them. In the ITS phylogeny, <italic>D. eucalypti</italic> and <italic>N. corticosae</italic> were grouped with <italic>N. vitifusiforme</italic> in a single clade but with only 63 % support. On the other hand, in the phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and EF1-α, <italic>D. eucalypti</italic> was grouped with <italic>N. vitifusiforme</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F52">Fig. 52</xref>), which suggests that <italic>D. eucalypti</italic> is a synasexual morph of <italic>N. vitifusiforme</italic>. Despite the absence of <italic>N. corticosae</italic> in the ITS/EF1-α phylogeny, in the ITS phylogenetic tree it is clear that <italic>N. corticosae</italic> is a synonym of <italic>N. vitifusiforme</italic>.</p><fig id="F51" position="float"><label>Fig. 51.</label><caption><p>Single most parsimonious tree obtained from ITS sequence data of <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> species. MP bootstrap values from 1000 pseudoreplicates are given at the nodes. The tree is rooted to <italic>Botryosphaeria dothidea</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115476&link_type=cbs">CBS 115476</ext-link>) and <italic>B. corticis</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119047&link_type=cbs">CBS 119047</ext-link>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig51"></graphic></fig><fig id="F52" position="float"><label>Fig. 52.</label><caption><p>Single most parsimonious tree obtained from combined ITS and EF-1α sequence data of <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> species. MP bootstrap values from 1000 pseudoreplicates are given at the nodes. The tree is rooted to <italic>Botryosphaeria dothidea</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115476&link_type=cbs">CBS 115476</ext-link>) and <italic>B. corticis</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119047&link_type=cbs">CBS 119047</ext-link>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig52"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="S51"><title>Species descriptions</title><p id="P673"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum andinum</italic> (</bold>Mohali, Slippers & M.J. Wingf.) Mohali, Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 55: 247. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500871&link_type=mb">MB500871</ext-link>. See Mohali <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R106">2006</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P674"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Fusicoccum andinum</italic> Mohali, Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Mycol. Res. 110: 408. 2006.</p><p id="P675"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, superficial, produced abundantly on the surface of MEA at 25 °C, oozing conidia after 30 d at 25 °C on MEA, solitary or botryose, globose, (331-)374-597(-740) × (302-)339-557(-671) μm (av. of 50 conidiomata = 486 × 448 μm); conidiomata wall, composed of brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, 6-8 cell layers thick. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, producing a single apical conidium, proliferating enteroblastically, (8-)11-17(-23) × (1.5-)2-2.5(-3) μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, granular, clavate to slightly navicular, apex obtuse and base truncate, 0-1 septa, (19-)23-31(-40) × (4-)5-6(-8) μm (av. of 50 conidia = 27 × 5.5 mm), L/W ratio = 4.84. <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph not reported.</p><p id="P676"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on MEA at 25 °C in darkness for 15 d fluffy and flat becoming pale olivaceous-grey (surface) and olivaceous buff (reverse), producing columns of mycelium reaching the Petri dish lid after 30 d at 25 °C, reaching 80 mm diam on MEA after 4 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 15 °C (reaching an average 24 mm diam), max < 35 °C, opt 20-30 °C.</p><p id="P677"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Venezuela</bold>, Mérida State, Merida, Mucuchies (3140 m), Cordillera of Los Andes, on branches of <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp., Feb. 2003, S. Mohali, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 58238.</p><p id="P678"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117453&link_type=cbs">CBS 117453</ext-link> = CMW 13445 (ex-type), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117452&link_type=cbs">CBS 117452</ext-link> = CMW 13446.</p><p id="P679"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R106">Mohali <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>).</p><p id="P680"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Venezuela (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R106">Mohali <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>).</p><p id="P681"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Neofusicoccum andinum</italic> was introduced by Mohali <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R106">2006</xref>) for isolates from <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp. in Venezuela. There have been no subsequent reports of this species. Based on phylogenetic inference, (ITS, EF1-α) it is most closely related to <italic>N. arbuti</italic> and <italic>N. nonquaesitum</italic>. The clavate to slightly navicular conidia of <italic>N. andinum</italic> separate it from <italic>N. arbuti</italic>, which has obovoid to fusiform conidia. Conidia of <italic>N. andinum</italic> are longer and narrower (27 × 5.5 μm) than those of <italic>N. nonquaesitum</italic> (23 × 7.5 μm).</p><p id="P682"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum arbuti</italic> (</bold>D.F. Farr & M. Elliott) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Stud. Mycol. 55: 247. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500872&link_type=mb">MB500872</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F53">Fig. 53</xref>.</p><fig id="F53" position="float"><label>Fig. 53.</label><caption><p><italic>Neofusicoccum arbuti</italic>. A, B. Conidiogenous cells. C. Conidia. Scale bar A = 10 μm. Scale bar in A applies to B and C.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig53"></graphic></fig><p id="P683"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Fusicoccum arbuti</italic> D.F. Farr & M. Elliott, Mycologia 97: 731. 2005.</p><p id="P684"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> black, scattered, uniloculate to multiloculate, 0.5-1.5 × 1.5-3 mm, becoming clumped irregular in shape, papillate, stromata in longitudinal section of dark brown <italic>textura intricata</italic>, locule walls of several layers of thick-walled, dark-brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming hyaline towards conidiogenous region. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> reduced to conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, cylindrical to subobpyriform, hyaline, discrete, determinate, occasionally indeterminate and proliferating percurrently resulting in periclinal thickenings or rarely indistinct annellations, lining inner wall of pycnidium, 9-16.5 × 2.5-3.5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> obovoid, fusiform, base truncate, apex obtuse to subobtuse, hyaline, guttulate, non-spetate, older conidia may become brownish and septate before germination, on sterile twig 18.5-27.5 × 5.5-7.5 μm (av. of 235 conidia = 22.8 × 6.4 μm), L/W ratio = 3.6. <italic>Spermatia</italic> cylindric to allantoid, flexuous or somewhat dumbbell-shaped, hyaline, smooth, aseptate, 3.4-6.3 × 1-1.5 μm, av. of 37 spermatia = 4.3 ± 0.6 × 1.2 ± 0.14 μm. <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph not reported.</p><p id="P685"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed, of branched, septate, smooth, hyaline hyphae, becoming brown, constricted with age, forming sparse, brown, thick-walled, intercalary, serial chlamydospores. <italic>Colonies</italic> on PDA at 25 °C in darkness for 8 d, light yellow to olive-grey or olive-brown, darkest around plug, pigmentation extending about 2/3 of the colony width, outer area of colony white, reverse same, surface mycelium cottony except around plug where the mycelium is appressed, obscurely zonate, margin irregular, not producing yellow pigments diffusing into the agar. Cardinal temperatures for growth: opt. 25 °C, max. < 35 °C (25 mm at 15 °C, 63 mm at 20 °C, 70 mm at 25 °C, 37 mm at 30 °C, no growth at 35 °C).</p><p id="P686"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>, Washington, King Co., Seattle, Magnolia Bluffs, isolated from cankers of <italic>Arbutus menziesii</italic>, Oct. 2003, collected by M. Elliott, isolated by A. Rossman, <bold>holotype</bold> BPI 843970.</p><p id="P687"><italic>Cultures</italic>: AR 4036 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116131&link_type=cbs">CBS 116131</ext-link> (ex-type), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117090&link_type=cbs">CBS 117090</ext-link> = UW 13.</p><p id="P688"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Arbutus menziesii</italic> (Pacific madrone) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R55">Farr <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>), <italic>Vaccinium</italic> spp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R53">Espinoza <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P689"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Western USA and Canada from British Columbia to California (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R55">Farr <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>), Chile (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R53">Espinoza <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P690"><italic>Notes</italic>: This species is phylogenetically most closely related to <italic>N. andinum</italic> and <italic>N. nonquasetinum</italic>. The three species can be distinguished on the shapes and dimensions of their conidia. See notes for <italic>N. andinum</italic>.</p><p id="P691"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum australe</italic></bold> (Slippers, Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Stud. Mycol. 55: 248. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500873&link_type=mb">MB500873</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F54">Fig. 54</xref>.</p><fig id="F54" position="float"><label>Fig. 54.</label><caption><p><italic>Neofusicoccum australe</italic>. A, B. Asci with ascospores. C. Conidiomata on pine needles in culture. D, E. Conidiogenous cells. F. Conidia. Scale bars: A, B, D-F = 10 μm, C = 1 mm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig54"></graphic></fig><p id="P692"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Fusicoccum australe</italic> Slippers, Crous & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 96: 1035. 2004.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Botryosphaeria australis</italic> Slippers, Crous & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 96: 1035. 2004.</p></list-item></list><p id="P693"><italic>Ascostromata</italic> erumpent through the host bark, 1.2 mm diam. <italic>Ascomata</italic> pseudothecial, forming botryose aggregates of 2-10, sometimes solitary, globose with a central ostiole, papillate or not, embedded with only the papilla emerging up to 2/3 emergent, black, 100-300 μm; pseudothecial wall comprising 5-8 layers of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, outer region of dark brown or brown cells, inner region 3-6 layers of hyaline cells lining the locules. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, clavate, 8-spored, 60-125 × 16-26 μm. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> filiform, septate, rarely branched, 3-4 μm wide. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusoid to ovoid, unicellular, hyaline, smooth with granular contents, biseriate in the ascus, 20-23(-25) × 7-8(-9) μm (av. of 50 ascospores = 21.9 × 7.6 μm), L/W = 2.9. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, superficial, globose, mostly solitary. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, subcylindrical, phialidic with periclinal thickenings or proliferating percurrently with 1-4 annellations, 10-14 × 2-3 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, fusiform, base subtruncate to bluntly rounded, non-septate, rarely forming a septum before germination, smooth with granular contents, (18-)23-26(-30) × 5-6(-7.5) μm (av. of 240 conidia = 24.7 × 5.1 μm), L/W ratio = 4.8. <italic>Spermatia</italic> not seen. <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph: <italic>Conidia</italic> subglobose, obpyriform or obovoid, apex obtuse, base truncate to bluntly rounded, (9.5-)10.5-14.5(-17.5) × (7-) 9-11 μm, pale brown when immature with 1-2 transverse septa, 0-1 longitudinal septa, and 0-2 oblique septa, becoming dark brown and muriform when mature with 1-3 transverse septa, 1-4 longitudinal septa, and 0-3 oblique septa.</p><p id="P694"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> buff to light primrose, light yellowish pigment diffusing into the medium, most noticeably at 15-20 °C in the dark, becoming olivaceous buff to olivaceous-grey after 5-6 d with sparse to moderately dense, appressed mycelial mat in centre with sparse tufts of aerial mycelium around the edges, margin smooth. Optimum temperature for growth 25 °C, colony reaching 48 mm diam on PDA after 4 d at 25 °C in the dark.</p><p id="P695"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Victoria, Batemans Bay, <italic>Acacia</italic> sp., M.J. Wingfield, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 57589.</p><p id="P696"><italic>Cultures</italic>: CMW 6837 (ex-type), CMW 6853.</p><p id="P697"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Acacia</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R177">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004c</xref>), <italic>Acacia cochlearis, Acacia rostellifera, Agonis flexuosa</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R44">Dakin <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), <italic>Allocasuarina fraseriana, Banksia grandis, Callitris preissii, Citrus</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">Adesemoye & Eskalen 2011</xref>), <italic>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Picea abies, Pinus pinaster, P. pinea, Sequoia sempervirens, Taxus baccata, Thuja plicata, Thujopsis dolabrata</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>) <italic>Elaeocarpus holopetalus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Cunnington <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), <italic>Eucalyptus gomphocephala, Eucalyptus marginata, Santalum acuminatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">Taylor <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>), <italic>Eucalyptus globulus</italic> (Burgess <italic>et al.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R30">2006</xref>), <italic>Eucalyptus diversicolor</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">Barber <italic>et al</italic>. 2005</xref>), <italic>Malus domestica, Prunus domestica, Prunus dulcis, Prunus persica, Prunus salicina, Pyrus communis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">Damm <italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R175">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R64">Gramaje <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>), <italic>Olea europaea</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R80">Lazzizera <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), <italic>Persea americana</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R101">McDonald <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R15">Auger <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), <italic>Phoenix canariensis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Cunnington <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), <italic>Pistacia vera</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">Armengol <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), <italic>Protea cynaroides, Protea</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R47">Denman <italic>et al</italic>. 2003</xref> (as <italic>N. luteum</italic>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R95">Marincowitz <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), <italic>Quercus robur</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">Barradas <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), <italic>Rubus</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R140">Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref>), <italic>Salix</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Cunnington <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), <italic>Syzygium cordatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R123">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), <italic>Vaccinium corybosum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Cunnington <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R53">Espinoza <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>); <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R115">van Niekerk <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R208">Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al</italic>. 2006b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R205">Úrbez-Torres & Gubler 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R98">Martin <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R218">White <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R26">Besoain <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), <italic>Widdringtonia nodiflora</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R176">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2005b</xref>).</p><p id="P698"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Australia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R177">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004c</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">Barber <italic>et al</italic>. 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">Burgess <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Cunnington <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">Taylor <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>), Chile (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R53">Espinosa <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R15">Auger <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R26">Besoain <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), Italy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R80">Lazzizera <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), Portugal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R115">van Niekerk <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R140">Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">Barradas <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">Damm <italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R47">Denman <italic>et al</italic>. 2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R176">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2005b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R123">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R175">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R218">White <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>), Spain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">Armengol <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R95">Marincowitz <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R98">Martin <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R64">Gramaje <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>), Spain (Tenerife) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R95">Marincowitz <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), Uraguay (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R128">Perez <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), USA (California) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R208">Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al</italic>. 2006b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R101">McDonald <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R205">Úrbez-Torres & Gubler 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">Adesemoye & Eskalen 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P699"><italic>Notes:</italic> This is a sister species to <italic>N. luteum</italic> and the two differ mainly in the intensity of the yellow pigment produced in culture, although conidia of <italic>N. australe</italic> are generally larger (24.7 × 5.1 μm, L/W ratio = 4.8) than those of <italic>N. luteum </italic>(19.7 × 5.6 μm, L/W ratio = 3.6). Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> (2004) first reported this species from Australia and South Africa, and mentioned a single isolate from pistachio in Italy. Nevertheless, they regarded this as a species restricted to the Southern Hemisphere. In their study of “<italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>” species on grapevines, van Niekerk <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R115">2004</xref>) included an isolate of <italic>N. australe</italic> from <italic>Robinia pseudoacacia</italic> collected in Portugal. An isolate of a “<italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>” from <italic>Rubus</italic> sp., also in Portugal was also identified as <italic>N. australe</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R140">Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref>) and it has been isolated frequently from <italic>Oleae europaea</italic> in southern Italy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R80">Lazzizera <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>). These reports thus suggest that <italic>N. australe</italic> is a widespread and plurivorous species. Interestingly, <italic>N. australe</italic> is the dominant associate of natural woody vegetation in the south-west of Western Australia, while <italic>N. parvum</italic>, a species commonly isolated elsewhere in the world, is only found associated with dying trees in the peri-urban landscape. Isolates from olives in southern Italy consistently differ from typical isolates of <italic>N. australe</italic> by 1 bp in their ITS and 3 bp in their EF1-α sequences (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R80">Lazzizera <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P700"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum batangarum</italic></bold> Begoude, Jol. Roux & Slippers, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB514013&link_type=mb">MB514013</ext-link>. See Didier Begoude <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R50">2010</xref>) for illustrations.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Neofusicoccum batangarum</italic> Begoude, Jol. Roux & Slippers, Mycol. Prog. 9: 113. 2010. Nom. inval., Art 37.7.</p></list-item></list><p id="P701"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic produced on pine needles within 14 d, solitary and covered by mycelium, initially embedded, 3/4 erumpant through the pine needles at maturity, obpyriform to ampulliform with a central and circular ostiole at the neck, unilocular, locule wall thick consisting of two layers: an outer layer of dark brown <italic>textura</italic> cells, lined with an inner layer of of thin-walled, hyaline cells. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> reduced to conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, proliferating percurrently, sometimes forming a periclinal thickening, (11-)12.5-19(-27) × (2-)2.5-3 (-3.5) μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> non-septate, hyaline, smooth, fusoid to ovoid, thin-walled, (12-)14-17.5(-20) × (4-)4.5-6(-6.5) μm (av. of 50 conidia = 15.5 × 5.5 μm), L/W ratio = 2.9. <italic>Spermatia</italic> not reported. <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph not reported.</p><p id="P702"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on MEA forming concentric rings, mycelium white and immersed at the leading edge, becoming smokey grey to grey-olivaceous from the old ring after 5 d on MEA. Cardinal temperatures for growth: opt 25 °C (covering the 90 mm diam Petri plate after 4 d on MEA in the dark), little growth observed at 10 and 35 °C.</p><p id="P703"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Cameroon</bold>, Kribi, Beach, isolated from healthy branches of <italic>Terminalia catappa</italic>, Dec. 2007, D. Begoude & J. Roux, a dry culture on pine needles, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 60285.</p><p id="P704"><italic>Cultures</italic>: CMW 28363 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124924&link_type=cbs">CBS 124924</ext-link> (ex-type), CMW 28320 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124923&link_type=cbs">CBS 124923</ext-link>.</p><p id="P705"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Terminalia catappa</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R50">Didier Begoude <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), <italic>Schinus terebinthifolius</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R165">Shetty <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P706"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Kribi, Cameroon (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R50">Didier Begoude <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), Florida, USA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R165">Shetty <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P707"><italic>Notes</italic>: The original description of <italic>N. batangarum</italic> is invalid, as no type specimen was designated, only an “ex-paratype specimen”, which was in fact a typing error, as it should have read “holotype”. This issue is now addressed, and the name validly published.</p><p id="P708">Based on ITS and EF1-α sequence data, <italic>N. batangarum</italic> is most closely related to <italic>N. ribis</italic> and can be distinguished from it based only on four fixed unique single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in four gene regions (ITS, EF1-α, β-tubulin and BOTF15). It can be discriminated from other species in the <italic>N. ribis</italic> / <italic>N. parvum</italic> complex by the formation of concentric rings on MEA, a characteristic that has not been observed in any other species of the complex. Furthermore, the small conidia (15.5 × 5.5 μm, L/W ratio = 2.9) clearly distinguish this species from all other species in the <italic>N. ribis</italic> / <italic>N. parvum</italic> complex. Shetty <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R165">2011</xref>) isolated <italic>N. batangarum</italic> from seeds of <italic>Schinus terebinthifolius</italic> and showed that it is an aggressive pathogen and potential biocontrol agent of this invasive exotic tree.</p><p id="P709"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum cordaticola</italic></bold> Pavlic, Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 101: 643. 2009. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512498&link_type=mb">MB512498</ext-link>. See Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">2009</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P710"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Neofusicoccum cordaticola</italic> is morphologically similar to other species in the <italic>N. parvum</italic> / <italic>N. ribis</italic> species complex. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, unicellular, narrowly fusiform to oval, apices rounded, 18-28 × 4.5-7 μm (av. of 150 conidia = 23.3 × 5.3 μm), L/W = 4.3. It differs from other species in the <italic>N. parvum</italic> / <italic>N. ribis</italic> complex by uniquely fixed nucleotides in five nuclear loci: ITS (EU821898) position 141 (C), 372 (G) and 416 (C); EF1-α (EU821868) positions 58 (C) and 221 (C); β-tubulin (EU821838) position 32 (T), 96 (T) and 316 (G); locus BotF15 (EU821802) position 121 (T) and 122 (C); RNA polymerase II subunit (EU821928) positions 100 (A), 112 (T), 265 (A) and 409 (C).</p><p id="P711"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Kwazulu-Natal Province, Sodwana Bay, on symptomless branches and leaves, dying branches and pulp of ripe fruits of <italic>Syzygium cordatum</italic>, Mar. 2002, D. Pavlic, a dry culture on pine needles <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 60066.</p><p id="P712"><italic>Cultures</italic>: CMW 13992 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123634&link_type=cbs">CBS 123634</ext-link> (ex-type), CMW 14056 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123635&link_type=cbs">CBS 123635</ext-link>.</p><p id="P713"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Syzygium cordatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P714"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P715"><italic>Notes</italic>: Although variation in conidial dimensions is evident in the <italic>N. parvum</italic> / <italic>N. ribis</italic> complex, it is difficult to separate all the species in this complex. Furthermore, precise identification of these species is dependent on DNA sequence comparisons.</p><p id="P716"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum eucalypticola</italic></bold> (Slippers, Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Stud. Mycol. 55: 248. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500874&link_type=mb">MB500874</ext-link>. See Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> (2004) for illustrations.</p><p id="P717"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Fusicoccum eucalypticola</italic> Slippers, Crous & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 50: 351. 2004.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Botryosphaeria eucalypticola</italic> Slippers, Crous & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 50: 351. 2004.</p></list-item></list><p id="P718"><italic>Ascomata</italic> pseudothecia, mostly solitary, sometimes forming a botryose aggregate of 2-3 structures, globose with a central ostiole, papillate, embedded with 1/3-2/3 emerging, black, 160-340 μm diam pseudothecial wall comprising 5-8 layers of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, outer region of dark or medium brown cells, inner region of hyaline cells lining the locule. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, clavate, 8-spored, 70-110 × 20-25 μm. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> filiform, septate, rarely branched in the upper parts, 2-4 μm wide. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusoid to ovoid, unicellular, hyaline, smooth with granular contents, biseriate in the ascus, 20-22(-23.5) × 7-8 μm (av. of 50 ascospores = 21.7 × 7.6 μm), L/W 2.8. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> formed on WA on sterilised pine needles within 7-21 d, stromatic, superficial, globose, mostly solitary, and covered by mycelium. <italic>Conidia</italic> produced in culture fusiform to rod-shaped, often bent or irregularly shaped, apex obtuse, bases subtruncate to bluntly rounded, hyaline, unicellular, sometimes forming 1-2 transverse septa before germination, smooth with finely granular contents, (20-)25-27(-35) × (5-)7-9(-10) μm (av. of 135 conidia = 26.3 × 7.2 μm), L/W = 3.6. <italic>Spermatia</italic> not reported. <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph not reported.</p><p id="P719"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> white to buff or olivaceous-grey, sometimes becoming olivaceous-black at the centre after 7 d, with a dense mat of aerial mycelium, edges smooth to crenulate, sometimes not reaching the edge of the plate. Optimum temperature for growth 25 °C, reaching 34-43 mm radius on PDA after 4 d at 25 °C in the dark.</p><p id="P720"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Victoria, Orbost, on <italic>Eucalyptus grandis</italic>, 2001, <italic>M.J. Wingfield</italic>, holotype PREM 57848.</p><p id="P721"><italic>Culture</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115679&link_type=cbs">CBS 115679</ext-link> = CMW 6539 (ex-type), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115766&link_type=cbs">CBS 115766</ext-link> = CMW 6217.</p><p id="P722"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> spp. (Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R30">Burgess <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>).</p><p id="P723"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Australia (Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004).</p><p id="P724"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Neofusicoccum eucalypticola</italic> is phylogenetically most closely related to <italic>N. eucalyptorum</italic>, and the two species can be separated on the shapes and dimensions of their conidia in culture. Thus, conidia of <italic>N. eucalypticola</italic> are fusiform and longer (25-27 μm) than the ovoid to clavate conidia of <italic>N. eucalyptorum</italic>, which are 20-23 μm long. Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> (2004) found that <italic>N. eucalyptorum</italic> was the dominant species collected from <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> species in eastern Australia.</p><p id="P725"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum eucalyptorum</italic></bold> (Crous, H. Sm. ter. & M.J. Wingf.) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Stud. Mycol. 55: 248. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500875&link_type=mb">MB500875</ext-link>. See Smith <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R179">2001</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P726"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Fusicoccum eucalyptorum</italic> Crous, H. Sm. ter. & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 93: 280. 2001.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Phoma australis</italic> Cooke, Grevillea 15: 17. 1886.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Idiocercus australis</italic> (Cooke) H.J. Swart, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 90: 283. 1988.</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Botryosphaeria eucalyptorum</italic> Crous, H. Sm. ter. & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 93: 280. 2001.</p></list-item></list><p id="P727"><italic>Ascomata</italic> embedded in host tissue, up to 300 μm diam, becoming erumpent, solitary or botryose, stromatic, dark brown to black, with central, black ostioles. <italic>Asci</italic> clavate, 8-spored, bitunicate with a well-developed apical chamber, 70-140 × 15-21 μm. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> filiform. <italic>Ascospores</italic> irregularly biseriate, hyaline, aseptate, granular contents, becoming light brown with age, prominantly inequilateral when young, less so when mature, fusoid, widest in the middle, base obtuse, apex obtuse or subobtuse, (20-)23-26(-28) × (7-)8-9(-11) μm. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> embedded in host tissue, solitary or botryose, stromatic, globose, up to 450 μm diam, wall 6-8 layers thick, composed of brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming hyaline towards the inner region. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, subcylindrical, proliferating percurrently with 1-3 annellations, or proliferating at the same level with minute periclinal thickenings, 10-25 × 3.5-6 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, granular, ovoid to slightly clavate, apex obtuse, tapering towards a subtruncate or bluntly rounded base, sometimes with a minute marginal frill visible on younger conidia, (20-)22-25(-28) × (6-)7-8(-9) μm <italic>in vivo</italic>, (18-)20-23(-25) × 7-8(-12) μm <italic>in vitro. Spermatia</italic> not reported. <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph not reported.</p><p id="P728"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on MEA iron-grey (reverse) and olivaceous-grey (surface) with extensive grey aerial mycelium, and smooth margins, attaining a radius of 21-24 mm after 4 d in darkness at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min > 5 °C, max < 35 °C, opt 25 °C.</p><p id="P729"><italic>Type</italic>: of sexual morph: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Mpumalanga, Sabie, <italic>Eucalyptus grandis</italic>, 1995, H. Smith, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 56603; of asexual morph: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Mpumalanga, Sabie, <italic>E. grandis</italic>, 1995, H. Smith, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 56604.</p><p id="P730"><italic>Cultures</italic>: The ex-type isolate was not designated in the original publication and could not be traced. Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R173">2004b</xref>) regarded the following as representatives <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115791&link_type=cbs">CBS 115791</ext-link> = CMW10125, CMW 10126.</p><p id="P731"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> spp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R30">Burgess <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R178">Smith <italic>et al.</italic> 2001</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R173">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R128">Perez <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), <italic>Myrceugenia glaucescens, Myrrhinium atropurpureum</italic> var. <italic>octandrum, Blepharocalyx salicifolius</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R128">Perez <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P732"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Australia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R173">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004b</xref>), South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R178">Smith <italic>et al</italic>. 2001</xref>), Uraguay (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R128">Perez <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P733"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Neofusicoccum eucalyptorum</italic> is a sister species to <italic>N. eucalypticola</italic> and the two can be separated on the shapes and dimensions of conidia formed in culture. See notes for <italic>N. eucalypticola</italic>.</p><p id="P734"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum grevilleae</italic></bold> Crous & R.G. Shivas, Persoonia 26: 117. 2011. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB560162&link_type=mb">MB560162</ext-link>. See Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R40">2011</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P735"><italic>Leaf spots</italic> medium brown, situated along leaf margins, surrounded by a dark red-brown border, spots extending to the midrib, up to 7 mm diam, and up to 2 cm long. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> amphigenous, stromatic, up to 200 μm diam (on sterilised pine needles). Wall consisting of 3-5 layers of brown <italic>textura angularis. Conidiophores</italic> lining the inner layer of conidioma, hyaline, smooth, 0-1-septate, 15-30 × 3-5 μm. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, integrated, doliiform to subcylindrical, phialidic, proliferating 2-3 times percurrently near apex, 15-25 × 3-4 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, with granular cytoplasm, fusoid-ellipsoidal, widest in middle or in upper third of conidium, apex subobtuse, base truncate, (20-)25-28(-32) × (6-)7-8(-10) μm (av. size of conidia = 25.7 × 7.5 μm), L/W = 3.4.</p><p id="P736"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> after 14 d at 25 °C in darkness flat, spreading, with abundant, grey aerial mycelium, covering the dish after 7 d, on PDA, OA and MEA iron-grey, sporulating poorly on water agar supplemented with sterile pine needles. <italic>Spermatia</italic> not reported. <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph not reported.</p><p id="P737"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Queensland, Brisbane, on leaves of <italic>Grevillea aurea</italic>, 14 Jul. 2009, P.W. Crous & R.G. Shivas, <bold>holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20578&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20578</ext-link>.</p><p id="P738"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129518&link_type=cbs">CBS 129518</ext-link> = CPC 16999 (ex-type).</p><p id="P739"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Grevillea aurea</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R40">Crous <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P740"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Australia, Western Australia (Crous & Shivas 2011).</p><p id="P741"><italic>Notes</italic>: Based on ITS sequence data, <italic>N. grevilliae</italic> is most closely related to the <italic>N. ribis</italic> / <italic>N. parvum</italic> complex, but conidia of <italic>N. grevilliae</italic> (25.7 × 7.5 μm) are larger than those of all seven species in that complex.</p><p id="P742"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum kwambonambiense</italic></bold> Pavlic, Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 101: 643. 2009. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512499&link_type=mb">MB512499</ext-link>. See Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">2009</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P743">Ascomata not reported. <italic>Neofusicoccum kwambonambiense</italic> is morphologically similar to other related species in the <italic>N. parvum</italic> / <italic>N. ribis</italic> species complex. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, unicellular, fusiform to ellipsoid, apices rounded 16-28 × 5-8 mm (av. 140 conidia 22.3 × 6.3 μm), L/W 3.6. It differs from other species in the <italic>N. parvum</italic> / <italic>N. ribis</italic> complex by uniquely fixed nucleotides in four nuclear loci: ITS (EU821900) position 163 (T) and 173 (G); β-tubulin (EU821840) position 175 (T), 235 (A) and 251 (A); locus BotF15 (EU821804) position 87, and 172; RNA polymerase II subunit (EU821930) positions 49 (G), 382 (A), 421 (A) and 526 (C). <italic>Spermatia</italic> not reported. <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph not reported.</p><p id="P744"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Kwazulu-Natal Province, Kwambonambi, on symptomless branches and leaves, dying branches and pulp of ripe fruits of <italic>Syzygium cordatum</italic>, Mar 2002, D. Pavlic, a dry culture on pine needles, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 60067.</p><p id="P745"><italic>Cultures</italic>: CMW 14023 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123639&link_type=cbs">CBS 123639</ext-link> (ex-type), CMW 14140 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123641&link_type=cbs">CBS 123641</ext-link>.</p><p id="P746"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Syzygium cordatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P747"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P748"><italic>Note</italic>: See notes for <italic>N. cordaticola</italic>.</p><p id="P749"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum luteum</italic></bold> (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Stud. Mycol. 55: 248. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500876&link_type=mb">MB500876</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F55">Fig. 55</xref>.</p><fig id="F55" position="float"><label>Fig. 55.</label><caption><p><italic>Neofusicoccum luteum</italic>. A, B. Cultures of <italic>N. luteum</italic> on PDA after 2 days (A) and 4 days (B) of incubation at 25 °C. A pale yellow pigment is produced at first (A) that later becomes violaceous (B). C. Vertical section through an ascoma. D. Asci stained with cotton blue. E. Ascus with eight ascospores. F. Conidiogenous cells. G. Conidia. Scale bars: C = 100 μm, D = 50 μm, E-G = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig55"></graphic></fig><p id="P750"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Fusicoccum luteum</italic> Pennycook & Samuels, Mycotaxon 24: 456. 1985.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Botryosphaeria lutea</italic> A.J.L. Phillips, Sydowia 54: 70. 2002.</p></list-item></list><p id="P751"><italic>Ascomata</italic> initially immersed, later becoming erumpent through the host tissue, black, < 0.5 mm diam, uni- or multilocular, locules spherical to ovoid, 150-200 μm diam, ascomata and conidiomata often formed in the same stroma, opening through a nonperiphysate ostiole, with a short neck, wall consisting of 8-12 layers of dark brown to black, thick-walled cells, forming pseudoparenchymatic <italic>textura angularis</italic>, up to 60 μm thick, with 3-4 layers of thin-walled, hyaline cells lining the cavity. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, cylindrical, to clavate, stipitate, 84-176 × 16-24 μm, 8-spored, associated with filamentous pseudoparaphyses. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> hyaline, septate, branched, 2-3.5 μm wide. <italic>Ascospores</italic> irregularly biseriate in the ascus, hyaline, guttulate, smooth, aseptate, oval to broadly fusiform, widest in the middle or upper third of the ascospore, tapering to the obtuse base and apex 18-22.5(-24) × 7.5-12 μm. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> frequently formed on the same stromata as the ascomata, stromatic, separate or confluent, dark brown to black, uni- or multilocular immersed in the host, sub-peridermal, locules up to 150 μm diam, walls consisting of a dark brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming smaller, thinner-walled and hyaline towards the conidiogenous region. <italic>Ostioles</italic> papillate, circular. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, rarely branched at the base, cylindrical, formed from the cells of the inner locule wall, 8-19 × 3-4 μm. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, discrete, integrated, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, producing the first conidium holoblastically and subsequent conidia enteroblastically, proliferating percurrently with 2-3 indistinct percurrent proliferations, or proliferating internally forming typical phialides (<italic>sensu</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">Sutton, 1980</xref>) and periclinal thickening, (6-)8-16(-18) × (2.5-)3-4(-4.5) μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, thin-walled, aseptate, smooth, ellipsoidal, widest in the middle or upper third of the conidium, apex subobtuse, base truncate (15-)16.5-22.5(-24) × 4.5-6(-7.5) μm, 95 % confidence limits of 242 conidia = 19.4-19.9 μm (av. ± S.D. of 242 conidia = 19.7 ± 1.8 × 5.6 ± 0.6 μm), L/W ratio = 3.6 ± 0.5 with 95 % confidence limits = 3.5, often with a minute basal frill. <italic>Spermatia</italic> hyaline, rod-shaped to reniform with either truncate or rounded ends 3-5 × 1 μm. <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph not reported.</p><p id="P752"><italic>Type</italic>: of sexual morph: <bold>Portugal</bold>, Estremadura, Oeiras, Quinta do Marquês, on cane of <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> cv. Galego Dourado, Mar. 1996, A.J.L. Phillips, <bold>holotype</bold> LISE 94070; of asexual morph: <bold>New Zealand</bold>, Bay of Plenty, Te Puke, No 1 Road, DSIR Research Orchard, from lesions on ripe fruit of <italic>Actinidia deliciosa</italic>, 6 Oct. 1982, S.R. Pennycook, <bold>holotype</bold> PDD 45400.</p><p id="P753"><italic>Cultures</italic>: PDDCC 8004 = ATCC 58193 (ex-type of asexual morph) / <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=110299&link_type=cbs">CBS 110299</ext-link> (ex-type of sexual morph), CAP037.</p><p id="P754"><italic>Hosts</italic>: Plurivorous including <italic>Actinidia chinensis, Actinidia deliciosa</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R60">Gadgil <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R127">Pennycook & Samuels 1985</xref>), <italic>Banksia</italic> sp., <italic>Buckinghamia</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R47">Denman <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>), <italic>Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cupressus sempervirens, C. lusitanica, Juniperus communis, Pinus pinea, Sequoia sempervirens, Thujopsis dolabrata, Thuja plicata</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>), <italic>Chrysanthemoides monilifera</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Cunnington <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), <italic>Crataegus mexicana</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">Adesmoye <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>), <italic>Diospyros kaki</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R60">Gadgil <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>), <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R47">Denman <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>), <italic>Ficus microcarpa</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R99">Mayorquin <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>), <italic>Fraxinus angustifolia</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R137">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>), <italic>Malus domestica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R60">Gadgil <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>), <italic>Olea europaea</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R162">Sergeeva <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>), <italic>Persea americana</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R100">McDonald & Eskalen 2011</xref>), <italic>Protea cynaroides</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R47">Denman <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>), <italic>Pyrus communis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R60">Gadgil <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>), <italic>Pyrus pyrifolia</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R60">Gadgil <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>), <italic>Quercus robur</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">Barradas <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), <italic>Rhododendron</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R212">Varela <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>), <italic>Salix fragilis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Cunnington <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), <italic>Salix magnifica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R60">Gadgil <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>), <italic>Sophora japonica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R137">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>), <italic>Syzygium cordatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R123">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R115">van Niekerk <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R208">Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> 2006b</xref>).</p><p id="P755"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: eastern Australia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R47">Denman <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Cunnington <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R162">Sergeeva <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>), USA (California) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R208">Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> 2006b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R100">McDonald & Eskelen 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R99">Mayorquin <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>), Italy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R80">Lazzizera <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), New Zealand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R60">Gadgil <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R127">Pennycook & Samuels 1985</xref>), Portugal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R137">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">Barradas <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R47">Denman <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R115">van Niekerk <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R123">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), Spain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R212">Varela <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>), Uruguay (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R128">Peréz <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P756"><italic>Notes</italic>: The morphology of the conidiomata varies depending on the substrate on which this species is found. Thus, Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R137">2002</xref>) reported that on grapevine canes they were thick-walled and eustromatic while on leaves they were thin-walled and globose. Phylogenetically it groups with <italic>N. australe</italic>. See notes for <italic>N. australe</italic>.</p><p id="P757"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum macroclavatum</italic></bold> (T.I. Burgess, Barber & Hardy) T.I. Burgess, Barber & Hardy, Stud. Mycol. 55: 248. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500877&link_type=mb">MB500877</ext-link>. See Burgess <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">2005</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P758"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Fusicoccum macroclavatum</italic> T.I. Burgess, Barber & Hardy, Austral. Pl. Pathol. 34: 562. 2005.</p><p id="P759"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, formed on water agar on sterilised pine needles within 21 d, superficial, globose, mostly solitary, 1-2 mm diam, covered with mycelium, single or multiloculate. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, sub-cylindrical to cylindrical to ampuliform, proliferating percurrently with up to 2 annellations, (4.5-)5.5-10.5(-13) × 2-3.5(-4.5) μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> produced in culture on pine needles elongate-clavate to fusiform, base subtruncate to bluntly rounded, hyaline, unicellular, occasionally 1-4-septate when mature or before germination, smooth wall with fine granular contents, (19-)25-35(-41) × (5-) 6-8(-10) μm (av. of 125 conidia = 30.3 × 7.1 μm), L/W = 4.2. <italic>Spermatia</italic> observed in culture hyaline, cylindrical, sub-cylindrical or clavate, base truncate with rounded apex, 4.5-9.5(-13) × 2-3.5(-4.5) μm (av. of 50 spermatia = 7.7 × 2.6 μm). <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph not reported.</p><p id="P760"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on half strength PDA initially white to buff turning olivaceous-grey within 7 d and becoming black with age, moderately dense, appressed mycelial mat with irregular very dense aerial aggregations. Optimum temperature for growth 25 °C, reaching 53 mm in diameter on half strength PDA after 4 d at 25 °C in the dark.</p><p id="P761"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Western Australia, Denmark, from wood of living <italic>Eucalyptus globulus</italic>, Oct. 2002, T.I. Burgess, <bold>holotype</bold> MURU 400.</p><p id="P762"><italic>Cultures</italic>: WAC 12444 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118223&link_type=cbs">CBS 118223</ext-link> (ex-type), WAC 12445 = CMW 15948.</p><p id="P763"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Eucalyptus globulus, E. saligna</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">Burgess <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>).</p><p id="P764"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Western Australia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">Burgess <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>).</p><p id="P765"><italic>Notes</italic>: Phylogenetically <italic>N. macroclavatum</italic> is closely related to <italic>N. andinum, N. nonquaesitum</italic> and <italic>N. arbuti</italic>. It can be distinguished from all other species in <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> on the characteristic shape of its conidia that are considerably larger than most other known species in this genus; only <italic>N. pennatisporum</italic> has longer conidia.</p><p id="P766"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum mangiferae</italic></bold> (Syd. & P. Syd.) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Stud. Mycol. 55: 248. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500878&link_type=mb">MB500878</ext-link>. See Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> (2005) for illustrations.</p><p id="P767"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Dothiorella mangiferae</italic> Syd. & P. Syd., Ann. Mycol., 14: 192. 1916.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Nattrassia mangiferae</italic> (Syd. & P. Syd.) B. Sutton & Dyko, Mycol. Res. 93: 484. 1989.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Fusicoccum mangiferae</italic> (Syd. & P. Syd.) Johnson, Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 97 (1): 106. 2005.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Fusicoccum mangiferae</italic> (Syd. & P. Syd.) G.I. Johnson, Slippers & M.J. Wingf. (as “<italic>mangiferum”</italic>), Mycologia 97 (1): 106. 2005.</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Hendersonula cypria</italic> Nattrass, <italic>A first list of Cyprus fungi</italic>: 43. 1937.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Exosporina fawcettii</italic> E.E. Wilson, Hilgardia 17 (12): 427. 1947.</p></list-item></list><p id="P768"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, erumpent, dark brown to black, uni- to multi-loculate; walls composed of thick-walled, brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, locules opening by means of separate ostioles; spherical, 150-400 μm diam. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> lageniform to ampulliform, hyaline, discrete, arising from the inner wall of the stroma, producing a succession of conidia at one level, collarette absent, periclinal thickening and cytoplasmic channel wide, 6.5-14 × 2.5-4 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> holoblastic, ellipsoid to nearly fusiform, at first aseptate, then becoming 1-2 euseptate, central cell dark brown, end cells hyaline to pale brown, smooth (11-)12-15(-17.5) × 5-6.6 μm (av. of 54 conidia = 13.6 × 5.4 μm).</p><p id="P769"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>India</bold>, Lucknow, on <italic>Mangifera indica</italic>, F. Bahadur (E.J. Butler 1724), 22 Oct. 1908, <bold>holotype</bold> HCIO.</p><p id="P770"><italic>Cultures</italic>: Cultures linked to the type could not be located and probably do not exist. Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> (2005) regarded the following as representatives: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118531&link_type=cbs">CBS 118531</ext-link> = CMW7024, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118532&link_type=cbs">CBS 118532</ext-link> = CMW7797.</p><p id="P771"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Mangifera indica</italic> (Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2005).</p><p id="P772"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Australia, India (Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2005).</p><p id="P773"><italic>Notes</italic>: Phylogenetically this species is closely related to <italic>N. eucalypticola</italic> and <italic>N. eucalyptorum</italic>, but the conidia of <italic>N. mangiferae</italic> are distinct from all other <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> spp. in their shorter average length (~13-14 mm) and smaller length/width ratio (2-2.5). The conidia often become 1- or 2-septate, light brown with distinctly darker middle cells. This feature is shared with <italic>N. parvum</italic> and <italic>N. mediterraneum</italic>, but is not seen in all isolates of these two latter species.</p><p id="P774"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum mediterraneum</italic></bold> Crous, M.J. Wingf. & A.J.L. Phillips, Fungal Planet No. 19: 2. 2007. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB504461&link_type=mb">MB504461</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F56">Fig. 56</xref>.</p><fig id="F56" position="float"><label>Fig. 56.</label><caption><p><italic>Neofusicoccum mediterraneum</italic>. A. Conidiomata formed in culture on poplar twig. B-E. Conidiogenous cells. F. Hyaline, aseptate conidia. G. Coloured, septate conidia. H. Spermatogenous cells. I. Spermatia. Scale bars: A = 500 μm, B, F-H = 10 μm, C-E, I = 5 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig56"></graphic></fig><p id="P775"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> amphigenous, stromatic, brown, up to 450 μm diam on pine needles, ostiolate, exuding conidia in a white mucoid mass, wall consisting of 3-5 layers of brown <italic>textura angularis. Conidiophores</italic> lining the inner layer of the conidioma, hyaline, smooth, 0-1-septate, 15-40 × 3-5 μm. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, integrated, phialidic, subcylindrical, rarely ampulliform, proliferating several times percurrently near apex, rarely with minute periclinal thickening, 15-30 × 3-5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, fusoid-ellipsoidal, widest in the middle or in the upper third, apex subobtuse, base subtruncate, somewhat flattened with minute marginal frill, with granular cytoplasm, (19-)22-26(-27) × (5.5-)6(-6.5) μm <italic>in vitro</italic> (av. size of conidia = 24 × 6 μm), L/W = 4. <italic>Spermatia</italic> not reported. <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph not reported.</p><p id="P776"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on 2 % MEA fluffy, iron-grey, with abundant grey aerial mycelium, fertile on water agar overlaid with autoclaved pine needles.</p><p id="P777"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Greece</bold>, Rhodes, Rhodos Palace Hotel parking lot, on branches and leaves of <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp., 12 Jun. 2006, collected by P.W. Crous, M.J. Wingfield & A.J.L. Phillips, <bold>holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-19921&link_type=cbs">CBS H-19921</ext-link>.</p><p id="P778"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121718&link_type=cbs">CBS 121718</ext-link> (ex-type), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=121558&link_type=cbs">CBS 121558</ext-link>.</p><p id="P779"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Citrus</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">Inderbitzin <italic>et al. </italic>2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), <italic>Ficus microcarpa</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R99">Mayorquin <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>), <italic>Fortunella</italic> sp., <italic>Fraxinus</italic> sp., <italic>Juniperus</italic> sp., <italic>Persea americana, Pistacia vera, Prunus dulcis, Rubus</italic> sp., <italic>Sequoiadendron giganteum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">Inderbitzin <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R38">Crous <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">Inderbitzin <italic>et al. </italic>2010</xref>), <italic>Juglans regia</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">Inderbitzin <italic>et al. </italic>2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R204">Trouillas <italic>et al</italic>. 2010</xref>), <italic>Mangifera indica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), <italic>Olea europaea</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R80">Lazzizera <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R209">Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">Inderbitzin <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R98">Martin <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R142">Pintos Varela <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P780"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: USA (California) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R209">Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R204">Trouillas <italic>et al</italic>. 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">Inderbitzin <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R99">Mayorquin <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>), Greece (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R38">Crous <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), Iran (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), Italy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R80">Lazzizera <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), Spain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R98">Martin <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R142">Pintos Varela <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P781"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Neofusicoccum mediterraneum</italic> is phylogenetically most closely related to <italic>N. viticlavatum</italic> and <italic>N. vitifusiforme</italic>, but it can be separated by having larger conidia (24 × 6 μm) than those of <italic>N. viticlavatum</italic> (16-18 × 6.5-7.5 μm) and <italic>N. vitifusiforme</italic> (19-21 × 5.5-6.5 μm). Conidia in some isolates become septate, light brown with distinctly darker middle cells; a feature seen in <italic>N. mangiferum</italic> and <italic>N. parvum</italic>, but can be distinguished from these two species in having larger conidia.</p><p id="P782">A search of GenBank revealed a wide range of variation amongst the ITS sequences for isolates of <italic>N. mediterraneum</italic>. Furthermore, in the six-locus phylogeny of Inderbitzin <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">2010</xref>), two distinct clades were resolved for this species. Therefore, as mentioned by Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">2013</xref>), it seems that <italic>N. mediterraneum</italic> is a complex of species that should be examined in more detail using greater numbers of isolates and additional gene loci.</p><p id="P783"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum nonquaesitum</italic></bold> Inderb., Trouillas, Bostock & Michailides, Mycologia 102: 1360. 2010. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB518135&link_type=mb">MB518135</ext-link>. See Inderbitzin <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">2010</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P784"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, single or in groups, immersed or immersed-erumpent, lenticular to subglobose, 200-500 × 150-400 μm, sometimes with a short neck, wall up to 50 μm wide, three-layered, outer layer composed of dark, thick-walled cells, intermediate layer lighter pigmented, cells smaller, inner layer hyaline, cells thin-walled. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> short, undifferentiated, originating from the inner pycnidial wall, branching at times, up to 30 μm long, 1.5-2 μm wide, bearing single, unbranched conidiogenous cells, of similar dimensions as conidiophores. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic proliferating percurrently with up to five proliferations. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, fusiform to oval, base truncate, rarely 1-3-septate, sometimes becoming pigmented, 17-29 × 5.5-10.5 μm (av. size of conidia = 23.2 × 7.6 μm), L/W ratio = 3.1. <italic>Spermatia</italic> when present most abundant in upper part of pycnidium, cylindrical, with rounded or truncate apices, curved at times, 4-10 × 2-4 μm, rarely up to 15 × 5 μm. <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph not reported.</p><p id="P785"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on half strength PDA plate with cork oak or pistachio leaf after 12 d under continuous light on a laboratory bench white to olive-brown or olivaceous-black, reverse white to olivaceous-black, conidioma forming mainly on leaf, black, some covered by mycelium, immersed-erumpent, up to 600 μm diam and of variable shape, conidia and spermatia present.</p><p id="P786"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>, California, Napa County, St Helena, on cankered branch of <italic>Umbellularia californica</italic>, 12 Nov. 2004, F.P. Trouillas, <bold>holotype</bold> UC1946389 (dried branch of <italic>U. californica</italic> inoculated with PD484).</p><p id="P787"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126655&link_type=cbs">CBS 126655</ext-link> = PD484 (ex-type), PD301.</p><p id="P788"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Umbellularia californica, Prunus dulcis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">Inderbitzin <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), <italic>Vaccinium corymbosum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R53">Espinoza <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>) <italic>Sequoiadendron giganteum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R154">Rooney-Latham <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P789"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: USA (California) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">Inderbitzin <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), Chile (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R53">Espinoza <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>), North America (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R154">Rooney-Latham <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P790"><italic>Note</italic>: See notes for <italic>N. andinum</italic>.</p><p id="P791"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum occulatum</italic></bold> Sakalidis & T.I. Burgess, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 60: 340. 2011. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB518777&link_type=mb">MB518777</ext-link>. See Sakalidis <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R158">2011</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P792"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> on <italic>Populus</italic> sp. twigs stromatic, solitary often or in groups, rapidly covered with mycelium, superficial, conical or spherical or obpyriform, unilocular. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, oval to fusiform, 4-14 × 0.5-2.5 μm (av. size = 8 × 1 μm). <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, unicellular, fusifom to ellipsoid to cymbiform, apices obtuse, base truncate, sometime both apices taper, aseptate, smooth-walled, 14-22 × 3.5-7.5 μm (av. size of conidia = 18.3 × 5.2 μm), L/W = 3.5. <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph: <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, globose to turbinate 11.5 × 1.5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> two forms observed “irregular long” and “irregular round” both brown and muriform “irregular round” 1-3 transverse septa, 0-1 long septa and 0-3 oblique septa, 7.5-13.5 × 5.5-8.5 μm (av. size of conidia = 9.8 × 7 μm), L/W = 1.4, rarely found “irregular long” 1-5 transverse septa, 0-2 oblique septa, 11.5-20.5 × 4-7.5 μm (av. of 20 conidia = 15.5 × 5.8 μm), L/W = 2.7.</p><p id="P793"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> white, flattened with tufts of white mycelium, becoming very to dark greenish grey colour after 14 d with the reverse side of the colonies greenish black. Optimal temperature for growth 30 °C, covering a 90 mm Petri dish on MEA in 3-4 d, limited growth occurred at 4 °C and 10 °C.</p><p id="P794"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Queensland, Karanda, symptomless branches of <italic>Eucalyptus grandis</italic> hybrid, Mar 2002, T.I. Burgess, dried culture sporulating on <italic>Populus</italic> sp. twigs, <bold>holotype</bold> MURU467.</p><p id="P795"><italic>Cultures</italic>: MUCC 227 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128008&link_type=cbs">CBS 128008</ext-link> (ex-type), MUCC 286 = WAC 12395.</p><p id="P796"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R158">Sakalidis <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P797"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Australia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R158">Sakalidis <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P798"><italic>Notes</italic>: A pale yellowish pigment was observed once in the media of three isolates MUCC 270 and MUCC 296 and MUCC 232 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R158">Sakalidis <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>). <italic>Neofusicoccum occulatum</italic> is morphologically similar to other closely related species in the <italic>N. parvum</italic> / <italic>N. ribis</italic> species complex and differs from other species in the complex by one uniquely fixed nucleotide difference in partial EF1-α (EU339509) position 164 (A). See notes for <italic>N. cordaticola</italic>.</p><p id="P799"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum parvum</italic></bold> (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Stud. Mycol. 55: 248. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500879&link_type=mb">MB500879</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F57">Fig. 57</xref>.</p><fig id="F57" position="float"><label>Fig. 57.</label><caption><p><italic>Neofusicoccum parvum</italic>. A. Vertical section through an aggregate ascoma. B, C. Asci. D, E. Details of ascus apex as seen by interference contrast (D) or phase contrast (E). F. Ascospores. G, H. Conidiogenous cells. I. Hyaline, aseptate conidia. J. Coloured, 1- and 2-septate conidia. Scale bars: A = 50 μm, B, C, F, G = 10 μm, D, E, H-J = 5 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig57"></graphic></fig><p id="P800"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Fusicoccum parvum</italic> Pennycook & Samuels, Mycotaxon 24: 455. 1985.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Botryosphaeria parva</italic> Pennycook & Samuels, Mycotaxon 24: 455. 1985.</p></list-item></list><p id="P801"><italic>Ascomata</italic> forming botryose clusters 2-5 mm diam, each comprising up to 100 ascomata, erumpent through the bark, globose, with a short, conical papilla, dark brown to black, smooth, thick-walled, wall composed of dark brown thick-walled cells, lined with thin-walled, hyaline cells, locules 150-250 μm diam, contents conspicuously white when dry. <italic>Asci</italic> clavate, 8-spored, bitunicate, 75-143(-210) × 17-21 μm. <italic>Ascospores</italic> broadly ellipsoidal to fusoid, often with an apiculus at each end, hyaline, smooth, aseptate, occasionally becoming 1-septate, (14-)18-23(-26) × (7-)8-10(-11) μm (av. of 73 ascospores = 20.8 × 9.2 μm), L/W = 2.2. Conidiomatal aggregates morphologically indistinguishable from ascomatal aggregates. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> globose and non-papillate to pyriform with a short, acute papilla, entire locule lined with conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, subcylindrical, proliferating percurrently to form 1-2 annellations, or proliferating at the same level to form periclinal thickenings. <italic>Conidia</italic> ellipsoidal with apex round and base flat, unicellular, hyaline, old conidia becoming 1-2-septate hyaline, or light brown with the middle cell darker than the terminal cells, (12-)13.5-21(-24) × 4-6(-10) μm, 95 % confidence limits of 320 conidia = 16.9-17.3 × 5.4-5.6 μm (av. ± S.D. of 320 conidia = 17.1 ± 2.1 × 5.5 ± 0.8 μm), L/W ratio = 3.2 ± 0.6 with 95 % confidence limits of 3.1-3.2. <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph: <italic>Conidia</italic> subglobose to obpyriform, brown, apex obtuse, base truncate, 8-10.5(-12) × (6.5-)7-8(-9) μm, 1-3 transverse septa, 1-2 longitudinal septa, and 1-2 oblique septa.</p><p id="P802"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>New Zealand</bold>, Bay of Plenty, Te Puke, No 3 Road, Baldwin Orchard, on small dead branch of <italic>Populus nigra</italic>, 17 Dec. 1981, S.R. Pennycook, <bold>holotype</bold> PDD 45438.</p><p id="P803"><italic>Cultures</italic>: PDDCC 8003 = ATCC 58191 (ex-type) = ICMP 8003 = CMW 9081.</p><p id="P804"><italic>Hosts</italic>: Plurivorous including <italic>Actinidia deliciosa</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R127">Pennycook & Samuels 1985</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), <italic>Araucaria heterophylla</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R176">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2005b</xref>), <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Cunnington <italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref>), <italic>Citrus</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">Adesemoye <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>), <italic>Cupressus funebris</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R82">Li <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), <italic>Diospyros kaki</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R60">Gadgil <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>), <italic>Eriobotrya japonica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R60">Gadgil <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>), <italic>Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus saligna</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R62">Gezahgne <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>), <italic>Eucalyptus pellita</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">Barber <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>), <italic>Eucalyptus urophylla</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R107">Mohali <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), <italic>Ficus microcarpa</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R99">Mayorquin <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>), <italic>Grevillea robusta</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R203">Toljander <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), <italic>Heteropyxis natalensis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R172">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004a</xref>), <italic>Juglans regia</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">Inderbitzin <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), <italic>Juniperus communis, Pinus pinea, Thuja plicata, Thujopsis dolabrata</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>), <italic>Kolkwitzia amabilis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Cunnington <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), <italic>Leucadendron</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R95">Marincowitz <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), <italic>Leucospermum</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R95">Marincowitz <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), <italic>Lilium lancifolium</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R222">Woodward <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>), <italic>Malus domestica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R127">Pennycook & Samuels 1985</xref>), <italic>Mangifera indica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R77">Javier-Alva <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>), <italic>Olea africana</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Cunnington <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), <italic>Olea europaea</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R80">Lazzizera <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), <italic>Persea americana</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R68">Hartill 1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Cunnington <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R224">Zea-Bonilla <italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R100">McDonald & Eskalen 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R109">Molina-Gayosso <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>), <italic>Pistacia vera</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Cunnington <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">Inderbitzin <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), <italic>Populus</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R60">Gadgil <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>), <italic>Protea cynaroides</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R95">Marincowitz <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), <italic>Prunus armeniaca</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R64">Gramaje <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>), <italic>Prunus dulcis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">Inderbitzin <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), <italic>Prunus persica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Cunnington <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), <italic>Prunus avium</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), <italic>Pseudopanax laetus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R60">Gadgil <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>), <italic>Psidium guajava</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R107">Mohali <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), <italic>Pyrus</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), <italic>Pyrus communis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R60">Gadgil <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>), <italic>Pyrus pyrifolia</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R164">Shen <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), <italic>Pinus</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), <italic>Quercus suber</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R85">Linaldeddu <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), <italic>Rhododendron</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R212">Varela <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>), <italic>Ribes</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R172">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004a</xref>), <italic>Rubus fruticosus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), <italic>Salix</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), <italic>Sequoia gigantea</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R172">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004a</xref>), <italic>Syzygium cordatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R123">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), <italic>Syzygium paniculatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R145">Ploetz <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>), <italic>Terminalia catappa</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R50">Didier Begoude <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), <italic>Trachycarpus fortunei</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R196">Taylor & Hyde 2003</xref>), unknown, palm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R196">Taylor & Hyde 2003</xref>), <italic>Vaccinium corymbosum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R53">Espinoza <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>), <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Cunnington <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R108">Mohammadi <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R140">Phillips, <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>, Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> 2006, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R49">Díaz <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R218">White <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P805"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Probably worldwide. Australia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">Barber <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Cunnington <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R172">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R196">Taylor & Hyde 2003</xref>), USA (California) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R208">Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> 2006b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">Adesemoye & Eskalen 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">Inderbitzin <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R100">McDonald & Eskalen 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R99">Mayorquin <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>), Chile (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R49">Díaz <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R53">Espinoza <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>), China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R82">Li <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R196">Taylor & Hyde 2003</xref>), Ethiopia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R62">Gezahgne <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>), USA (Florida) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R145">Ploetz <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>), USA (Georgia) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R222">Woodward <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>), Greece (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">Inderbitzin <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), USA (Hawaii) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R95">Marincowitz <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), Iran (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R108">Mohammadi <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>), Italy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R80">Lazzizera <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R85">Linaldeddu <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R109">Molina-Gayosso <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>), New Zealand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R60">Gadgil <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R68">Hartill 1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R127">Pennycook & Samuels 1985</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R176">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2005b</xref>), Peru (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R77">Javier-Alva <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>), Portugal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R140">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">Alves <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>), South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R50">Didier Begoude <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R123">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R172">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R173">Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004b</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R218">White <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>), Spain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R207">Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> 2006a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R224">Zea-Bonilla <italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R212">Varela <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R64">Gramaje <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>), Taiwan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R164">Shen <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), Uganda (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R203">Toljander <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), Venezuela (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R107">Mohali <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>).</p><p id="P806"><italic>Notes</italic>: Phylogenetically, this species lies within a cluster of morphologically highly similar species that can be distinguished only on the basis of ITS and EF1-α sequence data. <italic>Neofusicoccum parvum</italic> has, however, been distinguished by different researchers from other species in this cluster based on the colour and septation of conidia at the time of germination. Thus, the conidia become 2-septate and the central cells become pale brown in <italic>N. parvum</italic>, while in the other species there is no colouration of the conidia at the time of germination. But recently, in a phylogenetic study on <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> and <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> species in Iran, Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">2013</xref>) studied 34 <italic>N. parvum</italic> isolates and found that in all of them the old conidia remained hyaline even after 10 wk. Furthermore, the production of a yellow pigment on PDA was reported in some isolates of an Iranian population of <italic>N. parvum</italic>, which is a feature never seen previously. <italic>Neofusicoccum parvum</italic> is emerging as a common and cosmopolitan species on a wide variety of hosts. It is now recognised as an aggressive pathogen of grapevines (e.g., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R133">Phillips 1998</xref>) as <italic>B. dothidea</italic>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R115">van Niekerk <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>), and possibly other woody hosts.</p><p id="P807"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum pennatisporum</italic></bold> K. Taylor, Barber & T.I. Burgess, Mycol. Res. 113: 346. 2009. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB511826&link_type=mb">MB511826</ext-link>. See Taylor <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">2009</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P808"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, superficial, dark-brown to black, cylindrical to triangular to irregular, mostly solitary, rough with some mycelium, 300-1000 μm long and 100-500 μm diam on pine needles but up to 2 mm long on agar. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, cylindrical to flask shaped, 4-10(-12) × (1-)2-3(-4) μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, usually aseptate, often with 1 septum but can have up to 5 septa with age, typically fusiform, smooth-walled, apex obtuse, base frequently truncate but sometimes rounded, (31-)40-50(-64) × 6-10 (-12) μm (av. of 100 conidia = 45.4 × 9.7 μm), L/W ratio = 4.6. <italic>Spermatia</italic> hyaline, aseptate, fusiform, either rounded or truncate at both ends, (2-)3-6(-7) × 1-2 μm (av. of 100 spermatia = 4.4 × 1.5 μm). <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph not reported.</p><p id="P809"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> composed of appressed mycelial mat with diffuse irregular edges, white centre, darkening slightly with age, pycnidia produced profusely.</p><p id="P810"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Western Australia, Yalgorup National Park, from healthy stem of <italic>Allocasuarina fraseriana</italic>, Jun. 2005, K.M. Taylor, <bold>holotype</bold> PERTH 07693044.</p><p id="P811"><italic>Cultures</italic>: WAC 13153 = MUCC 510 (ex-type).</p><p id="P812"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Allocasuarina fraseriana</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">Taylor <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P813"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Western Australia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">Taylor <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P814"><italic>Notes</italic>: The conidia of <italic>N. pennatisporum</italic> are unusually long (40-50 × 6-10 μm), when compared with other <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> spp., including <italic>N. macroclavatum</italic> (25-35 × 6-8 μm), which is also found in Western Australia, and <italic>N. protearum</italic> (25-30 × 7-8 μm), which is the most closely related species to <italic>N. pennatisporum</italic> based on ITS sequence data. In the phylogeny based on ITS and EF1-α sequences, this species resides in a distinct clade as a sister group to all other <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> species. According to Taylor <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">2009</xref>), an isolate of <italic>N. pennatisporum</italic> produced the sexual morph once on pine needles in culture. The ascospores have distinctive protrusions at either end unlike ascospores of other <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> spp.</p><p id="P815"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum protearum</italic></bold> (Denman & Crous) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Stud. Mycol. 55: 249. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500880&link_type=mb">MB500880</ext-link>. See Denman <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R47">2003</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P816"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Fusicoccum protearum</italic> Denman & Crous, <italic>Mycologia</italic> 95: 301. 2003.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p><italic>= Botryosphaeria protearum</italic> Denman & Crous, <italic>Mycologia</italic> 95: 301. 2003.</p></list-item></list><p id="P817"><italic>Ascomata</italic> pseudothecial, embedded in host tissue, up to 600 μm diam, becoming erumpent, solitary or botryose, stromatic, dark brown to black, with central, black ostioles; pseudothecial wall 6-15 layers thick, composed of brown <italic>textura angularis. Asci</italic> clavate to subcylindrical, 8-spored, bitunicate, with a well-developed apical chamber that becomes inconspicuous at maturity, 110-200 × 15-21 μm. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> filiform, branched, septate, 3-5 μm wide. <italic>Ascospores</italic> irregularly biseriate, hyaline, nonseptate, granular, becoming light brown with age, fusiform, widest in the middle with obtuse ends, sometimes inequilateral, (25-)26-33(-37) × (9-)10-12(-13) μm. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, embedded in host tissue, solitary or botryose, stromatic, globose, up to 500 μm diam, wall 4-8 layers thick, composed of brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming hyaline towards the inner region. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> 0-1-septate, hyaline, subcylindrical, rarely branched, 7-20(-30) × 3-5 μm. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, subcylindrical, rarely proliferating percurrently with 1-2 anellations, proliferating predominantly at the same level with minute periclinal thickenings, which become more prominent in older conidiogenous cells, 7-12 × 3-5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, granular, ovoid to clavate when young, becoming irregularly fusoid when mature, widest in the middle with an obtuse apex and bluntly rounded or slightly flattened base, (20-)25-30(-40) × 7-8(-10) μm <italic>in vivo. Spermatia</italic> produced in same conidiomata as conidia, or in separate conidiomata. <italic>Spermatophores</italic> hyaline, smooth, branched, cylindrical, 0-2-septate, straight, unbranched or branched above, 12-17 × 2-3 μm. <italic>Spermatogenous cells</italic> discrete or integrated, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, proliferating via phialides with periclinal thickenings, 5-12 × 1.5-2.5 μm. <italic>Spermatia</italic> hyaline, smooth, aseptate, rod-shaped with rounded ends, 3-6 × 1-1.5 μm. <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph not reported.</p><p id="P818"><italic>Type</italic>: Of sexual morph: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Western Cape, Porterville, Baanbreek Farm, on stems of <italic>Protea magnifica</italic>, 27 Jul. 1997, S. Denman, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 57329; of asexual morph: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Western Cape, Devon Valley, Protea Heights Farm, on stems of <italic>Leucadendron salignum</italic>, 31 Oct. 1997, S. Denman & J. Taylor, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 57330.</p><p id="P819"><italic>Cultures</italic>: STE-U 4361 = CPC 4361 (ex-type culture of sexual morph), STE-U 1775 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=114176&link_type=cbs">CBS 114176</ext-link> (ex-type culture of asexual morph).</p><p id="P820"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Protea</italic> and <italic>Leucadendron</italic> spp. (Denman <italic>et al</italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R48">2000</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R47">2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R95">Marincowitz <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), <italic>Santalum acuminatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">Taylor <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P821"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Australia, Portugal (continental and Madeira), South Africa, Spain (Tenerife), USA (Hawaii) (Denman <italic>et al.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R48">2000</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R47">2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R95">Marincowitz <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">Taylor <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P822"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Neofusicoccum protearum</italic> was originally thought to be restricted to <italic>Proteaceae</italic>, but it was recently isolated from <italic>Santalum acuminatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">Taylor <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>). See notes for <italic>N. pennatisporum</italic>.</p><p id="P823"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum ribis</italic> (</bold>Slippers, Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Stud. Mycol. 55: 249. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500881&link_type=mb">MB500881</ext-link>. See Slippers <italic>et al</italic>. (2004) for illustrations.</p><p id="P824"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Fusicoccum ribis</italic> Slippers, Crous & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 96: 96. 2004.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Botryosphaeria ribis</italic> Grossenb. & Duggar, Tech. Bull. N.Y. Agric. Exp. St. 18: 128. 1911.</p></list-item></list><p id="P825"><italic>Ascostroma</italic> erumpent through the bark, pulvinate, 100-400 μm diam. <italic>Ascomata</italic> pseudothecial, forming botryose aggregates of up to 5-50, globose with central ostiole, papillate or not, brown to black, 175-250 μm, pseudothecial wall comprising 5-15 layers of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, outer region of dark brown or brown cells, inner region 2-4 layers of hyaline cells lining the locule. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, clavate, 8-spored, 80-120 × 17-20 μm. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> filiform, septate, rarely branched, 2-4 μm wide. <italic>Ascospores</italic> fusoid to ellipsoid, often round at the ends then broadly ellipsoidal, hyaline, unicellular, smooth with granular contents, biseriate in the ascus, (14-)18-23(-27) × 6-8(-10) μm (av. of 80 ascospores = 20.5 × 7.1 μm), L/W = 2.9. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> in same stromata as ascomata and morphologically indistinguishable from them, or solitary and embedded in young host shoots. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, subcylindrical, proliferating percurrently with 1-2 annellations, or proliferating at the same level to form periclinal thickenings, 6-22 × 2-5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> fusiform, sometimes irregularly fusiform, base subtruncate to blunt, hyaline, unicellular, rarely septate with age, smooth with granular contents, (16-)19-23(-24) × 5-6(-7) μm (av. of 90 = conidia 20.8 × 5.5 μm), L/W = 3.8. <italic>Spermatia</italic> not reported. <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph: <italic>Conidia</italic> subglobose, obpyriform or rarely obovoid to broadly fusiform or fusiform, apex subobtuse to obtuse, base truncate to bluntly rounded. Subglobose, obpyriform conidia (7-)8-13.5(-17) × (6.5-)7-9.5(-10.5) μm, hyaline to pale brown when immature with one transverse septum and 0-2 longitudinal septa, becoming brown when mature with 1-4 transverse septa, 0-3 longitudinal septa, and 0-4 oblique septa. Broadly fusiform to fusiform conidia (12-)13.5-22.5(-24) × (5-)5.5-8 μm, brown with 2-7 transverse septa, and 0-2 oblique septa.</p><p id="P826"><italic>Type</italic>: Of asexual morph; <bold>USA</bold>, New York, Ithaca, <italic>Ribes</italic> sp., 2000, G. Hudler, holotype PREM 57368, <bold>lectotype</bold> of sexual morph; <bold>USA</bold>, New York, Geneva, on <italic>Ribes vulgare</italic>, 1911, J.G. Grossenbacher & B.M. Duggar, <bold>holotype</bold> CUP-A (F.Col. 3408).</p><p id="P827"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115475&link_type=cbs">CBS 115475</ext-link> = CMW 7772 (ex-type), CMW 7054.</p><p id="P828"><italic>Hosts</italic>: More than 250 hosts are listed for <italic>N. ribis</italic> (Farr <italic>et al.</italic> 2012). However, many of the reports were published before the concept of <italic>N. ribis</italic> (as <italic>Botryosphaeria ribis</italic>) was clarified by Slippers <italic>et al</italic>. (2004) and thus the identifications are not reliable.</p><p id="P829"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Although this species has been considered to be distributed worldwide on numerous hosts this is based on reports published prior to the establishment of a stable concept for <italic>N. ribis</italic> (Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004). Thus far it has been verified only on <italic>Ribis</italic> sp. in NY state, USA (Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> 2004).</p><p id="P830"><italic>Notes</italic>: For many years, <italic>B. ribis</italic> was was regarded as a synonym of <italic>B. dothidea</italic> (e.g., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R220">Witcher & Clayton 1963</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">Barr 1972</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R51">English <italic>et al.</italic> 1975</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R93">Maas & Uecker 1984</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R127">Pennycook & Samuels 1985</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">Brown & Britton 1986</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R180">Smith <italic>et al.</italic> 1994</xref>), while others regarded them as distinct species (e.g., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R147">Punithalingam & Holliday 1973</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R111">Morgan-Jones & White 1987</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R151">Rayachhetry <italic>et al</italic>. 1996</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R178">Smith & Stanosz 2001</xref>). The debate was finally settled when Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> (2004) demonstrated that the two were phylogenetically and morphologically distinct and Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">2006</xref>) showed that <italic>B. dothidea</italic> and <italic>N. ribis</italic> reside in two distinct phylogenetic lineages. Phylogenetically <italic>N. ribis</italic> resides in a cluster of cryptic species that are difficult to separate based on morphology.</p><p id="P831"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum umdonicola</italic></bold> Pavlic, Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 101: 644. 2009. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512500&link_type=mb">MB512500</ext-link>. See Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">2009</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P832"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Neofusicoccum umdonicola</italic> is morphologically similar to other related species in the <italic>N. parvum</italic> / <italic>N. ribis</italic> species complex. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, unicellular, fusiform to oval, apices tapered 15-23.5 × 4.5-6.5 μm (av. of 310 conidia = 19.4 × 5.5 μm), L/W = 3.5). <italic>Neofusicoccum umdonicola</italic> differs from other species in the <italic>N. parvum</italic> / <italic>N. ribis</italic> complex by uniquely fixed nucleotides in four nuclear loci: ITS (EU821904) position 168 (C); EF1-α (EU821874) positions 62 (T); β-tubulin (EU821844) position 40 (A); RNA polymerase II subunit (EU821934) position 280 (T).</p><p id="P833"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Kwazulu-Natal Province, Kosi Bay from symptomless branches and leaves, dying branches and pulp of ripe fruits of <italic>Syzygium cordatum</italic>, Mar. 2002, D. Pavlic, a dry culture on pine needles, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 60068.</p><p id="P834"><italic>Cultures</italic>: CMW 14058 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123645&link_type=cbs">CBS 123645</ext-link> (ex-type), CMW 14060 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123646&link_type=cbs">CBS 123646</ext-link>.</p><p id="P835"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Syzygium cordatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P836"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P837"><italic>Nots</italic>: See notes for <italic>N. cordaticola</italic>.</p><p id="P838"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum viticlavatum</italic></bold> (Van Niekerk & Crous) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Stud. Mycol. 55: 249. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500882&link_type=mb">MB500882</ext-link>. See van Niekerk <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R115">2004</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P839"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Fusicoccum viticlavatum</italic> Van Niekerk & Crous, Mycologia 96: 792. 2004.</p><p id="P840"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, embedded in host tissue, solitary, stromatic, globose, up to 450 μm wide, wall 4-8 cell layers thick, of brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming hyaline toward inner region. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> 0-1-septate, hyaline, subcylindrical, 10-20 × 2.5-3.5 μm. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, subcylindrical, proliferating percurrently with 1-3 proliferations, or proliferating at same level (phialidic) with minute periclinal thickening, 7-15 × 2.5-3.5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, guttulate, ellipsoid to clavate, widest in upper third, with an obtuse apex and flattened, subtruncate base, aseptate, (15-)16-18(-20) × (6-)6.5-7.5(-8) μm, L/W ratio = 2.4. <italic>Spermatia</italic> not reported. <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph not reported.</p><p id="P841"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> umbonate with undulating margins, olivaceous on the surface, and dull green reverse, reaching a radius of 26 mm after 3 d at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 10 °C, max 35 °C, opt 30 °C.</p><p id="P842"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Western Cape Province, Stellenbosch, on <italic>V. vinifera,</italic> 2002, F. Halleen, <bold>holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-7755&link_type=cbs">CBS H-7755</ext-link>.</p><p id="P843"><italic>Cultures</italic>: STE-U 5044 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112878&link_type=cbs">CBS 112878</ext-link> (ex-type), STE-U 5041 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112977&link_type=cbs">CBS 112977</ext-link>.</p><p id="P844"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R115">van Niekerk <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>).</p><p id="P845"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: South Africa (Western Cape Province) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R115">van Niekerk <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>).</p><p id="P846"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Neofusicoccum viticlavatum</italic> is closely related to <italic>N. mediterraneum</italic> and <italic>N. vitifusiforme</italic>. It can be differentiated from <italic>N. vitifusiforme</italic> based on the characteristic clavate conidia of <italic>N. viticlavatum</italic> and its smaller conidia. Conidia of this species are much smaller (16-18 × 6.5-7.5 μm) than those of <italic>N. mediterraneum</italic> (24 × 6 μm).</p><p id="P847"><bold><italic>Neofusicoccum vitifusiforme</italic></bold> (Van Niekerk & Crous) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips, Stud. Mycol. 55: 249. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500883&link_type=mb">MB500883</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F58">Fig. 58</xref>.</p><fig id="F58" position="float"><label>Fig. 58.</label><caption><p><italic>Neofusicoccum vitifusiforme</italic>. A. Conidiomata on pine needles in culture. B. Conidiogenous cells. C. Conidia. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B, C = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig58"></graphic></fig><p id="P848"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Fusicoccum vitifusiforme</italic> Van Niekerk & Crous, Mycologia 96: 793. 2004.</p><p id="P849"><italic>Synasexual morph</italic>: <italic>Dichomera eucalypti</italic> (G. Winter) B. Sutton, Mycol. Pap. 138: 182 1975.</p><p id="P850"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Camarosporium eucalypti</italic> G. Winter, Revue Mycol., Toulouse 8 (32): 212. 1886.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p><italic>= Neofusicoccum corticosae</italic> Crous & Summerell, Fungal Divers. 23: 337. 2006.</p></list-item></list><p id="P851"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, solitary, globose to obpyriform, up to 450 μm diam, conidioma wall 6-15 cell layers thick, of brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming hyaline toward inner region. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> 0-1-septate, hyaline, subcylindrical, 10-45 × 2.5-5 μm. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, subcylindrical, proliferating percurrently with numerous proliferations, or proliferating at the same level (phialidic) with minute periclinal thickening, 10-30 × 2.5-3.5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, granular, fusoid to ellipsoid, widest in the upper third with an obtuse apex and flattened, subtruncate base, (18-)19-21(-22) × (4.5-)5.5-6.5(-8) μm <italic>in vitro</italic>, L/W ratio = 3.3. <italic>Spermatia</italic> not reported. <italic>Dichomera</italic> synasexual morph: <italic>Conidia</italic> subglobose, obpyriform or obovoid, apex obtuse, base truncate to bluntly rounded, (9-)9.5-13(-14.5) × (6.5-)8-10.5(-11) μm, hyaline to pale brown when immature with 0-3 transverse septa, 0-2 longitudinal septa, and 0-2 oblique septa, becoming brown when mature with 1-3 transverse septa, 0-3 longitudinal septa, and 0-2 oblique septa.</p><p id="P852"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> effuse with even, smooth margins, white on the surface, and greenish olivaceous underneath, reaching a radius of 31 mm after 3 d at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 10 °C, max 35 °C, opt 30 °C.</p><p id="P853"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Western Cape Province, Stellenbosch, on <italic>V. vinifera,</italic> 2002, J.M. van Niekerk, <bold>holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-7756&link_type=cbs">CBS H-7756</ext-link>.</p><p id="P854"><italic>Cultures</italic>: STE-U 5252 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=110887&link_type=cbs">CBS 110887</ext-link> (ex-type), STE-U 5050 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=110880&link_type=cbs">CBS 110880</ext-link>.</p><p id="P855"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Eucalyptus corticosa</italic> (as <italic>N. corticosae</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R187">Summerell <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref>), <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp., <italic>Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus diversicolor, E. pauciflora, Eucalyptus marginata, Eucalyptus rubida, Eucalyptus viminalis</italic> (as <italic>D. eucalypti</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">Barber <italic>et al</italic>. 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">Taylor <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">Sutton 1980</xref>), Ol<italic>ea europaea</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R80">Lazzizera <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R211">Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>), <italic>Prunus armeniaca, Prunus persica, Prunus salicina</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), <italic>Vaccinium corymbosum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R78">Kong <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R115">van Niekerk <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>, Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> 2012).</p><p id="P856"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Australia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">Sutton 1980</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">Barber <italic>et al</italic>. 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R187">Summerell <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R197">Taylor <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>), China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R78">Kong <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), Italy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R80">Lazzizera <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R115">van Niekerk <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), USA (Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> 2012, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R211">Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>).</p><p id="P857"><italic>Notes</italic>: The fusiform conidia of <italic>N. vitifusiforme</italic> separate this species from its closest relative <italic>N. viticlavatum</italic>, which has clavate conidia. This species was originally thought to be restricted to <italic>Vitis</italic> species, but it was later isolated from <italic>Olea europaea</italic> in Italy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R80">Lazzizera <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>). The same authors showed that it is phylogenetically indistinguishable from <italic>Dichomera eucalypti</italic>, which was confirmed in the present study based on ITS and EF1-α. Thus, <italic>D. eucalypti</italic> becomes a synonym and <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> can be regarded as an additional host for the fungus. Furthermore, as mentioned earlier, in the ITS phylogeny, <italic>N. corticosae</italic> grouped with <italic>N. vitifusiforme</italic> and <italic>D. eucalypti</italic> and despite the lack of EF1-α sequence data for <italic>N. corticosae</italic> it would appear that these three species are synonyms, more information is needed to confirm this.</p><p id="P858"><bold><italic>Neoscytalidium</italic></bold> Crous & Slippers, Stud. Mycol. 55: 244. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500868&link_type=mb">MB500868</ext-link>.</p><p id="P859"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>Neoscytalidium hyalinum</italic> (C.K. Campb. & J.L. Mulder) A.J.L. Phillips, Groenewald & Crous.</p><p id="P860"><italic>Coelomycetous synasexual morph</italic>: <italic>Hendersonula</italic> Speg., Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg. 10: 160. 1880.</p><p id="P861"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidia</italic> occurring in arthric chains in aerial mycelium, powdery to the touch, disarticulating, cylindrical-truncate, oblong-obtuse to doliiform, dark brown, thick-walled, 0-2-septate. Coelomycetous synasexual morph: <italic>Mycelium</italic> immersed, branched, septate, hyaline. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic and irregularly multilocular, or pycnidial and unilocular, blackish brown. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> discrete, determinate or indeterminate, hyaline, smooth, ampulliform, doliiform or cylindrical, proliferating enteroblastically with conidia seceding at the same level or at successively higher levels, periclinal thickening distinct or not, with occasionally a single percurrent proliferation. <italic>Conidia</italic> holoblastic, pale brown, smooth or verruculose, thin-walled, 1-3 (mostly 3)-euseptate, septa thick and prominent, cylindrical to fusiform, apex obtuse, base truncate, eguttulate, occasionally with a mucilagenous apical appendage.</p></sec><sec id="S52"><title>Species descriptions</title><p id="P862"><bold><italic>Neoscytalidium hyalinum</italic></bold> (C.K. Campb. & J.L. Mulder) A.J.L. Phillips, Groenewald & Crous, <bold>comb. nov.</bold><xref ref-type="fig" rid="F59">Fig. 59</xref>. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB805648&link_type=mb">MB805648</ext-link>.</p><fig id="F59" position="float"><label>Fig. 59.</label><caption><p><italic>Neoscytalidium hyalinum</italic>. A. Conidiomata formed on pine needles in culture. B. Arthric chains of conidia. C. Conidiogenous cells of coelomycetous state. D. Conidia of coelomycetous state. Scale bars: A = 500 μm, B-D = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig59"></graphic></fig><p id="P863"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Scytalidium hyalinum</italic> C.K. Campb. & J.L. Mulder, Sabouraudia, 15: 163, 1977.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Torula dimidiata</italic> Penz., Michelia 2: 466. 1882.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Scytalidium dimidiatum</italic> (Penz.) B. Sutton & Dyko, Mycol. Res. 93: 484. 1989.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Fusicoccum dimidiatum</italic> (Penz.) D.F. Farr, Mycologia 97: 740. 2005.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Neoscytalidium dimidiatum</italic> (Penz.) Crous & Slippers, Stud. Mycol. 55: 244. 2006.</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Hendersonula toruloidea</italic> Nattrass, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 18: 197. 1933.</p></list-item></list><p id="P864"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidia</italic> occurring in arthric chains in aerial mycelium, powdery to the touch, disarticulating, cylindrical-truncate, oblong-obtuse to doliiform, dark brown, thick-walled, 0-2-septate, 4-16.5 × 8.5 μm. Coelomycetous synasexual morph: <italic>Conidiomata</italic> stromatic, immersed, eventually erumpent, dark brown to black, unilocular to multilocular, globose, up to 2 mm diam, wall of 7-12 cell layers, up to 20-43 μm thick, outer wall of irregular, thick-walled, dark brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, inner wall of hyaline, thinner-walled <italic>textura angularis. Ostiole</italic> central to each locule, circular, papillate. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> lageniform to ampulliform, hyaline, discrete, collarette absent, periclinal thickenings and cytoplasmic channel wide, arising from the inner wall of the locules, 6.5-14 × 2.5-4 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> holoblastic, ellipsoid to nearly fusiform, hyaline, at first aseptate, then becoming 1-2(-3)-euseptate, central cell dark brown, end cells hyaline to pale brown, 10-16(-21) × 3.5-6.5 μm.</p><p id="P865"><italic>Lectotype</italic>: <bold>United Kingdom</bold>, sole of human foot, 20 Nov. 1973, C.K. Campbell, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-7745&link_type=cbs">CBS H-7745</ext-link> (isotype of <italic>Scytalidium hyalinum</italic>).</p><p id="P866"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=145.78&link_type=cbs">CBS 145.78</ext-link> (ex-isotype).</p><p id="P867"><italic>Hosts</italic>: Human skin and nails (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">Campbell & Mulder 1977</xref>). According to Sutton & Dyko (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R190">1989</xref>) it is plurivorous causing gummosis, dieback, wilt and cankers on <italic>Acacia auriculiformis, Agathis palmerstoni, Agave americana, Agave sisalana, Ananas comosus, Ananas sativa, Citrus sinensis, Eucalyptus, Eucalyptus globulus, Ficus carica, Fucraea sp., Ipomoea batatas, Juglans regia, Malus pumila, Mangifera indica, Manihot utilissima, Melia azaderach, Morus alba, Musa, Philidendron bipinnatifidum, Plumeria obtusa, Populus alba, Prunus armeniaca, Sanseveria guineensis.</italic></p><p id="P868"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Tropical and sub-tropical regions of Europe, Africa, Asia, North and South America.</p><p id="P869"><italic>Notes</italic>: Nattrass (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R114">1933</xref>) first described this fungus under the name <italic>Hendersonula toruloidea</italic>. Gentles and Evans (1971) reported the same fungus from a dermatomycosis in patients from tropical areas and a few years later, Campbell and Mulder (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">1977</xref>) introduced the new species <italic>S. hyalinum</italic> as the cause of the same clinical lesions as <italic>H. toruloidea</italic>. Since these first descriptions, the production of both arthroconidial and pycnidial synanamorphs has been shown and led to several controversies in the nomenclature. Sutton and Dyko (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R190">1989</xref>) transferred <italic>H. toruloidea</italic> to <italic>Nattrassia mangiferae</italic> with the mycelial synanamorph named <italic>Scytalidium dimidiatum</italic> based on <italic>Torula dimidiata</italic>. Farr <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R55">2005</xref>) concluded from a phylogenetic analysis that <italic>Nattrassia mangiferae</italic> and <italic>Scytalidium dimidiatum</italic> belong in <italic>Fusicoccum</italic> and introduced the name <italic>Fusicoccum dimidiatum</italic> to replace <italic>Scytalidium dimidiatum</italic>. Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">2006</xref>) in a taxonomic revision of the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> concluded that <italic>Scytalidium</italic> is polyphyletic and proposed the genus <italic>Neoscytalidium</italic> to accommodate <italic>S. dimidiatum</italic> as <italic>N. dimidiatum</italic>. It has been suggested that <italic>S. dimidiatum</italic> and <italic>S. hyalinum</italic> might be conspecific and a new name (<italic>N. dimidiatum</italic> var. <italic>hyalinum</italic>) has been suggested (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R94">Madrida <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>). Although Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">2006</xref>) included an isolate of <italic>S. hyalinum</italic> in their study, they were not aware at the time that the isolate is in fact linked to the isotype of <italic>S. hyalinum</italic>. Since <italic>S. hyalinum</italic> is phylogenetically indistinguishable from <italic>N. dimidiatum</italic> and is the older epithet we transfer <italic>S. hyalinum</italic> to <italic>Neoscytalidium</italic> and reduce <italic>N. dimidatum</italic> to synonymy. Diseases reported to be associated with this fungus tend to be more common in tropical countries. It has been associated with freeze-damaged limbs of <italic>Citrus</italic> spp. in California, and appears to be a wound pathogen of this host. In Italy, it causes a shoot blight, canker and gummosis disease of <italic>Citrus</italic> (Polizzi <italic>et al</italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R144">2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R143">2011</xref>).</p><p id="P870"><bold><italic>Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae</italic></bold> Pavlic, T.I. Burgess, M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 100: 862. 2008. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512103&link_type=mb">MB512103</ext-link>. See Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">2008</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P871"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> semi-immersed or superficial, solitary or in multilocular stromata, black, with globose base, up to 300 μm diam and long neck, up to 600 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, hyaline, the first conidium produced holoblastically and subsequent conidia enteroblastically, (6-)7-10(-11) × (2-)2-3(-4) μm (av. = 8.6 × 2.5 μm). <italic>Conidia</italic> of two types: (i) ellipsoidal to oval, apices rounded, initially hyaline, unicellular, becoming cinnamon to sepia, and 0-1-septate or 2-septate with darker central cell, (8-)10.5-12.5(-14) × (3-)4-5(-5) μm (av. = 11.5 × 4.4 μm, L/W = 2.6); (ii) variable in shape, globose, subglobose to obpyriform with muriform septa, initially hyaline becoming cinnamon to sepia, (8-)8.5-12.5(-15.5) × (5-) 5.5-7.5(-8) μm (av. = 10.6 × 6.9 μm, L/W = 1.5). <italic>Aerial mycelium</italic> forms chains of arthroconidia, (5-)5.5-7.5(-9.5) × (3-)3.5-4.5(-5) μm (av. = 6.5 × 4 μm, L/W = 1.6), unicellular, powdery to the touch, disarticulating, cylindrical, oblong to obtuse to doliiform, thick-walled, initially hyaline becoming becoming cinnamon to sepia and 0-1-septate.</p><p id="P872"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> initially white to olivaceous-buff, becoming greenish olivaceous to citrine from the middle of colonies within 7 d, and black (surface and beneath) with age, with suppressed, moderately fluffy mycelium, edges smooth. Optimum growth at 35 °C, covering the 90 mm diam Petri dish after 3 d in the dark.</p><p id="P873"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Western Australia, Bell Gorge, on <italic>Crotalaria medicaginea</italic>, Jul. 2006, T.I. Burgess, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 60069.</p><p id="P874"><italic>Cultures</italic>: CMW 26170 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122071&link_type=cbs">CBS 122071</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P875"><italic>Hosts</italic>: Asymptomatic branches (sapwood) of <italic>Acacia synchronica, Adansonia gibbosa, Crotalaria medicaginea</italic> and <italic>Grevillia agrifolia</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>). Pathogen of <italic>Mangifera indica</italic> and <italic>Ficus carica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R150">Ray <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p><p id="P876"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: northern Western Australia.</p><p id="P877"><italic>Notes</italic>: Although <italic>N. novaehollandiae</italic> is morphologically and phylogenetically similar to <italic>N. dimidiatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R148">Punithalingam & Waterston 1970</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">Crous <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>), Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">2008</xref>) reported muriform, dichomera-like conidia in the isolates that they studied and for this reason they regarded it as a distinct species.</p><p id="P878"><bold><italic>Phaeobotryon</italic></bold> Theiss. & Syd., Ann. Mycol. 13: 664. 1915. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB3892&link_type=mb">MB3892</ext-link>.</p><p id="P879"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>Phaeobotryon cercidis</italic> (Cooke) Theiss. & Syd., Ann. Mycol. 13: 664. 1915.</p><p id="P880"><italic>Ascomata</italic> black, immersed to erumpent, subglobose to ovoid, multilocular, wall composed of layers of dark brown <italic>textura angularis. Pseudoparaphyses</italic> hyphae-like, septate, constricted at septa. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindro-clavate, short-pedicellate, apically rounded with an ocular chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline to brown, 2-septate, ellipsoid to broad fusiform, with an apiculus at each end, immature asci surrounded by a mucilagenous sheath. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, black, ostiolate, separate or aggregated, immersed to erumpent, unilocular or multilocular, ostiolate. <italic>Ostiole</italic> circular, central, papillate. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> hyaline, thin-walled, usually aseptate, sometimes becoming 1-2-septate. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, cylindrical to doliiform. <italic>Conidia</italic> ellipsoidal to oblong or obovoid, ends rounded, moderately thick-walled, initially hyaline, becoming brown, mostly 2-septate at maturity.</p><p id="P881"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Phaeobotryon</italic> was introduced by Theissen & Sydow (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R199">1915</xref>) to accommodate <italic>Dothidea cercidis</italic>. This taxon was considered a distinct genus on account of its pale brown, 2-septate ascospores, which were reported as hyaline in the original description. In their broad concept of <italic>Botryosphaeria,</italic> von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">1954</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">1975</xref>) considered <italic>Phaeobotryon</italic> as a synonym of <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>. Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>) reinstated <italic>Phaeobotryon</italic> after they showed that it is morphologically and phylogenetically distinct from all other genera in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. The 2-septate, brown ascospores with an apiculus at each end are characteristic for the genus. Only two species (<italic>P. mamane</italic> and <italic>P. cupressi</italic>) are currently known in culture and they can be separated on the size of their conidia.</p></sec><sec id="S53"><title>Species descriptions</title><p id="P882"><bold><italic>Phaeobotryon mamane</italic></bold> Crous & A.J.L. Phillips, Persoonia 21: 45. 2008. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB506581&link_type=mb">MB506581</ext-link>. See Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P883"><italic>Ascomata</italic> pseudothecial, dark brown to black, stromatic, globose, aggregated in botryose clusters or separate, immersed, becoming erumpent, ostiolate, up to 350 μm diam, wall consisting of 4-6 cell layers of dark brown <italic>textura angularis. Pseudoparaphyses</italic> hyaline, smooth, multiseptate, with septa 10-23 μm apart, constricted at septa, 3-4 μm wide. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, 8-spored, stipitate, thick-walled with thick endotunica and well-developed apical chamber, 120-150(-200) × 25-30 μm, with biseriate ascospores. <italic>Ascospores</italic> ellipsoid to ovate, (30-)37-40(-45) × (11-)13-15(-16) μm, 2-septate, with three cells of equal length, not constricted at septa, finely verruculose, widest in middle with conical apiculus at one or both ends. <italic>Spermatogonia</italic> morphologically similar to conidiomata, also formed in culture. <italic>Spermatia</italic> hyaline, rod-shaped with rounded ends, 3-5 × 2 μm. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, ostiolate, separate or aggregated, globose, black, immersed to erumpent, unilocular, up to 350 μm diam, wall consisting of 4-6 layers of brown <italic>textura angularis. Conidiogenous cells</italic> cylindrical to doliiform, hyaline, smooth, proliferating percurrently near apex, 10-14 × 4-8 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> ellipsoid to oblong or subcylindrical or obovoid, brown, smooth to finely verruculose, moderately thick-walled, granular, guttulate, ends rounded, 1(-2)-septate, base with inconspicuous scar, slightly flattened, (30-)35-38(-43) × (12-)14-15(-16) μm.</p><p id="P884"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>, Hawaii, Manna Koa Park, Saddle Road, on stems of <italic>Sophora chrysophylla</italic>, Jul. 2005, W. Gams, <bold>holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20109&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20109</ext-link>.</p><p id="P885"><italic>Cultures</italic>: CPC 12440 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122980&link_type=cbs">CBS 122980</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P886"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Sophora chrysophylla</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P887"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: USA (Hawaii) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P888"><italic>Note</italic>: Asexual morph dothiorella/spencermartinsia-like, but with up to two transverse septa and apiculi at either end of the ascospores.</p><p id="P889"><bold><italic>Phaeobotryon cupressi</italic></bold> Abdollahz., Zare & A.J.L. Phillips, Persoonia 23: 6. 2009. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB513236&link_type=mb">MB513236</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F60">Fig. 60</xref>.</p><fig id="F60" position="float"><label>Fig. 60.</label><caption><p><italic>Phaeobotryon cupressi</italic>. A. Conidiomata formed on pine needles in culture. B, C. Conidia on conidiogenous cells D. Paraphyses and developing conidia. E, F. Spermatogenous cells. G. Spermatia. H. Hyaline immature conidia. I. Mature and germinated, hyaline and septate or aseptate conidia. J, K. Mature, brown septate or aseptate conidia in two different focal planes to show verruculose inner surface of the wall. L. Brown chlamydospores. Scale bars: A = 500 μm, B, D, H-J, L = 10 μm, C, G, K = 5 μm, E, F = 2.5 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig60"></graphic></fig><p id="P890"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, superficial, dark-brown to black, mostly unilocular on pine needles and up to 650 μm diam, mostly multilocular on <italic>Populus</italic> twigs, individual or aggregated, thick-walled, ostiolate. <italic>Ostiole</italic> central, circular, non-papillate. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> hyaline, thin-walled, arising from the conidiogenous layer, extending above the level of developing conidia, up to 42 μm long, 4.8 μm wide, usually aseptate, sometimes becoming up to 2-septate, tip rounded, occasionally branched. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, cylindrical, holoblastic, phialidic, proliferating internally with visible periclinal thickening, 7-14 × 2-5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> thick-walled, initially hyaline, oval, both ends broadly rounded, aseptate, forming a single septum at germination, rarely becoming brown and 1-septate, internally verruculose when aged, (19.5-)21-28(-30) × (10-)11-15(-17) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 24-25 × 12-12.5 μm (av. ± S.D. = 24.8 ± 1.9 × 12.4 ± 1.3 μm), L/W ratio = 2. <italic>Spermatogonia</italic> globose, dark-brown to black, superficial, occasionally immersed in pine needle or <italic>Populus</italic> tissue. <italic>Spermatophores</italic> cylindrical, hyaline, aseptate becoming 1-2-septate, branched, 7-13 × 1.5-2.5 μm. <italic>Spermatogenous cells</italic> hyaline, thin-walled, phialidic, proliferating internally, giving rise to periclinal thickening, 6-10 × 1-2 μm. <italic>Spermatia</italic> oval, thin-walled, hyaline, aseptate 2-4 × 1-2 μm. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> intercalary, brown, smooth, thick-walled, formed within the agar medium.</p><p id="P891"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on PDA with abundant aerial mycelium towards periphery, appressed in the centre, becoming grey-olivaceous to olivaceous-grey at the surface, and grey-olivaceous in reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C, reaching 46-53 mm diam after 4 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 5 °C, max > 35 °C, opt 25 °C.</p><p id="P892"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Iran</bold>, Golestan Province, Gorgan, City Park, on twigs of <italic>Cupressus sempervirens</italic>, 15 Aug. 2006, M.A. Aghajani, <bold>holotype</bold> IRAN 13940F.</p><p id="P893"><italic>Cultures</italic>: IRAN 1455C = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124700&link_type=cbs">CBS 124700</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P894"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Cupressus sempervirens</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>), <italic>Juniperus scopulorum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">Alves <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>).</p><p id="P895"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Iran (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>), USA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">Alves <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>).</p><p id="P896"><italic>Notes</italic>: This species differs from <italic>P. quercicola</italic> and <italic>P. mamane</italic> in its smaller conidia, and has been collected only from <italic>Cupressus</italic> species. The hyaline, aseptate conidia of <italic>P. cupressi</italic> are superficially similar to those of other <italic>Diplodia</italic> species with hyaline conidia. Furthermore, conidial dimensions of <italic>P. cupressi</italic> are similar to those of <italic>Diplodia cupressi</italic> (21.5-30.5 × 12-16 μm) as reported by Alves <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">2006</xref>). It is thus possible that <italic>P. cupressi</italic> has been mistaken for <italic>D. cupressi</italic> in the past. Pycnidial paraphyses in <italic>Phaeobotryon</italic> clearly distinguish this genus from <italic>Diplodia</italic>.</p><p id="P897"><bold><italic>Pseudofusicoccum</italic></bold> Mohali, Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 55: 249. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500884&link_type=mb">MB500884</ext-link>.</p><p id="P898"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum</italic> (Mohali, Slippers & M.J. Wingf.) Mohali, Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 55: 249. 2006.</p><p id="P899">Resembling species of <italic>Fusicoccum</italic>, but distinct in having conidia encased in a persistent mucous sheath. Conidia are also more cylindrical than in <italic>Fusicoccum</italic> species.</p><p id="P900"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Pseudofusicoccum</italic> was introduced by Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">2006</xref>) for species that are morphologically similar to <italic>Fusicoccum</italic> and <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> but phylogenetically distinct from both of these genera. While it was originally based on <italic>Ps. stromaticum</italic> a further five species have subsequently been added to the genus. Species are distinguished primarily on the dimensions of their conidia and on pigment production in culture. Thus far no sexual morphs have been found. The species appear to be restricted to tropical or sub-tropical regions and occur mainly as endophytes. There is no evidence of host-specificity.</p></sec><sec id="S54"><title>Key to <italic>Pseudofusicoccum</italic> spp.</title><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>1. Forms a violet pigment in culture............................................................................................................................................................. 2</p></list-item><list-item><p>1. No violet pigment in cultures................................................................................................................................................................... 3</p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidia on average greater than 30 μm long..................................................................................................................... <italic>Ps. violaceum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidia on average smaller than 25 μm long................................................................................................................... <italic>Ps. adansoniae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>3. Conidia on average smaller than 30 μm long.......................................................................................................................................... 4</p></list-item><list-item><p>3. Conidia on average = 30 μm or more long.................................................................................................................. <italic>Ps. kimberleyense</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>4. Conidia on average 7 μm or more wide.................................................................................................................................................. 5</p></list-item><list-item><p>4. Conidia on average smaller than 7 μm wide................................................................................................................... <italic>Ps. stromaticum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>5. Conidia 20-26 × 6.5×7.5 μm.............................................................................................................................................. <italic>Ps. olivaceum</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>5. Conidia 21-29 × 7-8 μm.................................................................................................................................................. <italic>Ps. ardesiacum</italic></p></list-item></list></sec><sec id="S55"><title>DNA phylogeny</title><p id="P901">Six species can be distinguished in the ITS phylogeny (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F61">Fig. 61</xref>). Support for <italic>Ps. ardesiacum</italic> and <italic>Ps. kimberleyensis</italic> is very low and the branch lengths for these two species are very short. Morphologically they are also very similar, although conidia of <italic>Ps. kimberleyensis</italic> are, on average, longer than those of <italic>Ps. ardesiacum</italic>.</p><fig id="F61" position="float"><label>Fig. 61.</label><caption><p>One of six equally most parsimonious trees obtained from combined ITS and EF1-α sequence data for species in <italic>Pseudofusicoccum</italic>. Bootstrap values from 1000 replicates are given at the nodes.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig61"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="S56"><title>Species descriptions</title><p id="P902"><bold><italic>Pseudofusicoccum adansoniae</italic></bold> Pavlic, T.I. Burgess, M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 100: 855. 2008. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512048&link_type=mb">MB512048</ext-link>. See Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">2008</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P903"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not seen. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> semi-immersed, solitary, globose, papillate, chestnut, covered by hyphal hairs, up to 500 μm diam. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, smooth, cylindrical, hyaline, the first conidium produced holoblastically and subsequent conidia enteroblastically, (9-)10-15(-16) × (1.5-)2-3(-3.5) μm (av. 12.7 × 2.4 μm). <italic>Conidia</italic> ellipsoid, occasionally slightly bent or irregularly shaped, apices rounded, smooth with fine granular content, hyaline, thin-walled, covered with a persistent mucus layer, unicellular, forming 1 or 2 septa before germination, (19-)21-24(-26) × (3.5-) 4.5-6(-6.5) μm (av. size of conidia = 22.5 × 5.2 μm), L/W = 4.3.</p><p id="P904"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> initially white with moderately dense, appressed mycelial mat, submerged mycelium turning grey-olivaceous to olivaceous-black from the middle of colony after 3-5 d and becoming dark slate-blue with age, aerial mycelium slightly fluffy, becoming dense, cottony with age, sometimes remaining white to smoke-grey, usually turning pale olivaceous-grey within 7 d and becoming olivaceous-grey to iron grey with age; conidiomata readily formed from the middle of colony within 7-10 d, covering the entire surface of the colony and immersed in the medium. Optimum growth at 30 °C, covering the 90 mm diam Petri dish after 4 d in the dark.</p><p id="P905"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Western Australia, Derby, on <italic>Adansonia gibbosa</italic>, Jul. 2006, T.I. Burgess, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 59841 (a dry culture on pine needles).</p><p id="P906"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122055&link_type=cbs">CBS 122055</ext-link> = CMW 26147 (ex-type).</p><p id="P907"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Adansonia gibbosa, Acacia synchronica, Eucalyptus</italic> sp., <italic>Ficus opposita</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), <italic>Adansonia gregorii, Grevillea agrifolia</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R158">Sakalidis <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P908"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Australia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R158">Sakalidis <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P909"><italic>Notes</italic>: This species appears to be a non-specialised endophyte since it has been found on asymptomatic hosts residing in five widely separate genera. It has been found only in Australia.</p><p id="P910"><bold><italic>Pseudofusicoccum ardesiacum</italic></bold> Pavlic, T.I. Burgess, M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 100: 858. 2008. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512051&link_type=mb">MB512051</ext-link>. See Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">2008</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P911"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not seen. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> semi-immersed, solitary, globose, papillate, chestnut, covered by hyphal hairs, up to 510 μm diam. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, smooth, cylindrical, hyaline, the first conidium produced holoblastically and subsequent conidia enteroblastically, (6-)7.5-10(-11) × (2.7-)3-4(-4.5) μm (av. = 8.6 × 3.5 μm). <italic>Conidia</italic> ellipsoid to rod-shape, straight or slightly bent, apices rounded, smooth with fine granular content hyaline, thin-walled, covered with a persistent mucus layer, unicellular, forming 1-3 septa before germination, (17.5-)21-29(-32) × (6.5-)7-8(-9) μm (av. = 25 × 7.5 μm), L/W = 3.3.</p><p id="P912"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> initially white with sparse to moderately dense appressed mycelial mat; submerged mycelium dark violet to dark blue (middle of the colony) and smoke grey to grey-olivaceous toward edges within 3-5 d, becoming violaceous grey to slate blue with age, aerial mycelium slightly fluffy, becoming dense, cottony with age, turning smoke grey to pale purplish grey in the middle of colony and smoke grey to grey-olivaceous toward edges after 5-7 d, becoming lavender grey with age; occasional columns of aerial mycelium in the middle of colony, reaching the lid, colonies slightly irregular with sinuate edges, conidiomata readily formed in culture and immersed in aerial mycelia on the entire colony surface within 7-10 d. Optimum growth at 30 °C, covering the 90 mm diam Petri dish after 4 d in the dark.</p><p id="P913"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Western Australia, Mount Hardman, Great Northern Highway, on <italic>Adansonia gibbosa</italic>, Jul. 2006, T.I. Burgess, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 59843 (a dry culture on pine needles).</p><p id="P914"><italic>Cultures</italic>: CMW 26159 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122062&link_type=cbs">CBS 122062</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P915"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Adansonia gibbosa, Eucalyptus</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P916"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Western Australia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P917"><italic>Notes</italic>: This species is probably an endophyte not restricted to any host since it has been found on dying branches of <italic>Adansonia</italic> and in asymptomatic branches of <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>). It is known only from Australia.</p><p id="P918"><bold><italic>Pseudofusicoccum kimberleyense</italic></bold> Pavlic, T.I. Burgess, M.J. Wingf., Mycologia 100: 857. 2008. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB512049&link_type=mb">MB512049</ext-link>. See Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">2008</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P919"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not seen. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> semi-immersed, solitary, globose, papillate, chestnut brown, covered by hyphal hairs, up to 500 μm diam. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, smooth, cylindrical to subcylindrical, hyaline, the first conidium produced holoblastically and subsequent conidia enteroblastically, (7-) 8.5-11(-14) × (2.5-) 3-3.5(-4) μm (av. = 9.8 × 3.3 μm). <italic>Conidia</italic> ellipsoid, straight or slightly curved, apices rounded, smooth with fine granular content, hyaline, thin-walled, covered with a persistent mucus layer, unicellular, forming 1-4 septa before germination, (24-)28-33(-34) × (6.5-)7-8(-8.5) μm (av. = 30.7 × 7.4 μm), L/W = 4.1.</p><p id="P920"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> slightly irregular with sinuate edges, initially white, forming a moderately dense, appressed mycelial mat, submerged mycelium citrine to grey-olivaceous from the middle of colony after 3-5 d, becoming olivaceous-black to black with age, aerial mycelium slightly fluffy, becoming dense, cottony with age, smoke-grey to pale olivaceous-grey. Optimum growth at 30 °C, covering a 90 mm diam Petri dish after 4 d in the dark.</p><p id="P921"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Western Australia, Tunnel Creek National Park, on <italic>Acacia synchronica</italic>, Jul. 2006, T.I. Burgess, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 59842 (a dry culture on pine needles).</p><p id="P922"><italic>Cultures</italic>: CMW 26156 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122058&link_type=cbs">CBS 122058</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P923"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Adansonia gibbosa, Acacia synchronica, Eucalyptus</italic> sp. and <italic>Ficus opposita</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P924"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Western Australia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P925"><italic>Note</italic>: The wide range of hosts and absence of symptoms on the hosts suggest that this species is a non-specialised endophyte known only in Australia.</p><p id="P926"><bold><italic>Pseudofusicoccum olivaceum</italic></bold> Mehl & Slippers, Mycologia 103: 537. 2011. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB513501&link_type=mb">MB513501</ext-link>. See Mehl <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R102">2011</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P927"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not seen. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> on host and on pine needles on water agar pycnidial, stromatic, subcuticular, unilocular, dark brown, mostly solitary, applanate, covered with hyphae/mycelium, wall composed of three layers: an outer layer of thick-walled dark to light brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>; a middle layer of thin-walled light brown cells; an inner layer of thin-walled hyaline cells, (480-)530-650(-690) μm diam. <italic>Ostiole</italic> central, circular, papillate. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, holoblastic, smooth, cylindrical, guttulate, proliferating percurrently to form one or two indistinct annellations, or proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> (3-)4.5-8.5(-12.5) × (1.5-)3-4.5(-6.5) μm (av. = 6.6 × 3.7 μm). <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, thin-walled, unicellular, aseptate, occasionally granular, guttulate, surrounded by a persistent mucoid sheath, apex and base blunt to broadly rounded, bacilliform, (18-) 20-25.5(-30.5) × (6-)6.5-7.5(-9) μm (av. = 22.8 × 7.0 μm).</p><p id="P928"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Cultures</italic> fluffy, initially white to amber at the centre, olivaceous at the edges, becoming white to olivaceous with age. Optimum temperature for growth 25 °C.</p><p id="P929"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Mpumalanga Province, Kruger National Park, Pretoriuskop, on an asymptomatic branch of <italic>Pterocarpus angolensis</italic>, Sep. 2005, J. Roux, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 60328.</p><p id="P930"><italic>Cultures</italic>: CMW 20881 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124939&link_type=cbs">CBS 124939</ext-link> (ex-type), CMW 22637 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124940&link_type=cbs">CBS 124940</ext-link>, CMW 22643 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124941&link_type=cbs">CBS 124941</ext-link> (ex-paratype).</p><p id="P931"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Pterocarpus angolensis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R102">Mehl <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P932"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R102">Mehl <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P933"><italic>Notes</italic>: In addition to the host on which it was described, this species has also been found on <italic>Terminalia sericea</italic> (Mehl <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R102">2011</xref>), suggesting it is a common endophyte on other tree species.</p><p id="P934"><bold><italic>Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum</italic></bold> (Mohali, Slippers & M.J. Wingf.) Mohali, Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Stud. Mycol. 55: 249. 2006. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB500885&link_type=mb">MB500885</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F62">Fig. 62</xref>.</p><fig id="F62" position="float"><label>Fig. 62.</label><caption><p><italic>Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum</italic>. A. Conidiomata developing on pine needle in culture. B. Conidiogenous cells. C. Conidia. The mucilagenous sheath is visible on the conidium in the insert. Scale bars: A = 1 mm, B, C = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig62"></graphic></fig><p id="P935"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Fusicoccum stromaticum</italic> Mohali, Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Mycol. Res. 110: 408. 2006.</p><p id="P936"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not seen. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> large, superficial, multilocular, locule totally embedded without ostioles when formed on on MEA, smaller, uniloculate, ostiolate on pine needles; eustromatic, covered with hyphae, locule walls consisting of a dark brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming thinner and hyaline towards the conidiogenous region. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, holoblastic, smooth, cylindrical, producing a single apical conidium, the first conidium produced holoblastically and subsequent conidia produced enteroblastically, proliferating at the same level forming periclinal thickenings, (10-)11-15(-17) × (1.5-)2-3 μm (av. = 13 × 2.5 μm, L/W = 5.3). <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, thin to slightly thick-walled, aseptate, granular, cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, apex and base blunt to bluntly rounded, surrounded by a persistent mucous sheath, (19-)20-23(-24) × (4-)5-6 μm (av. = 21.5 × 5.5 μm), L/W = 4.</p><p id="P937"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> fluffy, greenish olivaceous with reverse olivaceous after 15 d on MEA at 25 °C, reaching 70-75 mm diam on MEA after 4 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 15 °C (little or no growth), max < 40 °C (no growth at 40 °C), opt 30-35 °C.</p><p id="P938"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Venezuela</bold>, Portuguesa State, Acarigua, Smurfit Company, on branches of <italic>Eucalyptus urophylla</italic>, Feb. 2003, S. Mohali, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 58237.</p><p id="P939"><italic>Cultures</italic>: CMW 13366 (ex-holotype), CMW 13434 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117448&link_type=cbs">CBS 117448</ext-link>, CMW 13435 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117449&link_type=cbs">CBS 117449</ext-link>.</p><p id="P940"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> spp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R106">Mohali <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>), <italic>Acacia mangium</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R106">Mohali <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>), <italic>Mangifera indica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R96">Marques <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P941"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R96">Marques <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>), Venezuela (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R106">Mohali <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>).</p><p id="P942"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum</italic> was originally isolated from asymptomatic as well as dead and dying branches and stems of <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> and <italic>Acacia mangium</italic> trees in Venezuela. The presence of the fungus in asymptomatic branches of two different host genera suggests that it is a generalist endophyte. However, it has been reported to cause die-back of <italic>Mangifera indica</italic> in Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R97">Marques <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>).</p><p id="P943"><bold><italic>Pseudofusicoccum violaceum</italic></bold> Mehl & Slippers, Mycologia 103: 542. 2011. MycoBank 513500. See Mehl <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R102">2011</xref>) for illustrations.</p><p id="P944"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not seen. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> on the host and on pine needles on water agar pycnidial, stromatic, superficial, unilocular, dark brown, mostly solitary, more or less globose/circular, covered with hyphae/mycelium, wall composed of three layers: an outer layer of thick-walled, dark to light brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, a middle layer of thin-walled light brown cells, and an inner layer of thin-walled hyaline cells, (470-)500-615(-660) μm diam. <italic>Ostiole</italic> central, circular, papillate. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, holoblastic, smooth, cylindrical, proliferating percurrently to form one or two distinct annellations, or proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, (5.5-)6-11(-17) × (2.5-)3.5-5(-6.5) μm (av. = 8.6 × 4.3 μm). <italic>Paraphyses</italic> not seen. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, thin-walled, unicellular, aseptate, granular, guttulate, surrounded by a persistent mucoid sheath, apex and base blunt to broadly rounded, cylindrical, (26.5-)29.5-36(-39.5) × (8-)8.5-10.5(-11.5) μm (av. = 33.0 × 9.5 μm).</p><p id="P945"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Cultures with fluffy mycelium, initially white to amber in the center and violet on the edges, turning olivaceous to greenish black in the centre and becoming olivaceous to greenish black with age. Optimum temperature for growth 30 °C.</p><p id="P946"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Mpumalanga Province, Mawewe Nature Reserve, on an asymptomatic branch of <italic>Pterocarpus angolensis</italic>, Dec. 2005, J.W.M. Mehl & J. Roux, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 60333.</p><p id="P947"><italic>Cultures</italic>: CMW 22679 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124936&link_type=cbs">CBS 124936</ext-link> (ex-type), CMW 22671 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124938&link_type=cbs">CBS 124938</ext-link> (ex-paratype).</p><p id="P948"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Pterocarpus angolensis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R102">Mehl <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P949"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R102">Mehl <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P950"><italic>Notes</italic>: The violet pigment formed in cultures of this species was considered to be distinctive for <italic>Ps. violaceum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R102">Mehl <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>). However, a similar pigment is also found in <italic>Ps. ardesiacum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>). Nevertheless, the two species can be distinguished based on conidial dimensions and are clearly differentiated in ITS and EF1-α phylogenies. The wide host range suggests that this is a non-specialised endophyte.</p><p id="P951"><bold><italic>Spencermartinsia</italic></bold> A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous, Persoonia 21: 51. 2008. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB511762&link_type=mb">MB511762</ext-link>.</p><p id="P952"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>Spencermartinsia viticola</italic> (A.J.L. Phillips & J. Luque) A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous, Persoonia 21: 51. 2008.</p><p id="P953"><italic>Ascomata</italic> pseudothecial, ostiolate. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> thin-walled, hyaline, septate, constricted at septa. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, 8-spored, clavate, stipitate, developing amongst thin-walled, septate pseudoparaphyses, with biseriate ascospores. <italic>Ascospores</italic> hyaline when young, brown when mature, uniseptate with an apiculus at each end. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> lining inner surface of conidiomata, holoblastic, proliferating internally producing periclinal thickenings, or proliferating percurrently to form annellations. <italic>Conidia</italic> initially hyaline, becoming dark brown and 1-euseptate within the pycnidial cavity often while still attached to the conidiogenous cell, thick-walled, externally smooth, internally verruculose, broadly rounded at the apex, base truncate.</p><p id="P954"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> was introduced by Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>) for species similar to <italic>Dothiorella</italic> but that differ in having 2-celled ascospores with an apiculus at either end of the ascospores. This minor difference was considered to be taxonomically meaningful since the presence or lack of apiculi on ascospores also separates other genera in this family, such as <italic>Barriopsis</italic> (no apiculus) from <italic>Sphaeropsis</italic> (apiculus present), and this was supported phylogenetically. Nevertheless, this is a tenuous and difficult morphological character to apply, especially since a sexual morph has been reported only for <italic>S. viticola</italic> and it is not clear whether this is a consistent character for the genus. Furthermore, with the addition of further species in <italic>Dothiorella,</italic> the phylogenetic distinction between the two genera is becoming less obvious. However, we continue to recognise <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> as a separate genus pending further phylogenetic and morphological studies including additional species. <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> is presently monotypic based on <italic>S. viticola</italic>. Based on phylogenetic analyses, two recently described species, <italic>S. uruguayensis</italic> and <italic>S. pretoriensis</italic> have been re-combined in <italic>Dothiorella</italic> (see above).</p></sec><sec id="S57"><title>DNA phylogeny</title><p id="P955">Based on ITS and EF1-α sequence data, <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> is clearly separated from <italic>Dothiorella</italic>. In the phylogenetic analyses two main clades are recognised in <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F32">32</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">33</xref>). The first clade constitutes <italic>S. viticola</italic> while the other includes three sub-clades including four isolates <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=500.72&link_type=cbs">CBS 500.72</ext-link> (<italic>Diplodia medicaginis</italic>), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117006&link_type=cbs">CBS 117006</ext-link>, ICMP 16827 and ICMP 16828, representatives of three distinct species. Isolate <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117006&link_type=cbs">CBS 117006</ext-link> identified by Luque <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R88">2005</xref>) as <italic>B. viticola</italic>, exhibited some differences in culture morphology and sequence data from the ex-type strain and other strains as discussed by Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>), reside in a distinct clade. The two isolates ICMP 16827 and ICMP 16828 on <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic> from New Zealand constitute a distinct clade as representatives of a new species. Furthermore, isolate <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=500.72&link_type=cbs">CBS 500.72</ext-link> previously characterised as <italic>Diplodia medicaginis</italic> formed another distinct clade and is clearly a missidentification. These species are not described here due to their uncertain taxonomic status.</p></sec><sec id="S58"><title>Species descriptions</title><p id="P956"><bold><italic>Spencermartinsia viticola</italic></bold> (A.J.L. Phillips & J. Luque) A.J.L. Phillips, A. Alves & Crous, Persoonia 21: 51. 2008. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB511763&link_type=mb">MB511763</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F63">Fig. 63</xref>.</p><fig id="F63" position="float"><label>Fig. 63.</label><caption><p><italic>Spencermartinsia viticola</italic>. A. Ascomata erumpent through the host bark. B. Ascoma cut through horizontally revealing the white contents with dark spots corresponding to asci and ascospores. C. Vertical section through an ascoma. D. Septate paraphyses. E. Clavate ascus containing eight biseriate, dark brown, 1-septate ascospores. F. Ascospores. G. Ascospores with small, rounded apiculi (arrows). H. Conidiomata partially erumpent through the host bark. I, J. Conidiogenous cells. K. Conidia. Scale bars: A, H = 500 μm, B = 250 μm, C = 50 μm, D-G, I-K = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig63"></graphic></fig><p id="P957"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Dothiorella viticola</italic> A.J.L. Phillips & J. Luque, Mycologia 97: 1116. 2005.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Botryosphaeria viticola</italic> A.J.L. Phillips & J. Luque, Mycologia 97: 1116. 2005.</p></list-item></list><p id="P958"><italic>Ascomata</italic> dark brown to black, stromatic, pyriform, pseudothecial, isolated or in botryose clusters up to 2 mm diam, initially immersed in host, partially erumpent at maturity, up to 240 μm diam, ostiole circular, central, papillate, wall up to 60 μm thick, of dark brown thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, and lined with thin-walled, hyaline cells. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> thin-walled, hyaline, frequently septate, slightly constricted at septum, 3.5-4.5(-5) μm wide. <italic>Asci</italic> arising from base of ascoma, stipitate, clavate, thick-walled, bitunicate with a thick endotunica and a well-developed apical chamber, 8-spored, irregularly biseriate, 100-110 × 25-30 μm. <italic>Ascospores</italic> oblong, ovate to sub-clavate, mostly 1-septate, slightly constricted at septum, dark brown, moderately thick-walled, finely verruculose on inner surface, often inequilateral, widest in lower 1/3 to middle of apical cell, often with a small rounded projection at tip and base of spore, basal cell tapering towards obtuse base, (19-) 22.5-23.5(-27) × (8.5-)10.5-11(-14.5) μm (av. ± S.D. = 23.1 ± 0.2 × 10.9 ± 0.1 μm). <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, separate or aggregated into botryose clusters up to 2 mm diam, individual conidiomata spherical to globose, black, immersed, partially erumpent when mature, unilocular, 200-360 μm diam, thick-walled, wall consisting of three layers: an outer layer of dark brown, thick-walled <italic>textura angularis</italic>, a median layer of dark brown thin-walled cells <italic>textura angularis</italic>, and an inner layer of thin-walled, hyaline cells. <italic>Ostiole</italic> single, central, circular, papillate. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> discrete or integrated, cylindrical to broad lageniform, (5-)8.5-10(-14) × (3-)4.5-5(-7) μm, hyaline, smooth, holoblastic, indeterminate, proliferating at same level to form periclinal thickenings or rarely proliferating percurrently giving rise to 1-2 annellations. <italic>Conidia</italic> brown, oblong to subcylindrical, septate, occasionally slightly constricted at septum, moderately thick-walled, externally smooth, internally finely verruculose, ends rounded, often with a truncate base, (16-)20-20.5(-26) × (7-)9-9.5(-12) μm (av. ± S.D. = 20.4 ± 0.1 × 9.3 ± 0.1 μm), L/W ratio = 2.2.</p><p id="P959"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on PDA reaching 40 mm in radius after 3 d at 25 °C. Aerial mycelium present, colonies cottony, dark olive to greyish, darkening from the center of the colony after 3 d, colony fully darkened after 6-10 d. Conidiomata produced after 20-30 d in culture at 23 °C under near UV black light (12/12 h photoperiod). Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 5 °C, max < 35 °C, opt 20-25 °C.</p><p id="P960"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Spain</bold>, Catalonia, Vim-bodí, near the Monastery of Poblet, on pruned canes of <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> cv. Garnatxa Negra, Aug. 2004, J. Luque & S. Martos, <bold>holotype</bold> LISE 95177.</p><p id="P961"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117009&link_type=cbs">CBS 117009</ext-link> (ex-type), <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=302.75&link_type=cbs">CBS 302.75</ext-link>.</p><p id="P962"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Citrus</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">Adesemoye & Eskalen 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">Inderbitzin <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), <italic>Populus cathayana</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R225">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>), <italic>Poniciana gilliesii</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>), <italic>Prunus persica</italic> and <italic>P. salicina</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>), <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R216">de Wet <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R88">Luque <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R149">Qiu <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R206">Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>).</p><p id="P963"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Australia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R149">Qiu <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>), China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R225">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>), France (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>), South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R216">de Wet <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>), Spain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R88">Luque <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>) and USA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">Adesemoye & Eskalen 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">Inderbitzin <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R206">Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>).</p><p id="P964"><italic>Notes</italic>: The sexual morph is extremely rare compared to the abundant asexual morph. The ex-type isolate of <italic>Spencermartinsia viticola</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=117009&link_type=cbs">CBS 117009</ext-link>) clustered with an isolate previously identified as <italic>Diplodia spegazziniana</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=302.75&link_type=cbs">CBS 302.75</ext-link>), which is clearly a misidentification.</p><p id="P965"><bold><italic>Sphaeropsis</italic></bold> Sacc., Michelia 2: 105. 1880. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB9992&link_type=mb">MB9992</ext-link>.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria</italic> Speg., Ann. Inst. Rech. Agron. 17, 10: 120. 1908.</p></list-item></list><p id="P966"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>Sphaeropsis visci</italic> (Alb. & Schwein.) Sacc., Michelia 2: 105. 1880.</p><p id="P967"><italic>Ascomata</italic> pseudothecial, brown to black, unilocular, thick-walled. <italic>Pseudoparaphyses</italic> hyaline, septate. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, 8-spored, thick-walled with thick endotunica and well-developed apical chamber. <italic>Ascospores</italic> brown, aseptate with small apiculus at either end. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, stromatic, immersed to erumpent, thick-walled, wall composed of several layers of dark-brown <italic>textura angularis. Ostiole</italic> single, central, papillate. <italic>Paraphyses</italic> hyaline, aseptate, thin-walled. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, discrete, proliferating internally to form periclinal thickenings. <italic>Conidia</italic> oval, oblong or clavate, straight, aseptate, moderately thick-walled.</p><p id="P968"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Sphaeropsis</italic> was introduced by Saccardo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R156">1880</xref>) for species of <italic>Diplodia</italic> with brown, aseptate conidia with <italic>S. visci</italic> as the type species. Since then more than 600 species have been described (MycoBank accessed 10 Jul. 2013) mostly on the basis of host association. However, few of these names are currently in use and cultures are not available for the species that define them. The well-known pine pathogen that has been known as <italic>Sphaeropsis sapinea</italic> is clearly not a species of <italic>Sphaeropsis</italic> and is retained in <italic>Diplodia</italic>.</p><p id="P969">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>) established the connection between the asexual and the sexual morph in <italic>S. visci</italic>. A bitunicate ascomycete, with characters corresponding to <italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria</italic>, occurring on <italic>Viscum album</italic> produced in culture a coelomycete with large, brown, aseptate conidia typical of <italic>Sphaeropsis</italic> and corresponding to the current concept of <italic>S. visci</italic>. Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>) applied the one fungus-one name concept and chose <italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria</italic> in favour of <italic>Sphaeropsis</italic>. However, following the ammendments to the ICBN ratified at the 18<sup>th</sup> Botanical Congress in Melbourne, it is now clear that priority of names will no longer be based on the life stage of the fungus. Thus, the older name <italic>Sphaeropsis</italic> (1880) takes priority over <italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria</italic> (1908). To correct this, new combinations are introduced here together with the descriptions of the species considered by Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>). Pycnidial paraphyses distinguish <italic>Sphaeropsis</italic> morphologically from <italic>Diplodia</italic> while the striate conidia of <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> differentiate it from <italic>Sphaeropsis</italic>, which has smooth-walled conidia. Although more than 600 names exist in <italic>Sphaeropsis,</italic> only four species are currently known in culture. The distinctly pitted conidial walls of <italic>S. porosum</italic> distinguish it from the other two species. The paraphyses with swollen tips and conidia that soon become pigmented distinguish <italic>S. visci</italic> from <italic>S. citrigena</italic> in which conidia remain hyaline for long periods, rarely become pigmented and paraphyses tips are not swollen. The only known cultures of <italic>S. eucalypti</italic> have not sporulated and thus could not be included in the key, which relies on characters of the asexual morph.</p></sec><sec id="S59"><title>Key to <italic>Sphaeropsis</italic> spp.</title><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>1. Conidial wall distinctly pitted..................................................................................................................................................... <italic>S. porosa</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>1. Conidial wall not pitted............................................................................................................................................................................ 2</p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidiomatal paraphyses with swollen tips................................................................................................................................... <italic>S. visci</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidiomatal paraphyses not swollen at tip............................................................................................................................ <italic>S. citrigena</italic></p></list-item></list><p id="P970"><bold><italic>Sphaeropsis citrigena</italic></bold> (A.J.L. Phillips, P.R. Johnst. & Pennycook) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB805463&link_type=mb">MB805463</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F64">Fig. 64</xref>.</p><fig id="F64" position="float"><label>Fig. 64.</label><caption><p><italic>Sphaeropsis citrigena</italic>. A-C. Asci with brown ascospores. D. Pseudoparaphyses. E-G. Brown, aseptate ascospores with apiculi (arrows). H. Conidium developing on a conidiogenous cell with periclinal thickenings. I. Hyaline, aseptate conidia. J. Conidiomatal paraphyses. Scale bars A = 50 μm, B-D = 20 μm, E-J = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig64"></graphic></fig><p id="P971"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria citrigena</italic> A.J.L. Phillips, P.R. Johnst. & Pennycook, <italic>Persoonia</italic> 21: 50. 2008.</p><p id="P972"><italic>Ascomata</italic> pseudothecial, brown to black, separate or aggregated, immersed, becoming erumpent, ostiolate, wall composed of several layers of dark brown <italic>textura angularis. Pseudoparaphyses</italic> hyaline, smooth, 4-6 μm wide, multiseptate, with septa 11-26 μm apart, constricted at septa. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, 8-spored, stipitate, thick-walled with thick endotunica and well-developed apical chamber, 180-230 × 35-43(-50) μm, with biseriate ascospores. <italic>Ascospores</italic> reddish-brown when mature, ellipsoid to ovoid with both ends rounded, with an apiculus at either end, aseptate, externally smooth, internally finely verruculose, widest in middle to upper third, (27.5-)29-37.5(-38.5) × (14.5-)15.5-18(-19.5) μm. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> immersed to erumpent and superficial, unilocular, up to 500 μm wide, wall composed of several layers of dark brown <italic>textura angularis. Paraphyses</italic> hyaline, aseptate, up to 25 μm long and 3-3.5 μm wide, apex not swollen. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, discrete, proliferating internally to form periclinal thickenings, 8-11 × 4-6.5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> oval, apex obtuse, base obtuse or truncate, moderately thick-walled, initially hyaline, becoming brown, externally smooth, internally finely verruculose, aseptate, (27-)28-33(-34) × (14.5-)15-18.5(-19) μm.</p><p id="P973"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>New Zealand</bold>, Northland, Kerikeri, Davies Orchard (#2), Inlet Road, on recently dead bark-covered twigs of <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic>, 6 Sep. 2006, S.R. Pennycook, P.R. Johnston & B.C. Paulus, <bold>holotype</bold> PDD 89238.</p><p id="P974"><italic>Culture</italic>: ICMP 16812 (ex-type).</p><p id="P975"><italic>Notes</italic>: Conidia of <italic>P. citrigena</italic> remain hyaline for long periods and dark conidia are rarely encountered. Conidial dimensions of this species are similar to those of <italic>S. visci</italic>, but its ascospores are reddish-brown in contrast to the pale brown ones of <italic>S. visci</italic>. Furthermore, <italic>S. visci</italic> appears to be specific to <italic>Viscum</italic> species while <italic>S. citrigena</italic> has been found only on <italic>Citrus</italic> species.</p><p id="P976"><bold><italic>Sphaeropsis eucalypticola</italic></bold> (Doilom, J.K. Liu, & K.D. Hyde) A.J.L. Phillips, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB805464&link_type=mb">MB805464</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F65">Fig. 65</xref>.</p><fig id="F65" position="float"><label>Fig. 65.</label><caption><p><italic>Sphaeropsis eucalypti</italic>. A, B. Asci with ascospores. C. Ascospores. Scale bars = 10 μm. Scale bar in A applies to B.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig65"></graphic></fig><p id="P977"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria eucalypti</italic> Doilom, J.K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Divers. 57: 190. 2012.</p><p id="P978"><italic>Ascomata</italic> black, dark brown, aggregated, initially immersed in tissue becoming erumpent through cracks in bark, solitary, or gregarious, multiloculate, globose to subglobose, wall composed of several layers of dark brown cells of <italic>textura angularis. Pseudoparaphyses</italic> 3-4 μm wide, septate, constricted at septa. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindro-clavate or clavate, with a short pedicel, apically rounded with an ocular chamber, (90-)97-110(-125) × 28-30 μm (av. = 106 × 29 μm). <italic>Ascospores</italic> overlapping biseriate, hyaline when young, becoming dark brown when mature, aseptate, ellipsoid to ovoid, ends rounded, with a minute apiculus at each end, smooth, widest in the middle, 27-35 × 11-14 μm (av. = 30 × 12 μm). <italic>Asexual</italic> state not seen.</p><p id="P979"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>Thailand</bold>, Chiang Rai Province, Muang District, on dead twig of <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp., 8 Aug. 2011, M. Doilom, <bold>holotype</bold> MFLU 12-0753.</p><p id="P980"><italic>Cultures</italic>: MFLUCC 11-0579 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=133993&link_type=cbs">CBS 133993</ext-link>.</p><p id="P981"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P982"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Thailand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P983"><italic>Notes</italic>: Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">2012</xref>) could not induce asexual sporulation of <italic>S. eucalypti</italic> in culture and our attempts with the ex-type culture were also unsuccessful.</p><p id="P984"><bold><italic>Sphaeropsis porosa</italic></bold> (Van Niekerk & Crous) A.J.L. Phillips & A. Alves, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB805465&link_type=mb">MB805465</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F66">Fig. 66</xref>.</p><fig id="F66" position="float"><label>Fig. 66.</label><caption><p><italic>Sphaeropsis porosa</italic>. A. Pycnidium with elongated neck. B. Conidium developing between paraphyses. C. Paraphyses. D. Conidia and conidiogenous cells. E, F. Immature conidium at two different levels of focus to show the pores in the conidium wall. G, H. Mature conidium at two different levels of focus to show verruculose inner surface of the wall. Scale bars: A = 500 μm, B-H = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig66"></graphic></fig><p id="P985"><italic>Basionym: Diplodia porosum</italic> Van Niekerk & Crous, Mycologia 96: 790. 2004.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria porosa</italic> (Van Niekerk & Crous) Crous & A.J.L. Phillips, <italic>Persoonia</italic> 21: 51. 2008.</p></list-item></list><p id="P986"><italic>Ascomata</italic> not reported. <italic>Conidioma</italic> solitary, unilocular, ostiolate, globose to obpyriform, up to 400 μm wide, conidioma wall 4-8 cell layers thick, of dark brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming hyaline toward inner region. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> reduced to conidiogenous cells. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> lining cavity, holoblastic, hyaline, subcylindrical to ampulliform, 6-10 × 5-7 μm, rarely proliferating percurrently. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, guttulate, ovoid to broadly ellipsoid with a bluntly rounded apex, and flattened base, wall 2 μm thick, with pores 1 μm wide, becoming medium brown with age, (38-)42-45(-47) × (20-)22-25(-30) μm in vitro, L/W = 1.9.</p><p id="P987"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> flat with undulating margins, dark green on the surface and dull green underneath, reaching a radius of 32 mm after 3 d at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min 10 °C, max 30 °C, opt 25 °C.</p><p id="P988"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Western Cape Province, Stellenbosch, on <italic>Vitis vinifera,</italic> 2002, J.M. van Niekerk, <bold>holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-12039&link_type=cbs">CBS H-12039</ext-link>.</p><p id="P989"><italic>Cultures</italic>: STE-U 5132 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=110496&link_type=cbs">CBS 110496</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P990"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R115">van Niekerk <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>).</p><p id="P991"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: South Africa (Western Cape Province) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R115">van Niekerk <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>).</p><p id="P992"><italic>Notes</italic>: Van Niekerk <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R115">2004</xref>) did not mention pycnidial paraphyses in <italic>Diplodia porosum</italic>, but they were clearly seen when their isolates were re-examined (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>). This species is unique within the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> because of its large, thick-walled conidia with large pores (1 μm wide) that are easily seen by light microscopy. However, the pitted walls, although unique and distinctive, should be regarded as informative at the species level in the same way that this character was regarded in the original description.</p><p id="P993"><bold><italic>Sphaeropsis visci</italic></bold> (Alb. & Schwein.) Sacc., Michelia 2: 105. 1880. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB281898&link_type=mb">MB281898</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F67">Fig. 67</xref>.</p><fig id="F67" position="float"><label>Fig. 67.</label><caption><p><italic>Sphaeropsis visci</italic>. A. Immature asci. B. Mature ascus with brown, aseptate ascospores. C-F. Brown, aseptate ascospores with apiculi (arrows). G. Conidioma formed in culture on a pine needle. H, I. Conidia forming on conidiogenous cells between paraphyses (arrows). J. Developing conidia. K. Paraphyses. L. Brown, aseptate mature conidia. Scale bars: A, B = 20 μm, C-F, H-L = 10 μm, G = 50 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="51fig67"></graphic></fig><p id="P994"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Sphaeria atrovirens</italic> var. <italic>visci</italic> Alb. & Schwein., Consp. fung. (Leipzig): 48. 1805.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Ceuthospora visci</italic> (Alb. & Schwein.) Sollm., Hedwigia 2: 189. 1863.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeropsis visci</italic> (Alb. & Schwein.) Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 105. 1880.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Sphaeropsis visci</italic> (Alb. & Schwein.) Sacc. f. <italic>visci</italic>, Michelia 2(no. 6): 105. 1880.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Botryosphaerostroma visci</italic> (Alb. & Schwein.) Petr., Beih. Rep. spec. nov. regn. veg. 42: 127. 1926.</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Sphaeria visci</italic> DC., in de Candolle & Lamarck, Fl. franç., Edn 3 (Paris) 6: 146. 1815.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Diplodia visci</italic> (DC.) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (Stockholm): 417. 1849.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Microdiplodia visci</italic> (DC.) Potebnia, Ann. Mycol. 8(1): 63. 1910.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Ascochytella visci</italic> (DC.) Petr., Ann. Mycol. 23(1/2): 111. 1925.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Botryosphaerostroma visci</italic> (DC.) Petr., Ann. Mycol. 23(1/2): 111. 1925.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Pseudodiplodia visci</italic> (DC.) Petr., Sydowia 7(5-6): 304. 1953.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Metadiplodia visci</italic> (DC.) Zambett., Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 70(3): 295. 1955.</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Dothidea visci</italic> Kalchbr., Hedwigia 8: 117. 1869.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Anthostomella visci</italic> (Kalchbr.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 293. 1882.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Anthostoma visci</italic> (Kalchbr.) Sacc., Nuovo G. bot. ital. 23(2): 224. 1916.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Phaeobotryon visci</italic> (Kalchbr.) Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 128: 591. 1919.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Botryosphaeria visci</italic> (Kalchbr.) Arx & E. Müll., Beitr. Kryptfl. Schweiz 11(no. 1): 41. 1954.</p></list-item><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria visci</italic> (Kalchbr.) A.J.L. Phillips & Crous, Persoonia 21: 47. 2008.</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Macrophoma visci</italic> Aderh., Arb. biol. Anst. Land-u. Forstw. 4: 462. 1905.</p></list-item></list><p id="P995"><italic>Ascomata</italic> pseudothecial, brown to black, uni- or multiloculate, separate, immersed, ostiolate, up to 500 μm diam, wall composed of several layers of dark brown <italic>textura angularis. Pseudoparaphyses</italic> hyaline, smooth, 4-6 μm wide, multiseptate, with septa 11-19(-26) μm apart, constricted at septa. <italic>Asci</italic> bitunicate, 8-spored, ascospores biseriate in the ascus, stipitate, thick-walled with thick endotunica and well-developed apical chamber, 180-230 × 35-50 μm. <italic>Ascospores</italic> pale-brown when mature, ovoid, aseptate, externally smooth, internally finely verruculose, widest in middle with an apiculus at either end, (27.5-)31-37.5(-38.5) × (14.5-)15-19(-19.5) μm. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> immersed to erumpent and superficial, unilocular, up to 300 μm wide, wall composed of dark brown <italic>textura angularis. Paraphyses</italic> hyaline, aseptate, up to 40 μm long and 4 μm wide with a bulbous tip 5 μm diam. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, discrete proliferating internally to form periclinal thickenings, (4-) 8.5-11 × 4-6.5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> oval, apex obtuse, base obtuse or truncate, moderately thick-walled, initially hyaline, becoming brown, externally smooth, internally finely verruculose, (27-)29-33(-50) × (14.5-)15.5-19(-22) μm.</p><p id="P996"><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, on <italic>Viscum album</italic>, Albertini & Schweinitz, holotype not found and presumably lost. <bold>Ukraine</bold>, National Nature Park ‘Svjatie Gory’, on branches of <italic>Viscum album</italic>, 10 Mar. 2007, Á. Akulov, <bold>neotype here designated</bold> CWU (MYC) AS 2271 (MBT176099).</p><p id="P997"><italic>Cultures</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122526&link_type=cbs">CBS 122526</ext-link>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=122527&link_type=cbs">CBS 122527</ext-link> (ex-neotype).</p><p id="P998"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Viscum album</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">Sutton 1980</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P999"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Romania (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">Sutton 1980</xref>), Ukraine (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P1000"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Sphaeropsis</italic> was introduced by Saccardo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R156">1880</xref>) for <italic>Diplodia</italic> species with brown, aseptate conidia. He designated <italic>S. visci</italic>, based on <italic>Sphaeria atrovirens</italic> var. <italic>visci</italic>, as the type species. The connection between the asexual and sexual morphs was established by Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>). Single ascospore isolations from a botryosphaeria-like ascomycete on CWU (MYC) AS 2271 resulted in cultures of a coelomycete indistinguishable from <italic>S. visci</italic>, thus proving the connection between the two states. This specimen is herein designated as neotype. Features that distinguish the sexual morph from others with brown ascospores in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> are the aseptate ascospores with an apiculus at either end.</p><p id="P1001"><bold><italic>Tiarosporella</italic></bold> Höhn, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 37: 159. 1919. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB10233&link_type=mb">MB10233</ext-link>.</p><p id="P1002"><italic>Type species</italic>: <italic>Tiarosporella paludosa</italic> (Sacc. & Fiori ex P. Syd.) Höhn., <italic>In</italic>: Weese, Mitt. bot. Inst. tech. Hochsch. Wien 1(3): 83. 1924.</p><p id="P1003">Characterised by having conidia formed from smooth, hyaline conidiogenous cells that lack periclinal thickenings and percurrent proliferations. The hyaline, subcylindrical to fusiform conidia have irregular mucoid appendages.</p><p id="P1004"><bold><italic>Tiarosporella graminis</italic> var. <italic>karoo</italic></bold> B. Sutton & Marasas, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 67 (1): 73. 1976. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB353200&link_type=mb">MB353200</ext-link>. For illustrations see Sutton & Marasas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R191">1976</xref>).</p><p id="P1005"><italic>Aerial mycelium</italic> composed of hyaline to light brown, septate, branched, smooth, encrusted, thin-walled hyphae and strands of coarse, thick-walled, dark brown, smooth or verrucose hyphae, 6-12 μm wide and consisting of cylindrical cells, 12-45 μm long which sometimes round off to form chains of globose, 1-celled, thick-walled, dark brown, chlamydospore-like cells. Pycnidia begin to develop after 7 d, embedded in the surface of the agar, single or in small groups, dark brown to black, rostrate and the elongate necks are covered with grey-olivaceous to brown, simple, septate, smooth or verruculose, straight or flexuous pycnidial hairs with obtuse ends. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> formed from the cells lining the inner walls of the pycnidia, holoblastic, determinate, simple, cylindrical and slightly tapered towards the apex, hyaline, 12-18 × 1.5-2.5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> acrogenous, solitary, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, straight, fusiform with truncate base and obtuse apex, 21-28 × 5-8 μm. During development, conidia are enclosed in a gelatinous sheath that may remain as an apical, hyaline, cone-like appendage.</p><p id="P1006"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Cape Province, Colesberg, on <italic>Eriocephali</italic> sp., 16 Feb. 1971, W.F.O. Marasas, <bold>holotype</bold> IMI 186782.</p><p id="P1007"><italic>Cultures</italic>: IMI 186783 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118718&link_type=cbs">CBS 118718</ext-link>.</p><p id="P1008"><italic>Hosts</italic>: <italic>Eriocephalus</italic> sp., <italic>Nestlera</italic> sp., <italic>Tribulus terrestris</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R191">Sutton & Marasas 1976</xref>)</p><p id="P1009"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R191">Sutton & Marasas 1976</xref>)</p><p id="P1010"><italic>Notes</italic>: Conidia of <italic>T. graminis</italic> var. <italic>graminis</italic> resemble those of <italic>T. graminis</italic> var. <italic>karroo</italic> in shape, though they are somewhat larger (20-29.5 × 7-9 μm), than those of <italic>T. graminis</italic> var<italic>. karroo</italic> (21-28 × 5-8 μm) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R191">Sutton & Marasas 1976</xref>).</p><p id="P1011"><bold><italic>Tiarosporella tritici</italic></bold> B. Sutton & Marasas, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 67 (1): 74. 1976. MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB324614&link_type=mb">MB324614</ext-link>.</p><p id="P1012"><italic>Aerial mycelium</italic> composed of hyaline to light brown, septate, branched, smooth or encrusted thin-walled hyphae and strands of very coarse, thick-walled, dark brown to black, verrucose hyphae 7.5-16.5 μm wide and consisting of cylindrical cells, 12-40 μm long that sometimes round off to form chains of intercalary, globose, thick-walled, smooth or verruculose chlamydospore-like cells, 8-14 μm diam. Immersed mycelium dark brown to black. <italic>Pycnidia</italic> begin to develop after 7 d and numerous mature pycnidia are present throughout the Petri dish after 14 d, particularly on PDA, semi-immersed in the surface of the agar, single or 2-15 aggregated in large, pulvinate, botryose, stromatoid groups up to 3 mm diam, dark brown to black, globose, rostrate, unilocular or multilocular, up to 200 μm diam, walls thick, composed of large, thick-walled, dark brown pseudoparenchymatous cells that become paler and thin-walled towards the inner conidiogenous region, ostiole circular, up to 65 μm diam, formed at the apex of an apical beak that is up to 400 μm long and covered with hyaline to light brown, simple, septate, straight or flexuous, smooth or verruculose pycnidial hairs with obtuse ends. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> formed from the cells lining the inner wall of the pycnidia, holoblastic, determinate, simple, hyaline, cylindrical, 9-14 × 4-5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> acrogenous, solitary, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, eguttulate, straight, oval to fusiform, apex obtuse, base truncate, 29-38 × 12-17 μm. During development some conidia are enclosed in a gelatinous sheath that later becomes everted into an apical, irregularly infundibuliform appendage up to 23 μm long and 29 μm wide.</p><p id="P1013"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Orange Free State, Heilbron, dried culture isolated from dead stems of <italic>Triticum aestivum</italic>, 18 Jan. 1973, W.F.O. Marasas, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 44966.</p><p id="P1014"><italic>Cultures</italic>: IMI 186786 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118719&link_type=cbs">CBS 118719</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P1015"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Triticum aestivum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R191">Sutton & Marasas 1976</xref>)</p><p id="P1016"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Free State Province, South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R191">Sutton & Marasas 1976</xref>).</p><p id="P1017"><italic>Notes</italic>: Conidia of <italic>T. tritici</italic> are much larger than those of all other known species of <italic>Tiarosporella</italic> and the shape of the appendage is also different. Of the 14 species of <italic>Tiarosporella</italic> that have been named to date, DNA sequence data are only available for <italic>T. graminis, T. madreeya, T. tritici</italic> and <italic>T. urbis-rosarum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">Crous <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">Jami <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P1018"><bold><italic>Tiarosporella urbis-rosarum</italic></bold> Jami, Gryzenh., Slippers & M.J. Wingf., Cryptogam. Mycol. 33: 256. 2012. For illustrations see Jami <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">2012</xref>).</p><p id="P1019"><italic>Conidiomata</italic> (on sterile twigs of <italic>Acacia karroo</italic>) pycnidial, dark black, up to 200 μm diam, immersed, unilocular, with long necks (4-9 mm); wall of 5-7 layers of dark brown <italic>textura angularis</italic>, becoming thin-walled towards inner region. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> holoblastic, hyaline, cylindrical, (5-)5.5-9.5(-11) × (3-)3.5-4(-5) μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> ovoid, smooth, granular, thin-walled, aseptate, apices rounded, (21-)23.5-29.5(-34) × (8-)9-10(-11) μm (from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">Jami <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p><p id="P1020"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: <italic>Colonies</italic> on MEA appressed, centres dirty white, becoming dark grey at the edges; reverse dark grey to black. Growth at 5-35 °C, with optimal growth rate of 14.4 mm / d at 25 °C.</p><p id="P1021"><italic>Type</italic>: <bold>South Africa</bold>, Free State Province, Bloemfontein, on healthy wood of <italic>Acacia karroo</italic>, Jun. 2008, M. Gryzenhout, <bold>holotype</bold> PREM 60698.</p><p id="P1022"><italic>Cultures</italic>: CMW 36477 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130405&link_type=cbs">CBS 130405</ext-link> (ex-type).</p><p id="P1023"><italic>Host</italic>: <italic>Acacia karroo</italic>.</p><p id="P1024"><italic>Known distribution</italic>: Free State and Gauteng Provinces of South Africa.</p><p id="P1025"><italic>Note</italic>: <italic>Tiarosporella urbis-rosarum</italic> is morphologically similar to <italic>T. tritici</italic> (conidia 29-38 × 12-17 μm), but has smaller conidia (23.5-29.5 × 9-10 μm).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="S60"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p id="P1026">In this paper we considered only those genera and species of the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> that are known to exist in culture, and thus accept 17 genera in the family. These genera are characterised based on 17 lineages in a multi-locus phylogeny. In a recent phylogenetic study of the <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>, Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">2012</xref>) included <italic>Auerswaldia</italic> in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> based on fresh collections of <italic>A. lignicola</italic> and <italic>A. dothiorella</italic>. However, they did not include ITS sequence data in their analyses because they claimed that it was not suitable to segregate taxa at the generic and species level. In our analyses, <italic>A. lignicola</italic> clustered within <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> and <italic>A. dothiorella</italic> in <italic>Dothiorella</italic>. For this reason, we argue that there is no evidence to suggest that <italic>Auerswaldia</italic> should be regarded as a distinct genus in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. Indeed, Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">2012</xref>) state that depending on the method used to generate the phylogeny, <italic>A. lignicola</italic> clustered in the <italic>Diplodia</italic> / <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> clade in the RAxML analysis, but in <italic>Dothiorella</italic> when Maximum Parsimony was used. Furthermore, in the combined EF1-α and β-tubulin analysis, this species always clustered in <italic>Dothiorella</italic> irrespective of the phylogenetic method used. In the present paper we found that a combination of SSU, ITS, LSU, EF1-α and β-tubulin gave a clear separation of the genera and this was consistent between the different phylogenetic methods (MP, ML). This is also consistent with a previous multi-locus phylogeny (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>) of a smaller sub-set of the family.</p><p id="P1027">Most of the genera revealed by the multi-locus phylogeny in this study can be distinguished based on their morphology. This is especially true for characteristics of the conidia and to a lesser extent on the presence or absence of paraphyses in the conidiomata. However, some genera cannot be separated using morphological characters. For example, conidia of <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> are indistinguishable from those of <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> when the range of variation for each genus is taken into consideration. Although there is some evidence that pycnidial paraphyses are found only in <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>, this has not been confirmed for all the species. Nevertheless, paraphyses have never been reported in any <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> species.</p><p id="P1028">Another difficult pair of genera to distinguish is <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> and <italic>Dothiorella</italic>. The conidial characters of species in both of these genera are identical, being pigmented and 1-septate. In both genera, the conidia become pigmented and septate even while they are attached to conidiogenous cells, and this character distinguishes them from <italic>Diplodia</italic>. Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>) introduced <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> for species similar to <italic>Dothiorella</italic> but differed in the presence of an apiculus on the ascospores, which is absent from <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> species. Although this is a small difference, it is supported by phylogenetic data and is also a useful character to separate <italic>Barriopsis</italic> (no apiculus) from <italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria</italic> (apiculus present). However, the status of these two genera needs to be re-evaluated in the light of the multi-locus analysis presented here and by Slippers <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R171">2013</xref>, this volume), in which the phylogenetic distinction is unclear.</p><p id="P1029">Although ITS alone was usually sufficient to separate species within each genus of the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>, inclusion of EF1-α resulted in a more robust separation, and was considered essential in some genera such as <italic>Diplodia, Lasiodiplodia</italic> and <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic>. We therefore recommend at least these two loci for species separation within the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>. With the increase in the number of species recognised in phylogenetic studies, the use of morphological data for species identification is becoming less useful. Although we have provided keys for species identification in each genus, the resulting identification should be interpreted with caution. For example, in <italic>Neofusicoccum</italic> the range of variation within a species is becoming more apparent as additional isolates are studied and often the variation overlaps considerably with other species. Furthermore, phylogenetic inference is revealing cryptic species complexes that cannot be distinguished based on morphology alone (see for example Pavlic <italic>et al.</italic> 2009a, b, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R158">Sakalidis <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>). In this regard, in addition to ITS and EF1-α sequence data, data from the β-tubulin, RPB2 and other loci have been useful, and were at times necessary to provide convincing evidence of multigene phylogenetic concordance to separate cryptic species (see also Sakalidis <italic>et al.</italic> 2012).</p><p id="P1030">Recognising the isolate identified by Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">2012</xref>) as <italic>A. lignicola</italic> is in fact a species in <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> has helped to resolve a long-standing problem regarding the connection between the asexual and the sexual morphs in <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic>. As explained in the notes for <italic>L. theobromae</italic>, the connection between the asexual and sexual morphs of <italic>L. theobromae</italic> has not been definitively confirmed, and thus the characteristics of the sexual morph are also not clear. Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">2012</xref>) clearly demonstrate the asexual / sexual morph connection for <italic>L. lignicola</italic> and confirmed that mature ascospores are dark brown. This has also recently been observed for other species of <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> (Crous, unpubl. data). For this reason, we have amended the description of <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> to include brown ascospores. In recent studies, several new species have been introduced in <italic>Lasiodiplodia,</italic> and frequently these species are recognised based on minor differences in ITS sequences with great emphasis placed on EF1-α sequence data (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>). It would seem that this genus should be the subject of a more detailed analysis based on additional gene loci to provide a robust phylogenetic basis for species definitions.</p><p id="P1031">In each genus of the <italic>Botryosphaericaceae</italic> the species share a common general morphology, which complies to a great extent with the definition of a genus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R169">Singer 1975</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">Booth 1978</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R42">Crous <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>). However, in <italic>Diplodia,</italic> several different morphologies are seen and these lie within separate phylogenetic lineages. The typical morphology, as seen in <italic>D. mutila</italic> and related species, consists of hyaline, aseptate, thick-walled conidia that become dark brown and 1-septate. Another major group, which includes <italic>D. seriata, D. pinea</italic> and their relatives, has conidia that turn brown at an early stage of development and remain aseptate. These two morphological groups cluster in two well-supported clades. This would give the impression that <italic>Diplodia</italic> consists of two separate genera. However, <italic>D. corticola</italic> and <italic>D. quercivora</italic> have the characteristics typical of the <italic>D. mutila</italic> group, but form a clade near the root of the <italic>Diplodia</italic> phylogenetic tree. Furthermore, <italic>D. cupressi</italic> and <italic>D. tsugae</italic> with conidia indistinguishable from <italic>D. mutila</italic>, cluster with <italic>D. bulgarica</italic> (pale brown, aseptate conidia) in another clade that lies between the <italic>D. mutila</italic> and <italic>D. seriata</italic> clades. Thus, for the present, we have chosen to consider <italic>Diplodia</italic> as a genus with two morphologies rather than to provide separate genera or sections for them.</p><p id="P1032">Following the recent changes to the nomenclature of pleomorphic fungi, and in particular the abolition of dual nomenclature for a single fungus, we have introduced some new combinations. With regard to <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> / <italic>Fusicoccum,</italic> the oldest genus is <italic>Fusicoccum</italic> Corda (1829), not <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> Ces. & De Not. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">1863</xref>). However, <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> is the type genus of <italic>Botryosphaericeae</italic> and <italic>Botryosphaeriales</italic>, and is well entrenched in the user community. For these reasons we have retained <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> and have made several recombinations of <italic>Fusicoccum</italic> species.</p><p id="P1033">Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">2008</xref>) reinstated <italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria</italic> for species with dark brown, aseptate ascospores that have a hyaline apiculus at either end, and asexual morphs in <italic>Sphaeropsis</italic>. In the present paper we decided to revert to using the generic name <italic>Sphaeropsis</italic> for these species. <italic>Sphaeropsis</italic> Sacc. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R156">1880</xref>) is an older name than <italic>Phaeobotryosphaeria</italic> Speg. (1908), and is also better established with the plant pathological community. Although <italic>Sphaeropsis</italic> has been applied incorrectly in the past, we believe that the confusion has now been resolved and the genus is clearly circumscribed.</p><p id="P1034">Ever since Crous <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">2006</xref>) sub-divided <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> the position of <italic>B. mamane</italic> has been uncertain, apparently residing outside of <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>. Furthermore, conidia of <italic>B. mamane</italic> are considerably larger than those of any other species in <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic>. In our ITS phylogenies the ex-type cultures of <italic>B. mamane</italic> formed a clade within <italic>Cophinforma</italic> confirming that this is a suitable genus for it.</p><p id="P1035">The present study provides the first phylogenetic overview and morphological synthesis of the species of <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> that are presently known from culture. We trust that this will provide a stable platform to accommodate the numerous undescribed species that still await description, or recollection and epitypification to ensure a stable genetic application of names in the family.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>We would like to thank the curators of the numerous fungaria and Biological Resource Centres cited in this paper, for making specimens and cultures available for examination over the past 15 yr, without which this study would not have been possible. Part of this work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal) through grant PEst-OE/BIA/UI0457/2011. 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