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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> species complex</title><author><name sortKey="Weir, B S" sort="Weir, B S" uniqKey="Weir B" first="B. S." last="Weir">B. S. Weir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170 Auckland, New Zealand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnston, P R" sort="Johnston, P R" uniqKey="Johnston P" first="P. R." last="Johnston">P. R. Johnston</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170 Auckland, New Zealand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damm, U" sort="Damm, U" uniqKey="Damm U" first="U." last="Damm">U. Damm</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23136459</idno><idno type="pmc">3458417</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3458417</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3458417</idno><idno type="doi">10.3114/sim0011</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001301</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> species complex</title><author><name sortKey="Weir, B S" sort="Weir, B S" uniqKey="Weir B" first="B. S." last="Weir">B. S. Weir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170 Auckland, New Zealand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnston, P R" sort="Johnston, P R" uniqKey="Johnston P" first="P. R." last="Johnston">P. R. Johnston</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170 Auckland, New Zealand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damm, U" sort="Damm, U" uniqKey="Damm U" first="U." last="Damm">U. Damm</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Studies in Mycology</title><idno type="ISSN">0166-0616</idno><idno type="eISSN">1872-9797</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P6">The limit of the <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> species complex is defined genetically, based on a strongly supported clade within the <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> ITS gene tree. All taxa accepted within this clade are morphologically more or less typical of the broadly defined <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, as it has been applied in the literature for the past 50 years. We accept 22 species plus one subspecies within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex. These include <italic>C. asianum</italic>, <italic>C. cordylinicola</italic>, <italic>C. fructicola</italic>, <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, <italic>C. horii</italic>, <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>kahawae</italic>, <italic>C. musae</italic>, <italic>C. nupharicola</italic>, <italic>C. psidii</italic>, <italic>C. siamense</italic>, <italic>C. theobromicola</italic>, <italic>C. tropicale</italic>, and <italic>C. xanthorrhoeae</italic>, along with the taxa described here as new, <italic>C. aenigma</italic>, <italic>C. aeschynomenes</italic>, <italic>C. alatae</italic>, <italic>C. alienum</italic>, <italic>C. aotearoa</italic>, <italic>C. clidemiae</italic>, <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic>, <italic>C. salsolae</italic>, and <italic>C. ti</italic>, plus the nom. nov. <italic>C. queenslandicum</italic> (for <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> var. <italic>minus</italic>). All of the taxa are defined genetically on the basis of multi-gene phylogenies. Brief morphological descriptions are provided for species where no modern description is available. Many of the species are unable to be reliably distinguished using ITS, the official barcoding gene for fungi. Particularly problematic are a set of species genetically close to <italic>C. musae</italic> and another set of species genetically close to <italic>C. kahawae</italic>, referred to here as the Musae clade and the Kahawae clade, respectively. Each clade contains several species that are phylogenetically well supported in multi-gene analyses, but within the clades branch lengths are short because of the small number of phylogenetically informative characters, and in a few cases individual gene trees are incongruent. Some single genes or combinations of genes, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase, can be used to reliably distinguish most taxa and will need to be developed as secondary barcodes for species level identification, which is important because many of these fungi are of biosecurity significance. In addition to the accepted species, notes are provided for names where a possible close relationship with <italic>C. gloeosporioides sensu lato</italic> has been suggested in the recent literature, along with all subspecific taxa and <italic>formae speciales</italic> within <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> and its putative teleomorph <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic>.</p><sec id="S1"><title>Taxonomic novelties:</title><p id="P7"><bold>Name replacement</bold> - <italic>C. queenslandicum</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst. <bold>New species</bold> - <italic>C. aenigma</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., <italic>C. aeschynomenes</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., <italic>C. alatae</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., C<italic>. alienum</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst, <italic>C. aotearoa</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., <italic>C. clidemiae</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., <italic>C. salsolae</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., <italic>C. ti</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst. <bold>New subspecies</bold> - <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst. <bold>Typification: Epitypification</bold> - <italic>C. queenslandicum</italic> B. Weir & P.R. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Stud Mycol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Stud. Mycol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">simycol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Studies in Mycology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0166-0616</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1872-9797</issn><publisher><publisher-name>CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23136459</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3458417</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3114/sim0011</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> species complex</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Weir</surname><given-names>B.S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Johnston</surname><given-names>P.R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Damm</surname><given-names>U.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><aff id="A1"><label>1</label> Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170 Auckland, New Zealand</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label><italic>Correspondence</italic>: Bevan Weir, <email>WeirB@LandcareResearch.co.nz</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>15</day><month>9</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>8</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>73</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>115</fpage><lpage>180</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright 2012 CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license license-type="creative-commons"><license-p>You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions:</license-p><license-p><bold>Attribution:</bold> You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).</license-p><license-p><bold>Non-commercial:</bold> You may not use this work for commercial purposes.</license-p><license-p><bold>No derivative works:</bold> You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.</license-p><license-p>For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode</uri>. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="115.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p id="P6">The limit of the <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> species complex is defined genetically, based on a strongly supported clade within the <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> ITS gene tree. All taxa accepted within this clade are morphologically more or less typical of the broadly defined <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, as it has been applied in the literature for the past 50 years. We accept 22 species plus one subspecies within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex. These include <italic>C. asianum</italic>, <italic>C. cordylinicola</italic>, <italic>C. fructicola</italic>, <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, <italic>C. horii</italic>, <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>kahawae</italic>, <italic>C. musae</italic>, <italic>C. nupharicola</italic>, <italic>C. psidii</italic>, <italic>C. siamense</italic>, <italic>C. theobromicola</italic>, <italic>C. tropicale</italic>, and <italic>C. xanthorrhoeae</italic>, along with the taxa described here as new, <italic>C. aenigma</italic>, <italic>C. aeschynomenes</italic>, <italic>C. alatae</italic>, <italic>C. alienum</italic>, <italic>C. aotearoa</italic>, <italic>C. clidemiae</italic>, <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic>, <italic>C. salsolae</italic>, and <italic>C. ti</italic>, plus the nom. nov. <italic>C. queenslandicum</italic> (for <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> var. <italic>minus</italic>). All of the taxa are defined genetically on the basis of multi-gene phylogenies. Brief morphological descriptions are provided for species where no modern description is available. Many of the species are unable to be reliably distinguished using ITS, the official barcoding gene for fungi. Particularly problematic are a set of species genetically close to <italic>C. musae</italic> and another set of species genetically close to <italic>C. kahawae</italic>, referred to here as the Musae clade and the Kahawae clade, respectively. Each clade contains several species that are phylogenetically well supported in multi-gene analyses, but within the clades branch lengths are short because of the small number of phylogenetically informative characters, and in a few cases individual gene trees are incongruent. Some single genes or combinations of genes, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase, can be used to reliably distinguish most taxa and will need to be developed as secondary barcodes for species level identification, which is important because many of these fungi are of biosecurity significance. In addition to the accepted species, notes are provided for names where a possible close relationship with <italic>C. gloeosporioides sensu lato</italic> has been suggested in the recent literature, along with all subspecific taxa and <italic>formae speciales</italic> within <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> and its putative teleomorph <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic>.</p><sec id="S1"><title>Taxonomic novelties:</title><p id="P7"><bold>Name replacement</bold> - <italic>C. queenslandicum</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst. <bold>New species</bold> - <italic>C. aenigma</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., <italic>C. aeschynomenes</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., <italic>C. alatae</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., C<italic>. alienum</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst, <italic>C. aotearoa</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., <italic>C. clidemiae</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., <italic>C. salsolae</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., <italic>C. ti</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst. <bold>New subspecies</bold> - <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst. <bold>Typification: Epitypification</bold> - <italic>C. queenslandicum</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Key words:</title><kwd>anthracnose</kwd><kwd><italic>Ascomycota</italic></kwd><kwd>barcoding</kwd><kwd><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic></kwd><kwd>phylogeny</kwd><kwd>systematics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="S2"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p id="P703">The name <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> was first proposed in Penzig (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R112">1882</xref>), based on <italic>Vermicularia gloeosporioides</italic>, the type specimen of which was collected from <italic>Citrus</italic> in Italy. Much of the early literature used this name to refer to fungi associated with various diseases of <italic>Citrus</italic>, with other species established for morphologically similar fungi from other hosts. However, several early papers discussed the morphological similarity between many of the <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp. that had been described on the basis of host preference, and used inoculation tests to question whether or not the species were distinct. Some of these papers investigated in culture the link between the various <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species and their sexual <italic>Glomerella</italic> state (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R132">Shear & Wood 1907</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R107">Ocfemia & Agati 1925</xref>). Authors such as Shear & Wood (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R132">1907</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R134">1913</xref>) and Small (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R149">1926</xref>) concluded that many of the species described on the basis of host preference were in fact the same, rejecting apparent differences in host preference as a basis for taxonomic segregation. Small (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R149">1926</xref>) concluded that the names <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> and <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> should be used for the sexual and asexual morphs, respectively, of the many <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp. they regarded as conspecific. <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> was stated to be the earliest name with a proven link to what they regarded as a biologically diverse <italic>G. cingulata</italic>. The studies of von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">1954</xref>) and von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">1957</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">1970</xref>) taxonomically formalised this concept.</p><p id="P704">The “von Arxian” taxonomic concept for <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> saw large numbers of species synonymised with the names <italic>C. graminicola</italic> (for grass-inhabiting species) and <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> (for non-grass inhabiting species with straight conidia). The genetic and biological diversity encompassed by these names was so broad that they became of little practical use to plant pathologists, conveying no information about pathogenicity, host range, or other attributes. The von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">1954</xref>) and von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">1957</xref>) studies were not based on direct examination of type material of all species and some of the synonymy proposed in these papers has subsequently been found to be incorrect. Examples include the segregation of <italic>C. acutatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R144">Simmonds 1965</xref>) and <italic>C. boninense</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R98">Moriwaki <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>) from <italic>C. gloeosporioides sensu</italic> von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">1957</xref>). Other studies published elsewhere in this volume (Damm <italic>et al</italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">2012a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">b</xref>) show that several species regarded as synonyms of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> by von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">1957</xref>) are members of the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> complex (<italic>e.g. C. godetiae, Gloeosporium limetticola, G. lycopersici</italic>, and <italic>G. phormii</italic>) or the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex (<italic>e.g. C. dracaenae</italic>). Recent molecular studies have resulted in a much better understanding of phylogenetic relationships amongst the grass-inhabiting species of the <italic>C. graminicola</italic> group and the development of a more useful taxonomy for this group of fungi (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R64">Hsiang & Goodwin 2001</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R44">Du <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">Crouch <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>). This group is now recognised as comprising several host-specialised, genetically well characterised species, but a modern taxonomy for <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> has yet to be resolved.</p><p id="P705">Von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">1970</xref>) and Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R161">1980</xref>) distinguished the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> group using conidial shape and size. A few apparently host-specialised, <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>-like taxa were retained by these authors, but the basis of their identification was often difficult to understand. Prior to the availability of DNA sequence data, taxonomic concepts within <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> were based on features such as host species, substrate, conidial size and shape, shape of appressoria, growth rate in culture, colour of cultures, presence or absence of setae, whether or not the teleomorph develops, etc. Some studies have found characters such as these useful for distinguishing groups within <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R60">Higgins 1926</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R52">Gorter 1956</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R62">Hindorf 1973</xref>, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R70">Johnston & Jones 1997</xref>). However, problems arise because many of these morphological features change under different conditions of growth (dependent upon growth media, temperature, light regime, etc.), or can be lost or change with repeated subculturing. Host preference is poorly controlled — even good, well-defined pathogens causing a specific disease can be isolated by chance from other substrates (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R69">Johnston 2000</xref>). <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> conidia will germinate on most surfaces, form an appressorium, remain attached to that surface as a viable propagule or perhaps as a minor, endophytic or latent infection, and grow out from there into senescing plant tissue or onto agar plates if given the opportunity. In addition, the same disease can be caused by genetically distinct sets of isolates, the shared pathogenicity presumably independently evolved, <italic>e.g.</italic> the bitter rot disease of apple is caused by members of both the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> and <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complexes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R71">Johnston <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>).</p><p id="P706">Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R162">1992</xref>) commented on <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> that “No progress in the systematics and identification of isolates belonging to this complex is likely to be made based on morphology alone”. A start was made towards a modern understanding of this name with the designation of an epitype specimen with a culture derived from it to stabilise the application of the name (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">Cannon <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>). Based on ITS sequences, the ex-epitype isolate belongs in a strongly supported clade, distinct from other taxa that have been confused with <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> in the past, such as <italic>C. acutatum</italic> and <italic>C. boninense</italic> (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">Abang <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R92">Martinez-Culebras <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R71">Johnston <italic>et al</italic>. 2005</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">Chung <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R46">Farr <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R168">Than <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>). However, biological and genetic relationships within the broad <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> clade remain confused and ITS sequences alone are insufficient to resolve them.</p><p id="P707">In this study we define the limits of the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex on the basis of ITS sequences, the species we accept within the complex forming a strongly supported clade in the ITS gene tree (fig. 1 in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">Cannon <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>, this issue). In all cases the taxa we include in the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex would fit within the traditional morphological concept of the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> group (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">von Arx 1970</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R97">Mordue 1971</xref>, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R161">Sutton 1980</xref>). Commonly used species names within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex include <italic>C. fragariae, C. musae</italic>, and <italic>C. kahawae</italic>. Since the epitype paper (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">Cannon <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), several new <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>-like species have been described in regional studies, where multi-gene analyses have shown the new species to be phylogenetically distinct from the ex-epitype strain of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R113">Phoulivong <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R184">Wikee <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P8">The regional nature of most of these studies, the often restricted genetic sampling across the diversity of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> globally, and the minimal overlap between isolates treated and gene regions targeted in the various studies, means that the relationship between the newly described species is often poorly understood.</p><p id="P9">While some authors have embraced a genetically highly restricted concept for <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, many applied researchers continue to use the name in a broad, group-species concept (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R16">Bogo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R39">Deng <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R73">Kenny <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R111">Parvin <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R195">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). In this paper we accept both concepts as useful and valid. When used in a broad sense, we refer to the taxon as the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex or <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. lat</italic>.</p><p id="P10">This paper aims to clarify the genetic and taxonomic relationships within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex using a set of isolates that widely samples its genetic, biological and geographic diversity. Type specimens, or cultures derived from type specimens, have been examined wherever possible. Although we do not treat all of the names placed in synonymy with <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> or <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> by von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">1954</xref>) and von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">1957</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">1970</xref>), we treat all names for which a possible close relationship with <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> has been suggested in the recent literature, along with all subspecific taxa and <italic>formae speciales</italic> within <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> and <italic>G. cingulata</italic>.</p><p id="P11">ITS sequences, the official barcoding gene for fungi (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R131">Seifert 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R129">Schoch <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>), do not reliably resolve relationships within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex. We define species in the complex genetically rather than morphologically, on the basis of phylogenetic analyses of up to eight genes. Following Cannon <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">2012</xref>, this issue) the generic name <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> is used as the preferred generic name for all species wherever possible throughout this paper, whether or not a <italic>Glomerella</italic> state has been observed for that fungus, and whether or not the <italic>Glomerella</italic> state has a formal name.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="S3"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><sec id="S4"><title>Specimen isolation and selection</title><p id="P12">An attempt was made to sample the genetic diversity across <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> as widely as possible, with isolates from diverse hosts from around the world selected for more intensive study. A BLAST search of GenBank using the ITS sequence of the epitype culture of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">Cannon <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>) provided a coarse estimate for the genetic limit of the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex and ITS diversity across the complex was used to select a genetically diverse set of isolates. Voucher cultures were obtained from the research groups who deposited the GenBank records. To these were added isolates representing the known genetic and morphological diversity of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> from New Zealand, isolated from rots of native and introduced fruits, from diseased exotic weeds, and as endophytes from leaves of native podocarps. Additional isolates representing ex-type and authentic cultures of as many named taxa and <italic>formae speciales</italic> within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex as possible were obtained from international culture collections. Approximately 400 isolates belonging to the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex were obtained. GAPDH gene sequences were generated for all isolates as an initial measure of genetic diversity. A subset of 156 isolates, selected to represent the range of genetic, geographic, and host plant diversity, was used in this research (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>).</p><p id="P13">Most of the New Zealand isolates had been stored as conidial suspensions made from single conidium or ascospore cultures and then stored at -80 °C in a 5 % glycerol/water suspension. Additional isolates from New Zealand were obtained from the ICMP culture collection, where isolates are stored as lyophilised (freeze-dried) ampoules or in a metabolically inactive state in liquid nitrogen at -196 °C. The storage history of most of the isolates received from other research groups is not known. <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref> lists the isolates studied. All those supplying cultures are acknowledged at the end of this manuscript, and additional details on each culture are available on the ICMP website (<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/resources/collections/icmp">http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/resources/collections/icmp</uri>).</p><p id="P14">Culture collection and fungal herbarium (fungarium) abbreviations used herein are: CBS = Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (Netherlands), ICMP = International Collection of Microorganisms from Plants, MFLU = Mae Fah Luang University Herbarium (Thailand) MFLUCC = Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection (Thailand), GCREC = University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Centre (USA), HKUCC = The University of Hong Kong Culture Collection (China), IMI = CABI Genetic Resource Collection (UK), MAFF = Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan), DAR = Plant Pathology Herbarium (Australia), NBRC = Biological Resource Center, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (Japan), BCC = BIOTEC Culture Collection (Thailand), GZAAS = Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences herbarium (China), MUCL = Belgian Co-ordinated Collections of Micro-organisms, (agro)industrial fungi & yeasts (Belgium), BRIP = Queensland Plant Pathology Herbarium (Australia), PDD = New Zealand Fungal and Plant Disease Collection (New Zealand), BPI = U.S. National Fungus Collections (USA), STE-U = Culture collection of the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch (South Africa), and MCA = M. Catherine Aime’s collection series, Louisiana State University (USA).</p></sec><sec id="S5"><title>DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing</title><p id="P15">Mycelium was collected from isolates grown on PDA agar, and manually comminuted with a micropestle in 420 μL of Quiagen DXT tissue digest buffer; 4.2 μL of proteinase K was added and incubated at 55 °C for 1 h. After a brief centrifugation 220 μL of the supernatant was placed in a Corbett X-tractorGene automated nucleic acid extraction robot. The resulting 100 μL of pure DNA in TE buffer was stored at -30 °C in 1.5 mL tubes until use.</p><p id="P16">Gene sequences were obtained from eight nuclear gene regions, actin (ACT) [316 bp], calmodulin (CAL) [756 bp], chitin synthase (CHS-1) [229 bp], glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) [308 bp], the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) [615 bp], glutamine synthetase (GS) [907 bp], manganese-superoxide dismutase (SOD2) [376 bp], and β-tubulin 2 (TUB2) [716 bp].</p><p id="P17">PCR Primers used during this study are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>. The standard CAL primers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R109">O’Donnell <italic>et al</italic>. 2000</xref>) gave poor or non-specific amplification for most isolates, thus new primers (CL1C, CL2C) were designed for <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> based on the <italic>C. graminicola</italic> M1.001 genome sequence. The standard GS primers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R156">Stephenson <italic>et al</italic>. 1997</xref>) sequenced poorly for some isolates due to an approx. 9 bp homopolymer T run 71 bp in from the end of the GSF1 primer binding site. A new primer, GSF3, was designed 41 bp downstream of this region to eliminate the homopolymer slippage error from sequencing. The reverse primer GSR2 was designed in the same location as GSR1 with one nucleotide change. Both new GS primers were based on similarity with a <italic>C. theobromicola</italic> UQ62 sequence (GenBank L78067, as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>).</p><p id="P18">The PCRs were performed in an Applied Biosystems Veriti Thermal Cycler in a total volume of 25 μL. The PCR mixtures contained 15.8 μL of UV-sterilised ultra-filtered water, 2.5 μL of 10× PCR buffer (with 20 mM MgCl<sub>2</sub>), 2.5 μL of dNTPs (each 20 μM), 1 μL of each primer (10 μM), 1 μL of BSA, 1 μL of genomic DNA, and 0.2 μL (1 U) of Roche FastStart Taq DNA Polymerase.</p><p id="P19">The PCR conditions for ITS were 4 min at 95 °C, then 35 cycles of 95 °C for 30 s, 52 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 45 s, and then 7 min at 72 °C. The annealing temperatures differed for the other genes, with the optimum for each; ACT: 58 °C, CAL: 59 °C, CHS-1: 58 °C, GAPDH: 60 °C, GS: 54 °C, SOD2: 54 °C, TUB2: 55 °C. Some isolates required altered temperatures and occasionally gave multiple bands, which were excised separately from an electrophoresis gel and purified. PCR Products were purified on a Qiagen MinElute 96 UF PCR Purification Plate.</p><p id="P20">DNA sequences were obtained in both directions on an Applied Biosystems 3130<italic>xl</italic> Avant Genetic analyzer using BigDye v. 3.1 chemistry, electropherograms were analysed and assembled in Sequencher v. 4.10.1 (Gene Codes Corp.).</p></sec><sec id="S6"><title>Phylogenetic analyses</title><p id="P21">Multiple sequence alignments of each gene were made with ClustalX v. 2.1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R78">Larkin <italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref>), and manually adjusted where necessary with Geneious Pro v. 5.5.6 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R42">Drummond <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P22">Bayesian inference (BI) was used to reconstruct most of the phylogenies using MrBayes v. 3.2.1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R125">Ronquist <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>). Bayesian inference has significant advantages over other methods of analysis such as maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">Archibald <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>) and provides measures of clade support as posterior probabilities rather than random resampling bootstraps. jModelTest v. 0.1.1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R116">Posada 2008</xref>) was used to carry out statistical selection of best-fit models of nucleotide substitution using the corrected Akaike information criteria (AICc) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref>). Initial analyses showed that individual genes were broadly congruent, thus nucleotide alignments of all genes were concatenated using Geneious, and separate partitions created for each gene with their own model of nucleotide substitution. Analyses on the full data set were run twice for 5 x 10<sup>7</sup> generations, and twice for 2 x 10<sup>7</sup> generations for the clade trees. Samples were taken from the posterior every 1000 generations. Convergence of all parameters was checked using the internal diagnostics of the standard deviation of split frequencies and performance scale reduction factors (PSRF), and then externally with Tracer v. 1.5 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R120">Rambaut & Drummond 2007</xref>). On this basis the first 25 % of generations were discarded as burn-in.</p><p id="P23">An initial BI analysis treated all 158 isolates using a concatenated alignment for five of the genes, ACT, CAL, CHS-1, GAPDH, and ITS. <italic>Colletotrichum boninense</italic> and <italic>C. hippeastri</italic> were used as outgroups. A second BI analysis, restricted to ex-type or authentic isolates of each of the accepted species, was based on a concatenated alignment of all eight genes. A third set of BI analyses treated focussed on taxa within the Musae clade and the Kahawae clade. For each clade, the ex-type or authentic isolates, together with 2–3 additional selected isolates of each accepted taxon where available, were analysed using a concatenated alignment of all eight genes, with <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> used as the outgroup for both analyses.</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>A list of strains used in this study.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Species</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Culture</bold><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><bold><sup>*</sup></bold></xref></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Host</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Country</bold></th><th align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><bold>GenBank accession number</bold><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>ITS</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GAPDH</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>CAL</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>ACT</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>CHS-1</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GS</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SOD2</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>TUB2</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. aenigma</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18608<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Persea americana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Israel</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010244</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010044</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009683</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009443</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009774</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010078</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010311</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010389</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18686</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pyrus pyrifolia</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010243</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009913</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009684</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009519</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009789</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010079</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010312</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010390</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. aeschynomenes</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 17673<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>, ATCC 201874</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aeschynomene virginica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010176</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009930</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009721</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009483</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009799</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010081</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010314</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010392</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. alatae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=304.67&link_type=cbs">CBS 304.67</ext-link><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>, ICMP 17919</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dioscorea alata</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010190</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009990</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009738</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009471</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009837</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010065</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010305</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010383</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18122</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dioscorea alata</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nigeria</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010191</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010011</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009739</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009470</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009846</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010136</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010371</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010449</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. alienum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IMI 313842, ICMP 18691</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Persea americana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010217</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010018</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009664</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009580</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009754</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010074</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010307</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010385</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18703</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Persea americana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010252</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010030</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009656</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009528</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009885</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 12071<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Malus domestica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010251</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010028</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009654</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009572</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009882</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010101</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010333</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010411</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 17972</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diospyros kaki</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010247</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009944</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009655</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009497</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009750</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18704</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Persea americana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010253</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010045</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009658</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009456</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009886</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18621</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Persea americana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010246</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009959</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009657</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009552</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009755</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010075</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010308</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010386</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 12068</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Malus domestica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010255</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009925</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009660</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009492</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009889</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18725</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Malus domestica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010254</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009943</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009659</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009530</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009887</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. aotearoa</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18532</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitex lucens</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010220</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009906</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009614</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009544</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009764</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010108</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010338</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010421</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18734</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Agathis australis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010211</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010004</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009627</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009569</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009878</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18528</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Berberis glaucocarpa</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010199</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009977</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009615</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009527</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009879</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 17324</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Kunzea ericoides</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010198</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009991</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009619</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009538</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009770</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010109</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010344</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010418</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18533</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prumnopitys ferruginea</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010197</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010026</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009624</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009522</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009769</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010110</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010340</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010416</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18535</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dacrycarpus dacrydioides</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010201</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009968</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009617</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009545</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009766</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010107</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010364</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010423</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18577</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coprosma</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010203</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009978</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009612</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009567</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009851</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010111</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010360</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010417</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18529</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acmena smithii</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010222</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009956</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009618</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009539</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009883</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18537<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coprosma</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010205</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010005</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009611</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009564</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009853</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010113</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010345</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010420</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18536</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coprosma</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010204</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009907</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009610</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009577</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009852</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18748</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ligustrum lucidum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010209</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009918</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009613</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009453</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009858</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 17326</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Podocarpus totara</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010202</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010049</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009616</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009578</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009768</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010106</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010341</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010422</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18540</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Geniostoma ligustrifolium</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010207</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010043</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009622</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009514</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009855</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18541</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coprosma</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010208</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009960</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009607</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009513</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009856</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18742</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Meryta sinclairii</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010210</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010025</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009626</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009477</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009862</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18740</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dysoxylum spectabile</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010218</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009988</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009625</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009517</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009763</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010135</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010368</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010446</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18530</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitex lucens</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010268</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009911</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009623</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009521</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009884</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010112</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010339</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010419</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18735</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hedychium gardnerianum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010221</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010023</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009620</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009500</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009880</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010115</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010343</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010424</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18736</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lonicera japonica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010200</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009912</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009608</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009454</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009894</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18548</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coprosma</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010206</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009961</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009609</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009854</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009445</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010114</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010342</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010425</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18543</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melicytus ramiflorus</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010156</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009983</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009621</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009524</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009859</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. asianum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IMI 313839, ICMP 18696</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mangifera indica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010192</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009915</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009723</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009576</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009753</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010073</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010306</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010384</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MAFF 306627, ICMP 18603</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mangifera indica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Philippines</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010195</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009938</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009725</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009579</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009825</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HKUCC 10862, ICMP 18605</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mangifera indica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thailand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010194</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010021</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009726</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009465</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009787</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18580<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130418&link_type=cbs">CBS 130418</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coffea arabica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thailand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>FJ972612</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010053</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>FJ917506</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009584</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009867</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010096</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010328</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010406</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124960&link_type=cbs">CBS 124960</ext-link>, ICMP 18648</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mangifera indica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panama</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010193</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010017</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009724</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009546</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009871</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. boninense</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MAFF 305972<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>, ICMP 17904, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123755&link_type=cbs">CBS 123755</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Crinum asiaticum</italic> var. <italic>sinicum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010292</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009905</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009583</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009827</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. clidemiae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18706</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitis</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010274</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009909</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009639</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009476</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009777</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010128</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010353</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010439</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18658<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Clidemia hirta</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA, Hawaii</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010265</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009989</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009645</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009537</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009877</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010129</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010356</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010438</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. cordylinicola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MFLUCC 090551<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>, ICMP 18579</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cordyline fruticosa</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thailand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010226</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009975</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>HM470238</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>HM470235</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009864</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010122</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010361</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010440</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 12568</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Persea americana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010166</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009946</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009680</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009529</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009762</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 17787</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Malus domestica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010164</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009958</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009667</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009439</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009807</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 17788</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Malus domestica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010177</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009949</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009672</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009458</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009808</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IMI 345051, ICMP 17819</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fragaria</italic> × <italic>ananassa</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canada</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010180</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009997</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009668</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009469</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009820</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18613</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Limonium sinuatum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Israel</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010167</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009998</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009675</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009491</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009772</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010077</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010310</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010388</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18698</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Limonium</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Israel</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010168</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010052</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009677</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009585</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009773</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18667</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Limonium</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Israel</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010169</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009951</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009679</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009464</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009775</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18615</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Limonium</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Israel</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010170</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010016</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009678</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009511</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009776</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18610</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pyrus pyrifolia</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010174</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010034</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009681</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009526</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009788</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18120</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dioscorea alata</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nigeria</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010182</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010041</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009670</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009436</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009844</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010091</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010323</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010401</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125395&link_type=cbs">CBS 125395</ext-link>, ICMP 18645</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Theobroma cacao</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panama</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010172</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009992</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009666</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009543</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009873</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010098</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010330</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010408</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18581<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130416&link_type=cbs">CBS 130416</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coffea arabica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thailand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010165</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010033</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>FJ917508</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>FJ907426</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009866</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010095</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010327</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010405</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18727</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fragaria</italic> × <italic>ananassa</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010179</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010035</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009682</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009565</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009812</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010083</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010316</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010394</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=120005&link_type=cbs">CBS 120005</ext-link>, ICMP 18609</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fragaria</italic> × <italic>ananassa</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010175</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009926</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009673</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009534</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009792</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 17789</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Malus domestica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010178</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009914</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009665</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009451</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009809</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18125</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dioscorea alata</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nigeria</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010183</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010009</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009669</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009468</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009847</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. fructicola</italic> (syn. <italic>C. ignotum</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125397&link_type=cbs">CBS 125397</ext-link>(<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>), ICMP 18646</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tetragastris panamensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panama</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010173</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010032</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009674</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009581</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009874</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010099</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010331</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010409</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. fructicola</italic> (syn. <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> var. <italic>minor</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=238.49&link_type=cbs">CBS 238.49</ext-link>(<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>), ICMP 17921</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ficus edulis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010181</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009923</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009671</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009495</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009839</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010090</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010322</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010400</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DAR 76936, ICMP 18738</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carya illinoinensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010151</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009976</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009730</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009542</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009797</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IMI 356878<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>, ICMP 17821, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112999&link_type=cbs">CBS 112999</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sinensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010152</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010056</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009731</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009531</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009818</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010085</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010365</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010445</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 12939</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010149</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009931</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009728</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009462</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009747</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 12066</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ficus</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010158</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009955</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009734</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009550</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009888</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18730</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010157</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009981</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009737</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009548</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009861</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 12938</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sinensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010147</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009935</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009732</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009560</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009746</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18694</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mangifera indica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010155</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009980</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009729</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009481</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009796</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119204&link_type=cbs">CBS 119204</ext-link>, ICMP 18678</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pueraria lobata</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010150</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010013</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009733</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009502</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009790</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18695</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010153</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009979</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009735</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009494</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009779</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18697</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitis vinifera</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010154</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009987</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009736</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009557</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009780</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> (syn. <italic>Gloeosporium pedemontanum</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=273.51&link_type=cbs">CBS 273.51</ext-link>(<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>), ICMP 19121</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus limon</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010148</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010054</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009745</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009558</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009903</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. hippeastri</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=241.78&link_type=cbs">CBS 241.78</ext-link>, ICMP 17920</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hippeastrum</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Netherlands</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010293</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009932</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009740</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009485</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009838</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. horii</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 12942</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diospyros kaki</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GQ329687</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GQ329685</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009603</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009533</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009748</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010072</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010296</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010375</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 12951</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diospyros kaki</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GQ329689</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GQ329683</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009602</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009466</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009751</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">NBRC 7478<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>, ICMP 10492</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diospyros kaki</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GQ329690</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GQ329681</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009604</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009438</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009752</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010137</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010370</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010450</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 17968</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diospyros kaki</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010212</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GQ329682</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009605</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009547</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009811</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010068</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010300</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010378</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MAFF 306429, ICMP 17970</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diospyros kaki</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010213</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GQ329686</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009606</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009467</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009824</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18539<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Olea europaea</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010230</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009966</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009635</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009523</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009800</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010132</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010346</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010434</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18728</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Miconia</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010239</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010048</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009643</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009525</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009850</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18741</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Kunzea ericoides</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010229</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010039</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009631</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009472</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009767</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18534</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Kunzea ericoides</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010227</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009904</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009634</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009473</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009765</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010116</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010351</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010427</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18544</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Toronia toru</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010240</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009920</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009632</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009430</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009860</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18531</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Persea americana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009463</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009999</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009647</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009463</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009749</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 12952</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Persea americana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010214</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009971</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009648</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009431</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009757</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010126</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010348</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010426</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 12953</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Persea americana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010215</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009928</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009646</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009499</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009758</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112984&link_type=cbs">CBS 112984</ext-link>, ICMP 17932</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dryandra</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010237</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009973</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009633</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009434</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009833</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IMI 359911, ICMP 17931, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=12988&link_type=cbs">CBS 12988</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dryas octopetala</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Switzerland</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010236</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009965</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009637</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009475</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009832</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010121</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010354</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010428</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic> (syn. <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> var. <italic>migrans</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=237.49&link_type=cbs">CBS 237.49</ext-link>(<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>), ICMP 17922</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hypericum perforatum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010238</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010042</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009636</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009450</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009840</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010120</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010355</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010432</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic> (syn. <italic>Glomerella rufomaculans</italic> var. <italic>vaccinii</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124.22&link_type=cbs">CBS 124.22</ext-link>(<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>), ICMP 19122</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vaccinium</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010228</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009950</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009744</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009536</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009902</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010134</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010367</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010433</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>kahawae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=982.69&link_type=cbs">CBS 982.69</ext-link>, ICMP 17915</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coffea arabica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Angola</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010234</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010040</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009638</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009474</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009829</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010125</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010352</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010435</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IMI 361501, ICMP 17905</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coffea arabica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cameroon</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010232</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010046</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009644</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009561</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009816</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010127</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010349</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010431</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IMI 319418<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>, ICMP 17816</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coffea arabica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kenya</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010231</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010012</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009642</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009452</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009813</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010130</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010350</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010444</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=135.30&link_type=cbs">CBS 135.30</ext-link>, ICMP 17928</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coffea</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kenya</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010235</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010037</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009640</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009554</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009831</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IMI 301220, ICMP 17811</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coffea arabica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malawi</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010233</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009970</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009641</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009555</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009817</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010131</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010347</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010430</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. musae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=192.31&link_type=cbs">CBS 192.31</ext-link>, ICMP 17923</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indonesia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010143</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009929</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009690</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009587</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009841</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IMI 52264, ICMP 17817</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa sapientum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kenya</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010142</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010015</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009689</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009432</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009815</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010084</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010317</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010395</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 12931</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand (imported)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010140</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009995</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009688</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009442</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009756</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18600</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Philippines</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010144</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010038</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009686</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009556</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009848</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 12930</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010141</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009986</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009685</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009566</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009881</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18701</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Philippines</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010145</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010047</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009687</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009551</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009849</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116870&link_type=cbs">CBS 116870</ext-link><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>, ICMP 19119</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010146</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010050</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009742</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009433</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009896</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010103</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010335</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HQ596280</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. nupharicola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=469.96&link_type=cbs">CBS 469.96</ext-link>, ICMP 17938</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nuphar lutea</italic> subsp. <italic>polysepala</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010189</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009936</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009661</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009486</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009834</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010087</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010319</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010397</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=470.96&link_type=cbs">CBS 470.96</ext-link><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>, ICMP 18187</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nuphar lutea</italic> subsp. <italic>polysepala</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010187</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009972</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009663</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009437</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009835</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010088</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010320</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010398</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=472.96&link_type=cbs">CBS 472.96</ext-link>, ICMP 17940</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nymphaea ordorata</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010188</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010031</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009662</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009582</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009836</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010089</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010321</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010399</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. psidii</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=145.29&link_type=cbs">CBS 145.29</ext-link><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>, ICMP 19120</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Psidium</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010219</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009967</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009743</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009515</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009901</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010133</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010366</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010443</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. queenslandicum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 1778<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carica papaya</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010276</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009934</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009691</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009447</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009899</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010104</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010336</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010414</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 1780</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carica</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010186</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010010</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009693</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009504</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009900</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 12564</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Persea americana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010184</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009919</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009692</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009573</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009759</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18705</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coffea</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fiji</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010185</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010036</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009694</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009490</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009890</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010102</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010334</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010412</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. salsolae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 19051<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Salsola tragus</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hungary</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010242</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009916</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009696</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009562</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009863</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010093</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010325</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010403</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119296&link_type=cbs">CBS 119296</ext-link>, ICMP 18693</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Glycine max</italic> (inoculated)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hungary</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010241</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009917</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009695</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009559</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009791</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 12567</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Persea americana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010250</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009940</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009697</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009541</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009761</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010076</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010309</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010387</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">DAR 76934, ICMP 18574</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pistacia vera</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010270</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010002</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009707</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009535</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009798</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010080</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010313</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010391</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 12565</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Persea americana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010249</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009937</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009698</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009571</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009760</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125379&link_type=cbs">CBS 125379</ext-link>, ICMP 18643</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hymenocallis americana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010258</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010060</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GQ849451</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GQ856776</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GQ856729</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18121</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dioscorea rotundata</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nigeria</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010245</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009942</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009715</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009460</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009845</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010092</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010324</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010402</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18118</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Commelina</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nigeria</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010163</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009941</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009701</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009505</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009843</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18117</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dioscorea rotundata</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nigeria</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010266</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009954</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009700</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009574</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009842</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18739</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carica papaya</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010161</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009921</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009716</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009484</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009794</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18570</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Persea americana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010248</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009969</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009699</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009510</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009793</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18569</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Persea americana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010262</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009963</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009711</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009459</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009795</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18578<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130417&link_type=cbs">CBS 130417</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coffea arabica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thailand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010171</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009924</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>FJ917505</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>FJ907423</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009865</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010094</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010326</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010404</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HKUCC 10884, ICMP 18575</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Capsicum annuum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thailand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010256</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010059</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009717</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009455</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009785</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HKUCC 10881, ICMP 18618</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Capsicum annuum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thailand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010257</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009945</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009718</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009512</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009786</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18572</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitis vinifera</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010160</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010061</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009705</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009487</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009783</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18571</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fragaria</italic> × <italic>ananassa</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010159</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009922</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009710</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009482</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009782</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18573</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitis vinifera</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010271</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009996</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009712</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009435</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009784</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 17795</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Malus domestica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010162</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010051</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009703</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009506</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009805</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010082</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010315</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010393</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 17791</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Malus domestica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010273</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009933</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009708</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009508</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009810</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 17797</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Malus domestica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010263</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009984</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009704</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009461</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009806</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 17785</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Malus domestica</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010272</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010051</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009706</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009446</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009804</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. siamense</italic> (syn. <italic>C. hymenocallidis</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125378&link_type=cbs">CBS 125378</ext-link>(<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>), ICMP 18642</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hymenocallis americana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010278</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010019</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009709</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GQ856775</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GQ856730</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010100</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010332</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010410</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. siamense</italic> (syn. <italic>C. jasmini-sambac</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130420&link_type=cbs">CBS 130420</ext-link>(<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>), ICMP 19118</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Jasminum sambac</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vietnam</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>HM131511</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>HM131497</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009713</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>HM131507</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009895</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010105</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010337</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010415</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. theobromicola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MUCL 42295, ICMP 17958, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124250&link_type=cbs">CBS 124250</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stylosanthes guianensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010291</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009948</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009598</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009498</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009822</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010067</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010303</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010381</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18566</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Olea europaea</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010282</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009953</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009593</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009496</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009801</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010071</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010297</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010376</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18565</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Olea europaea</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010283</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010029</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009594</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009449</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009802</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010070</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010298</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010374</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18567</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Olea europaea</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010287</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009985</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009599</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009457</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009803</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010069</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010299</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010377</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18576</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Limonium</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Israel</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010279</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010022</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009595</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009532</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009771</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 17895</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Annona diversifolia</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010284</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010057</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009600</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009568</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009828</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010066</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010304</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010382</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 15445</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acca sellowiana</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010290</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010027</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009601</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009509</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009893</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125393&link_type=cbs">CBS 125393</ext-link>, ICMP 18650</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Theobroma cacao</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panama</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010280</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009982</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009590</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009503</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009872</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124945&link_type=cbs">CBS 124945</ext-link><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>, ICMP 18649</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Theobroma cacao</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panama</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010294</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010006</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009591</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009444</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009869</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010139</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010372</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010447</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 17099</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fragaria</italic> × <italic>ananassa</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010285</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009957</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009588</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009493</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009778</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 17100</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Quercus</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010281</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009947</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009596</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009507</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009781</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IMI 348152, ICMP 17814</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fragaria vesca</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010288</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010003</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009589</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009448</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009819</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010062</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010301</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010379</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. theobromicola</italic> (syn. <italic>C. fragariae</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=142.31&link_type=cbs">CBS 142.31</ext-link>(<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>), ICMP 17927</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fragaria</italic> × <italic>ananassa</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010286</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010024</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009592</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009516</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009830</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010064</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010295</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010373</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. theobromicola</italic> (syn. <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MUCL 42294(<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>), ICMP 17957, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124251&link_type=cbs">CBS 124251</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stylosanthes viscosa</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010289</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009962</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009597</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009575</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009821</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010063</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010302</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010380</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. ti</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 5285</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cordyline australis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010267</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009910</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009650</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009553</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009897</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010124</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010363</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010441</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 4832<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cordyline</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010269</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009952</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009649</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009520</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009898</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010123</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010362</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010442</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. tropicale</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MAFF 239933, ICMP 18672</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Litchi chinensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010275</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010020</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009722</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009480</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009826</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010086</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010318</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010396</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124949&link_type=cbs">CBS 124949</ext-link><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>, ICMP 18653</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Theobroma cacao</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panama</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010264</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010007</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009719</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009489</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009870</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010097</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010329</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010407</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124943&link_type=cbs">CBS 124943</ext-link>, ICMP 18651</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Annona muricata</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panama</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010277</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010014</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009720</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009570</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009868</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. xanthorrhoeae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">BRIP 45094<xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup>*</sup></xref>, ICMP 17903, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=127831&link_type=cbs">CBS 127831</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xanthorrhoea preissii</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010261</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009927</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009653</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009478</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009823</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010138</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010369</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010448</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IMI 350817a, ICMP 17820</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xanthorrhoea</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010260</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010008</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009652</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009479</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009814</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> “f.sp. <italic>camelliae</italic>”</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 10643</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Camellia</italic> × <italic>williamsii</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">UK</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010224</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009908</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009630</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009540</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009891</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010119</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010358</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010436</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 18542</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Camellia sasanqua</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010223</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009994</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009628</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009488</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009857</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010118</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010357</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010429</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP 10646</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Camellia sasanqua</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010225</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009993</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009629</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009563</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX009892</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010117</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010359</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JX010437</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN1"><label><sup>*</sup></label><p>= ex-type or authentic culture, (<sup>*</sup>) = ex-type or authentic culture of synonymised taxon. Sequences downloaded from GenBank, not generated as part of this project are in bold font. Collection abbreviations are listed in the methods.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p id="P24">Several species-trees analyses were conducted using BEAST v. 1.7.1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Drummond <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>). Species-trees combine multi-gene and multiple isolate data to reconstruct the evolutionary history of hypothesised species, rather than individual isolates. BEAST does not use concatenation, but rather co-estimates the individual gene trees embedded inside the summary species tree. It also estimates the time since each species shared a common ancestor (divergence times). For these analyses the species tree ancestral reconstruction option was selected (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R59">Heled & Drummond 2010</xref>), the gene data partitioned as for BI and the substitution model for each gene was selected based on the models selected using jModelTest. The individual isolates were grouped into sets of species by setting species names as trait values. A strict clock was used for the GAPDH gene (as an all intronic sequence it was assumed to be accumulating mutations at a steady rate) and the other gene clock rates were estimated relative to GAPDH, using an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock. The species tree prior used for all genes was the Yule process, with the ploidy type set to nuclear autosomal. Uninformative priors were used for all parameters, and were allowed to auto optimise.</p><p id="P25">The first species-tree analysis was conducted using the 158 isolate, five gene dataset, with <italic>C. boninense</italic> and <italic>C. hippeastri</italic> as the outgroups. The MCMC chain was set to 1 × 10<sup>8</sup> generations for the species complex tree and samples were taken from the posterior every 1000 generations. The analysis was run twice independently. The effective sample size (ESS) and traces of all parameters and convergence of the two runs was checked with Tracer and a summary maximum clade credibility species tree was built with TreeAnnotator v. 1.7.1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Drummond <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>) using a 10 % burn-in and a posterior probability limit of 0.5, setting the heights of each node in the tree to the mean height across the entire sample of trees for that clade. Separate analyses were conducted using all eight genes and the same restricted set of isolates chosen to represent taxa within the Musae clade and the Kahawae clade as were used for the BI analyses of the eight gene concatenated analyses outlined above. For each of the Musae and Kahawae clade analyses, the MCMC chain was set to 5 × 10<sup>7</sup> generations, but otherwise run as for the five gene dataset.</p><p id="P26">To illustrate the potential limitations of ITS to discriminate species within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex, an UPGMA tree was built of all 158 ITS sequences, using the Geneious tree builder tool. A UPGMA tree visually approximates a BLAST search, which is based on distances (and sequence length) rather than corrected nucleotide substitutions of more sophisticated, model-based analyses.</p><p id="P27">Sequences derived in this study were lodged in GenBank (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>), the concatenated alignment and trees in TreeBASE (<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="www.treebase.org">www.treebase.org</uri>) study number S12535, and taxonomic novelties in MycoBank (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">Crous <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="S7"><title>Morphology</title><p id="P28">Detailed morphological descriptions are provided only for those species with no recently published description. Few specimens were examined from infected host material; the descriptions provided are mostly from agar cultures. Cultures were grown on Difco PDA from single conidia, or from single hyphal tips for the few specimens where no conidia were formed, with culture diameter measured and appearance described after 10 d growth at 18–20 °C under mixed white and UV fluorescent tubes, 12 h light/12 h dark. Colour codes follow Kornerup & Wanscher (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R75">1963</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2.</label><caption><p>Primers used in this study, with sequences and sources.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Gene</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Product name</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Primer</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Direction</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sequence (5’–3’)</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Reference</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ACT</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Actin</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ACT-512F</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foward</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATG TGC AAG GCC GGT TTC GC</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R24">Carbone & Kohn 1999</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ACT-783R</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reverse</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TAC GAG TCC TTC TGG CCC AT</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R24">Carbone & Kohn 1999</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CAL</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Calmodulin</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CL1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foward</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GAR TWC AAG GAG GCC TTC TC</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R109">O’Donnell <italic>et al.</italic> 2000</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CL2A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reverse</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TTT TTG CAT CAT GAG TTG GAC</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R109">O’Donnell <italic>et al.</italic> 2000</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CL1C</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foward</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GAA TTC AAG GAG GCC TTC TC</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CL2C</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reverse</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CTT CTG CAT CAT GAG CTG GAC</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CHS-1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chitin synthase</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CHS-79F</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foward</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TGG GGC AAG GAT GCT TGG AAG AAG</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R24">Carbone & Kohn 1999</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CHS-345R</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reverse</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TGG AAG AAC CAT CTG TGA GAG TTG</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R24">Carbone & Kohn 1999</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GAPDH</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GDF</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foward</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GCC GTC AAC GAC CCC TTC ATT GA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R167">Templeton <italic>et al.</italic> 1992</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GDR</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reverse</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GGG TGG AGT CGT ACT TGA GCA TGT</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R167">Templeton <italic>et al.</italic> 1992</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GS</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glutamine synthetase</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GSF1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foward</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATG GCC GAG TAC ATC TGG</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R156">Stephenson <italic>et al.</italic> 1997</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GSF3</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foward</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GCC GGT GGA GGA ACC GTC G</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GSR1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reverse</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GAA CCG TCG AAG TTC CAG</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R156">Stephenson <italic>et al.</italic> 1997</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GSR2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reverse</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GAA CCG TCG AAG TTC CAC</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ITS</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Internal transcribed spacer</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ITS-1F</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foward</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CTT GGT CAT TTA GAG GAA GTA A</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R49">Gardes & Bruns 1993</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ITS-4</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reverse</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R182">White <italic>et al.</italic> 1990</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SOD2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manganese-superoxide dismutase</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SODglo2-F</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foward</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CAG ATC ATG GAG CTG CAC CA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R99">Moriwaki & Tsukiboshi 2009</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SODglo2-R</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reverse</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TAG TAC GCG TGC TCG GAC AT</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R99">Moriwaki & Tsukiboshi 2009</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TUB2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">β-Tubulin 2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">T1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Foward</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AAC ATG CGT GAG ATT GTA AGT</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R108">O’Donnell & Cigelnik 1997</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">T2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reverse</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TAG TGA CCC TTG GCC CAGT TG</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R108">O’Donnell & Cigelnik 1997</xref></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bt2b</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reverse</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ACC CTC AGT GTA GTG ACC CTT GGC</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R50">Glass & Donaldson 1995</xref></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3.</label><caption><p>Nucleotide substitution models used in phylogenetic analyses.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Gene</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>All taxa</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Musae clade</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Kahawae clade</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ITS</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TrNef+G</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TrNef+G</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TrNef</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GAPDH</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HKY+G</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TPM1uf+G</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TrN</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CAL</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TIM1+G</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TIM1+G</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TrN+G</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ACT</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HKY+G</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TrN</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JC</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">CHS-1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TrNef+G</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TrNef+G</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">K80</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GS</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TIM2+G</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TIM3+G</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">SOD2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HKY+G</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">GTR+I+G</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TUB2</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">TrN+G</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HKY+G</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p id="P29">Conidia were measured and described using conidia taken from the conidial ooze on acervuli and mounted in lactic acid, at least 24 conidia were measured for each isolate, range measurements are provided in the form (lower extreme–) 25 % quartile – 75 % quartile (–upper extreme), all ranges were rounded to the nearest 0.5 μm. Cultures were examined periodically for the development of perithecia. Ascospores were measured and described from perithecia crushed in lactic acid.</p><p id="P30">Appressoria were producing using a slide culture technique. A small square of agar was inoculated on one side with conidia and immediately covered with a sterile cover slip. After 14 d the cover slip was removed and placed in a drop of lactic acid on a glass slide.</p><p id="P31">All morphological character measurements were analysed with the statistical programme “R” v. 2.14.0 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R119">R Development Core Team 2011</xref>). The R package ggplot2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R183">Wickham 2009</xref>) was used for graphical plots. The box plots show the median, upper and lower quartiles, and the ‘whisker’ extends to the outlying data, or to a maximum of 1.5× the interquartile range, individual outliers outside this range are shown as dots.</p></sec><sec id="S8"><title>Taxa treated in the taxonomic section</title><p id="P32">Species, subspecific taxa, and <italic>formae speciales</italic> within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex are treated alphabetically by epithet. The names of <italic>formae speciales</italic> are not governed by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">McNeill <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>, Art. 4, Note 4), and are hence enclosed in quotation marks to indicate their invalid status. Other invalid names that are governed by the ICBN are also enclosed in quotation marks. Accepted names are marked with an asterisk (<sup>*</sup>). The breadth of the taxonomic names treated includes:</p><p id="P33">all taxonomic names with DNA sequence data in GenBank that place them in the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex as it has been defined here on the basis of the ITS gene tree. The sense that the names were used in GenBank may have been misapplied;</p><p id="P34">names that have been used in the literature in recent years for which a possible relationship to <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> has been suggested;</p><p id="P35">all subspecific taxa and <italic>formae speciales</italic> within <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> and <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic>.</p><p id="P36">We have not considered the full set of species in <italic>Colletotrichum, Gloeosporium</italic> and <italic>Glomerella</italic> that were placed in synonymy with <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> or <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> by von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">1954</xref>) or von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">1957</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">1970</xref>).</p><p id="P37">For each accepted species, comments are provided regarding the limitations of ITS, the official barcoding gene for fungi, to distinguish that species from others within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="S9"><title>RESULTS</title><sec id="S10"><title>Phylogenetics</title><p id="P38">DNA sequences of five genes were obtained from all 158 isolates included in the study and concatenated to form a supermatrix of 2294 bp. The gene boundaries in the alignment were: ACT: 1–316, CAL: 317–1072, CHS-1: 1073–1371, GAPDH: 1372–1679, ITS: 1680–2294. A BI analysis of the concatenated dataset is presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig.1</xref>. This tree is annotated with the species boundaries of the taxa that we accept in the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex, and the clades representing these taxa formed the basis for investigating the morphological and biological diversity of our species. Ex-type and authentic isolates are highlighted in bold and labelled with the names under which they were originally described. The posterior probability (PP) support for the grouping of most species ranges from 1 to 0.96, however support for deeper nodes is often lower, <italic>e.g.</italic> 0.53 for the root of <italic>C. ti</italic> and <italic>C. aotearoa,</italic> indicating that the branching may be uncertain for the root of these species. Branch lengths and node PP are typically lower within a species than between species.</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Fig. 1.</label><caption><p>A Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree of 156 isolates in the <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> species complex. The tree was built using concatenated sequences of the ACT, CAL, CHS-1, GAPDH, and ITS genes each with a separate model of DNA evolution. Bayesian posterior probability values ≥ 0.5 are shown above nodes. Culture accession numbers are listed along with host plant genus and country of origin. Ex-type and authentic cultures are emphasised in bold font, and include the taxonomic name as originally described. Species delimitations are indicated with grey boxes. <italic>Colletotrichum boninense</italic> and <italic>C. hippeastri</italic> isolates are used as outgroups. The scale bar indicates the number of expected changes per site.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig1A"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="115fig1B"></graphic></fig><p id="P39">The large number of taxa in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref> makes it difficult to visualise the interspecific genetic distance between the recognised species. The unrooted tree in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref> represents the results of a BI analysis based on a concatenation of all eight genes, but restricted to the ex-type or authentic cultures from each of the accepted taxa. The analysis was done without out-group taxa and clearly shows two clusters of closely related species that we informally label the Musae clade, and the Kahawae clade.</p><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Fig. 2.</label><caption><p>An unrooted Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree of ex-type and authentic cultures of the 24 taxa within the <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> species complex, illustrating their relative genetic distances, as indicated by branch lengths. There are two clusters within the species complex, the ‘Musae clade’ and the ‘Kahawae clade’. The tree was build using concatenated sequences of the ACT, TUB2, CAL, CHS-1, GAPDH, GS, ITS, and SOD2 genes each with a separate model of DNA evolution.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig2"></graphic></fig><p id="P40">To better resolve relationships within the Musae and Kahawae clades a further set of BI analyses included eight genes and, wherever possible, several representative isolates of each of the accepted species. All eight gene sequences were concatenated to form a supermatrix for each clade. For the Musae clade of 32 isolates the alignment was 4199 bp and the gene boundaries were: ACT: 1–292, TUB2: 293–1008, CAL: 1009–1746, CHS-1: 1747–2045, GAPDH: 2046–2331, GS: 2332–3238, ITS: 3239–3823, SOD2: 3824–4199. For the Kahawae clade of 30 isolates the alignment was 4107 bp and the gene boundaries were: ACT: 1–281, TUB2: 282–988, CAL: 989–1728, CHS-1: 1729–2027, GAPDH: 2028–2311, GS: 2312–3179, ITS: 3198–3733, SOD2: 3734–4107. The additional genes sequenced provided additional support for our initial species delimitations with better resolution for some closely related species. For example, the highly pathogenic coffee berry isolates (referred to here as <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>kahawae</italic>) were distinguished from other <italic>C. kahawae</italic> isolates.</p><p id="P41">Analyses based on concatenated data sets can mask incongruence between individual gene trees. The low levels of support within some parts of the species-tree analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>), in part reflects incongruence between gene trees. The levels of support for the Kahawae clade and for the Musae clade are strong (PP=1) but the species that we accept within these clades have lower levels of support than is shown between the other species outside of the clades. The scale bar in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref> represents a time scale, calibrated at zero for the present day, and at 1 for the last common ancestor (LCA) of the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> and <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complexes. The separate species-tree analyses for the Musae and Kahawae clades provide a finer resolution of evolutionary history within each clade, the time scale based on the same calibration as <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>.</p><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Fig. 3.</label><caption><p>A Bayesian inference species-tree of the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex. The tree was built by grouping all 158 isolates into species and simultaneously estimating the individual five gene trees (ACT, CAL, CHS-1, GAPDH, and ITS) and the summary species tree using BEAST. The scale is an uncalibrated clock set relative to the last common ancestor of the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> and <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complexes.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig3"></graphic></fig><p id="P42">The UPGMA-based ITS gene tree (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Fig 6</xref>). shows that <italic>C. theobromicola, C. horii, C. gloeosporioides, G. cingulata</italic> “f. sp.<italic>camelliae</italic>”<italic>, C. asianum, C. musae, C. alatae, C. xanthorrhoeae</italic> all form monophyletic clades and may be distinguished with ITS, but many species are unable to be discriminated using this gene alone. Note that <italic>C. cordylinicola</italic> and <italic>C. psidii</italic> are represented by a single isolate, meaning that variation within ITS sequences across these species has not been tested.</p></sec><sec id="S11"><title>Morphology and biology</title><p id="P43">Brief morphological descriptions, based on all specimens examined, are provided for only those species with no recently published description. Conidial sizes for all accepted species are summarised in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Fig. 7</xref>. Within a species, conidial sizes are reasonably consistent across isolates, independent of geographic origin or host. However, differences between species are often slight and size ranges often overlap (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Fig. 7</xref>). The shape of appressoria is generally consistent within a species, some being simple in outline, others complex and highly lobed.</p><fig id="F7" position="float"><label>Fig. 7.</label><caption><p>Box plots showing the variation in length and width of conidia produced by the cultures examined in this study. The dashed lines show the mean length (16.74 μm) and width (5.1 μm) across the species complex (n = 1958).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig7"></graphic></fig><p id="P44">Several species are characterised in part by the development of perithecia in culture. These include four species in the Musae clade (<italic>C. alienum</italic>, C<italic>. fructicola, C. queenslandicum</italic>, and <italic>C. salsolae</italic>) and three in the Kahawae clade (<italic>C. clidemiae, C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic>, and <italic>C. ti</italic>). Ascospore size and shape can be a useful species-level diagnostic feature (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Fig. 8</xref>). In most species the ascospores are strongly curved and typically tapering towards the ends, but in <italic>C. clidemiae</italic> and <italic>C. ti</italic>, they are more or less elliptic with broadly rounded ends and not, or only slightly, curved. Individual isolates within any of these species may lose the ability to form perithecia, perhaps associated with cultural changes during storage.</p><fig id="F8" position="float"><label>Fig. 8.</label><caption><p>Box plots showing the variation in length and width of ascospores produced by the cultures examined in this study. The dashed lines show the mean length (17.46 μm) and width (4.8 μm) across the species complex (n = 452).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig8"></graphic></fig><p id="P45">Large, dark-walled stromatic structures are present in the cultures of some species not known to form perithecia. Often embedded in agar, less commonly on the surface or amongst the aerial mycelium, these structures differ from perithecia in comprising a compact tissue of tightly tangled hyphae rather than the pseudoparenchymatous, angular cells typical of perithecial walls. They have a soft, leathery texture compared to the more brittle perithecia. These stromatic structures sometimes develop a conidiogenous layer internally, and following the production of conidia they may split open irregularly, folding back to form a stromatic, acervulus-like structure. These kind of structures are also formed by some species in the <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2012b</xref>, this issue).</p><p id="P46">The macroscopic appearance of the cultures is often highly divergent within a species (<italic>e.g. C. fructicola</italic> and <italic>C. theobromicola),</italic> in most cases probably reflecting different storage histories of the isolates examined. Prolonged storage, especially with repeated subculturing, results in staling of the cultures, the aerial mycelium often becoming dense and uniform in appearance and colour, and a loss of conidial and perithecial production, and variable in growth rate (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Fig. 9</xref>). In some species, individual single ascospore or single conidial isolates show two markedly different cultural types, see notes under <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic>.</p><fig id="F9" position="float"><label>Fig. 9.</label><caption><p>A box plot of the diameter of cultures grown on PDA agar at 18 °C for 10 d. The dashed line shows the mean culture size (61.56 mm) across the species complex (n = 719). Note that the data is skewed by some fast growing cultures that reached the agar plate diam (85 mm) in under 10 d.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig9"></graphic></fig><p id="P47">Some species appear to be host specialised, <italic>e.g. C. horii, C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>kahawae, C. nupharicola, C. salsolae, C. ti</italic>, and <italic>C. xanthorrhoeae</italic>, but those most commonly isolated have broad host and geographic ranges, <italic>e.g. C. fructicola, C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro, C. siamense,</italic> and <italic>C. theobromicola. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides s. str.</italic> is commonly isolated from <italic>Citrus</italic> in many parts of the world, but has been isolated from other hosts as well, such as <italic>Ficus, Mangifera, Pueraria</italic>, and <italic>Vitis</italic>. Not all of the species with a broad host range are found everywhere, for example in New Zealand <italic>C. alienum</italic> is commonly associated with cultivated fruits, whereas species such as <italic>C. siamense</italic> and <italic>C. fructicola</italic>, common on these same cultivated fruits in other parts of the world, have not been reported from New Zealand.</p></sec><sec id="S12"><title>Taxonomy</title><p id="P48">Based on results of the multigene concatenated BI phylogenies, we accept 22 species plus one subspecies within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex. Isolates authentic for <italic>G. cingulata</italic> “f. sp. <italic>camelliae</italic>” form a genetically distinct group, but this is not formally named because of doubts over its relationship to <italic>C. camelliae</italic>. Based on DNA sequence comparisons, a few other isolates almost certainly represent additional unnamed species. We do not formally describe them because most are known from a single isolate, often stale, with little understanding of either their morphological or biological diversity. In the Musae clade these include ICMP 18614 and ICMP 18616, both from grape from Japan, and ICMP 18726 from pawpaw from the Cook Islands, and in the Kahawae clade ICMP 18699 from chestnut from Japan. These isolates are not included in the phylogenies in this study, but DNA sequences from these isolates have been accessioned into GenBank (ITS: JX009423–JX009428, GAPDH: JX009416–JX009422, ACT: JX009404–JX009407, CAL: JX009408–JX009411, CHS-1: JX009412–JX009415).</p><p id="P49">Many of the species that we recognise fall into one of two clades, the informally named Musae clade and Kahawae clade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>). Each clade contains several species that are phylogenetically well supported in multi-gene analyses, but within the clades branch lengths are short because of the small number of phylogenetically informative characters. This is reflected in the low support values in the gene tree analyses for the species we accept within that clade (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4</xref>). Both the Musae and Kahawae clades contain ex-type or authentic cultures from several long accepted species. In this work we have made a pragmatic decision to minimise taxonomic disruption, so that monophyletic subclades within the Kahawae and Musae clades are accepted as species where they include ex-type or authentic cultures. The Musae clade thus includes <italic>C. fructicola, C. musae, C. nupharicola, C. siamense</italic>, and <italic>C. tropicale</italic>; and the Kahawae clade includes <italic>C. cordylinicola, C. psidii</italic>, and <italic>C. kahawae</italic>. Also belonging in the latter is <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> “f. sp. <italic>camelliae</italic>”. To provide a consistent taxonomic treatment of the subclades resolved within the Musae and Kahawae clades, several new species and one new subspecies are proposed. In the Musae clade these are <italic>C. aenigma, C. aeschynomenes, C. alienum, C. queenslandicum</italic>, and <italic>C. salsolae</italic>; in the Kahawae clade <italic>C. aotearoa, C. clidemiae, C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic>, and <italic>C. ti</italic>. The other accepted species, well resolved in all of the gene trees, are <italic>C. alatae, C. asianum, C. gloeosporioides, C. horii, C. theobromicola</italic>, and <italic>C. xanthorrhoeae</italic>.</p><fig id="F4" position="float"><label>Fig. 4.</label><caption><p>A Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree of 32 selected isolates in the Musae clade of the <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> species complex. The tree was build using concatenated sequences of the ACT, TUB2, CAL, CHS-1, GAPDH, GS, ITS, and SOD2 genes each with a separate model of DNA evolution. Other details as per <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig.1</xref>. B. A species-tree constructed from the same data, the scale is an clock set relative to the last common ancestor of the Musae clade and <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. str.</italic>, as calibrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig4"></graphic></fig><p id="P50"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum aenigma</italic></bold> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB563759&link_type=mb">MB563759</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Fig. 10</xref>.</p><fig id="F10" position="float"><label>Fig. 10.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum aenigma</italic>. A, C, D, E, F. ICMP 18608 – ex-holotype culture. B. ICMP 18616. A–B. Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below. C–D. Conidia. E–F. Appressoria. Scale bar C = 20 μm. Scale bar of C applies to C–F.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig10"></graphic></fig><p id="P51"><italic>Etymology</italic>: from the Latin <italic>aenigma</italic>, based on the enigmatic biological and geographic distribution of this species.</p><p id="P52"><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>Israel</bold>, on <italic>Persea americana</italic>, coll. S. Freeman Avo-37-4B, PDD 102233; ex-holotype culture ICMP 18608.</p><p id="P53"><italic>Colonies</italic> grown from single conidia on Difco PDA 30–35 mm diam after 10 d. Aerial mycelium sparse, cottony, white, surface of agar uniformly pale orange (7A5) towards centre, more or less colourless towards edge, conidia not associated with well differentiated acervuli and no masses of conidial ooze. In reverse pale orange towards centre. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> arising haphazardly from dense, tangled hyphae across agar surface, short-cylindric with a poorly differentiated conidiogenous locus. <italic>Conidia</italic> often germinating soon after release, sometimes forming appressoria, so forming a thin, compact, layer of germinated, septate conidia, germ tubes, and appressoria across the central part of the colony surface. Conidia (12–)14–15(–16.5) × (5–)6–6.5(–7.5) μm (av. 14.5 × 6.1 μm, n = 53), cylindric with broadly rounded ends. <italic>Appressoria</italic> 6–10 μm diam, subglobose or with a few broad lobes.</p><p id="P54"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: known from only two collections, one from <italic>Pyrus pyrifolia</italic> from Japan, the other from <italic>Persea americana</italic> from Israel.</p><p id="P55"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ITS sequences are insufficient to separate <italic>C. aenigma</italic> from <italic>C. alienum</italic> and some <italic>C. siamense</italic> isolates. These taxa are best distinguished using TUB2 or GS.</p><p id="P56"><italic>Notes</italic>: Although the biology of this species is more or less unknown, it has been found in two widely separate regions and is, therefore, likely to be found to be geographically widespread in the future. Genetically distinct within the Musae clade, this species has a distinctive appearance in culture with sparse, pale aerial mycelium and lacking differentiated acervuli.</p><p id="P57"><italic>Other specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Japan</bold>, on <italic>Pyrus pyrifolia</italic>, coll. H. Ishii Nashi-10 (ICMP 18686).</p><p id="P58"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum aeschynomenes</italic></bold> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB563590&link_type=mb">MB563590</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Fig. 11</xref>.</p><fig id="F11" position="float"><label>Fig. 11.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum aeschynomenes</italic>. ICMP 17673 – ex-holotype culture. A–C. Appressoria. D. Conidiogenous cells. E. Conidia. F. Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below. Scale bar of A = 20 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–E.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig11"></graphic></fig><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>aeschynomenes</italic>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">Daniel <italic>et al.</italic> 1973</xref>, as <italic>aeschynomene</italic>).</p></list-item></list><p id="P59"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Based on <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>aeschynomenes</italic>”, referring to the host from which this species was originally described.</p><p id="P60"><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>, Arkansas, on <italic>Aeschynomene virginica</italic> stem lesion, coll. D. TeBeest 3-1-3, PDD 101995; ex-type culture ICMP 17673 = ATCC 201874.</p><p id="P61"><italic>Colonies</italic> grown from single conidia on Difco PDA 25–35 mm diam after 10 d, aerial mycelium sparse, cottony, white, surface of colony with numerous acervuli, some with dark bases, with orange conidial ooze; in reverse more or less colourless apart from the dark acervuli and orange conidial masses showing through the agar. <italic>Conidia</italic> (14–)17–18.5(–20) × 4(–5) μm (av. 17.6 × 4.1 μm, n = 30), cylindric, straight, tapering slightly near both ends. <italic>Appressoria</italic> mostly elliptic to subfusoid, deeply lobed. Perithecia not seen.</p><p id="P62"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: Reported only from USA, pathogenic to <italic>Aeschynomeme.</italic></p><p id="P63"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ITS sequences do not distinguish <italic>C. aeschynomenes</italic> from <italic>C. fructicola</italic>. These taxa are best distinguished using TUB2, GAPDH, or GS.</p><p id="P64"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>aeschynomenes</italic>” has been used to refer to isolates pathogenic to <italic>Aeschynomene virginica</italic>, later developed as the weed biocontrol agent Collego (references in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">Ditmore <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>). It has also been reported from a range of other hosts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R166">TeBeest 1988</xref>). Our analyses, based on a single, authentic strain of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>aeschynomenes</italic>” (TeBeest 3.1.3, apparently the source of the single spore isolate originally used in the development of Collego, Ditmore <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">2008</xref>)) show it to be genetically distinct within the Musae clade of the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex. Genetically close to the geographically and biologically diverse <italic>C. siamense</italic>, it differs morphologically from this species in having slightly longer and narrower conidia which taper slightly toward the ends, and in having larger, strongly lobed appressoria.</p><p id="P65">An isolate deposited as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. sp. <italic>aeschynomenes</italic> in CBS (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=796.72&link_type=cbs">CBS 796.72</ext-link>) by G.E. Templeton, one of the early <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. sp. <italic>aeschynomenes</italic> researchers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">Daniel <italic>et al.</italic> 1973</xref>), is genetically distinct to TeBeest 3.1.3 and has been identified by Damm <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">2012a</xref>, this issue) as <italic>C. godetiae</italic>, a member of the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> complex. The strain that we examined (Te Beest 3.1.3) matches genetically another strain often cited in the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. sp. <italic>aeschynomenes</italic> literature (Clar-5a = ATCC 96723) (GenBank JX131331). It is possible that two distinct species, both highly pathogenic to <italic>Aeschynomene</italic> in Arkansas, have been confused. A survey of additional isolates of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> highly virulent to <italic>Aeschynomene</italic> in Arkansas would clarify the interpretation of the past literature on this pathogen. For example, <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>aeschynomenes</italic>” was initially reported as specific to <italic>Aeschynomene virginica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">Daniel <italic>et al.</italic> 1973</xref>), while later studies reported isolates putatively of the same taxon, to have a wider host range (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R166">TeBeest 1988</xref>).</p><p id="P66">Cisar <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R30">1994</xref>) reported fertile ascospores from crosses between isolates identified as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>aeschynomenes</italic>” and isolates of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>jussiaeae</italic>”, a pathogen of <italic>Jussiaea decurrens</italic>. The position of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>jussiaeae</italic>” within our phylogeny is not known, but these taxa could prove useful for better understanding of the biological differences between phylogenetically defined species of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic>.</p><p id="P67"><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>, Arkansas, on <italic>Aeschynomene virginica</italic> stem lesion, coll. D. TeBeest 3.1.3 (ICMP 17673 = ATCC 201874).</p><p id="P68"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum alatae</italic></bold> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB563747&link_type=mb">MB563747</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">Fig. 12</xref>.</p><fig id="F12" position="float"><label>Fig. 12.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum alatae</italic>. ICMP 18122. A. Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below. B–C. Appressoria. D. Conidiogenous cells and conidia. E. Conidia. F. Setae. Scale bars B, F = 20 μm. Scale bar of B applies to B–E.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig12"></graphic></fig><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> “f. <italic>alatae</italic>” R.D. Singh, Prasad & R.L. Mathur, Indian Phytopathol. 19: 69. 1966. [nom. inval., no Latin description, no type designated].</p></list-item></list><p id="P69"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Based on the invalid name <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “f. <italic>alatae</italic>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R148">Singh <italic>et al.</italic> 1966</xref>), referring to <italic>Dioscorea alata</italic>, the scientific name for yam.</p><p id="P70"><italic>Holotype:</italic><bold>India</bold>, Rajasthan, Udaipur, on <italic>Dioscorea alata</italic> leaves and stems, coll. K.L. Kothari & J. Abramham, 1959, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-6939&link_type=cbs">CBS H-6939</ext-link>; ex-type culture and putatively authentic isolate of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>alatae</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=304.67&link_type=cbs">CBS 304.67</ext-link> = ICMP 17919.</p><p id="P71"><italic>Colonies</italic> grown from single conidia on Difco PDA 30–40 mm diam after 10 d. Ex-holotype culture looks “stale”, with low, felted, dense, pale grey aerial mycelium, orange agar surface showing through near the margin, scattered dark based acervuli with orange conidial masses near centre; in reverse deep pinkish orange with patches of grey pigment near centre. ICMP 18122 with aerial mycelium sparse, colony surface with numerous discrete, dark-based acervuli with bright orange conidial ooze, margin of colony feathery; in reverse irregular sectors with pale grey pigment within the grey, otherwise colourless apart from the colour of the acervuli and conidial masses. <italic>Conidia</italic> (14.5–)18–19.5(–23.5) × (4.5–)5–5.5(–6.5) μm (av. 18.9 × 5.2 μm, n = 40), cylindric, straight, ends rounded, a few tapering towards the basal end. <italic>Appressoria</italic> mostly simple, elliptic to fusoid in shape, sometime developing broad, irregular lobes, about 7–13.5 × 5–10.5 μm. Perithecia not seen.</p><p id="P72"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: Known only from yam (<italic>Dioscorea alata</italic>), from Nigeria, Barbardos, India, Guadeloupe.</p><p id="P73"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ITS sequences distinguish <italic>C. alatae</italic> from all other taxa.</p><p id="P74"><italic>Notes</italic>: Anthracnose diseases of yam are found throughout the regions where the host is grown (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R186">Winch <italic>et al.</italic> 1984</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R117">Prasad & Singh 1960</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R148">Singh <italic>et al.</italic> 1966</xref>, Abang <italic>et al.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">2003</xref>). Isolates from diseased yam leaves are morphologically (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R186">Winch <italic>et al.</italic> 1984</xref>) and genetically (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">Abang <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>) diverse. Both of these authors used a broad species concept, grouping all isolates sourced from yam under the single name <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>. In this paper we accept part of that diversity to represent a distinct species, newly described here as <italic>C. alatae</italic>. The type specimen of <italic>C. alatae</italic> matches the SGG (slow growing grey) group of Abang <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2002</xref>), the group that these authors found to be more pathogenic to yam than the other morphological and genetic groups they recognised within <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>. In addition to the Nigerian isolates of Abang <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2002</xref>), isolates from yam from Barbados (isolates SAS8 and SAS9 from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R155">Sreenivasaprasad <italic>et al.</italic> 1996</xref>), Guadeloupe (GenBank accession GQ495617) and India (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=304.67&link_type=cbs">CBS 304.67</ext-link> and GenBank accession FJ940734) belong in this clade, while no isolates from other hosts have been found.</p><p id="P75">Other isolates from yam that we sequenced included some representing the Abang <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2002</xref>) FGS group (Abang Cg22 = ICMP 18120, Abang Cg13 = ICMP 18125, Abang CgS6 = ICMP 18117, Abang CgS2 = ICMP 18121), a group distinguished from the highly pathogenic SGG isolates by faster growth in culture and shorter conidia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">Abang <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>). Two of these isolates (ICMP 18120, 18125) genetically match <italic>C. fructicola</italic>, the others match <italic>C. siamense</italic>.</p><p id="P76">Several names have been applied to <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> specimens from anthracnose of yam stems and leaves, including <italic>Gloeosporium pestis</italic> Massee, <italic>G.</italic> “<italic>dioscoreae</italic>” Sawada (nom. inval.; no Latin diagnosis), <italic>Colletotrichum dioscoreae</italic> Av.-Saccá 1917, and C. <italic>dioscoreae</italic> Tehon 1933. In addition, <italic>Gloeosporium bomplandii</italic> Speg. was described from a host doubtfully identified as <italic>Dioscorea</italic>. Because of the broad genetic diversity of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp. associated with diseased yam, the lack of cultures from any of these early type specimens, and the uncertainty to which part of the yam-associated diversity they correspond, we have chosen not to use these names for our newly recognised, yam-specialised pathogen. Whether the post-harvest tuber rot referred to as dead skin disease of yam (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Abang <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R53">Green & Simmons 1994</xref>) is caused by the same <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> population as associated with diseased foliage is not known.</p><p id="P77"><italic>Other specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Nigeria</bold>, Kpite, on <italic>Dioscorea alata</italic> leaf, coll. M.M. Abang Cg25, 2001 (ICMP 18122).</p><p id="P78"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum alienum</italic></bold> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB563591&link_type=mb">MB563591</ext-link>. Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">13</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">14</xref>.</p><fig id="F13" position="float"><label>Fig. 13.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum alienum</italic>. A, E, F. ICMP 12071 – ex-holotype culture. B. ICMP 18703. C–D. ICMP 12068. G–I. ICMP 18691 (ex DAR 37820). A–B. Appressoria. C–D. Asci and ascospores. E. Conidia. F. Conidiogenous cells. G. Appressoria. H. Conidia. I. Conidiogenous cells. Scale bar D = 20 μm. Scale bar of D applies to A–I.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig13"></graphic></fig><fig id="F14" position="float"><label>Fig. 14.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum alienum</italic>. A. ICMP 12071 – ex-holotype culture. B. ICMP 12068. C. ICMP 18691 (ex DAR 37820). A–C. Cultures on PDA, 10 days growth from single conidia, from above and below.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig14"></graphic></fig><p id="P79"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Based on the biology of this species, confined to exotic hosts and presumed to be a recent introduction to Australasia.</p><p id="P80"><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>New Zealand</bold>, Auckland, Kumeu research orchard, <italic>Malus domestica</italic> fruit rot, coll. P.R. Johnston C824, 14 Aug. 1987, PDD 101996; ex-type culture ICMP 12071.</p><p id="P81"><italic>Colonies</italic> grown from single conidia on Difco PDA 85 mm diam after 10 d. Colonies often with distinct sectors; some with cottony, grey aerial mycelium with numerous dark-based acervuli and orange conidial ooze visible through the mycelium; others with dense, cottony to felted mycelium, fewer acervuli and these hidden by the dense mycelium. In reverse, irregular dark grey patches and sectors masking the pale orange coloured pigmentation. ICMP 18691 looks “stale” with slow growth, dense, pale aerial mycelium and sparse conidial production and no perithecia. <italic>Conidia</italic> (12.5–) 15.5–17.5(–22) × (3–)5–5.5(–6) μm (av. 16.5 × 5.0 μm, n = 70), cylindric with broadly rounded ends. <italic>Appressoria</italic> mostly simple, globose to short-cylindric, a few with broad, irregular lobes; ICMP 18691 has mostly lobed appressoria. <italic>Perithecia</italic> forming in most cultures after about 10 d, dark-walled, globose with short, narrow ostiolar neck. <italic>Ascospores</italic> (14.5–)17–19.5(–22) × 4–5(–6) μm (av. 18.1 × 4.6 μm, n = 55), cylindric, curved, tapering slightly to each end.</p><p id="P82"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: Known only from Australia and New Zealand, common on a wide range of introduced fruit crops.</p><p id="P83"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ITS sequences do not separate <italic>C. alienum</italic> from some <italic>C. siamense</italic> isolates. These taxa are best distinguished using CAL or GS.</p><p id="P84"><italic>Notes</italic>: Common on commercial fruit crops, this fungus was referred to as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> Group A by Johnston & Jones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R70">1997</xref>) and Johnston <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R71">2005</xref>).</p><p id="P85"><italic>Other specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, New South Wales, Murwillumbah, on <italic>Persea americana</italic> (DAR 37820 = IMI 313842 = ICMP 18691). <bold>New Zealand</bold>, Auckland, Oratia, Shaw Rd, on <italic>Malus domestica</italic> fruit rot, coll. P.R. Johnston C938.5, 14 Apr. 1988 (ICMP 18725); Bay of Plenty, Katikati, on <italic>Diospyros kaki</italic> ripe fruit rot, coll. M.A. Manning, Jun. 1989 (ICMP 17972); Bay of Plenty, Te Puke, on <italic>Persea americana</italic> ripe fruit rot, coll. W.F.T. Hartill, 2 Feb. 1988 (ICMP 18704); Bay of Plenty, Te Puna, on <italic>Persea americana</italic> ripe fruit rot, coll. W.F.T. Hartill, 25 Jan. 1988 (ICMP 18703); Bay of Plenty, on <italic>Persea americana</italic> ripe fruit rot, coll. W.F.T. Hartill, Feb. 1991 (ICMP 18621); Waikato, Hamilton, on <italic>Malus domestica</italic> fruit rot, coll. G.I. Robertson, May 1988 (ICMP 12068).</p><p id="P86"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum aotearoa</italic></bold> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB800213&link_type=mb">MB800213</ext-link>. Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">15</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">16</xref>.</p><fig id="F15" position="float"><label>Fig. 15.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum aotearoa</italic>. A. ICMP 17324. B. ICMP 18529. C. ICMP 18548. D. 18532. E. ICMP 18540. A–C. Appressoria. D. Conidiogenous cells. E. Conidia. Scale bar A = 20 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–E.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig15"></graphic></fig><fig id="F16" position="float"><label>Fig. 16.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum aotearoa</italic>. A. ICMP 18537 – ex-holotype culture. B. ICMP 18548. C. ICMP 18532. D. ICMP 18740. E. ICMP 18533. F. ICMP 18530. A–F. Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig16"></graphic></fig><p id="P87"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Based on the Maori name for New Zealand; most isolates from native New Zealand plants belong here.</p><p id="P88"><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>New Zealand</bold>, Auckland, Glen Innes, Auckland University campus, on <italic>Coprosma</italic> sp. incubated berries, coll. B. Weir C1282.4, 30 Apr 2009, PDD 101076; ex-type culture ICMP 18537.</p><p id="P89"><italic>Colonies</italic> grown from single conidia on Difco PDA 70–85 mm diam after 10 d, several isolates with restricted growth, 50–55 mm diam with an irregularly scalloped margin. Aerial mycelium cottony to dense cottony, tufted near centre, grey to dark grey, scattered, small, dark-based acervuli and large, globose, stromatic structures partially embedded in agar, these sometimes splitting apart and forming conidia. In reverse typically with pinkish-orange pigments, variable in intensity, in some isolates this colour partially hidden by more or less concentric bands of dark grey pigment. <italic>Conidia</italic> (12–)16–17.5(–21.5) × (4.5–)5–5.5(–6.5) μm (av. 16.9 × 5.2 μm, n = 216), cylindric, straight, apex broadly rounded, often tapering slightly towards subtruncate base, 0-septate, hyaline. <italic>Appressoria</italic> variable in shape, simple to broadly lobed, sometimes in groups, sometimes intercalary, about 7–17 × 4–9.5 μm. <italic>Perithecia</italic> not seen in culture.</p><p id="P90"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: Confirmed only from New Zealand, but GenBank records suggest <italic>C. aotearoa</italic> also occurs in China (see below). In New Zealand this species is common on a taxonomically diverse set of native plants, as both a fruit rot and a leaf endophyte, and has also been isolated from leaves of several species of naturalised weeds.</p><p id="P91"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ITS sequences do not separate <italic>C. aotearoa</italic> from several taxa in the Kahawae and Musae clades. This species can be distinguished using several other genes, including TUB2, CAL, GS, and GAPDH.</p><p id="P92"><italic>Notes</italic>: All isolates in the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex from New Zealand native plants studied here belong in the Kahawae clade, and most of these are <italic>C. aotearoa</italic>; a small number of leaf endophyte isolates from New Zealand native trees are <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic>. The <italic>C. aotearoa</italic> isolates have been isolated as endophytes from symptomless leaves as well as from rotting fruit from native trees. Morphologically indistinguishable from isolates of <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic>, this species is distinguished genetically with all genes sampled, except ITS. The GAPDH gene tree splits <italic>C. aotearoa</italic> into two well supported clades, but these do not correlate to any other features, either geographic or biological. Isolates associated with distinctive and common leaf spots on <italic>Meryta sinclairii</italic>, first recorded by Beever (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">1984</xref>), belong in this species. Whether isolates of <italic>C. aotearoa</italic> from other hosts are able to cause the same disease on <italic>Meryta</italic> is not known.</p><p id="P93">Also in <italic>C. aotearoa</italic> are a range of isolates from weeds that have become naturalised in New Zealand. We assume that <italic>C. aotearoa</italic> is a New Zealand native species. It has a broad host range amongst native plants and has apparently jumped host to some weeds. It has never been found associated with cultivated plants or as a rot of cultivated fruit.</p><p id="P94"><italic>Colletotrichum aotearoa</italic> may also occur in China. ITS sequences from isolates from <italic>Boehmeria</italic> from China (GenBank records GQ120479 and GQ120480) from Wang <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R178">2010</xref>) match exactly a set of <italic>C. aotearoa</italic> isolates. ITS between-species differences within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex are very small, so this match needs confirming with additional genes. <italic>C. aotearoa</italic> was referred to as Undescribed Group 2 by Silva et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R141">2012b</xref>).</p><p id="P95"><italic>Other specimens examined</italic>: <bold>New Zealand</bold>, Auckland, Freemans Bay, on <italic>Vitex lucens</italic> fruit, coll. P.R. Johnston C1252.1, 26 Aug. 2007 (ICMP 18532; PDD 92930). on <italic>Berberis</italic> sp. leaf spot, coll. N. Waipara C69 (ICMP 18734); Auckland, Mangere, on <italic>Berberis glaucocarpa</italic> leaf spot, coll. N. Waipara C7, Jun. 2007 (ICMP 18528); Auckland, Waitakere Ranges, on <italic>Kunzea ericoides</italic> leaf endophyte, coll. S. Joshee 7Kun3.5, Jan. 2004 (ICMP 17324); Auckland, Waitakere Ranges, on <italic>Prumnopitys ferruginea</italic> leaf endophyte, coll. S. Joshee 8Mb5.1, Jan. 2004 (ICMP 18533); Auckland, Waitakere Ranges, on <italic>Dacrycarpus dacrydioides</italic> leaf endophyte, coll. S. Joshee 5K5.9, Jan. 2004 (ICMP 18535); Auckland, St Johns, Auckland University campus, on <italic>Coprosma</italic> sp. incubated berries, coll. B. Weir C1282.1, 30 Apr. 2009 (ICMP 18577); Auckland, Mt Albert, on <italic>Acmena smithii</italic> lesions fruit, coll. P.R. Johnston C847, 9 Sep. 1987 (ICMP 18529); Auckland, Glen Innes, Auckland University campus, on <italic>Coprosma</italic> sp. incubated berries, coll. B. Weir C1282.3, 30 Apr. 2009 (ICMP 18536); Auckland, Orakei, on <italic>Ligustrum lucidum</italic> leaf spot, coll. C. Winks & D. Than M136.3 (ICMP 18748); Auckland, Waitakere Ranges, on <italic>Podocarpus totara</italic> leaf endophyte, coll. S. Joshee 3T5.6, Jan. 2004 (ICMP 17326); Auckland, Waitakere Ranges, Huia, on <italic>Geniostoma ligustrifolium</italic> leaf endophyte, coll. S. Bellgard M128, 8 Jul. 2010 (ICMP 18540); Auckland, Waitakere Ranges, Huia, on <italic>Coprosma</italic> sp. rotten berry, coll. S. Bellgard M130-2, 8 Jul. 2010 (ICMP 18541); Auckland, Waiheke Island, Palm Beach, on <italic>Meryta sinclairii</italic> leaf spot, coll. P.R. Johnston C1310.1, 21 Mar. 2010 (PDD 99186; ICMP 18742); Auckland, Tiritiri Island, on <italic>Dysoxylum spectabile</italic> fruit rot, coll. P.R. Johnston C1220, 12 Feb. 1997 (PDD 67042; ICMP 18740); Northland, Whangaruru, on <italic>Vitex lucens</italic> fruit rot, coll. P.R. Johnston C880.1, L. Brako, P. Berry, 28 Jan. 1988 (PDD 48408; ICMP 18530); on <italic>Berberis</italic> sp. leaf spot, coll. N. Waipara C77 (ICMP 18735), on <italic>Lonicera japonica</italic> leaf spot, coll. N. Waipara J3 (ICMP 18736); Wellington, Waikanae, on <italic>Coprosma</italic> sp. leaf, coll. B. Weir C1285, 14 May 2009 (ICMP 18548); Auckland, Wenderholm Regional Park, on <italic>Melicytus ramiflorus</italic> leaf endophyte, coll. G.C. Carroll MELRA, 16 Sep. 2009 (ICMP 18543).</p><p id="P96"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum asianum</italic></bold> Prihastuti, L. Cai & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 39: 96. 2009. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F17">Fig. 17</xref>.</p><fig id="F17" position="float"><label>Fig. 17.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum asianum</italic>. A. ICMP 18648 (ex <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124960&link_type=cbs">CBS 124960</ext-link>). B. ICMP 18580 (ex MFLU 090234). C. ICMP 18603 (ex MAFF 306627). D. ICMP 18604 (ex HKUCC 18602). E. ICMP 18696 (ex IMI 313839). A–E. Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig17"></graphic></fig><p id="P97">Prihastuti <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R118">2009</xref>) provide a description of this species.</p><p id="P98"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: Known on <italic>Mangifera indica</italic> from Australia, Colombia, Japan, Panama, Philippines, and Thailand; also reported on <italic>Coffea arabica</italic> from Thailand.</p><p id="P99"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: <italic>Colletotrichum asianum</italic> is distinguished from all other taxa using any of the genes tested, including ITS.</p><p id="P100"><italic>Notes</italic>: Although the type specimen is from coffee, this fungus is isolated commonly from mango (<italic>Mangifera indica</italic>) (<italic>e.g.</italic> Morphological Group 1 from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R168">Than <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>; IMI 313839 from Australia; MAFF 306627 from Japan). Isolates referred to <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> indet. sp. 1 by Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">2010</xref>), also associated with mango fruit rots, again match <italic>C. asianum</italic>. Based on ITS sequences, isolates Man-63 and Man-69 cited by Afanador-Kafuri <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">2003</xref>) from mango from Colombia, are probably also <italic>C. asianum</italic>. Several papers have reported genetically uniform populations of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> associated with <italic>M. indica</italic> around the world (<italic>e.g.</italic> Hodson <italic>et al.</italic> 1993, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">Alahakoon <italic>et al.</italic> 1994</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R127">Sanders & Korsten 2003</xref>) and these perhaps also represent <italic>C. asianum</italic>, although DNA sequences are not available to confirm this.</p><p id="P101">Three earlier species, originally described from leaves rather than fruit of <italic>Mangifera</italic>, may provide earlier names for <italic>C. asianum</italic> but type material for these species has not been examined in this study; <italic>C. mangiferae</italic> Kelkar, <italic>Gloeosporium mangiferae</italic> Henn. 1898, and <italic>G. mangiferae</italic> Racib. 1900. As with most substrates, several different species of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> often occur on the same host. For example, Damm <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">2012a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">b</xref>, this issue) report members of the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> and <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complexes, <italic>C. simmondsii, C. fioriniae</italic>, and <italic>C. karstii</italic>, from mango from Australia.</p><p id="P102">Isolates from <italic>Capsicum</italic> reported by Than <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R168">2008</xref>) as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> Morphological Group 2 (<italic>e.g.</italic> isolates Ku4 = ICMP 18575 and Ku8 = ICMP 18618), were referred to as <italic>C. asianum</italic> by Hyde <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R65">2009</xref>), however they are genetically distinct from <italic>C. asianum</italic> and belong to <italic>C. siamense</italic> based on our analyses.</p><p id="P103">The <italic>C. asianum</italic> protologue designates the holotype as MFLU 090234, and the culture derived from the holotype as “BCC” with no strain number. The ex-holotype culture is listed as BDP-I4 in the Prihastuti <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R118">2009</xref>) <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>, but this number is not mentioned in the description. Culture BDP-I4 was obtained from the authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R118">Prihastuti <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>) for this study.</p><p id="P104"><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, New South Wales, Sextonville, on <italic>Mangifera indica</italic>, 1987 (IMI 313839 = ICMP 18696). <bold>Philippines</bold>, on <italic>Mangifera indica</italic> (MAFF 306627 = ICMP 18603). <bold>Thailand</bold>, Chiang Mai, on <italic>Mangifera indica</italic> fruit, coll. P.P. Than M3 (HKUCC 10862 = ICMP 18605); Chiang Mai, on <italic>Mangifera indica</italic> fruit, coll. P.P. Than M4 (HKUCC 10863 = ICMP 18604); Mae Lod Village, Mae Taeng District, Chiang Mai, on <italic>Coffea arabica</italic> berries, coll. H. Prihastuti BPD-I4, 16 Jan. 2008 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> of <italic>C. asianum</italic> from specimen MFLU 090234 = ICMP 18580 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130418&link_type=cbs">CBS 130418</ext-link>). <bold>Panama</bold>, Gamboa, on <italic>Mangifera indica</italic> fruit rot, coll. S. Van Bael GJS 08-144, Jul 2008 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124960&link_type=cbs">CBS 124960</ext-link> = ICMP 18648).</p><p id="P105"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum boehmeriae</italic></bold> Sawada, Hakubutsu Gakkwai Kwaihô (Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa) 17: 2. 1914.</p><p id="P106"><italic>Notes</italic>: Sawada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R128">1922</xref>) provided an English translation of his original description. This species was described as a stem pathogen of <italic>Boehmeria nivea</italic>, and remains in use in this sense (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R80">Li & Ma 1993</xref>). Wang <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R178">2010</xref>) cite several GenBank accessions from isolates they identify as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> that cause severe disease of <italic>Boehmeria</italic>. Based on a comparison of the GenBank data with our ITS gene tree, these and other isolates from the same host deposited by the same authors (GQ120479–GQ120499), appear to represent three different taxa within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex — <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. str., C. aotearoa</italic>, and <italic>C. fructicola</italic>. Isolates representative of all three taxa are reportedly pathogenic on <italic>Boehmeria</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R178">Wang <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>). The genetic relationship of these fungi needs to be confirmed using additional genes.</p><p id="P107"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum camelliae</italic></bold> Massee, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew. 1899: 91. 1899.</p><p id="P108"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Colletotrichum camelliae</italic> was described by Massee (in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R185">Willis 1899</xref>) from the living leaves of tea (<italic>Camellia sinensis</italic>) from Sri Lanka. It was placed in synonymy with <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> by von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">1957</xref>). Although not listed by Hyde <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R65">2009</xref>), the name is widely used in the trade and semi-popular literature as the causal agent of the brown blight disease of tea (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R151">Sosa de Castro <italic>et al.</italic> 2001</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R103">Muraleedharan & Baby 2007</xref>).</p><p id="P109">We have been unable to sample <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> isolates from tea with typical brown blight symptoms. There are four GenBank accessions of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> from tea, two from China (EU732732, FJ515007), one from Japan (AB218993), and another from Iran (AB548281), referred variously to <italic>C. camelliae, C. crassipes</italic> and <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>. Although ITS sequences only are available for these geographically widespread isolates, the DNA sequence of the Iranian isolate appears to match <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. str.</italic>, while those from the other three isolates are all very similar to each other. The ITS sequence from these isolates matches that of <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=232.79&link_type=cbs">CBS 232.79</ext-link>, from tea shoots from Java (GenBank JX009429). GAPDH and ITS sequences from <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=232.79&link_type=cbs">CBS 232.79</ext-link> (GenBank JX009417, JX009429) place this isolate in <italic>C. fructicola</italic>. Note that <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=571.88&link_type=cbs">CBS 571.88</ext-link>, isolated from tea from China and deposited as <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic>, is a <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> sp. outside <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. lat.</italic>, based on ITS sequences (GenBank JX009424).</p><p id="P110">We tested the pathogenicity of <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=232.79&link_type=cbs">CBS 232.79</ext-link> and isolates of <italic>G. cingulata</italic> “f. sp. <italic>camelliae</italic>” (see below) using detached tea leaves and found that only the <italic>G. cingulata</italic> “f. sp. <italic>camelliae</italic>” isolates were strong pathogens (unpubl. data).</p><p id="P111">The genetic relationship between the pathogen of ornamental <italic>Camellia</italic> (here referred to <italic>G. cingulata</italic> “f. sp. <italic>camelliae</italic>”), isolates from tea with DNA sequence data in GenBank, and isolates associated with brown blight symptoms of tea remain unresolved. Additional isolates with known pathogenicity, collected from typical brown blight symptoms from the field, are required to determine whether or not there are two distinct pathogens of <italic>Camellia</italic>, one of tea, the other of ornamental varieties.</p><p id="P112">Other <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species reported from tea include <italic>C.</italic> “<italic>theae-sinensis</italic>”, an invalid recombination of <italic>Gloeosporium theae-sinensis</italic> I. Miyake, proposed by Yamamoto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R190">1960</xref>). Moriwaki and Sato (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R99">2009</xref>) summarised the taxonomic history of this name and transferred <italic>G. theae-sinensis</italic> to <italic>Discula</italic> on the basis of DNA sequences. <italic>Sphaerella camelliae</italic> Cooke and its recombination <italic>Laestadia camelliae</italic> (Cooke) Berl. & Voglino were listed by von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">1954</xref>) as synonyms of <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic>. This species is now accepted as <italic>Guignardia camelliae</italic> (Cooke) E.J. Butler ex Petch and is regarded as the causal agent of copper blight disease of tea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R153">Spaulding 1958</xref>).</p><p id="P113">Thang (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R169">2008</xref>) placed <italic>C. camelliae</italic> in synonymy with <italic>C. coccodes</italic>, presumably on the basis of the Species Fungorum synonymy (<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="www.speciesfungorum.org">www.speciesfungorum.org</uri>, website viewed 6 Oct 2010). Thang (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R169">2008</xref>) questioned the synonymy, noting differences between the descriptions of the two species provided by Massee (in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R185">Willis 1899</xref>) and Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R161">1980</xref>) respectively.</p><p id="P114"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum caricae</italic></bold> F. Stevens & J.G. Hall, Z. Pflanzenkrankh., 19: 68. 1909.</p><p id="P115"><italic>Notes</italic>: Placed in synonymy with <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> by von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">1957</xref>), <italic>C. caricae</italic> was listed as a separate species by Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R162">1992</xref>). It was described from fruits and leaves of <italic>Ficus carica</italic> from the USA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R157">Stevens & Hall 1909</xref>) but is poorly understood both morphologically and biologically. Its genetic relationship to and within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex, and to other <italic>Ficus</italic>-associated species such as <italic>Colletotrichum ficus</italic> Koord. and <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> var. <italic>minor</italic> (here placed in synonymy with <italic>C. fructicola</italic>) is unknown.</p><p id="P116"><bold><italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic></bold> (Stonem.) Spauld. & H. Schrenk, Science, n.s. 17: 751. 1903.</p><p id="P117"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Gnomoniopsis cingulata</italic> Stonem., Bot. Gaz. 26: 101. 1898.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Gloeosporium cingulatum</italic> G.F. Atk., Bull. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 49: 306. 1892. [fide <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R158">Stoneman 1898</xref>]</p></list-item></list><p id="P118"><italic>Notes</italic>: Stoneman (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R158">1898</xref>) described <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> from diseased stems of <italic>Ligustrum vulgare</italic> from the USA and reported the development of perithecia in cultures initiated from conidia of what she considered its asexual morph, <italic>Gloeosporium cingulatum</italic>. There are recent reports of anthracnose diseases of <italic>Ligustrum</italic> (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">Alfieri <italic>et al.</italic> 1984</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R172">Vajna & Bagyinka 2002</xref>) but the relationship of isolates causing this disease to the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex is not known.</p><p id="P119"><italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> is often linked taxonomically to the anamorph <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic>, and the name has in the past been applied in an equally broad sense to <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. lat.</italic> (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R149">Small 1926</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">von Arx & Müller 1954</xref>). However, it is unlikely that the type specimen of <italic>G. cingulata</italic> represents the same species as <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. str.</italic> (see notes under <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>). <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides s. str.</italic> is not known to form perithecia in culture, and there are no isolates of <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. str.</italic> known to us that are associated with a <italic>Glomerella</italic> state on diseased stems of <italic>Ligustrum,</italic> An isolate of <italic>C.</italic><italic>aotearoa</italic> (ICMP 18748) was isolated from <italic>Ligustrum lucidum</italic> in New Zealand, but it was not associated with a stem lesion and no <italic>C. aotearoa</italic> isolates were observed forming perithecia.</p><p id="P120"><bold><italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> var. <italic>brevispora</italic></bold> Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 14: 260. 1949.</p><p id="P121"><italic>Notes</italic>: Described from fruit rots from Germany, this name has not been used since. No cultures are available and its relationship to and within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex is not known.</p><p id="P122"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Glomerella cingulata</italic></bold> “<bold>f. sp. <italic>camelliae</italic></bold>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R40">Dickens & Cook 1989</xref>). Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F18">18</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F19">19</xref>.</p><fig id="F18" position="float"><label>Fig. 18.</label><caption><p><italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> “f. sp. <italic>camelliae</italic>”. A, C, D. ICMP 10643. B, E. ICMP 10646. A–B. Appressoria. C. Conidiogenous cells. D–E. Conidia. Scale bar A = 20 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–E.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig18"></graphic></fig><fig id="F19" position="float"><label>Fig. 19.</label><caption><p><italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> “f. sp. <italic>camelliae</italic>”. A. ICMP 18542. B. ICMP 10643. C. ICMP 10646. A–C. Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig19"></graphic></fig><p id="P123"><italic>Notes</italic>: Dickens & Cook (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R40">1989</xref>) proposed the name <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> “f. sp. <italic>camelliae</italic>” for isolates morphologically typical of <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. lat.</italic> that were highly pathogenic to leaves and shoots of ornamental <italic>Camellia saluenensis</italic> hybrids, causing the disease <italic>Camellia</italic> twig blight. These authors reported the fungus from plants imported into the UK from New Zealand and noted that a similar disease had been reported from plants grown in the UK, USA, Australia, France, and Italy. The disease has been reported from <italic>Camellia japonica, C. reticulata</italic>, and <italic>C. sasanqua</italic>. Although isolated in the UK from plants imported from New Zealand, this pathogen has not yet been found on <italic>Camellia</italic> plants growing in New Zealand.</p><p id="P124">We have sequenced authentic isolates cited by Dickens & Cook (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R40">1989</xref>) as well as isolates pathogenic to <italic>Camellia saluenensis</italic> collected from the USA. They are similar to each other genetically as well as biologically and morphologically. ITS sequences alone distinguish <italic>G. cingulata</italic> “f. sp. <italic>camelliae</italic>” from all other taxa in the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex, and there is good genetic evidence to consider these isolates to be representative of a distinct species within the <italic>C. kahawae</italic> clade. A new species is not proposed here because the relationship between the <italic>G. cingulata</italic> “f. sp. <italic>camelliae</italic>” isolates and <italic>C. camelliae</italic>, the fungus causing brown blight of tea, remains uncertain.</p><p id="P125">Dickens & Cook (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R40">1989</xref>) also reported two <italic>C. acutatum</italic> strains from ornamental <italic>Camellia</italic> species that were avirulent in tests with detached <italic>Camellia</italic> cv. Donation leaves. Strain IMI 351261, deposited 1992 in IMI by R. Cook, is likely to be one of them. This strain was confirmed as belonging to the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> species complex and identified as <italic>C. lupini</italic>, which causes lupin anthracnose and is occasionally found on other hosts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2012a</xref>, this issue). Another strain from <italic>Camellia reticulata</italic> from China belongs to <italic>C. fioriniae</italic>, also a species in the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> complex, while a strain from New Zealand (ICMP 10338) is <italic>C. boninense s. str.</italic> (Damm <italic>et al.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">2012a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">b</xref>, this issue).</p><p id="P126">See notes under <italic>C. camelliae</italic>.</p><p id="P127"><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>UK</bold>, plants imported from New Zealand, on <italic>Camellia</italic> × <italic>williamsii</italic>, coll. Dickens & Cook 82/437, 1982 (<bold>authentic culture</bold> of <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> “f. sp. <italic>camelliae</italic>” – ICMP 10643; dried culture PDD 56488). <bold>USA</bold>, Mississippi, on <italic>Camellia sasanqua</italic> twig blight, coll. W.E. Copes CG02g, May 2002 (ICMP 18542); South Carolina, on <italic>Camellia</italic> sp., coll. G. Laundon 20369, 1 Jan. 1982 (ICMP 10646).</p><p id="P128"><bold><italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> var. <italic>crassispora</italic></bold> Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 14: 260. 1949.</p><p id="P129"><italic>Notes</italic>: Described from <italic>Coffea arabica</italic> from a glasshouse in Germany, this name has not been used since. No cultures are available and its relationship to and within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex is not known.</p><p id="P130"><bold><italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic></bold> “<bold>f. sp.</bold><bold><italic>manihotis</italic></bold>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">Chevaugeon 1956</xref>)</p><p id="P131"><italic>Notes</italic>: See notes under <italic>Colletotrichum manihotis</italic>.</p><p id="P132"><bold><italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> var. <italic>minor</italic></bold> Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 14: 261. 1949.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Gloeosporium elasticae</italic> Cooke & Massee, Grevillea 18: 74. 1890. [fide <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R187">Wollenweber & Hochapfel 1949</xref>]</p></list-item></list><p id="P133"><italic>Notes</italic>: Placed here in synonymy with <italic>C. fructicola</italic>.</p><p id="P134"><italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> var. <italic>minor</italic> was described from <italic>Ficus</italic> from Germany, but Wollenweber & Hochapfel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R187">1949</xref>) noted that the same fungus occurred also on other hosts in Europe, Africa, and America, including <italic>Malus</italic> and <italic>Coffea</italic>. Genetically the ex-holotype culture of <italic>G. cingulata</italic> var. <italic>minor</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=238.49&link_type=cbs">CBS 238.49</ext-link>) matches the type specimen of <italic>C. fructicola</italic>, although the culture itself appears to be stale, with slow growth and an irregularly scalloped margin (see images under <italic>C. fructicola</italic>). Wollenweber & Hochapfel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R187">1949</xref>) used the name <italic>Gloeosporium elasticae</italic> Cooke & Massee for the conidial state of <italic>G. cingulata</italic> var. <italic>minor</italic>, the type specimens for both names being from <italic>Ficus</italic>.</p><p id="P135">See also notes under <italic>C. queenslandicum</italic>.</p><p id="P136"><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Germany,</bold> Berlin-Dahlem, from <italic>Ficus edulis</italic> leaf spot, May 1936 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> of <italic>G. cingulata</italic> var. <italic>minor</italic> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=238.49&link_type=cbs">CBS 238.49</ext-link> = ICMP 17921).</p><p id="P137"><bold><italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> var. <italic>migrans</italic></bold> Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 14: 262. 1949.</p><p id="P138"><italic>Notes</italic>: Placed here in synonymy with <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic>, see notes under this species.</p><p id="P139"><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Berlin-Dahlem, on stem of <italic>Hypericum perforatum</italic>, Jun. 1937 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> of <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> var. <italic>migrans</italic> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=237.49&link_type=cbs">CBS 237.49</ext-link> = ICMP 17922).</p><p id="P140"><bold><italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic></bold> “<bold>var. <italic>orbiculare</italic></bold>” Jenkins & Winstead, <italic>Phytopathology</italic> 52: 15. 1962.</p><p id="P141"><italic>Notes</italic>: Listed in Index Fungorum, this name was mentioned in an abstract, but is invalid (no Latin description) and never formally published. It was being used to refer to the teleomorph of <italic>Colletotrichum orbiculare</italic>, not part of the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">Cannon <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>, this issue). <italic>Glomerella lagenaria</italic> (Pass.) F. Stevens, a recombination of the anamorphic name <italic>Fusarium lagenarium</italic> Pass., has also been used to refer to this teleomorph. Correll <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">1993</xref>) comment on the pathogenicity of cucurbit-associated strains that form a <italic>Glomerella</italic> state in culture, suggesting a degree of confusion around the application of these names.</p><p id="P142"><bold><italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic></bold> “<bold>f. sp. <italic>phaseoli</italic></bold>” (Kimati & Galli 1970).</p><p id="P143"><italic>Notes</italic>: Both <italic>G. cingulata</italic> “f. sp. <italic>phaseoli</italic>” (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R26">Castro <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>) and <italic>Glomerella lindemuthiana</italic> (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R123">Rodríguez-Guerra <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>, as <italic>G. lindemuthianum</italic>) have been used for the teleomorph of <italic>Colletotrichum lindemuthianum</italic> in the recent literature, the two names placed in synonymy by Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R162">1992</xref>). This fungus is not part of the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">Cannon <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>, this issue).</p><p id="P144"><bold><italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> var. <italic>sorghicola</italic></bold> Saccas, Agron. Trop. (Maracay). 9: 171. 1954.</p><p id="P145"><italic>Notes</italic>: Not a member of the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex. Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R162">1992</xref>) suggested using this name to refer to the teleomorph of <italic>Colletotrichum sublineola</italic>, although Crouch <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">2006</xref>) note that <italic>C. sublineola</italic> has no known teleomorph.</p><p id="P146"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum clidemiae</italic></bold> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst. <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB563592&link_type=mb">MB563592</ext-link>. Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F20">20</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F21">21</xref>.</p><fig id="F20" position="float"><label>Fig. 20.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum clidemiae</italic>. A, B, E. ICMP 18658 – ex-holotype culture. C, D. ICMP 18706. A, D. Appressoria. B, C. Asci and ascospores. E. Conidia. Scale bar C = 20 μm. Scale bar of C applies to A–E.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig20"></graphic></fig><fig id="F21" position="float"><label>Fig. 21.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum clidemiae</italic>. A. ICMP 18658 – ex-holotype culture. ICMP 18706. Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig21"></graphic></fig><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>clidemiae</italic>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R170">Trujillo <italic>et al.</italic> 1986</xref>).</p></list-item></list><p id="P147"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Based on the host reportedly susceptible to this species.</p><p id="P148"><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>, Hawai’i, Aiea, on <italic>Clidemia hirta</italic> leaf spot, coll. S.A. Ferreira & K. Pitz, 14 May 2010, PDD 101997; ex-type culture ICMP 18658.</p><p id="P149"><italic>Colonies</italic> grown from single conidia on Difco PDA 25 mm diam after 10 d, aerial mycelium grey, cottony, sparse, surface of colony with numerous small, dark-based acervuli with deep orange conidial ooze and scattered setae, in reverse more or less colourless except for the acervuli and masses of conidial ooze showing through. After 18 d numerous globose, pale walled protoperithecia developing near centre of colony. <italic>Conidia</italic> (16–)18–20(–26.5) × (4.5–)5.5–6 μm (av. 19.3 × 5.5 μm, n = 48), broad-cylindric, ends broadly rounded, longer conidia sometimes tapering slightly towards the base. <italic>Appressoria</italic> variable in shape, some simple, subglobose, but often with a small number of broad, irregular lobes. <italic>Perithecia</italic> mature after about 21 d, dark-walled, about 200–250 μm diam with short ostiolar neck, perithecial wall of 3–4 layers of angular cells 10–15 μm diam with walls thin, pale brown to brown. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored 60–67 × 10–14 μm. <italic>Ascospores</italic> (14–)15.5–19(–21.5) × 4.5–5.5(–6.5) μm (av. 17.2 × 5.0 μm, n = 46), oblong-elliptic, tapering to rounded ends, widest point toward one end, in side view flat on one side, rarely curved and if so, then slightly.</p><p id="P150"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: First reported from <italic>Clidemia</italic>, native to Panama, and subsequently introduced to Hawai’i as a pathogen of that host. Genetically matching isolates occur on native <italic>Vitis</italic> and <italic>Quercus</italic> spp. in Florida (see notes below).</p><p id="P151"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ITS sequences do not separate <italic>C. clidemiae</italic> from <italic>C. aotearoa</italic>. The two species are best distinguished using ACT, GAPDH, or GS.</p><p id="P152"><italic>Notes</italic>: Isolates referred to <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>clidemiae</italic>” by Trujillo <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R170">1986</xref>) were highly pathogenic to <italic>Clidemia</italic>, but not to the other species of <italic>Melastomataceae</italic> tested. No voucher cultures of the original isolates collected from Panama were kept, but recent specimens isolated from naturalised <italic>Clidemia hirta</italic> plants in Hawai’i with typical disease symptoms are genetically uniform and distinct within the Kahawae clade. Phylogenetic, biological, and morphological evidence support this fungus being described as a new species within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex.</p><p id="P153">A fungus isolated from a <italic>Vitis</italic> sp. in Florida and referred to as “<italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> native host” by MacKenzie <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R85">2007</xref>), is genetically close to our isolates from <italic>Clidemia</italic> and is here referred to the same species. Data in MacKenzie <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R85">2007</xref>) shows the same fungus occurs on both <italic>Vitis</italic> and <italic>Quercus</italic> in Florida. Micro-morphologically the isolates from <italic>Clidemia</italic> and from <italic>Vitis</italic> that we examined are similar with respect to the size and shape of appressoria, conidia, and ascospores. They are distinct in cultural appearance, the cultures of the <italic>Vitis</italic>-associated fungus having aerial mycelium darker and more dense, and a faster growth rate. Similar variation in cultural appearance is present in several of the phylogenetically defined species that we recognise. Whether or not the <italic>Clidemia</italic>-associated isolates are biologically distinct from the <italic>Vitis</italic>- and <italic>Quercus</italic>-associated isolates from Florida requires pathogenicity tests to determine.</p><p id="P154"><italic>Other specimens examined</italic>: <bold>USA,</bold> Florida, Sarasota, on <italic>Vitis</italic> sp. leaf, coll. S. MacKenzie SS-Grape-12, 2002 (ICMP 18706); Hawai’i, Aiea, on <italic>Clidemia hirta</italic> leaf spot, coll. S.A. Ferreira & K. Pitz, 14 May 2010 (ICMP 18659, ICMP 18660, ICMP 18661, ICMP 18662, ICMP 18663).</p><p id="P155"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum coffeanum</italic></bold> F. Noak, Z. Pflanzenkrankh. 11: 202. 1901.</p><p id="P156"><italic>Notes</italic>: Waller <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R177">1993</xref>) discussed the use of the names <italic>Colletotrichum coffeanum</italic> and <italic>Gloeosporium coffeanum</italic> Delacr. and the geographic and biological differences between these species and the pathogen of coffee berries, <italic>C. kahawae</italic>. Both <italic>C. coffeanum</italic> and <italic>G. coffeanum</italic> were described from leaves of coffee, the two species distinguished by Noak (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R106">1901</xref>) by the presence or absence of setae in the acervuli. There is a wide range of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>-like species on coffee plants (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R177">Waller <italic>et al.</italic> 1993</xref> and notes under <italic>C. kahawae</italic>) and the relationships of <italic>C. coffeanum</italic> and <italic>G. coffeanum</italic> within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex remain uncertain.</p><p id="P157"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum cordylines</italic></bold> Pollacci, Atti Ist. Bot. Univ. Pavia, Serie 2, 5: 44. 1899.</p><p id="P158"><italic>Notes</italic>: Described from leaves of <italic>Cordyline indivisa</italic> from a botanical garden in Italy, the genetic and biological status of this species is not known. Two <italic>Cordyline</italic>-associated species are accepted in this study, <italic>C. cordylinicola</italic> from Thailand and the newly described <italic>C. ti</italic> from New Zealand. The original description of <italic>C. cordylines</italic> is brief (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R115">Pollacci 1899</xref>) but it specifically mentions setae more than 100 μm long. <italic>Colletotrichum cordylinicola</italic> is described as lacking setae (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R113">Phoulivong <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>) and in <italic>C. ti</italic> they are rare and when present much less than 100 μm long. The phylogenetic significance of this apparent difference and confirmation that these names represent different fungi requires DNA sequences to be generated from type material of <italic>C. cordylines</italic>.</p><p id="P159"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum cordylinicola</italic></bold> Phoulivong, L. Cai & K.D. Hyde, Mycotaxon 114: 251. 2011 [“2010”]. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F22">Fig. 22</xref>.</p><fig id="F22" position="float"><label>Fig. 22.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum cordylinicola</italic>. ICMP 18579 (ex MFLUCC 090551 – ex-holotype culture). A. Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig22"></graphic></fig><p id="P160">Phoulivong <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R113">2011</xref>) provide a description.</p><p id="P161"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: Known only from <italic>Cordyline</italic> from Thailand and <italic>Eugenia</italic> from Laos.</p><p id="P162"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ITS sequences separate <italic>C. cordylinicola</italic> from all other species.</p><p id="P163"><italic>Notes</italic>: Phoulivong <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R113">2011</xref>) report <italic>C. cordylinicola</italic> from <italic>Cordyline</italic> (<italic>Agavaceae</italic>) and <italic>Eugenia</italic> (<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>). They noted that the isolate from <italic>Eugenia</italic> was not pathogenic to <italic>Cordyline</italic> and vice versa, and they also showed that the specimens from the two hosts are genetically somewhat distinct, although forming a sister relationship amongst the taxa included in their analysis. The calmodulin gene tree generated from our sequence data together with the sequences provided by Phoulivong <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R113">2011</xref>) (GenBank accession HM470236) supports placing the isolates from <italic>Eugenia</italic> and from <italic>Cordyline</italic> in the same species (unpubl. data).</p><p id="P164"><italic>Colletotrichum cordylinicola</italic> is genetically distinct from a species associated with <italic>Cordyline</italic> leaf spots from New Zealand, described here as <italic>C. ti</italic>. See also notes under <italic>C. cordylines</italic>.</p><p id="P165"><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Thailand,</bold> Chiang Mai, Sam Sai District, Maejo Village, on <italic>Cordyline fruticosa</italic>, coll. S. Phoulivong, 15 Mar. 2009 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> – MFLUCC 090551 = ICMP 18579). Note that the ex-holotype culture was mistakenly cited as MFUCC 090551 by Phoulivong <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R113">2011</xref>).</p><p id="P166"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum crassipes</italic></bold> (Speg.) Arx, Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 51(3): 77. 1957. <italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Gloeosporium crassipes</italic> Speg., Rivista Vitic. Enol. 2: 405. 1878.</p><p id="P167"><italic>Notes</italic>: Several isolates identified as <italic>Colletotrichum crassipes</italic> that have sequences accessioned to GenBank belong in <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. lat</italic>. GenBank accessions identified as <italic>C. crassipes</italic> that have a publically available culture include <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic> (STE-U 5302 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112988&link_type=cbs">CBS 112988</ext-link> – AY376529, AY376577, FN557348, FN557538, and FN599821; STE-U 4445 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112984&link_type=cbs">CBS 112984</ext-link> – AY376530, AY376578, – FN557347, FN557537, and FN599820), along with several other species outside of the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=169.59&link_type=cbs">CBS 169.59</ext-link> = IMI 309371 – AJ536230, FN557344, and FN599817; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=159.75&link_type=cbs">CBS 159.75</ext-link> – FN557345 and FN599818; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=109355&link_type=cbs">CBS 109355</ext-link> – FN557346 and FN599819). Those with no isolates in a public collection include <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic> (CORCS3 cited in Yang <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R192">2011</xref>), HM584410, HM582002, HM585412), <italic>C. fructicola</italic> (strain 080912009 Jining, unpubl. data, FJ515007), and a possibly undescribed species within the Kahawae clade (strain SYJM02, unpubl. data, JF923835). Originally described from the berries of <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> from Italy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R154">Spegazzini 1878</xref>), the identity of <italic>C. crassipes</italic> remains unresolved. There is confusion regarding its morphology. Von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">1970</xref>) uses the name <italic>C. crassipes</italic> for fungi in which setae are rare, conidia are 22–34 × 6–8 μm (more or less matching the original description), and the lobed appressoria are distinctively globose in shape. Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R161">1980</xref>) uses a different morphological concept – setae common (according to Sutton these are rare in the otherwise morphologically similar <italic>C. musae</italic>), conidia 10–15 × 4.5–6.5 μm (Sutton’s concept of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> is characterised by narrower conidia), and the appressoria deeply lobed. The conidial width cited for <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> by Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R161">1980</xref>), 3–4.5 μm, is narrower than we have found for all the taxa we accept within <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. lat.</italic>, whereas his <italic>C. crassipes</italic> measurement of 4.5–6.5 μm matches many of the taxa we recognise. Several of these taxa also have deeply lobed appressoria.</p><p id="P168"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum dracaenae</italic></bold> Allesch., <italic>Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz</italic>, Ed. 2, 1(7): 560. 1902.</p><p id="P169"><italic>Notes</italic>: Farr <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R46">2006</xref>) examined the type specimen of this species and concluded it was a member of <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. lat.</italic>, based on conidial size and shape. Genetic data is not available to confirm this. See also discussion under <italic>C. petchii</italic> in Damm <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">2012b</xref>, this issue)</p><p id="P170"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum fragariae</italic></bold> A.N. Brooks, Phytopathology 21: 113. 1931.</p><p id="P171"><italic>Notes</italic>: Placed here in synonymy with <italic>C. theobromicola</italic>. See notes and additional specimens examined under <italic>C. theobromicola</italic>.</p><p id="P172">The name <italic>C. fragariae</italic> was originally applied to isolates associated with a disease of strawberry (<italic>Fragaria</italic> × <italic>ananassa</italic>) runners (stolons) and petioles in Florida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">Brooks 1931</xref>). Although the name was placed in synonymy with <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> by von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">1957</xref>), it has continued to be used in the literature for strawberry-associated <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> isolates. It was accepted as distinct by Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R162">1992</xref>), although he noted confusion surrounding application of the name. Designation of one of Brook’s cultures (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=142.31&link_type=cbs">CBS 142.31</ext-link> = IMI 346325) as the epitype of <italic>C. fragariae</italic> by Buddie <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R20">1999</xref>) has allowed a modern, genetic basis for this name to be fixed. The ex-epitype culture of <italic>C. fragariae</italic> sits in a strongly supported clade containing isolates from a wide range of hosts from many parts of the world, including the ex-epitype culture of <italic>C. theobromicola</italic>, an earlier name for <italic>C. fragariae</italic> in the sense that we accept these species in this paper.</p><p id="P173">There are several species from the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex which inhabit diseased strawberry plants, and as shown by MacKenzie <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R85">2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R86">2008</xref>) isolates that genetically match the epitype of <italic>C. fragariae</italic> have a wide host range. Despite its name MacKenzie <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R85">2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R86">2008</xref>) regarded this fungus as simply one of a group of several species sometimes found on strawberry. Our study confirms that members of the <italic>C. fragariae</italic>/<italic>theobromicola</italic> clade occur throughout the world on a wide range of hosts. Within the diversity of the <italic>C. fragariae</italic>/<italic>theobromicola</italic> clade, there is a subclade consisting of the <italic>C. fragariae</italic> epitype and two contemporary ex-strawberry isolates from the USA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>), further work will be needed to establish if the strawberry stolon disease is restricted to this subclade. Despite regular surveys this disease has not been found on strawberries in New Zealand.</p><p id="P174">Xie <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">2010b</xref>) provides a good example of the confusion that continues to surround the application of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> names to isolates from strawberry. These authors noted that putative <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> and <italic>C. fragariae</italic> isolates were difficult to distinguish using ITS sequences, the only sequences that they generated. Xie <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">2010b</xref>) found 4 groups of isolates, each with a slightly different ITS sequence, two of those groups they considered to be <italic>C. fragariae</italic> and two to be <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>. To classify their isolates as either <italic>C. fragariae</italic> of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> they used a restriction enzyme method based on Martinez-Culebras <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R91">2000</xref>). Incorporating their ITS sequences into our ITS alignment, one of their groups genetically matches <italic>C. tropicale</italic>, one matches <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. str.</italic>, one matches <italic>C. fructicola</italic>, and one matches <italic>C. siamense</italic>. These relationships are based on ITS sequences only — the genetic differences between some of these species are small and are indicative only of possible relationships. However, it is clear that none of the Xie <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R189">2010b</xref>) sequences match those of the epitype of <italic>C. fragariae</italic>. There are also several species within the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> species complex associated with <italic>Fragaria</italic> (Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2012, this issue).</p><p id="P175"><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>, Florida, on <italic>Fragaria</italic> × <italic>ananassa</italic>, coll. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">A.N. Brooks, 1931</xref> (<bold>ex-epitype culture</bold> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=142.31&link_type=cbs">CBS 142.31</ext-link> = ICMP 17927).</p><p id="P176"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum fructicola</italic></bold> Prihastuti, L. Cai & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 39: 158. 2009. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F23">Fig. 23</xref>.</p><fig id="F23" position="float"><label>Fig. 23.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum fructicola</italic>. A. ICMP 12568. B. ICMP 18615. C. ICMP 18581 (ex MFLU 090228 – ex-holotype culture of <italic>C. fructicola</italic>). D. ICMP 18610. E. ICMP 18646 (ex <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125379&link_type=cbs">CBS 125379</ext-link> – ex-holotype culture of <italic>C. ignotum</italic>). F. ICMP 17921 (ex <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=238.49&link_type=cbs">CBS 238.49</ext-link> – ex-holotype culture of <italic>G. cingulata</italic> var. <italic>minor</italic>). A–F. Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig23"></graphic></fig><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Colletotrichum ignotum</italic> E.I. Rojas, S. A. Rehner & Samuels, Mycologia 102: 1331. 2010.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> var. <italic>minor</italic> Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 14: 261. 1949.</p></list-item></list><p id="P177">Prihastuti <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R118">2009</xref>) and Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">2010</xref>) provide descriptions.</p><p id="P178"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: Originally reported from coffee berries from Thailand (as <italic>C. fructicola</italic>) and as a leaf endophyte from several plants in Central America (as <italic>C. ignotum</italic>), isolates that we accept as <italic>C. fructicola</italic> are biologically and geographically diverse. Known from <italic>Coffea</italic> from Thailand, <italic>Pyrus pyrifolia</italic> from Japan, <italic>Limonium</italic> from Israel, <italic>Malus domestica</italic> and <italic>Fragaria</italic> × <italic>ananassa</italic> from the USA, <italic>Persea americana</italic> from Australia, <italic>Ficus</italic> from Germany, <italic>Malus domestica</italic> from Brazil, <italic>Dioscorea</italic> from Nigeria, and <italic>Theobroma</italic> and <italic>Tetragastris</italic> from Panama.</p><p id="P179"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ITS sequences do not separate <italic>C. fructicola</italic> from <italic>C. aeschynomenes</italic> and some <italic>C. siamense</italic> isolates. These taxa are best distinguished using GS or SOD2.</p><p id="P180"><italic>Notes</italic>: Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">2010</xref>) noted the occurrence of two distinct haplotype subgroups (A4-3 and A5-4) within their concept of <italic>C. ignotum</italic>. Our genetic analyses resolve the two clades representative of these two subgroups. However, together they are monophyletic within the Musae clade of the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex, and we retain them here as a single species. Both clades include isolates from a wide range of hosts from many countries, and both are similar in morphology and cultural appearance. The types of both <italic>C. fructicola</italic> and <italic>C. ignotum</italic> are in the same haplotype subgroup.</p><p id="P181">The <italic>C. fructicola</italic> protologue designates the holotype as MFLU 090228, but the culture derived from holotype as “BCC” with no specimen number. The ex-holotype culture is listed as BDP-I16 in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref> of Prihastuti <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R118">2009</xref>) but this number is not mentioned in the description. Culture BDP-I16 was obtained from the authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R118">Prihastuti <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>) for this study and deposited as ICMP 18581.</p><p id="P182">See also notes under <italic>G. cingulata</italic> var. <italic>minor</italic>.</p><p id="P183"><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Australia,</bold> Queensland, Bli-Bli, on <italic>Persea americana</italic> fruit rot, coll. L. Coates 24154 (ICMP 12568). <bold>Brazil,</bold> Rio Grande do Sul State, on <italic>Malus domestica</italic> leaf, coll. T. Sutton BR 8 2001, Jan. 2001 (ICMP 17787); Santa Catarina State, on <italic>Malus domestica</italic> leaf, coll. T. Sutton BR 21 2001, Jan. 2001 (ICMP 17788).</p><p id="P184"><bold>Canada,</bold> Ontario, on <italic>Fragaria</italic> × <italic>ananassa</italic>, Jan. 1991 (IMI 345051 = ICMP 17819). <bold>Germany</bold>, Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden, on <italic>Ficus edulis</italic> leaf spot, (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> of <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> var. <italic>minor</italic> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=238.49&link_type=cbs">CBS 238.49</ext-link> = ICMP 17921). <bold>Indonesia,</bold> Java, Bandung, Pangheotan Estate, on <italic>Camellia sinensis</italic> shoots, coll. H. Semangun, Apr. 1979 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=232.79&link_type=cbs">CBS 232.79</ext-link> = ICMP 18656). <bold>Israel</bold>, on <italic>Limonium sinuatum</italic> leaf lesion, coll. S. Freeman L32 (cited in Moriwaki <italic>et al.</italic> 2006) (ICMP 18613); on <italic>Limonium</italic> sp. leaf lesion, coll. S. Freeman L50 (cited in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R93">Maymon <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>) (ICMP 18698); on <italic>Limonium</italic> sp. leaf lesion, coll. S. Freeman Cg2 (cited in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R93">Maymon <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>) (ICMP 18667); on <italic>Limonium sinuatum</italic>, coll. S. Freeman L11 (cited in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R93">Maymon <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>) (ICMP 18615). <bold>Japan</bold>, Saga, on <italic>Pyrus pyrifolia</italic>, coll. H. Ishii sA02-5-1 (cited in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">Chung <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>) (ICMP 18610). <bold>Nigeria</bold>, Ibadan, on <italic>Dioscorea alata</italic> leaf spot, M. Abang Cg13 (cited in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">Abang <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>) (ICMP 18125); Ilesha, <italic>Dioscorea rotundata</italic> leaf spots, coll. M. Abang Cg22 (cited in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">Abang <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>) (ICMP 18120). <bold>Panama</bold>, Barro Colorado Monument, <italic>Tetragastris panamensis</italic> leaf endophyte, coll. E.I. Rojas E886, 1 Jun. 2004 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> of <italic>C. ignotum</italic> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125397&link_type=cbs">CBS 125397</ext-link> = ICMP 18646); <italic>Theobroma cacao</italic> leaf endophyte, coll. E. Rojas E183 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125395&link_type=cbs">CBS 125395</ext-link> = ICMP 18645). <bold>Thailand</bold>, Chiang Mai, Pa Daeng Village, on <italic>Coffea arabica</italic> berry, coll. H. Prihastuti BPD-I16, 12 Dec. 2007 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> of <italic>C. fructicola</italic>, from specimen MFLU 090228 – ICMP 18581 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130416&link_type=cbs">CBS 130416</ext-link>). <bold>USA</bold>, on <italic>Fragaria</italic> × <italic>ananassa</italic> crown, F. Louws 9, (ICMP 18727); Florida, on <italic>Fragaria</italic> × <italic>ananassa</italic>, coll. F.A. Ueckes FAU552 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=120005&link_type=cbs">CBS 120005</ext-link> = BPI 747977 = ICMP 18609); North Carolina, Lincoln County, on <italic>Malus domestica</italic> fruit, coll. T. Sutton CROTTS 13 2001, Jan. 2001 (ICMP 17789).</p><p id="P185"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic></bold> (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc., Atti Reale Ist. Veneto Sci. Lett. Arti., Serie 6, 2: 670. 1884. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F24">Fig. 24</xref>.</p><fig id="F24" position="float"><label>Fig. 24.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic>. A. ICMP 17821 (ex IMI 356878 – ex-epitype culture). A. Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig24"></graphic></fig><p id="P186"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Vermicularia gloeosporioides</italic> Penz., Michelia 2: 450. 1882.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Gloeosporium pedemontanum</italic> Pupillo, Ann. Sperim. Agrar. n.s. 6: 57. 1952.</p></list-item></list><p id="P187">Cannon <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">2008</xref>) provide a description of the species.</p><p id="P188"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: Most isolates of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> are associated with <italic>Citrus</italic>, and in many parts of the world this fungus is common on <italic>Citrus</italic>, but it also occurs on other hosts including <italic>Ficus, Mangifera, Pueraria</italic>, and <italic>Vitis</italic>. The isolate reported as a pathogen of paper mulberry (<italic>Broussonetia papyrifera</italic>) by Yan <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R191">2011</xref>) matches <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. str.</italic> genetically.</p><p id="P189"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ITS separates <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> from all other species.</p><p id="P190"><italic>Notes</italic>: The name <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> is currently in common use in two senses, one a genetically and biologically broad sense more or less following von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">1957</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">1970</xref>) and Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R162">1992</xref>), including the whole species complex, the other a strict sense, encompassing only those specimens genetically matching the epitype selected for this name by Cannon <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">2008</xref>). Depending on the context, use of the name in either sense can be useful. When used in a broad sense in this paper, it is referred to as the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex or <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. lat</italic>.</p><p id="P191"><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> is often linked taxonomically to the teleomorph <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic>, see notes under <italic>G. cingulata</italic>.</p><p id="P192"><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, New South Wales, Tamworth, on <italic>Carya illinoinensis</italic> (DAR 76936; ICMP 18738). <bold>Italy</bold>, Calabria, on <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic>, (<bold>ex-epitype culture</bold> of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> – IMI 356878 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112999&link_type=cbs">CBS 112999</ext-link> = ICMP 17821); on <italic>Citrus limon</italic> juice, coll. G. Goidánich, 1951 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> of <italic>Gloeosporium pedemontanum</italic> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=273.51&link_type=cbs">CBS 273.51</ext-link> = ICMP 19121). <bold>New Zealand</bold>, Auckland, Sandringham, on <italic>Citrus</italic> sp. fruit, coll. P.R. Johnston C1014.6, 2 May 1988 (ICMP 12939); Auckland, Sandringham, on <italic>Ficus</italic> sp. fruit, coll. P.R. Johnston C945.2, 9 May 1988 (ICMP 12066); Auckland, on Citrus sp. fruit, coll. G. Caroll, Feb 2010 (ICMP 18730); Northland, Kerikeri, Kapiro Rd, on <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic> fruit, coll. P.R. Johnston C1009.2, 10 Aug. 1988 (ICMP 12938). <bold>South Africa</bold>, on <italic>Mangifera indica</italic>, coll. L. Korsten Cg68 (ICMP 18694). <bold>USA</bold>, Georgia, on <italic>Pueraria lobata</italic> (AR2799 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119204&link_type=cbs">CBS 119204</ext-link> = BPI 871837 = ICMP 18678); Florida, on <italic>Citrus</italic> sp. leaf lesion, coll. N. Peres SRL-FTP-9 (ICMP 18695); Florida, on <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> leaf lesion, coll. N. Peres LAGrape8 (ICMP 18697).</p><p id="P193"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic></bold> “<bold>f. sp. <italic>aeschynomenes</italic></bold>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">Daniel <italic>et al.</italic> 1973</xref>, as <italic>aeschynomene</italic>).</p><p id="P194"><italic>Notes</italic>: See <italic>Colletotrichum aeschynomenes</italic>.</p><p id="P195"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic></bold> “<bold>f. a<italic>latae</italic></bold>” R.D. Singh, Prasad & R.L. Mathur, Indian Phytopathol. 19: 69. 1966. [nom. inval., no Latin description, no type designated]</p><p id="P196"><italic>Notes</italic>: See <italic>Colletotrichum alatae</italic>.</p><p id="P197"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> var. <italic>aleuritis</italic></bold> Saccas & Drouillon [as “aleuritidis”], Agron. Trop. (Nogent-sur-Marne) 6: 249. 1951.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> var. <italic>aleuritis</italic> Saccas & Drouillon [as “aleuritidis”], Agron. Trop. (Nogent-sur-Marne) 6: 251. 1951.</p></list-item></list><p id="P198"><italic>Notes</italic>: Originally described from <italic>Aleurites fordii</italic> and <italic>A. montaba</italic> from French Equatorial Africa, these names have not been used since being described and the genetic relationship of this fungus to and within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex is unknown. Although the original publications have not been seen, both names were tagged as invalid in the Index of Fungi 2: 53, 57 (1952).</p><p id="P199"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic></bold> “<bold>f. sp. <italic>clidemiae</italic></bold>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R170">Trujillo <italic>et al.</italic> 1986</xref>).</p><p id="P200"><italic>Notes</italic>: See <italic>Colletotrichum clidemiae</italic>.</p><p id="P201"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic></bold> “<bold>f. sp. <italic>cucurbitae</italic></bold>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R94">Menten <italic>et al.</italic> 1980</xref>).</p><p id="P202"><italic>Notes</italic>: First described from cucumber, this fungus is widely regarded as a synonym of <italic>C. orbiculare</italic> in the plant pathology literature (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R150">Snowdon 1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R142">da Silva <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P203"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic></bold> “<bold>f. sp. <italic>cuscutae</italic></bold>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R194">Zhang 1985</xref>).</p><p id="P204"><italic>Notes</italic>: A strain identified by this name was developed as a mycoherbicide against dodder (<italic>Cuscuta chinensis</italic> in China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R194">Zhang 1985</xref>). This strain referred to as “Lu Bao No.1” is apparently included in the study of Guerber <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R56">2003</xref>) as strain 783 and belongs to the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> species complex. Other strains from dodder in the USA included in the same study were revealed to be <italic>C. fioriniae</italic>, while a strain from Dominica was found to represent a new species, both belonging to the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> species complex as well (Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2012, this issue).</p><p id="P205"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> var. <italic>gomphrenae</italic></bold> Perera, Revista Fac. Agron. Univ. Nac. La Plata 41: 12. 1965.</p><p id="P206"><italic>Notes</italic>: Originally described from <italic>Gomphrena globosa</italic>, the name has not been used since it was described and its genetic relationship to and within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex is unknown.</p><p id="P207"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> var. <italic>hederae</italic></bold> Pass., Atti Reale Accad. Italia, Rendiconti., Serie 4, 6: 469. 1889.</p><p id="P208"><italic>Notes</italic>: The original description of this <italic>Hedera</italic>-inhabiting species, with fusiform, straight to curved conidia suggests that it is a synonym of the <italic>Hedera</italic> pathogen <italic>C. trichellum</italic>.</p><p id="P209"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>heveae</italic></bold> (Petch) Saccas, Agron. Trop. (Nogent-sur-Marne) 14: 430. 1959.</p><p id="P210"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Colletotrichum heveae</italic> Petch, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya 3(1): 8. 1906.</p><p id="P211"><italic>Notes</italic>: Originally described from the leaves of seedlings of <italic>Hevea brasiliensis</italic> from Sri Lanka, this fungus was described with very broad conidia, 18–24 × 7.5–8 μm. Carpenter & Stevenson (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R25">1954</xref>) considered this, and several other <italic>Colletotrichum, Gloeosporium</italic> and <italic>Glomerella</italic> species described from rubber, to be synonyms of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>. The genetic relationship of these species to and within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex is unknown. See also notes in Damm <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">2012b</xref>, this issue) under <italic>Colletotrichum annelatum</italic>.</p><p id="P212"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic></bold> “<bold>f. sp. <italic>hyperici</italic></bold>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R58">Harris 1993</xref>).</p><p id="P213"><italic>Notes</italic>: This name was first used by Harris (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R58">1993</xref>) for strains of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> pathogenic to <italic>Hypericum perforatum</italic>. Earlier studies by Hildebrand & Jensen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R61">1991</xref>) had found the <italic>Hypericum</italic> pathogen to be pathogenic also on several other plants. The genetic relationship of the <italic>Hypericum</italic> pathogen to and within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex is unknown. Note that the ex-holotype culture of <italic>G. cingulata</italic> var. <italic>migrans</italic>, a variety here placed in synonymy with <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic>, was also isolated from <italic>Hypericum</italic>.</p><p id="P214"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic></bold> “<bold>f. sp. <italic>jussiaeae</italic></bold>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">Boyette <italic>et al</italic>. 1979</xref>).</p><p id="P215"><italic>Notes</italic>: Strains identified as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>jussiaeae</italic>” are highly pathogenic, specialised pathogens of <italic>Jussiaea decurrens</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">Boyette <italic>et al.</italic> 1979</xref>). The genetic relationship of this taxon to and within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex, or to <italic>Colletotrichum jussiaeae</italic> Earle, is unknown. Isolates pathogenic to <italic>Jussiaea</italic> have a similar conidial germination self-inhibitor profile to another isolate identified as <italic>C. fragariae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R171">Tsurushima <italic>et al.</italic> 1995</xref>). The authentic isolate of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>jussiaeae</italic>” deposited as ATCC 52634, is not included in this study.</p><p id="P216"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic></bold> “<bold>f. sp. <italic>malvae</italic></bold>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R89">Makowski & Mortensen 1989</xref>).</p><p id="P217"><italic>Notes</italic>: Strains identified as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>malvae</italic>” were registered as a bioherbicide against round leafed mallow in Canada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R89">Makowski & Mortensen 1989</xref>). The fungus was subsequently recognised as belonging to the <italic>C. orbiculare</italic> species complex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">Bailey <italic>et al.</italic> 1996</xref>).</p><p id="P218"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic></bold> “<bold>f. sp. <italic>manihotis</italic></bold>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">Chevaugeon 1956</xref>).</p><p id="P219"><italic>Notes</italic>: See <italic>Colletotrichum manihotis</italic>.</p><p id="P220"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> f<italic>. melongenae</italic></bold> Fournet, Ann. Mus. Civico Storia Nat. Genova 5: 13. 1973.</p><p id="P221"><italic>Notes</italic>: In addition to <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>melongenae</italic>, the names <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>melongenae</italic>”, <italic>C. melongenae</italic> Av.-Saccá 1917, and <italic>C. melongenae</italic> Lobik 1928 have been used to refer to fungi associated with anthracnose diseases of <italic>Solanum melongena</italic> (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R137">Sherf & McNab 1986</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R72">Kaan 1973</xref>). Other names used for isolates from the same host have included <italic>Gloeosporium melongenae</italic> Ellis & Halst. 1891 and <italic>G. melongenae</italic> Sacc. 1916. The genetic relationships of these eggplant-associated taxa to and within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex remain unknown. <italic>Solanum melongena</italic> associated species are known also from the <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">Damm <italic>et al</italic>. 2012b</xref>, this issue).</p><p id="P222"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic></bold> “<bold>f. sp. <italic>miconiae</italic></bold>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">Killgore <italic>et al.</italic> 1999</xref>).</p><p id="P223"><italic>Notes</italic>: Killgore <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">1999</xref>) reported that the isolates they recognised as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>miconiae</italic>” were highly specialised pathogens of <italic>Miconia calvescens</italic>, unable to infect the closely related <italic>Clidemia hirta</italic>. The original voucher cultures are no longer available (pers. comm., Robert Barreto). Recently collected isolates from <italic>Miconia</italic> from the type locality in Brazil have proved to be genetically diverse across the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex, with isolates in both the Kahawae and Musae clades (unpubl. data). For now the genetic position of this pathogen remains unresolved.</p><p id="P224"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic></bold><bold>var. <italic>minus</italic></bold> Simmonds, Queensland J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 25: 178A. 1968.</p><p id="P225"><italic>Notes</italic>: See <italic>Colletotrichum queenslandicum</italic>.</p><p id="P226"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> var. <italic>nectrioidea</italic></bold> Gonz. Frag., Bol. Soc. Brot., 2: 52. 1924.</p><p id="P227"><italic>Notes</italic>: Originally described from <italic>Citrus aurantium</italic> from Portugal, the name has not been used since it was described and its genetic relationship to and within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex is unknown.</p><p id="P228"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic></bold> “<bold>f. sp. <italic>ortheziidae</italic></bold>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R90">Marcelino <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>).</p><p id="P229"><italic>Notes</italic>: Marcelino <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R90">2008</xref>) clearly show that the <italic>Orthezia praelonga</italic> pathogen belongs in the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> species complex, despite referring to the fungus only as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>ortheziidae</italic>”. See also notes under <italic>C. nymphaeae</italic> in Damm <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">2012a</xref>, this issue).</p><p id="P230"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic></bold> “<bold>f. sp. <italic>pilosae</italic></bold>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R146">Singh 1974</xref>).</p><p id="P231"><italic>Notes</italic>: First described from leaves of <italic>Bidens pilosa</italic>, this name has not been used since it was described and its genetic relationship to and within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex is unknown.</p><p id="P232"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic></bold> Munaut, Mycol. Res. 106: 591. 2002.</p><p id="P233"><italic>Notes</italic>: Placed here in synonymy with <italic>C. theobromicola</italic>; see notes under <italic>C. theobromicola</italic>.</p><p id="P234">Irwin & Cameron (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R67">1978</xref>) and Munaut <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R101">2002</xref>) described different diseases of <italic>Stylosanthes</italic> associated with Type A and Type B isolates of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic>, the two groups of isolates distinguished morphologically by growth rate in culture and by conidial morphology. Compared with Type A, the Type B isolates had a slower growth rate on PDA, and conidia more variable in size and shape (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R67">Irwin & Cameron 1978</xref>). They were also distinguished genetically using RFLP and similar methods (<italic>e.g.</italic> Munaut <italic>et al.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R102">1998</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R101">2002</xref>). Munaut <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R101">2002</xref>) used ITS1 sequences to show the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic> to be related to an isolate they identified as <italic>C. fragariae</italic>. We regard <italic>C. fragariae</italic> to be a synonym of <italic>C. theobromicola</italic>, with putatively authentic Type A (HM335, <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic> “f. sp. <italic>guianensis</italic>”) and Type B (HM 336, <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic> “f. sp. <italic>stylosanthis</italic>”) isolates both also belonging to this species. From the ITS1 sequence data available, isolates regarded as typical of Type A (RAPD cluster I) and of Type B (RAPD cluster II) by Munaut <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R102">1998</xref>) all belong in <italic>C. theobromicola</italic> in the sense that we are using the name; their RAPD cluster III isolate could be <italic>C. tropicale</italic>, and their RAPD cluster IV isolates are probably <italic>C. fructicola</italic>.</p><p id="P235">The cultures of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic> that we used were originally studied by Irwin & Cameron (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R67">1978</xref>), and selected as the “types” of “f. sp. <italic>guianensis</italic>” and “f. sp. <italic>stylosanthis</italic>” by Munaut <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R101">2002</xref>). Both isolates have a ‘stale’ growth form, no longer forming conidia in culture and with aerial mycelium closely appressed to the agar surface, resulting in an almost slimy colony surface. Both isolates had a slow growth rate, similar to that reported for Type B isolates by Irwin & Cameron (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R67">1978</xref>). Genetically both isolates were identical for all the genes we sequenced. This identity should be checked against additional isolates, especially some matching Type A <italic>sensu</italic> Irwin & Cameron (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R67">1978</xref>) with respect to both pathogenicity and growth form.</p><p id="P236">Sherriff <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R138">1994</xref>), using ITS2 and partial 28S rDNA sequences, found isolates they considered to represent <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic> Type A and Type B respectively to be genetically distinct. However, their ITS2 sequences show that the putative Type B isolate in their study was in fact a member of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complex.</p><p id="P237"><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Queensland, Townsville, on <italic>Stylosanthes viscosa</italic>, coll. J.A.G. Irwin 21365 (HM335), 1976 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic> – MUCL 42294 = ICMP 17957 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124251&link_type=cbs">CBS 124251</ext-link>); Samford, on <italic>Stylosanthes guianensis</italic>, coll. J.A.G. Irwin 21398 (HM336), 1979 (MUCL 42295 = ICMP 17958 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124250&link_type=cbs">CBS 124250</ext-link>).</p><p id="P238"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> f.</bold><bold><italic>stylosanthis</italic></bold> “<bold>f. sp.<italic> guianensis</italic></bold>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R101">Munaut <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>)</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>≡ <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>guianensis</italic>” (Vinijsanum <italic>et al.</italic> 1987).</p></list-item></list><p id="P239"><italic>Notes</italic>: See notes and specimens examined under <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic>.</p><p id="P240"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> f.</bold><bold><italic>stylosanthis</italic></bold> “<bold>f. sp.<italic> stylosanthis</italic></bold>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R101">Munaut <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>).</p><p id="P241"><italic>Notes</italic>: See notes and specimens examined under <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic>.</p><p id="P242"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic></bold> “<bold>f. sp. <italic>uredinicola</italic></bold>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R147">Singh 1975</xref>).</p><p id="P243"><italic>Notes</italic>: Described from uredinia and telia of <italic>Ravenelia sessilis</italic> on pods of <italic>Albizia lebbek</italic>, this name has not been used since it was described and its genetic relationship to and within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex is unknown.</p><p id="P244"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gossypii</italic></bold> Southw., J. Mycol. 6: 100. 1891.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Glomerella gossypii</italic> Edgerton, Mycologia 1: 119. 1909.</p></list-item></list><p id="P245"><italic>Notes</italic>: This species was originally described from the USA and was reported to cause disease symptoms on all parts of cotton plants, but especially the bolls (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R152">Southworth 1891</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">Edgerton 1909</xref>). Isolates identified as <italic>C. gossypii</italic> by Shear & Wood (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R132">1907</xref>) were reportedly associated with a <italic>Glomerella</italic> state in culture, and Edgerton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">1909</xref>) described <italic>Glomerella gossypii</italic> from diseased, mature cotton plants in the USA Edgerton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">1909</xref>) discussed differences in ascospore shape between <italic>G. gossypii</italic> and fruit-rotting isolates of <italic>G. cingulata</italic>, with <italic>G. gossypii</italic> having elliptic, not curved ascospores. Von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">1957</xref>) considered <italic>C. gossypii</italic> to be a synonym of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> and von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">1954</xref>) regarded <italic>G. gossypii</italic> to be a synonym of <italic>G. cingulata</italic>.</p><p id="P246">Modern authors have recognised two pathogens of cotton, <italic>C. gossypii</italic> and <italic>C. gossypii</italic> var. <italic>cephalosporioides. Colletotrichum gossypii</italic> is reportedly the cause of cotton anthracnose, a damping-off disease of cotton seedlings, and <italic>C. gossypii</italic> var. <italic>cephalosporioides</italic> the cause of ramulosis, a disease causing abnormal branching of mature plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">Bailey <italic>et al.</italic> 1996</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R143">Silva-Mann <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>). In a study based on ITS2 sequences, Bailey <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">1996</xref>) found <italic>C. gossypii</italic> and <italic>C. gossypii</italic> var. <italic>cephalosporioides</italic> to be genetically distinct but with both belonging to the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex. Silva-Mann <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R143">2005</xref>) also distinguished the two taxa genetically, based on an AFLP analysis. The only DNA sequences available for isolates identified as <italic>C. gossypii</italic> and <italic>C.</italic><italic>gossypii</italic> var. <italic>cephalosporioides</italic> are ITS2 and the D2 region of the rDNA LSU, neither of which resolves their relationships within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex. Whether the seedling pathogen regarded by Silva-Mann <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R143">2005</xref>) and Bailey <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">1996</xref>) to be <italic>C. gossypii</italic> represents the species first described from cotton in the USA is not known. The genetic relationship of these apparently biologically specialised fungi requires additional sequences to be generated from authentic isolates with known pathogenicity.</p><p id="P247"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum gossypii</italic> var. <italic>cephalosporioides</italic></bold> A.S. Costa, Bragantia 6: 5. 1946.</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p><italic>≡ Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> “var<italic>. cephalosporioides</italic>” (A.S. Costa) Follin & Mangano, Coton et fibres tropicales 37: 209. 1983. [comb. inval., no full reference to basionym]</p></list-item></list><p id="P248"><italic>Notes</italic>: See notes under <italic>Colletotrichum gossypii</italic>.</p><p id="P249"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum horii</italic></bold> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., Mycotaxon 111: 21. 2010.</p><p id="P250">Weir & Johnston (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R180">2010</xref>) and Xie <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R188">2010a</xref>) provide descriptions.</p><p id="P251"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: Associated with fruit and stem disease of <italic>Diospyros kaki</italic> from China, Japan, and New Zealand. Xie <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R188">2010a</xref>) noted minor symptoms on inoculated fruit of <italic>Capsicum annuum, Musa acuminata</italic>, and <italic>Cucurbita pepo</italic>, but noted that the fungus had never been associated with disease symptoms on these hosts from the field.</p><p id="P252"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ITS distinguishes <italic>C. horii</italic> from all other species.</p><p id="P253"><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: See Weir & Johnston (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R180">2010</xref>).</p><p id="P254"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum hymenocallidis</italic></bold> Yan L. Yang, Zuo Y. Liu, K.D. Hyde & L. Cai, Fungal Diversity 39: 138. 2009.</p><p id="P255"><italic>Notes</italic>: Placed here in synonymy with <italic>Colletotrichum siamense</italic>. See notes and additional specimens examined under <italic>C. siamense</italic>. Yang <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R193">2009</xref>) reported this species as a leaf pathogen of <italic>Hymenocallis americana</italic>. They distinguished <italic>C. hymenocallidis</italic> from <italic>C. siamense</italic>, also described from <italic>Hymenocallis</italic>, primarily on the basis of a multi-gene phylogeny and differences in colony colour. Although gene selection was appropriate for resolving genetic relationships within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> group, Yang <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R193">2009</xref>) included only five isolates of the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex in their phylogeny. Based on this isolate selection, the <italic>C. hymenocallidis</italic> isolates were genetically distinct from the <italic>C. siamense</italic> isolates. However, in our analysis, in which the <italic>C. siamense</italic>/<italic>C. hymenocallidis</italic> group is represented by 30 isolates from a wide range of hosts from all over the world, authentic isolates of the two species fall within a monophyletic clade that cannot be further subdivided phylogenetically.</p><p id="P256">The Latin part of the <italic>C. hymenocallidis</italic> protologue designates a culture (“Holotypus: Cultura (CSSN2)”) as the holotype but the English citation of the type specimen corrects this apparent mistake, citing CSSN2 as an ex-holotype culture, with the herbarium specimen GZAAS 080001 as the holotype.</p><p id="P257"><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>China</bold>, Guangxi, Nanning, on <italic>Hymenocallis americana</italic> leaf spot, coll. Y.L. Yang GZAAS 080001, 19 Jun 2008 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> of <italic>C. hymenocallidis</italic> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125378&link_type=cbs">CBS 125378</ext-link> = ICMP 18642).</p><p id="P258"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum ignotum</italic></bold> E.I Rojas, S.A. Rehner & Samuels, Mycologia 102: 1331. 2010.</p><p id="P259"><italic>Notes</italic>: Placed here in synonymy with <italic>Colletotrichum fructicola.</italic> See notes and additional specimens examined under <italic>C. fructicola</italic>.</p><p id="P260"><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Panama</bold>: Barro Colorado Monument, <italic>Tetragastris panamensis</italic> leaf endophyte, coll. E.I. Rojas E886, 1 Jun 2004 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> of <italic>C. ignotum</italic> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125397&link_type=cbs">CBS 125397</ext-link> = ICMP 18646).</p><p id="P261"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum jasmini-sambac</italic></bold> Wikee, K.D. Hyde, L. Cai & McKenzie, Fungal Diversity 46: 174. 2011.</p><p id="P262"><italic>Notes</italic>: Placed here in synonymy with <italic>Colletotrichum siamense</italic> based on the ITS, GAPDH, CAL, TUB2, and ACT gene sequences from the ex-holotype culture, deposited in GenBank by Wikee <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R184">2011</xref>).</p><p id="P263">Wikee <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R184">2011</xref>) discussed similarities between <italic>C. jasmini-sambac, C. siamense</italic> and <italic>C. hymenocallidis</italic>, three species genetically close in their phylogenetic analysis. The broader range of isolates representing <italic>C. siamense</italic> in our analysis shows that these species form a single, monophyletic clade that cannot be sensibly subdivided (see notes under <italic>C. siamense</italic>).</p><p id="P264"><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Vietnam</bold>, Cu Chi District, Trung An Ward, on living leaves of <italic>Jasminum sambac</italic>, Jan. 2009, coll. Hoa Nguyen Thi LLTA–01 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> of C<italic>. jasmini-sambac</italic> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130420&link_type=cbs">CBS 130420</ext-link> = ICMP 19118).</p><p id="P265"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum kahawae</italic></bold> J.M. Waller & Bridge subsp. <bold><italic>kahawae</italic></bold>, Mycol. Res. 97: 993. 1993. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F25">Fig. 25</xref>.</p><fig id="F25" position="float"><label>Fig. 25.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>kahawae</italic>. A, E. ICMP 17905 (ex IMI 361501). B–C. ICMP 17816 (ex IMI 319418 – ex-holotype culture). C. ICMP 17915 (ex <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=982.69&link_type=cbs">CBS 982.69</ext-link>). A–B. Appressoria. C. Conidia. D–E. Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below. Scale bar C = 20 μm. Scale bar of C applies to A–C.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig25"></graphic></fig><p id="P266">Waller <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R177">1993</xref>) provide a description.</p><p id="P267"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: Known only from <italic>Coffea</italic> from Africa.</p><p id="P268"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ACT, CAL, CHS-1, GAPDH, TUB2, SOD2, and ITS sequences are the same as those from <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic>. The two subspecies can be distinguished by GS sequences; <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>kahawae</italic> has a 22 bp deletion and a single C to T transition. Collectively, the two subspecies can be distinguished from all other species using ITS sequences alone.</p><p id="P269"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Colletotrichum kahawae</italic> was proposed by Waller <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R177">1993</xref>) as a name to refer specifically to <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> isolates causing Coffee Berry Disease (CBD), to taxonomically distinguish these disease-causing isolates from the several other <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp. that can be isolated from coffee plants, including <italic>C. coffeanum</italic> (see notes under <italic>C. coffeanum</italic>). <italic>Colletotrichum kahawae</italic> is an apparently clonal population (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R173">Varzea <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>), widespread on coffee in Africa, and with a distinctive growth form and biology (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R177">Waller <italic>et al.</italic> 1993</xref>).</p><p id="P270">In this paper <italic>C. kahawae sensu</italic> Waller <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R177">1993</xref>) is reduced to subspecies. Based on ACT, CAL, CHS-1, GAPDH, TUB2, SOD2, and ITS gene sequences the coffee berry pathogen cannot be distinguished from isolates from a wide range of other hosts that are not pathogenic to coffee. Those other isolates are referred to here as <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic>. We retain a distinct taxonomic label for the coffee berry pathogen to reflect its biosecurity importance. In addition to its biology, <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>kahawae</italic> can be distinguished metabolically, and genetically using GS gene sequences. Waller <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R177">1993</xref>) used a metabolic test, an inability to utilise either citrate or tartrate as a sole carbon source, to help characterise isolates as <italic>C. kahawae</italic>. None of our <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>kahawae</italic> isolates were able to utilise either citrate or tartrate, whereas all of the <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic> isolates were able to utilise one or both of these carbon sources (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R179">Weir & Johnston 2009</xref>). All of the <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp<italic>. kahawae</italic> isolates share a 22 bp deletion in the glutamine synthetase gene, lacking in the <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic> isolates. Note that one of the isolates metabolically and genetically typical <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>kahawae</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=982.69&link_type=cbs">CBS 982.69</ext-link>) was reported by Gielink & Vermeulen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R51">1983</xref>) to be non-pathogenic to coffee, but we have not independently checked this result.</p><p id="P271">The isolates we accept as <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>kahawae</italic> show two cultural types, one matching the description of Waller <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R177">1993</xref>), slow growing, darkly pigmented cultures with conidia developing mostly in the aerial mycelium. The second cultural type grew even more slowly, had little or no pigmentation within the agar, and the colony surface was covered with numerous acervuli and orange conidial masses. Metabolically and genetically both cultural types were the same, and pathogenicity tests showed that the non-pigmented isolates caused CBD (unpubl. data, D. Silva, Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro). Rodriguez <italic>et al.</italic> (1991) reported further variation in cultural appearance amongst CBD causing isolates.</p><p id="P272"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R177">Waller <italic>et al.</italic> 1993</xref> stated that <italic>C. kahawae</italic> was not known to form ascospores. However, Gielink & Vermeulen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R51">1983</xref>) observed the production of perithecia on coffee berries that had been inoculated with CBD-causing isolates, many months after inoculation and death of the berries. At least one of the isolates that they cited with this biology, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=135.30&link_type=cbs">CBS 135.30</ext-link>, has the GS sequence typical of <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>kahawae</italic>. Vermeulen <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R175">1984</xref>) grew cultures from the perithecia that developed on the previously inoculated berries, and found that none were pathogenic to coffee. It is possible that the perithecia developing on inoculated berries reported by Gielink & Vermeulen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R51">1983</xref>) were from other <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp. present on the berries before they were inoculated, and represented species distinct from <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>kahawae</italic>. A similar situation has been noted with some of our inoculations, where species present on tissues prior to inoculation, either endophytic or latent, started to sporulate on the dead tissue following inoculation (unpubl. data, B.S. Weir).</p><p id="P273">Based on ITS sequences, most of the accessions in GenBank identified as <italic>C. kahawae</italic> and isolated from coffee, match our concept of <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>kahawae</italic>. There are two exceptions, AF534468 (from Malawi) and AY376540 (STE-U 5295 = IMI 319424 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112985&link_type=cbs">CBS 112985</ext-link>, from Kenya). The Kenyan isolate was cited as <italic>C. kahawae</italic> in Lubbe <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R83">2004</xref>). Based on the ITS sequences, and the TUB2 sequence from isolate STE-U 5295 (AY376588), these isolates represent <italic>C. siamense</italic>.</p><p id="P274"><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Angola</bold>, Ganada, on <italic>Coffea arabica</italic> berry, coll. J.N.M. Pedro 16/65, 2 Jun. 1965 (IMI 310524 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=982.69&link_type=cbs">CBS 982.69</ext-link> = ICMP 17915). <bold>Cameroon</bold>, on <italic>Coffea arabica</italic> (IMI 361501 = ICMP 17905). <bold>Kenya</bold>, Ruiru, Kakuzi Estate, on <italic>Coffea arabica</italic> young shoots, coll. D.M. Masaba 22/87, 29 Jan. 1987 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> of <italic>C. kahawae</italic> – IMI 319418 = ICMP 17816); on <italic>Coffea</italic> sp., coll. E.C. Edwards, May 1930 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=135.30&link_type=cbs">CBS 135.30</ext-link> = ICMP 17982). <bold>Malawi</bold>, on <italic>Coffea arabica</italic> (IMI 301220 = ICMP 17811).</p><p id="P275"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic></bold> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., <bold>subsp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB563758&link_type=mb">MB563758</ext-link>. Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F26">26</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F27">27</xref>.</p><fig id="F26" position="float"><label>Fig. 26.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic>. A. ICMP 12952. B, D. ICMP 17932 (ex <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112984&link_type=cbs">CBS 112984</ext-link>). E, H. ICMP 17931 (ex IMI 359911). C, F. ICMP 18539 – ex-holotype culture. G. ICMP 18531. A–B. Asci and ascospores. C–D. Appressoria. E. Setae. F–H. Conidia. Scale bars A, E = 20 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–D, F–H.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig26d"></graphic></fig><fig id="F27" position="float"><label>Fig. 27.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic>. A. ICMP 12953. B. ICMP 18534. C. ICMP 17922 (ex <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=237.49&link_type=cbs">CBS 237.49</ext-link> – ex-holotype culture of <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> var. <italic>migrans</italic>). D. ICMP 17932 (ex <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112984&link_type=cbs">CBS 112984</ext-link>). E. ICMP 18539 – ex-holotype culture of <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic>. F. ICMP 12952 – single ascospore cultures from single conidial isolate. Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig27"></graphic></fig><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> var. <italic>migrans</italic> Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 14: 262. 1949.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Glomerella rufomaculans</italic> var. <italic>vaccinii</italic> Shear, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 34: 314. 1907.</p></list-item></list><p id="P276"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Based on the title of the Jim Jarmusch movie “Coffee and Cigarettes”, referring to the close genetic relationship between <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic> and the coffee pathogen <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>kahawae</italic>; ciggaro is Portuguese for cigarette.</p><p id="P277"><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, on <italic>Olea europaea</italic>, coll. V. Sergeeva UWS124, 1989, PDD 102232; ex-type culture ICMP 18539.</p><p id="P278"><italic>Colonies</italic> grown from single conidia on Difco PDA 75–85 mm diam after 10 d for most isolates, the ex-holotype culture of <italic>G. cingulata</italic> var. <italic>migrans</italic> 48–49 mm diam. Aerial mycelium cottony, grey, dense, or in some isolates with dark stromatic masses and associated orange conidial ooze showing through mycelium from agar surface; in reverse agar with pinkish-orange pigments (6B4–7B4), irregular scattered black spots, and variable levels of development of overlying dark grey to green-grey pigments (4C2–5D4), these sometimes in discrete sectors. See notes below about a divergent growth form single ascospore cultures from perithecia in culture. <italic>Conidia</italic> form on dark-based acervuli, (12–)16–19.5(–29) × (4.5–) 5(–8) μm (av. 17.8 × 5.1 μm, n = 214), cylindric, straight, apex rounded, often tapering slightly towards the base. <italic>Appressoria</italic> typically cylindric to fusoid in shape, deeply lobed. <italic>Perithecia</italic> numerous, forming tightly packed clumps, individual perithecia globose, small, about 250 μm diam, with a short ostiolar neck. <italic>Asci</italic> 55–100 × 10–12 μm, 8–spored. <italic>Ascospores</italic> (13.5–)17.5–20(–24) × (4–)4.5–5(–6.5) μm (av. 18.8 × 4.8 μm, n = 121), gently curved, tapering to quite narrow, rounded ends, widest point usually towards one end of the spore.</p><p id="P279"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: Known from Australia, Germany, New Zealand, and South Africa. Both host and geographic range of the isolates we accept in <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic> are broad. <italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ACT, CAL, CHS-1, GAPDH, TUB2, SOD2, and ITS sequences match those from <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>kahawae</italic>. The two subspecies can be distinguished by GS sequences. Collectively, the two subspecies can be distinguished from all other species using ITS sequences alone.</p><p id="P280"><italic>Notes</italic>: The authentic isolate of <italic>G. cingulata</italic> var. <italic>migrans</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=237.49&link_type=cbs">CBS 237.49</ext-link>) differed from all other isolates we accept in <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic> by its slower growth rate. Wollenweber & Hochapfel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R187">1949</xref>) distinguished <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> var. <italic>migrans</italic> from <italic>G. cingulata</italic> var. <italic>cingulata</italic> on the basis of pathogenicity (<italic>G. cingulata</italic> var. <italic>migrans</italic> was pathogenic to <italic>Hypericum</italic> and not to apple) and because of its slightly longer ascospores and shorter conidia — ascospores average 21 × 4.2 μm versus 18 × 4.6 μm, conidia average 14 × 5.2 μm versus 18 × 5 μm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R187">Wollenweber & Hochapfel 1949</xref>). We were unable to produce ascospores from <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=237.49&link_type=cbs">CBS 237.49</ext-link>, the conidia were similar in size to that reported by Wollenweber & Hochapfel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R187">1949</xref>), averaging 16.6 × 5.3 μm. However, the average ascospore and conidial lengths of our <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic> isolates varied across the range cited by Wollenweber & Hochapfel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R187">1949</xref>) for both <italic>G. cingulata</italic> var. <italic>cingulata</italic> and <italic>G. cingulata</italic> var. <italic>migrans</italic>, the average ascospore length from individual isolates ranging from 16.6 to 20 μm, the average conidial length ranging from 14.9 to 21.2 μm.</p><p id="P281"><italic>Glomerella rufomaculans</italic> var. <italic>vaccinii</italic> was described by Shear (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R132">1907</xref>) for a fungus isolated from cranberry that was morphologically identical to isolates from apple and other hosts but which appeared to be biologically distinct (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R132">Shear 1907</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R134">Shear & Wood 1913</xref>). A putatively authentic isolate of this species, deposited by Shear in CBS in 1922, matches <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic> genetically. Polashock <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R114">2009</xref>) discussed the diversity of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp. associated with North American cranberry fruit rots, reporting a close match between their isolates and <italic>C. kahawae</italic>. Incorporation of their ITS sequences into our alignment confirms this. Whether or not there is a genetically distinct, cranberry specialised taxon within <italic>C. kahawae</italic> requires additional genes to be sequenced from the cranberry-associated isolates.</p><p id="P282"><italic>Colletotrichum kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic> was referred to as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> Group B by Johnston & Jones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R70">1997</xref>) and Johnston <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R71">2005</xref>), and as Undescribed Group 1 by Silva et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R141">2012b</xref>).</p><p id="P283">Single ascospore isolates derived from perithecia forming in single conidial cultures of the avocado-associated isolates of <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic> from New Zealand showed two highly divergent growth forms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F28">Fig. 27F</xref>). One typical of the “wild type” (cottony, grey to dark grey aerial mycelium with dark-based acervuli and orange conidial masses visible through the mycelium, in reverse with pinkish-orange pigmentation, in places this masked by irregular patches or sectors of dark grey pigmentation), the other more or less lacking aerial mycelium, the surface of the colony covered with small, pale-based acervuli with bright orange conidial ooze, in reverse bright orange from the conidial ooze. Although common from single ascospores, the bright, conidial cultural type is rarely formed by isolates from nature (unpubl. data). Similar dimorphic cultural types have been observed also from single ascospore isolates from a member of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex, <italic>C. constrictum</italic> (unpubl. data, P.R. Johnston).</p><fig id="F28" position="float"><label>Fig. 28.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum musae</italic>. A. ICMP 12930. B. ICMP 18600. C. ICMP 17817 (ex IMI 52264). Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig28"></graphic></fig><p id="P284"><italic>Other specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Brazil</bold>, on leaves of <italic>Miconia</italic> sp., coll. R. Barreto RWB1054, 2009 (ICMP 18728). <bold>Germany</bold>, Berlin-Dahlem, on stem of <italic>Hypericum perforatum</italic>, Jun. 1937 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> of <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> var. <italic>migrans</italic> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=237.49&link_type=cbs">CBS 237.49</ext-link> = ICMP 17922). <bold>New Zealand</bold>, Auckland, Waitakere Ranges, on leaves of <italic>Kunzea ericoides</italic>, coll. S. Joshee 5Kun3.10 (ICMP 18741); Auckland, Waitakere Ranges, on leaves of <italic>K. ericoides</italic>, coll. S. Joshee 7Kun5.2 (ICMP 18534); Auckland, Waitakere Ranges, on leaves of <italic>Toronia toru</italic>, coll. G. Carroll TOROTO3 (ICMP 18544); Te Puke, on <italic>Persea americana</italic> fruit rot, coll. W.F.T. Hartill, 19 Jan. 1989 (ICMP 18531); Te Puke, on <italic>P. americana</italic> fruit rot, coll. W.F.T. Hartill, 8 Feb. 1988 (ICMP 12952); Te Puke, on <italic>P. americana</italic> fruit rot, coll. W.F.T. Hartill, 28 Sep. 1991 (ICMP 12953). <bold>South Africa</bold>, Madeira, on <italic>Dryandra</italic> sp., coll. J.E. Taylor, 1 Apr. 2001 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112984&link_type=cbs">CBS 112984</ext-link>, as <italic>C. crassipes</italic> = ICMP 17932). <bold>Switzerland</bold>, on <italic>Dryas octopetala</italic>, coll. P. Cannon (IMI 359911 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=12988&link_type=cbs">CBS 12988</ext-link> = ICMP 17931). <bold>USA</bold>, on <italic>Vaccinium macrocarpum</italic> leaves, coll. C.L. Shear, Apr. 1922 (<bold>authentic culture</bold> of <italic>G. rufomaculans</italic> var. <italic>vaccinii</italic> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124.22&link_type=cbs">CBS 124.22</ext-link> = ICMP 19122).</p><p id="P285"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum manihotis</italic></bold> Henn., Hedwigia 43: 94. 1904.</p><p id="P286"><italic>Notes</italic>: Anthracnose is an important disease of cassava (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">Chevaugeon 1956</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R88">Makambila 1994</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R48">Fokunang <italic>et al.</italic> 2000</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R110">Owolade <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), variously referred to <italic>Colletotrichum manihotis, Gloeosporium manihotis</italic> Henn., <italic>Glomerella manihotis</italic> (Sacc.) Petr., <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> “f. sp. <italic>manihotis</italic>”, or <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>manihotis</italic>”. The original descriptions of both <italic>C. manihotis</italic> and <italic>Gloeosporium manihotis</italic> are of species with short, broad conidia (8–15 × 4–6 μm), and Chevaugeon (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">1956</xref>) regarded all of these cassava-associated fungi as con-specific. However, based on Fokunang <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R48">2000</xref>), a morphologically highly diverse set of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> isolates are associated with diseased plants. There are three GenBank accessions of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> from cassava, all from China, and although only ITS sequences are available for these isolates, they appear to represent a single, distinct species within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex. How these Chinese isolates relate to cassava-associated isolates from other parts of the world is not known.</p><p id="P287"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum musae</italic></bold> (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Arx, Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2 51(3): 107. 1957. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F28">Fig. 28</xref>.</p><p id="P288">Basionym: <italic>Myxosporium musae</italic> Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grevillea 3: 13. 1874.</p><p id="P289">Su <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R159">2011</xref>) provide a description.</p><p id="P290"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: Found in association with fruit lesions of <italic>Musa</italic> spp. in many regions.</p><p id="P291"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ITS sequences separate <italic>C. musae</italic> from all other species.</p><p id="P292"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Colletotrichum musae</italic> was originally described from North Carolina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">Berkeley 1874</xref>), and the name was recently epitypified by Su <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R159">2011</xref>) on the basis of a specimen collected in Florida (ex-epitype culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116870&link_type=cbs">CBS 116870</ext-link>). Su <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R159">2011</xref>) cite several strains from Thailand that match their concept of <italic>C. musae</italic>, and isolates from anthracnose symptoms on banana fruit from several parts of the world are the same based on our study. These isolates form a well-supported clade within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex, show low levels of genetic differentiation, and based on ITS sequences are consistent with <italic>C. musae sensu</italic> Sreenivasaprasad <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R155">1996</xref>), Nirenberg <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R105">2002</xref>) and Shenoy <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R136">2007</xref>). The morphology in culture agrees with the description of Sutton & Waterston (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R160">1970</xref>).</p><p id="P293">We have not seen a <italic>Glomerella</italic> state in culture and none was mentioned by Su <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R159">2011</xref>). However, Rodriguez & Owen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R122">1992</xref>) reported rare production of perithecia from crosses between two of 14 isolates identified as <italic>C. musae</italic>. It is not known whether the isolates studied by Rodriguez & Owen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R122">1992</xref>) match our concept of <italic>C. musae</italic> genetically, but it is possible that this species behaves in a similar way to some species in the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> complex, where the sexual morph can be generated in culture under suitable conditions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R55">Guerber & Correll 2001</xref>). The name “<italic>Glomerella musae</italic>”, used by Rodriguez & Owen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R122">1992</xref>) and Krauss <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">2001</xref>), has never been validly published.</p><p id="P294">More than one species of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> has been found in association with rotting banana fruit. From isolates with well characterised sequence data these include a species belonging to <italic>C. acutatum s. lat.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R138">Sherriff <italic>et al.</italic> 1994</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R70">Johnston & Jones 1997</xref>) that is described as <italic>C. paxtonii</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2012a</xref>, this issue), and <italic>C. karstii</italic> that belongs to the <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2012b</xref>, this issue). The latter forms a sexual stage in culture and is known from <italic>Musa</italic> in South America and Australia, as well as from many other hosts worldwide, often as an endophyte. Species in the <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complex have been previously confused with <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. lat.</italic> Greene (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R54">1967</xref>) referred isolates pathogenic to banana that were not associated with a teleomorph to <italic>C. musae</italic>, and a second non-pathogenic species that formed fertile ascospores, to <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>. Whether <italic>Glomerella musarum</italic> Petch, described from leaves of banana and cited as the teleomorph of <italic>C. musae</italic> by Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R162">1992</xref>) and Hyde <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R65">2009</xref>), is a synonym of <italic>C. musae</italic> in the sense we use the name here is not known, but seems unlikely given the rare production of perithecia by this species.</p><p id="P295"><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Indonesia</bold>, on <italic>Musa</italic> sp., coll. G. von Becze, Jan. 1931 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=192.31&link_type=cbs">CBS 192.31</ext-link> = ICMP 17923). <bold>Kenya</bold>, on <italic>Musa sapientum</italic>, coll. R.M. Nattrass 1850, 1 Jan. 1953 (IMI 52264 = ICMP 17817). <bold>New Zealand</bold>, Auckland (imported fruit), on <italic>Musa</italic> sp., coll. P.R. Johnston C1197.1, 24 May 1991 (ICMP 12931; PDD 59100); Auckland (fruit imported from the Phillipines), on <italic>Musa</italic> sp., coll. S. Bellgard, 5 May 2009 (ICMP 18600); Auckland, Mt Albert Research Centre, <italic>Musa</italic> sp. spots on green fruit, coll. P.R. Johnston C809.2, 12 Aug. 1987 (ICMP 12930; PDD 46160); Auckland (fruit imported from the Phillipines), on <italic>Musa</italic> sp., coll. B. Weir, 17 May 2009 (ICMP 18701; PDD 97438). <bold>USA</bold>, Florida, on <italic>Musa</italic> sp., coll. M. Arzanlou A-1 (<bold>ex-epitype culture</bold> of <italic>C. musae</italic> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=116870&link_type=cbs">CBS 116870</ext-link> = ICMP 19119).</p><p id="P296"><bold><italic>Glomerella musarum</italic></bold> Petch, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya 6(3): 223. 1917.</p><p id="P297"><italic>Notes</italic>: See notes under <italic>C. musae</italic>.</p><p id="P298"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum nupharicola</italic></bold> D.A. Johnson, Carris & J.D. Rogers, Mycol. Res. 101: 647. 1997. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F29">Fig. 29</xref>.</p><fig id="F29" position="float"><label>Fig. 29.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum nupharicola</italic>. A. ICMP 17939 (ex <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=470.96&link_type=cbs">CBS 470.96</ext-link> – ex-holotype culture). B. ICMP 17938 (ex <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=469.96&link_type=cbs">CBS 469.96</ext-link>). C. ICMP 18187 (ex <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=472.96&link_type=cbs">CBS 472.96</ext-link>). Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig29"></graphic></fig><p id="P299">Johnson <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R68">1997</xref>) provide a description.</p><p id="P300"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: Known only from the USA, on the aquatic plants <italic>Nuphar</italic> and <italic>Nymphaea</italic> spp.</p><p id="P301"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: One of the two ITS haplotypes of <italic>C. nupharicola</italic> is identical with <italic>C. queenslandicum</italic>. All other genes distinguish this species well from other species in the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex.</p><p id="P302"><italic>Notes</italic>: Sequence data from the ex-holotype culture of <italic>C. nupharicola</italic> places it within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex, genetically close to <italic>C. fructicola</italic> and <italic>C. alienum</italic> in the Musae clade. This apparently host-specific species and has a distinctive, slow growth in culture and massive conidia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R68">Johnson <italic>et al.</italic> 1997</xref>).</p><p id="P303">Johnson <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R68">1997</xref>) compare <italic>C. nupharicola</italic> with another water plant pathogen, <italic>C. nymphaeae</italic>, that is epitypified and shown to belong to the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> species complex by Damm <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">2012a</xref>, this issue).</p><p id="P304"><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>, Washington, King Co., on <italic>Nuphar lutea</italic> subsp. <italic>polysepala</italic>, coll. D.A. Johnson A-7, Oct. 1993 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=469.96&link_type=cbs">CBS 469.96</ext-link> = ICMP 17938); Washington, Yakima Co., on <italic>N. lutea</italic> subsp. <italic>polysepala</italic>, coll. D.A. Johnson A-2, Oct. 1993 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=470.96&link_type=cbs">CBS 470.96</ext-link> = ICMP 17939); Rhode Island, on <italic>Nymphaea ordorata</italic>, coll. R.D. Goos RDG-291, 1979 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=472.96&link_type=cbs">CBS 472.96</ext-link> = ICMP 18187).</p><p id="P305"><bold><italic>Gloeosporium pedemontanum</italic></bold> Pupillo, Ann. Sperim. Agrar. n.s. 6: 57. 1952.</p><p id="P306"><italic>Notes</italic>: Placed here in synonymy with <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>. See notes under <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>.</p><p id="P307"><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Italy</bold>, on <italic>Citrus limon</italic> juice, coll. G. Goidánich, 1951 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> of <italic>G. pedemontanum</italic> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=273.51&link_type=cbs">CBS 273.51</ext-link> = ICMP 19121).</p><p id="P308"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum psidii</italic></bold> Curzi, Atti dell’Istituto Botanico dell’Università di Pavia, ser. 3, 3: 207. 1927. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F30">Fig. 30</xref>.</p><fig id="F30" position="float"><label>Fig. 30.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum psidii</italic> (ICMP 19120, ex <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=145.29&link_type=cbs">CBS 145.29</ext-link> – authentic culture). Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single hyphal tips, from above and below.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig30"></graphic></fig><p id="P309"><italic>Colonies</italic> grown from single conidia on Difco PDA 58–63 mm diam after 10 d, aerial mycelium dense, cottony to felted, uniform in height, white to off-white; in reverse uniformly pale creamy yellow (2A2–2A3) or in some cultures becoming dull greyish yellow (2D2–2E2) towards the centre. No <italic>conidiogenous cells</italic> or <italic>conidia</italic> seen.</p><p id="P310"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: Known from a single isolate, from <italic>Psidium</italic> from Italy.</p><p id="P311"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: Although known from only one isolate, ITS sequences separate <italic>C. psidii</italic> from all other taxa.</p><p id="P312"><italic>Notes</italic>: A putatively authentic isolate of this species, deposited in CBS by Curzi shortly after publication of <italic>C. psidii</italic>, represents a genetically distinct species within the Kahawae clade. The only available culture is stale, no longer forming conidia. Curzi (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R34">1927</xref>) describes the conidia as 12–15 × 3.5–4.5 μm, cylindric with rounded ends, straight or rarely slightly curved.</p><p id="P313">Anthracnose diseases have been noted for <italic>Psidium</italic> spp. (guava) from several tropical regions of the world (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R84">MacCaughey 1917</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R174">Venkatakrishniah 1952</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R81">Liu 1972</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R96">Misra 2004</xref>). It is likely that several <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp. are associated with guava fruit rots. Whether the fungus described by Curzi from an Italian botanical garden represents one of the species causing a guava disease in the tropics is not known. All other members of the Kahawae clade are predominantly tropical, so perhaps this fungus was introduced to Italy along with its host plant. Misra (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R96">2004</xref>) uses <italic>C. psidii</italic> to refer to a <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species with curved conidia.</p><p id="P314">One other species has been described from this host, <italic>Glomerella psidii</italic> (basionym <italic>Gloeosporium psidii</italic>), the relationship of this species to <italic>C. psidii</italic> remains unknown. A new species on <italic>Psidium guajava, C. guajavae</italic>, belonging to the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> species complex, is described elsewhere in this volume (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2012a</xref>).</p><p id="P315"><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Italy</bold>, Rome, on <italic>Psidium</italic> sp., coll. M. Curzi (<bold>authentic culture</bold> of <italic>C. psidii</italic> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=145.29&link_type=cbs">CBS 145.29</ext-link> = ICMP 19120).</p><p id="P316"><bold><italic>Glomerella psidii</italic></bold> (Delacr.) J. Sheld., Bull. West Virginia Agric. Exp. Sta. 104: 311. 1906.</p><p id="P317"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Gloeosporium psidii</italic> Delacr., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France. 19: 144. 1903.</p><p id="P318"><italic>Notes</italic>: Sheldon (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R135">1906</xref>) produced perithecia in culture from isolates he considered typical of <italic>Gloeosporium psidii</italic> and on this basis recombined the species described by Delacroix (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R38">1903</xref>) in <italic>Glomerella</italic>. The relationship of <italic>G. psidii</italic> to <italic>Colletotrichum psidii</italic>, also described from guava, is not known. See notes under <italic>C. psidii</italic>.</p><p id="P319"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum queenslandicum</italic></bold> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., <bold>nom. nov. et stat. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB563593&link_type=mb">MB563593</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F31">Fig. 31</xref>.</p><fig id="F31" position="float"><label>Fig. 31.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum queenslandicum</italic>. A, C, E. ICMP 1778 – ex-epitype culture. B, F. ICMP 1780. D, G. ICMP 12564. H. ICMP 18705. A–B. Appressoria. C–D. Conidia. E–H. Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below. Scale bar A = 20 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–D.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig31"></graphic></fig><p id="P320"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> var. <italic>minus</italic> Simmonds, Queensland J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 25: 178A. 1968. [as var. <italic>minor</italic>]</p><p id="P321"><italic>Etymology</italic>: based on the region from which the type specimen of this species was collected.</p><p id="P322"><italic>Holotype</italic>: Australia, Queensland, Ormiston, on <italic>Carica papaya</italic>, coll. J.H. Simmonds, Oct. 1965, IMI 117612.</p><p id="P323"><italic>Epitype</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Queensland, Brisbane, on <italic>Carica papaya</italic>, coll. J.H. Simmonds 11663C, Sep. 1965, <bold>epitype</bold> here designated PDD 28797; ex-epitype culture ICMP 1778.</p><p id="P324"><italic>Colonies</italic> grown from single conidia on Difco PDA 62–74 mm diam after 10 d, aerial mycelium either dense, cottony, uniform, grey, or with aerial mycelium lacking, towards centre of colony with numerous, small acervuli with dark bases and orange conidial ooze; in reverse cultures with copious aerial mycelium uniformly dark grey (1F2), those with little aerial mycelium having a pinkish brown (8B4) pigment within the agar, the dark bases of the acervuli and the colour of the conidial ooze visible through the agar. <italic>Conidia</italic> (12–)14.5–16.5(–21.5) × (3.5–)4.5–5(–6) μm (av. 15.5 × 4.8 μm, n = 96), cylindric, straight, sometimes slightly constricted near centre, ends broadly rounded. <italic>Appressoria</italic> about 6–12 μm diam., globose to short-cylindric, rarely lobed. <italic>Perithecia</italic> not seen.</p><p id="P325"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: Known from <italic>Carica papaya</italic> and <italic>Persea americana</italic> from Queensland, Australia, and from <italic>Coffea</italic> berries from Fiji. Simmonds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R144">1965</xref>) reported from Australia what he considered to be the same fungus also from <italic>Mangifera indica, Malus sylvestris,</italic> and “many other hosts”.</p><p id="P326"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ITS sequences do not separate <italic>C. queenslandicum</italic> from some <italic>C. fructicola</italic>, some <italic>C. siamense</italic>, and some <italic>C. tropicale</italic> isolates. It is best distinguished from these taxa using TUB2, GAPDH, or GS.</p><p id="P327"><italic>Notes</italic>: The ex-type cultures cited by Simmonds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R145">1968</xref>) are no longer in storage at BRIP in Queensland (R. Shivas, pers. comm.) and presumably lost. However, we do have two cultures identified as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> var. <italic>minus</italic> by Simmonds and isolated from the same host from the same locality as the holotype (Simmonds isolates 16633C and 1647A2), that had been sent to Joan Dingley in 1965 and subsequently stored in the ICMP culture collection. The culture selected here as epitype (Simmonds 11663C = ICMP 1778) matches the Simmonds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R144">1965</xref>) description of this fungus as having “an abundance of aerial mycelium in culture”. Our conidial measurements from ICMP 1778 and 1780 are broader than those given by Simmonds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R144">1965</xref>), but he does note that “Confusion can occur between narrower strains of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> and broader strains of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> var. <italic>minus</italic>...”. Simmonds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R144">1965</xref>) also notes that perithecia may rarely be seen in cultures of some isolates.</p><p id="P328">The isolates accepted here as <italic>C. queenslandicum</italic> are genetically distinct within the Musae clade of <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. lat. Colletotrichum minus</italic> Zimm. (1901) requires that we propose a <italic>nom. nov.</italic> for this fungus at species rank.</p><p id="P329">Simmonds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R144">1965</xref>) considered <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> var. <italic>minus</italic> to be the conidial state of <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> var. <italic>minor</italic> Wollenw. Wollenweber & Hochapfel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R187">1949</xref>) used the name <italic>Gloeosporium elasticae</italic> Cooke & Massee for the conidial state of <italic>G. cingulata</italic> var. <italic>minor</italic>, the type specimens for both names being from <italic>Ficus</italic>. Simmonds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R144">1965</xref>) noted that it was not possible to transfer <italic>G. elasticae</italic> to <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> because <italic>Colletotrichum elasticae</italic> had already been published for a different fungus. However, rather than proposing a nom. nov. for <italic>Gloeosporium elasticae</italic>, he described <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> var. <italic>minus</italic> as a new variety, with a different type specimen. <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> var. <italic>minor</italic> is genetically distinct from the specimen Simmonds chose as the type of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> var. <italic>minus</italic>, see notes under <italic>G. cingulata</italic> var. <italic>minor</italic>.</p><p id="P330"><italic>Other specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Queensland, Brisbane, on <italic>Carica</italic> sp., coll. J.H. Simmonds 16347A2 (ICMP 1780, dried culture stored as PDD 28797); Queensland, Home Hill, on <italic>Persea americana</italic>, coll. L. Coates 22516, Feb. 1983 (ICMP 12564). <bold>Fiji</bold>, on <italic>Coffea</italic> sp. berry, coll. R. Gounder, Apr. 1988 (ICMP 18705).</p><p id="P331"><bold><italic>Glomerella rufomaculans</italic> var. <italic>vaccinii</italic></bold> Shear, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 34: 314. 1907.</p><p id="P332"><italic>Notes</italic>: Placed here in synonymy with <italic>Colletotrichum kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic>. See notes under <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic>. Note that Saccardo & Trotter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R126">1913</xref>) place Shear’s variety in <italic>Glomerella fructigena</italic> (Clint.) Sacc., a rarely used species name, placed in synonymy with <italic>G. cingulata</italic> by von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">1954</xref>).</p><p id="P333"><italic>Specimen examined</italic>: <bold>USA</bold>, on <italic>Vaccinium macrocarpum</italic> leaves, coll. C.L. Shear, Apr. 1922 (authentic isolate of <italic>G. rufomaculans</italic> var. <italic>vaccinii</italic> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124.22&link_type=cbs">CBS 124.22</ext-link> = ICMP 19122).</p><p id="P334"><bold><sup>*</sup><italic>Colletotrichum salsolae</italic> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB563589&link_type=mb">MB563589</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F32">Fig. 32</xref>.</p><fig id="F32" position="float"><label>Fig. 32.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum salsolae</italic>. A, C–H. ICMP 19051 – ex-holotype culture. B. BPI 878740 – holotype. A. Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below. B. Lesion on stem, dried type specimen. C. Conidiogenous cells. D–E. Conidia. F–G. Appressoria. Scale bars B = 1 mm, C = 20 μm. Scale bar of C applies to C–G.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig32"></graphic></fig><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p><italic>= Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>salsolae</italic>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R15">Berner <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p></list-item></list><p id="P335"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Based on <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>salsolae</italic>”, referring to the host from which this fungus was originally collected.</p><p id="P336"><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>Hungary</bold>, on <italic>Salsola tragus</italic>, coll. D. Berner [specimen from plants inoculated with strain 96-067, originally collected I. Schwarczinger & L. Vajna on <italic>Salsola tragus</italic> from Bugac, near Kiskunsag National Park, 1996], BPI 878740; ex-holotype culture ICMP 19051.</p><p id="P337"><italic>Colonies</italic> grown from single conidia on Difco PDA 38–42 mm diam after 10 d, aerial mycelium sparse, cottony, pale grey, surface of colony dark, a more or less continuous layer of acervulus-like structure with deep orange brown conidial masses and numerous setae; in reverse dark purplish-black near centre of colony, dark olivaceous near the margin. <italic>Conidia</italic> (10–)14–16.5(–20.5) × (4.5–) 5.5–6(–7.5) μm (av. 15.3 × 5.8 μm, n = 24), highly variable in size and shape, subglobose to long-cylindric, apex usually broadly rounded, small truncate scar at base. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> 13–18 × 4–6.5 μm, cylindric to flask-shaped, tapering at apex to narrow, phialidic conidiogenous locus, wall at base often encrusted with dark brown material. <italic>Appressoria</italic> sparsely developed, cylindric to elliptic, simple; many putatively partially developed appressoria, similar in shape to those with dark and thick walls and also with an appressorial pore, but the wall remains thin and only slightly pigmented. <italic>Perithecia</italic> not seen.</p><p id="P338"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: Known from throughout the geographic range of <italic>Salsola tragus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R15">Berner <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>), reported in nature only from <italic>Salsola</italic> spp.</p><p id="P339"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ITS sequences of <italic>C. salsolae</italic> are very close to <italic>C. alienum</italic> and some <italic>C. siamense</italic> isolates. These species can be distinguished using TUB2 or GAPDH.</p><p id="P340"><italic>Notes</italic>: Isolates of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> pathogenic to <italic>Salsola tragus</italic> were reported by Schwarczinger <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R130">1998</xref>) and referred to as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>salsolae</italic>” by Berner <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R15">2009</xref>). Although mildly pathogenic to a wide range of hosts in glasshouse pathogenicity tests, this fungus causes severe disease only on <italic>Salsola</italic> spp. with the exception of <italic>S. orientalis, S. soda</italic>, and <italic>S. vermiculata</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R15">Berner <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P341"><italic>Colletotrichum salsolae</italic> belongs to the Musae clade, and although genetically close to several other species, it is biologically and morphologically distinctive.</p><p id="P342"><italic>Other specimen examined</italic>: <bold>Hungary</bold>, additional isolate of strain selected as the holotype, recovered from inoculated <italic>Glycine max</italic> plants (MCA 2498 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119296&link_type=cbs">CBS 119296</ext-link> = ICMP 18693).</p><p id="P343"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum siamense</italic></bold> Prihastuti, L. Cai & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 39: 98. 2009. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F33">Fig. 33</xref>.</p><fig id="F33" position="float"><label>Fig. 33.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum siamense</italic>. A. ICMP 18642 (ex <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125378&link_type=cbs">CBS 125378</ext-link> – ex-holotype culture of <italic>C. hymenocallidis</italic>). B. ICMP 18578 (ex MFLU 090230 – ex-holotype culture of <italic>C. siamense</italic>). C. ICMP 12565. D. ICMP 18574 (ex DAR 76934). E. ICMP 18618 (ex HKUCC 10881). F. ICMP 18121. Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig33"></graphic></fig><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p><italic>= Colletotrichum jasmini-sambac</italic> Wikee, K.D. Hyde, L. Cai & McKenzie, Fungal Diversity 46: 174. 2011.</p></list-item><list-item><p><italic>= Colletotrichum hymenocallidis</italic> Yan L. Yang, Zuo Y. Liu, K.D. Hyde & L. Cai, Fungal Diversity 39: 138. 2009.</p></list-item></list><p id="P344">Descriptions of this species are provided by Prihastuti <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R118">2009</xref>), Wikee <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R184">2011</xref>), and Yang <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R193">2009</xref>).</p><p id="P345"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: <italic>Colletotrichum siamense</italic> was originally described from coffee from Thailand, but our concept of this species is biologically and geographically diverse, found on many hosts across several tropical and subtropical regions.</p><p id="P346"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ITS sequences do not reliably separate <italic>C. siamense</italic> from <italic>C. alienum, C. fructicola</italic>, or <italic>C. tropicale</italic>. These species are best distinguished using CAL or TUB2.</p><p id="P347"><italic>Notes</italic>: Yang <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R193">2009</xref>) and Wikee <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R184">2011</xref>) discussed genetic and morphological differences between <italic>C. siamense, C. jasmini-sambac</italic>, and <italic>C. hymenocallidis</italic>. However, both studies used a limited set of isolates within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex, making interpretation of the genetic differences difficult. The morphological differences they described are commonly seen as within-species variation in other <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp. In our analysis, <italic>C. siamense</italic> is represented by 30 isolates from a wide range of hosts from several tropical regions, and forms a monophyletic clade that cannot be further subdivided genetically. Variation in cultural appearance is broad but in part this probably reflects the different conditions under which the isolates had been stored. Shape and size of appressoria, and the characteristically small conidia are similar in all isolates.</p><p id="P348">Based on matching translation elongation factor (TEF) and TUB2 sequences, isolates referred by Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">2010</xref>) to <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> sp. indet. 2 also represent <italic>C. siamense</italic>. Note that TEF data was excluded from our phylogenetic analyses because the TEF gene tree was often incongruent with the trees from the other genes that we sequenced. For example, compare our isolate ICMP 17797 (GenBank GU174571) with isolates Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">2010</xref>) cite as <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> sp. indet. 2, V1H1_1 (GenBank GU994297) and 7767 (GenBank GU994298).</p><p id="P349">The <italic>C. siamense</italic> protologue designates the holotype as MFLU 090230, but the culture derived from holotype as “BCC” with no specimen number. The ex-holotype culture is listed as BDP-I2 in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref> of Prihastuti <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R118">2009</xref>) but not in the description of the species. Strain BDP-I2 was obtained from the authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R118">Prihastuti <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>) for this study and deposited as ICMP 18578.</p><p id="P350"><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, New South Wales, Murwillumbah, on <italic>Persea americana</italic> fruit rot, coll. L. Coates 23695, 1 Apr. 1990 (ICMP 12567); New South Wales, Muswellbrook, on <italic>Pistacia vera</italic> (DAR 76934 = ICMP 18574); Queensland, Mt Tamborine, on <italic>Persea americana</italic> fruit rot, coll. L. Coates T10-1, 1 Sep. 1993 (ICMP 12565). <bold>China</bold>, Guangxi, Nanning, on <italic>Hymenocallis americana</italic> leaf spot, coll. Y.L. Yang CSSN2, 19 Jun. 2008 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> of <italic>C. hymenocallidis</italic> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125378&link_type=cbs">CBS 125378</ext-link> = ICMP 18642); Guangxi Province, Nanning, on <italic>H. americana</italic> leaf, coll. Y.L. Yang CSSN3 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125379&link_type=cbs">CBS 125379</ext-link> = ICMP 18643). <bold>Nigeria</bold>, Ibadan, on <italic>Dioscorea rotundata</italic> seed, coll. M. Abang CgS2 (ICMP 18121); Ibadan, on <italic>D. rotundata</italic> seed, coll. M. Abang CgS6 (ICMP 18117); Ibadan, on <italic>Commelina</italic> sp. leaf, coll. M. Abang Cg29 (ICMP 18118). <bold>South Africa</bold>, on <italic>Carica papaya</italic> fruit, coll. L. Korsten PMS 1 (ICMP 18739). on <italic>Persea americana</italic>, coll. L. Korsten Cg227 (ICMP 18570); on <italic>Persea americana</italic>, coll. L. Korsten Cg231 (ICMP 18569). <bold>Thailand</bold>, Chiang Mai, Mae Lod Village, on <italic>Coffea arabica</italic> berries, coll. H. Prihastuti BPD-I2, 12 Dec. 2007 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> of <italic>C. siamense</italic> – MFLU 090230 = ICMP 18578). Kanchanaburi, on <italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>, P.P. Than Ku4 (HKUCC 10884 = ICMP 18575); Nakhonpathon, on <italic>C. annuum</italic>, coll. P.P. Than Ku8 (HKUCC 10881 = ICMP 18618). <bold>USA</bold>, Florida, on <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> leaf, coll. N. Peres ssgrape 10 (ICMP 18572); Florida, on <italic>Fragaria</italic> × <italic>ananassa</italic> crown, coll. N. Peres strawberry 6 (ICMP 18571); Florida, on <italic>V. vinifera</italic> leaf, coll. N. Peres DI-grape-6 (ICMP 18573); North Carolina, Wilkes County, on <italic>Malus domestica</italic> fruit, coll. T. Sutton LD Cg12 2001 (ICMP 17795); North Carolina, Johnston County, on <italic>M. domestica</italic> fruit, coll. T. Sutton GD 8 2002 (ICMP 17791); North Carolina, Johnston County, on <italic>M. domestica</italic> fruit, coll. T. Sutton GD 7 2002 (ICMP 17797); Alabama, on <italic>M. domestica</italic> fruit, coll. T. Sutton AL 1 2001 (ICMP 17785). <bold>Vietnam</bold>, Cu Chi District, Trung An Ward, on living leaves of <italic>Jasminium sambac</italic>, Jan. 2009, coll. Hoa Nguyen Thi LLTA–01 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> of <italic>C. jasmini-sambac</italic> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130420&link_type=cbs">CBS 130420</ext-link> = ICMP 19118).</p><p id="P351"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum theobromicola</italic></bold> Delacr., Bull. Soc. Mycol. France. 31: 191. 1905. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F34">Fig. 34</xref>.</p><fig id="F34" position="float"><label>Fig. 34.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum theobromicola</italic>. A. ICMP 17957 (ex MUCL 42294 – ex-holotype culture of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic>). B. ICMP 17927 (ex <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=142.31&link_type=cbs">CBS 142.31</ext-link> – ex-epitype culture of <italic>C. fragariae</italic>). C. ICMP 17958 (ex MUCL 42295). D. ICMP 17895. E. ICMP 18567. F. ICMP 18566. Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig34"></graphic></fig><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>= <italic>Colletotrichum fragariae</italic> A.N. Brooks, Phytopathology 21: 113. 1931.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic> Munaut, Mycol. Res. 106: 591. 2002.</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic> “f. sp. <italic>stylosanthis</italic>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R101">Munaut <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>= <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic> “f. sp. <italic>guianensis</italic>” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R101">Munaut <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>).</p></list-item></list><p id="P352">A modern description of this species is provided by Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">2010</xref>).</p><p id="P353"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: Broadly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions on a wide range of hosts.</p><p id="P354"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ITS sequences distinguish <italic>C. theobromicola</italic> from all other species.</p><p id="P355"><italic>Notes</italic>: The ex-epitype culture of <italic>Colletotrichum fragariae</italic>, the ex-neotype culture of <italic>C. theobromicola</italic>, and the ex-holotype culture of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic>, selected by Buddie <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R20">1999</xref>), Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">2010</xref>), and Munaut <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R101">2002</xref>) respectively, belong in a clade that we accept genetically as a single species. Also in this clade are authentic isolates of C. <italic>gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic> “f. sp. <italic>stylosanthis</italic>” and <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic> “f. sp.<italic> guianensis</italic>” (but see notes under <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic>).</p><p id="P356"><italic>Colletotrichum theobromicola</italic> as accepted here contains several putatively specialised pathogens, including the pathogen of strawberry runners described by Brooks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">1931</xref>) as <italic>C. fragariae</italic>, and the pathogens of <italic>Stylosanthes</italic> referred to as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f.<italic> stylosanthis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R101">Munaut <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>). Future studies may show that the species should be segregated based on their pathogenicity to specific hosts. See also notes under <italic>C. fragariae</italic> and <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis.</italic></p><p id="P357">Munaut <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R101">2002</xref>) distinguished <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f.<italic> stylosanthis</italic> from isolates they considered to represent <italic>C.</italic><italic>gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>gloeosporioides</italic> because of 2 additional C’s at positions 93 and 94 in the ITS1 region, giving a string of 7 C’s at this position. This characteristic feature of the ITS-1 is found also in the ex-neotype isolate of <italic>C. theobromicola</italic>, the ex-epitype isolate of <italic>C. fragariae</italic> and all other isolates of <italic>C. theobromicola</italic>, although a few isolates have 3 additional C’s rather than 2. None of the other isolates that we sampled from the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex have this characteristic string of C’s.</p><p id="P358">Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">2010</xref>) provide a description for their concept of <italic>C. theobromicola</italic>, MacKenzie <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R86">2008</xref>) for <italic>C. fragariae</italic>, and Irwin & Cameron (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R67">1978</xref>) for C. <italic>gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic> “f. sp.<italic> stylosanthis</italic>” (as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> Type A) and <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic> “f. sp. <italic>guianensis</italic>” (as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> Type B). In cultural appearance the isolates we accept in this species are variable, from the very dark ex-neotype isolate of <italic>C. theobromicola</italic> to the slow-growing, pale coloured <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic> “f. sp. <italic>guianensis</italic>”. None of the isolates that we examined formed perithecia in culture. All had conidia tapering slightly towards each end, this more pronounced towards the base, matching the description of <italic>C. fragariae</italic> by Gunnell & Gubler (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R57">1992</xref>), who regarded the conidial shape as distinctive for the species. Some of the isolates studied by Gunnell & Gubler (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R57">1992</xref>) were included in the study of MacKenzie <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R86">2008</xref>), their genetic concept of <italic>C. fragariae</italic> matching ours.</p><p id="P359">See also notes under <italic>C. fragariae</italic> and <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic>.</p><p id="P360"><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Queensland, Townsville, on <italic>Stylosanthes viscosa</italic>, coll. J.A.G. Irwin 21365 (HM335), 1976 (<bold>ex-holotype</bold> culture of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic> – MUCL 42294 = ICMP 17957); Samford, on <italic>Stylosanthes guianensis</italic>, coll. J.A.G. Irwin 21398 (HM336), 1979 (MUCL 42295 = ICMP 17958); New South Wales, <italic>Olea europaea</italic> fruit, coll. V. Sergeeva UWS 128, 21 Apr. 2008 (ICMP 18566); New South Wales, <italic>O. europaea</italic> fruit, coll. V. Sergeeva UWS 130, 21 Apr. 2008 (ICMP 18565); New South Wales, <italic>O. europaea</italic> fruit, coll. V. Sergeeva UWS 98, 8 Apr. 2008 (ICMP 18567). <bold>Israel</bold>, on <italic>Limonium</italic> sp. leaf lesion, coll. S. Freeman P1 (cited in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R93">Maymon <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>) (ICMP 18576). <bold>Mexico</bold>, on <italic>Annona diversifolia</italic>, coll. R. Villanueva-Aroe Gro-7, Jul. 2003 (ICMP 17895). <bold>New Zealand</bold>, Kerikeri, on <italic>Acca sellowiana</italic>, coll. M.A. Manning MM317, 1 Feb. 2004 (ICMP 15445). <bold>Panama</bold>, Chiriqui Province, San Vicente, on <italic>Theobroma cacao</italic> pod lesion, coll. E.J. Rojas ER08-9, Jan. 2008 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125393&link_type=cbs">CBS 125393</ext-link> = ICMP 18650); Chiriqui Province, Escobal, on <italic>T. cacao</italic> leaf spot, coll. E.J. Rojas GJS 08-50, Jan. 2008 (<bold>ex-neotype culture</bold> of <italic>C. theobromicola</italic> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124945&link_type=cbs">CBS 124945</ext-link> = ICMP 18649). <bold>USA</bold>, Florida, Dover, Plant City, on <italic>Fragaria</italic> × <italic>ananassa</italic>, coll. S. MacKenzie 326-1, 1988 (ICMP 17099); Florida, Lake Alfred, on <italic>Quercus</italic> sp. leaf, coll. S. MacKenzie LA-oak-13, 2002 (ICMP 17100); Louisiana, on <italic>F. vesca</italic>, 1985 (IMI 348152 = ICMP 17814); Florida, on <italic>F.</italic> × <italic>ananassa</italic>, coll. A.N. Brooks, 1931 (<bold>ex-epitype culture</bold> of <italic>C. fragariae</italic> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=142.31&link_type=cbs">CBS 142.31</ext-link> = ICMP 17927).</p><p id="P361"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum ti</italic></bold> B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB563594&link_type=mb">MB563594</ext-link>. Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F35">35</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F36">36</xref>.</p><fig id="F35" position="float"><label>Fig. 35.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum ti</italic>. A. PDD 24881 – holotype. B. PDD 30206. C, D, F, H. ICMP 4832 – ex-holotype culture. E, G. ICMP 19444. A–B. Lesions on dried herbarium specimens. C–E. Appressoria. F. Conidia. G. Conidiogenous cells. H. Ascospores. Scale bars A = 1 mm, C = 20 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B, scale bar of C applies to C–H.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig35"></graphic></fig><fig id="F36" position="float"><label>Fig. 36.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum ti</italic>. A. ICMP 19444. B. ICMP 4832 – ex-holotype culture. C. ICMP 5285. Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig36"></graphic></fig><p id="P362"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Based on the Maori name for <italic>Cordyline australis</italic>, tī.</p><p id="P363"><italic>Holotype</italic>: <bold>New Zealand</bold>, Taupo, on <italic>Cordyline</italic> sp., coll. J.M. Dingley 65187, Sep. 1965, PDD 24881; ex-holotype culture ICMP 4832.</p><p id="P364"><italic>Leaf spots</italic> oblong to elliptic in shape, up to about 1 × 2 mm, sometimes coalescing when close together on a leaf, pale grey and necrotic in the centre with a reddish margin; acervuli numerous, base pale to dark grey, with scattered, dark brown setae about 50–80 μm long. <italic>Perithecia</italic> not seen on infected leaves. Freshly isolated colonies on Difco PDA 50–55 mm diam after 10 d, margin slightly irregular and feathery, aerial mycelium lacking from ex-holotype culture, when present fine, cottony, pale grey, surface of colony dark towards the centre, pale pinkish orange (7A6) towards margin, conidia forming over all parts of culture, mostly not associated with well differentiated acervuli, setae not observed; in reverse purple (12E3) near centre, orange outside, sometimes with concentric rings of grey pigment. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> cylindric, mostly 15–25 × 3.5–4.5 μm, towards centre of colony arranged in closely packed palisade, towards margin the conidiophores with a much looser structure, irregularly branched, conidiogenous loci at apex and often also at septa. <italic>Conidia</italic> (11.5–)14–17.5(–23.5) × (4–)5–5.5(–7.5) μm (av. 16 × 5.2 μm, n = 53), cylindric, ends broadly rounded, sometimes tapering towards basal end. <italic>Appressoria</italic> often narrow-cylindric, often tapering towards apex, sometimes irregularly lobed. <italic>Perithecia</italic> developing in small numbers in culture after about 4 wk, solitary, scattered across plate, dark-walled, globose with well-developed, tapering ostiolar neck. <italic>Asci</italic> (60–)65–75(–78) × (10–) 11(–12) μm (av. 69.6 × 11 μm, n = 5), cylindric to subfusoid, 8–spored. <italic>Ascospores</italic> (14.5–)15.5–16.5(–19) × (4.5–)5–5.5(–6) μm (av. 15.9 × 5.2 μm, n=18), broad-cylindric, ends broadly rounded, not tapering to the ends, in side view mostly flat on one side, often slightly curved.</p><p id="P365"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: Known only from <italic>Cordyline</italic> spp. from New Zealand.</p><p id="P366"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ITS sequences do not distinguish <italic>C. ti</italic> from <italic>C. aotearoa</italic>. The two species can be distinguished using TUB2 or GAPDH.</p><p id="P367"><italic>Notes</italic>: A member of the Kahawae clade, this fungus causes a leaf spot of <italic>Cordyline</italic> spp. in New Zealand. It is genetically distinct from <italic>C. cordylinicola</italic>, described from <italic>Cordyline fruticosa</italic> from Thailand. Based on the published description of <italic>C. cordylinicola</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R113">Phoulivong <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>) the two fungi are morphologically similar. Inoculation tests using culture ICMP 5285 when freshly isolated (J.M. Dingley, unpublished data), showed it to be pathogenic to <italic>Cordyline australis</italic>, forming spots on leaves 2 wk after inoculation, but causing no symptoms on apple, even after wounding.</p><p id="P368">Although only four of the specimens examined have been compared genetically, all of the cited specimens examined match in terms of associated symptoms and conidial size and shape. A specimen from <italic>Cordyline banksii</italic> (PDD 78360) has narrower conidia, forms perithecia on the infected leaves, and perhaps represents a different species. Specimens accepted here as <italic>C. ti</italic> were referred to <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic> by Laundon (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R79">1972</xref>).</p><p id="P369">The appearance in culture varies between isolates. The J.M. Dingley cultures, first isolated in the mid-1960’s, have dense, felted aerial mycelium and limited conidial production; one has a much slower growth rate than the more recent collections.</p><p id="P370"><italic>Other specimens examined</italic>: <bold>New Zealand</bold>, Auckland, on <italic>Cordyline australis</italic>, coll. J.M. Dingley 6653, Mar. 1966 (PDD 30206; ICMP 5285); Taranaki, New Plymouth, Duncan and Davies Nursery, on <italic>C. australis</italic> × <italic>C. banksii</italic> leaf spots, coll. G.F. Laundon LEV 3343, 26 May 1969 (PDD 50634); Taranaki, New Plymouth, Duncan and Davies Nursery, on <italic>C australis</italic> × <italic>C. banksii</italic> leaf spots, coll. G.F. Laundon, 26 May 1969 (PDD 26775); Waikato, Cambridge, Anton Nursery, on <italic>C. australis</italic> leaf spots, coll. L.A. Houghton, 23 Jul. 1992 (PDD 61219; ICMP 19444).</p><p id="P371"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum tropicale</italic></bold> E.I. Rojas, S.A. Rehner & Samuels, Mycologia 102: 1331. 2010. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F37">Fig. 37</xref>.</p><fig id="F37" position="float"><label>Fig. 37.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum tropicale</italic>. A. ICMP 18653 (ex <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124949&link_type=cbs">CBS 124949</ext-link> – ex-holotype culture). B. ICMP 18651 (ex <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124943&link_type=cbs">CBS 124943</ext-link>). C. ICMP 18672 (ex MAFF 239933). Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig37"></graphic></fig><p id="P372">Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">2010</xref>) provide a description.</p><p id="P373"><italic>Geographic distribution and host range</italic>: Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R124">2010</xref>) noted that <italic>C. tropicale</italic> has been isolated from a wide range of hosts in forests in tropical America, from rotting fruit as well as leaf endophytes. We include also an isolate from tropical Japan, from <italic>Litchi chinensis</italic> leaves.</p><p id="P374"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ITS sequences do not separate <italic>C. tropicale</italic> from some <italic>C. siamense</italic> or some <italic>C. queenslandicum</italic> isolates. <italic>Colletotrichum tropicale</italic> is best distinguished using TUB2, CHS-1, GS, or SOD2.</p><p id="P375"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Colletotrichum tropicale</italic> is genetically close to <italic>C. siamense</italic> and the two species share a number of morphological features; slow growth in culture, short and broad conidia with broadly rounded ends and often slightly constricted near the centre, and simple appressoria.</p><p id="P376"><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Japan</bold>, Okinawa, on <italic>Litchi chinensis</italic> leaf (MAFF 239933 = ICMP 18672). <bold>Panama</bold>, Barro Colardo Monument, on <italic>Theobroma cacao</italic> leaf, coll. E.I. Rojas, L.C. Mejía, Z. Maynard 5101, 2008 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> – <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124949&link_type=cbs">CBS 124949</ext-link> = ICMP 18653); Escobal, Chiriqui, on <italic>Annona muricata</italic> fruit rot, coll. E.I. Rojas GJS 08-42 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124943&link_type=cbs">CBS 124943</ext-link> = ICMP 18651).</p><p id="P377"><bold><italic><sup>*</sup> Colletotrichum xanthorrhoeae</italic></bold> R.G. Shivas, Bathgate & Podger, Mycol. Res. 102: 280. 1998. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F38">Fig. 38</xref>.</p><fig id="F38" position="float"><label>Fig. 38.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum xanthorrhoeae</italic>. ICMP 17903 (ex BRIP 45094 – ex-holotype culture). A. Cultures on PDA, 10 d growth from single conidia, from above and below. B. Culture on PDA at 4 wk showing sectoring with variation in pigmentation and growth form. C–D. Asci and ascospores. E. Perithecial wall in squash mount. Scale bar C = 20 μm. Scale bar of C applies to C–E.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig38"></graphic></fig><p id="P378">Shivas <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R139">1998</xref>) provide a description. One of the isolates we examined (ICMP 17820) formed fertile perithecia in culture, a feature not mentioned in the original description. <italic>Perithecia</italic> are dark-walled, globose with a prominent, narrow neck, wall comprising several layers of pseudoparenchymatous cells 8–15 μm diam, with several layers of densely packed hyphae outside this. <italic>Asci</italic> 75–100 × 10–12 μm, 8-spored. <italic>Ascospores</italic> (17–)18.5–20(–22) × (5–)5.5–6 μm (av. 19.4 × 5.6 μm, n = 24), more or less elliptic, tapering to narrow, rounded ends, in side view flattened on one side, but generally not curved.</p><p id="P379"><italic>Genetic identification</italic>: ITS sequences distinguish <italic>C. xanthorrhoeae</italic> from all other species.</p><p id="P380"><italic>Notes</italic>: This pathogen of <italic>Xanthorrhoea</italic> has a distinctive morphology, with a very slow growth rate in culture and large conidia which taper towards the basal end. The ascospore shape is distinct to that of most taxa within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> group, which typically have bent or curved ascospores.</p><p id="P381"><italic>Specimens examined</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Western Australia, Melville, on <italic>Xanthorrhoea preissii</italic> leaf spots, coll. F.D. Podger, Jan. 1994 (<bold>ex-holotype culture</bold> – BRIP 45094 = ICMP 17903 = <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=127831&link_type=cbs">CBS 127831</ext-link>); Queensland, Cunningham’s Gap, Main Ranges National Park, on <italic>Xanthorrhoea</italic> sp. leaf spot (IMI 350817a = ICMP 17820).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="S13"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p id="P382">The species that we accept in the <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> species complex together form a strongly supported clade in the <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> ITS gene tree (fig. 1 in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">Cannon <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>, this issue). All species are micro-morphologically typical of <italic>C. gloeosporioides sensu</italic> von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">1970</xref>) and Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R162">1992</xref>). However, morphology alone cannot unequivocally place an isolate in this complex, making the ITS particularly important for identification at the species complex level in <italic>Colletotrichum</italic>. For example, members of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2012b</xref>, this issue) and <italic>C. cliviae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R193">Yang <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>) are micro-morphologically similar to species in the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex but genetically distinct (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">Cannon <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>, this issue). The utility of ITS sequences is enhanced by their strong representation in GenBank, but this can also be a problem. Nilsson <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R104">2006</xref>) summarised the frequency of inaccurately annotated data in GenBank. The diversity of taxonomic concepts around the name <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> makes this a particular problem. This is illustrated by the phylogeny presented by Hyde <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R66">2010</xref>), based on GenBank accessions of ITS sequences identified as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> and <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic>, that shows the taxa represented belong to many species in different <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species complexes. See notes under <italic>C. boehmeriae, C. crassipes</italic>, and <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>kahawae</italic> for specific examples of misidentified GenBank accessions.</p><p id="P383">The species we accept are based on a phylogenetic species concept, all species forming strongly supported, monophyletic clades within our multigene phylogenies. However, not all terminal clades are recognised as named species. In most cases any well supported, within-species phylogenetic structure evident in the multi-gene phylogeny is not resolved consistently in all gene trees. This lack of congruence between gene trees is a signal that the diversity being sampled is below the species level, according to the logic of the genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR) concept (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R164">Taylor <italic>et al</italic>. 2000</xref>). Although the concatenation of gene sequences is a convenient way to present multigene data, it masks discordance between individual gene phylogenies. An alternative method, using a species-tree approach (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5B</xref>) combines multi-gene data from multiple isolates hypothesised to represent a single species, so that the evolutionary history of the species rather than that of individual isolates is estimated. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>, shows the results of such an analysis for the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex, Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">4B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5B</xref> show relationships within the Musae and Kahawae clades respectively, at an expanded scale. Posterior probabilities for some of the speciation events are low, particularly within the Musae and Kahawae clades. This may be because although the species-trees algorithms account for incomplete lineage sorting (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R59">Heled & Drummond 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">Chung & Ané 2011</xref>), most do not compensate for horizontal gene transfer, reassortment, or introgression. Hybridisation could also result in discordant gene phylogenies. Hybrids are known in the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> complex, <italic>e.g. Glomerella acutata</italic>, a hybrid formed by crossing <italic>C. acutatum</italic> and <italic>C. fioriniae</italic> strains in the laboratory, and a putative hybrid strain between the same two species that had been collected from terminal crook disease on <italic>Pinus</italic> in New Zealand, where both species occur in nature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">Damm <italic>et al</italic>. 2012a</xref>, this issue). Hybrids also form in the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex, <italic>e.g.</italic> the <italic>Carya</italic> and <italic>Aeschynomene</italic> populations discussed by Cisar <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R30">1994</xref>), more or less genetically equivalent to our species within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex.</p><fig id="F5" position="float"><label>Fig. 5.</label><caption><p>A Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree of 30 selected isolates in the Kahawae clade of the <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> species complex. The tree was build using concatenated sequences of the ACT, TUB2, CAL, CHS-1, GAPDH, GS, ITS, and SOD2 genes each with a separate model of DNA evolution. Other details as per <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig.1</xref>. B. A species-tree constructed from the same data, the scale is a clock set relative to the last common ancestor of the Kahawae clade and <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. str.</italic>, as calibrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig5"></graphic></fig><p id="P384">Our taxonomic conclusions are based, of necessity, on the limited set of genes sampled. Potentially more powerful genes, such as ApMAT and Apn25L (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R140">Silva <italic>et al</italic>. 2012a</xref>) may provide finer resolution within the species-level clades that we recognise. However, even with these potentially more informative genes, the low levels of genetic divergence across the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex may always provide a technical challenge (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R140">Silva <italic>et al</italic>. 2012a</xref>). The low level of diversity within this species complex is reflected by the branch lengths in fig. 2, Cannon <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">2012</xref>, this volume), and is especially true across the Musae clade, where average pairwise identity between all isolates treated in our 5 gene alignment is 98.6 %. Pairwise identity between isolates of <italic>C. siamense</italic> and <italic>C. theobromicola</italic>, two species showing strong within-species phylogenetic structure, are 99.4 % and 99.6% respectively. This suggests that the species recognised within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex are very recently evolved and Silva <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R141">2012b</xref>) provide data supporting this. Their hypothesis of recent evolution of host-specialised <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> populations from more generalist fungi was also invoked in relation to the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> complex by Lardner <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R77">1999</xref>) using the “episodic selection” framework of Brasier (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">1995</xref>).</p><p id="P385">Several of the species we accept contain isolates with divergent lifestyles, for example <italic>C. aotearoa, C. clidemiae, C. kahawae</italic>, and <italic>C. theobromicola</italic>. Each of these species includes isolates capable of causing specific diseases. In the case of <italic>C. kahawae</italic>, recent pathogenicity tests have shown that only some isolates are able to cause coffee berry disease (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R140">Silva <italic>et al.</italic> 2012a</xref>, Silva & Weir, unpubl. data) and that these isolates can be distinguished using GS sequences (this study), Apn25L and MAT1-2-1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R141">Silva <italic>et al</italic>. 2012b</xref>). Because of the well understood pathogenicity of isolates within <italic>C. kahawae</italic>, the biosecurity importance of coffee berry disease, and the ability to distinguish the disease-causing isolates using carefully selected genetic markers, we recognise the disease-causing isolates taxonomically at the subspecific level. Future study of the comparative pathogenicity of isolates within <italic>C. aotearoa, C. clidemiae</italic>, and <italic>C. theobromicola</italic> may reveal genetically distinct, host-specialised pathogenic populations within these species that future workers may also choose to recognise taxonomically.</p><p id="P386">The classification we accept here is deliberately taxonomically conservative, minimising nomenclatural changes. This reflects continuing uncertainty about sensible species limits within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex that relate to low levels of genetic divergence across the complex, gene selection, isolate selection, and a lack of understanding of the mechanisms driving species and population divergence amongst these fungi. For example, the two haplotype subgroups of <italic>C. fructicola</italic> are not distinguished taxonomically because collectively they form a monophyletic clade, both subgroups include sets of isolates with similar geographic and host diversity, and there is no practical need to distinguish them taxonomically.</p><p id="P387">Molecular tools are increasingly being used for day-to-day identification by biosecurity officers and plant pathology researchers, providing a need for both a taxonomy that closely reflects groups that are resolved genetically, as well as simple and reliable protocols for identifying those taxa. The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) has been proposed as the official fungal barcoding gene (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R129">Schoch <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). Although ITS is useful at the species complex level, it does a poor job of resolving species within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex, resolving only 10 of 22 accepted species. This reflects the low number of base changes in the ITS region across the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex; species often distinguished by only one or two base changes. In some cases, chance variation in the ITS sequence within or between species means that some species cannot be distinguished (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Fig. 6</xref>). Examples of taxa with identical ITS sequences include <italic>C. clidemiae, C. tropicale, C. ti</italic> and some <italic>C. siamense</italic> isolates; <italic>C. fructicola</italic> and some <italic>C. siamense</italic> isolates; and <italic>C. alienum, C. aenigma</italic> and some <italic>C. siamense</italic> isolates.</p><fig id="F6" position="float"><label>Fig. 6.</label><caption><p>An UPGMA tree of ITS sequences from 156 isolates in the <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> species complex. Isolate names have been replaced with species present in each clade. Species that are in monophyletic clades are emphasised in bold font to indicate those for which ITS barcoding is likely to work well. B: A 50 % majority-rule consensus Bayesian inference tree of the same data, showing the collapse of structure when analysed with a more robust method.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="115fig6"></graphic></fig><p id="P388">Protein-coding genes and their introns often have more variation than ITS, and the need for secondary barcodes based on these kinds of genes has been discussed in relation to some groups of fungi (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R47">Fitzpatrick <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">Aguileta <italic>et al</italic>. 2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R181">Weir & Johnston 2011</xref>). Ideally, one of the seven protein coding genes that were used in this study could be proposed as a secondary barcode to obtain an accurate identification of species within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex. A preliminary analysis of the genes performance as barcodes was conducted as part of Cai <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">2009</xref>) with GAPDH, CAL, and ACT performing well, but CHS-1, ITS, and TEF (EF1α) poorly. However, the analysis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">Cai <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>) included only five species within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex, the Musae and Kahawae clades being treated at the level of species. With the final classification presented here, none of the genes we analysed provides an effective barcode ont its own across the entire complex. Of the single genes, TUB2, GS, and GAPDH are amongst the most effective at distinguishing species. However, <italic>C. clidemiae</italic> is polyphyletic in the TUB2 gene tree and GS sequences are needed to distinguish <italic>C. fructicola</italic> and <italic>C. alienum</italic>. With GS, <italic>C. aotearoa, C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic>, and <italic>C. siamense</italic> are paraphyletic. GAPDH is the easiest of all the genes tested to amplify and sequence, however when using this gene GS sequences are needed to distinguish <italic>C. fructicola</italic> from <italic>C. alienum</italic> and <italic>C. aeschynomenes</italic> from <italic>C. siamense</italic>, and <italic>C. tropicale</italic> is paraphyletic. In the species descriptions we provide notes on which genes are the best for genetic identifications, and in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">Table 4</xref> these are summarised for all species and genes. For species represented by a single or only a few isolates the species boundaries may not be accurate, we recommend two protein-coding genes in addition to ITS for sequence-based identifications. A meta-analysis of DNA barcodes across the whole genus will be required to find the combination of genes that are effective for all species of the genus that distinguish all <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species.</p><p id="P389">Several studies have shown that cultural morphology can be useful for grouping isolates when they are sampled at a local or regional level (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R70">Johnston & Jones 1997</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R118">Prihastuti <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>). However, our experience is that such groups often break down when the geographic sample within a clade is extended to a global scale. Many of the species we accept have few or no diagnostic morphological or cultural features that can be consistently and reliably used to identify them. Our morphological examinations were confined to cultures on Difco PDA agar plates, and we will have missed any features that develop solely in association with plant material. In addition, the cultures we used have been sourced from different labs and collections from around the world, many with no information on storage history. Storage history and method has a major impact on the appearance of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> in culture. Cultures can become “stale” during storage, losing the ability to produce pigments, the aerial mycelium often becoming very dense and felted, and losing the ability to form well-differentiated acervuli, conidia, or perithecia. In some clades, even freshly isolated cultures are highly variable, forming distinct sectors with differences in the production of pigment, aerial mycelium, acervuli, and conidia. Some isolates form two very different cultural types from single conidia or ascospores derived from colonies themselves started from single ascospores. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F28">Figure 27F</xref> shows single ascospore cultures from an isolate of <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subsp. <italic>ciggaro</italic>. One has the typical appearance of cultures of this fungus isolated from the field. The other, with a uniform, dense layer of conidia across the colony surface without well differentiated acervuli and more or less no aerial mycelium, is common from single ascospore isolates in culture, but rarely found in cultures isolated directly from the field. This kind of variation, and that revealed from sectoring during colony growth, makes morphological variation difficult to interpret for accurate identification.</p><p id="P390">Many of the species recognised in this work remain poorly understood in terms of their pathogenicity and host preference. This in part reflects a lack of certainty about the biological relationship between the fungi and the plants from which they were isolated. Species that are pathogenic on one host can also be isolated from others following opportunistic colonisation of senescing tissue, such as the <italic>C. salicis</italic> example discussed by Johnston (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R69">2000</xref>, as <italic>Glomerella miyabeana</italic>). The multiple <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp. associated with a single host are likely to have a variety of life styles: primary pathogens of healthy tissue, species with the ability to invade and cause minor disease when the host plant is under stress, species that develop latent infections and fruit only following senescence of the host tissue or ripening of host fruit and endophytic species that sporulate only following host tissue death. The combination of this range of distinct life styles, the fact that several <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp. may become established on a single host, and the ability of most of these species to also establish on a range of other hosts, has been a large part of the confusion surrounding species limits within <italic>Colletotrichum</italic>.</p><p id="P391">In some cases, apparently clear differences in pathogenicity of isolates in the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex are not reflected genetically. For example, the fungi referred to as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f. <italic>stylosanthis</italic> “f. sp. <italic>guianensis</italic>” and <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> f.<italic> stylosanthis</italic> “f. sp. <italic>stylosanthis</italic>”, are reportedly associated with two distinct diseases of <italic>Stylosanthes</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R67">Irwin & Cameron 1978</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R101">Munaut <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>), but both taxa genetically match <italic>C. theobromicola</italic> and are here placed in synonymy with <italic>C. theobromicola</italic>. It is possible that screening additional genes across a set of isolates from <italic>Stylosanthes</italic> with known pathogenicity will reveal one or more genes that generate a phylogeny that correlates with pathogenicity. This is the case with another specialised pathogen, <italic>C. kahawae</italic>. Originally described as a pathogen of green coffee berries, almost genetically identical isolates have subsequently been found on a wide range of hosts (see notes under <italic>C. kahawae</italic>). The isolates from other hosts are not pathogenic to coffee berries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R141">Silva <italic>et al.</italic> 2012b</xref>). The difference in pathogenicity correlates with a genetic difference in the GS gene, and we taxonomically recognise this biologically specialised population at the subspecies level. A similar approach could potentially be taken for other biologically distinct populations within a genetically strongly supported species.</p><table-wrap id="T4" position="float"><label>Table 4.</label><caption><p>Performance of individual genes at resolving species within the <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> species complex. Y – species distinguished from all others. N – species not distinguished from all others. N<sup>*</sup> – distinguishes at the subspecies level.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Species</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>ITS</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GAPDH</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>CAL</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>TUB2</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>ACT</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>CHS-1</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GS</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>SOD</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. nupharicola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. alienum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. musae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. aenigma</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. aeschynomenes</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. tropicale</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. queenslandicum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. salsolae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. asianum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. alatae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. theobromicola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. xanthorrhoeae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. horii</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. aotearoa</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. ti</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. kahawae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>G. cingulata “</italic>f. sp. <italic>camelliae”</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. clidemiae</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. psidii</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. cordylinicola</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">N</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Y</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p id="P392">Despite the epitypification of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> in 2008, web search hits on the name <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> from papers published over the past 12 mo show that many authors will continue to use the name in the sense of the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex, presumably regarding this level of identification as sufficient for their research. All of the isolates that we accept in the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex share the string 5’–GGGCGGGT–3’ about 139–142 bases after the ITS1F primer binding site. Based on a comparison with GenBank data, this string appears to be specific to isolates that we would accept as members of the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex. Several authors have developed PCR-based, rapid identification tools for distinguishing members of the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex from members of the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> species complex. This has been prompted because some members of the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> complex have conidia without the acute ends characteristic of this species as described by Simmonds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R144">1965</xref>), and have at times been confused with <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> (Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2012, this issue). Primers reportedly specific to <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> include the CgInt primer for ITS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R95">Mills <italic>et al.</italic> 1992</xref>). In our data set this primer sequence is found in <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. str., C. fructicola</italic>, and <italic>C. siamense</italic> but all of the other taxa that we recognise within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex have one or more bases not matching the CgInt primer. The practical impact of these differences will depend in part on the position of the mismatch and stringency of the PCR reaction. Talhinas <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R163">2005</xref>) discussed the TBCG primer for β-tubulin, and this is found within all of our taxa within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> group except <italic>C. musae</italic> and <italic>C. asianum</italic>. Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R82">2011</xref>) describe characteristic RFLP bands from glutamine synthetase using the restriction enzyme Pst1. Based on our sequences, this method will generate the characteristic <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> bands reported by Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R82">2011</xref>) for <italic>C. aenigma, C. alienum, C. aotearoa, C. asianum, C. clidemiae, C. cordylinicola, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides s. str., C. horii, C. queenslandicum, C. salsolae, C. siamense, C. ti</italic>, and <italic>C. tropicale</italic>. Different banding patterns will be produced by <italic>C. aeschynomenes</italic> (band sizes 253, 316, 388), the two <italic>C. kahawae</italic> subspp. (band sizes 112, 388, 457), <italic>G. cingulata</italic> “f. sp. <italic>camelliae</italic>” (band sizes 51, 112, 337, 457), and <italic>C. musae</italic> (band sizes 388, 552), but none match the bands reported for <italic>C. acutatum</italic> by these authors.</p><p id="P393">Comparison of our data with gene sequences reported as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> in recent papers allows most to be placed with confidence in one of the species that we accept. There are exceptions, such as the pecan-associated isolates from Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R82">2011</xref>), and the pistachio-associated isolates reported by Yang <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R192">2011</xref>), both of which appear to represent undescribed species within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex. Clearly, more species remain to be described within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex. In addition, taxonomic issues still to be resolved amongst the species discussed in this paper include the relationship between <italic>G. cingulata</italic> “f. sp. <italic>camelliae</italic>” and <italic>C. camelliae</italic>, the identity of the cotton pathogens referred to <italic>C. gossypii</italic>, the identity of the cassava pathogens referred to <italic>C. manihotis</italic>, the relationship between <italic>C. aeschynomenes</italic> and <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “f. sp. <italic>jussiaeae</italic>”, whether the various yam diseases discussed in the literature are all caused by <italic>C. alatae</italic>, and whether the isolates of <italic>C. aotearoa</italic> from <italic>Meryta</italic> leaf spots form a biologically distinct population. A more general question relates to better understanding the frequency of hybrids within the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex and the impact of this on the interpretation of the phylogenies within the complex. The impact of hybridisation on the evolution of disease specialised populations has barely been explored.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>This study was funded by AGMARDT (The Agricultural and Marketing Research and Development Trust) grant no. 892, the New Zealand Ministry of Science and Innovation through backbone funding of the “Defining New Zealand’s Land Biota” programme, and the New Zealand Tertiary Education Commission through the “Molecular diagnostics: capitalising on a million DNA barcodes” project. Shaun Pennycook, Landcare Research, provided valuable nomenclatural advice, Duckchul Park and Paula Wilkie, Landcare Research, provided valuable technical assistance. Diogo Silva, Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Portugal, carried out the <italic>C. kahawae</italic> pathogenicity tests. David Cleland, ATCC, provided DNA sequences for ATCC 96723. This study has been possible only through the provision of cultures by the DAR, ICMP, CBS, CABI, and MAFF culture collections, as well as by many individual researchers — Matthew Abang, Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany; Robert Barreto, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil; George Carroll, University of Oregon, USA; Dana Berner, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Ft. Detrick, USA; Lindy Coates, Brad McNeil and Roger Shivas, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia; W.E. Copes, USDA-ARS Small Fruit Research Unit, Poplarville, Massachusetts, USA; Kerry Everett and Mike Manning, Plant and Food Research, Auckland, New Zealand; David Farr, Gary Samuels and Steve Rehner, Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory USDA, Beltsville, USA; Steve Ferriera and K. Pitz, University of Hawaii, USA; Stan Freeman, Dept. of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, The Volcani Center, Israel; Hideo Ishii, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan; Sucheta Joshee and Nick Waipara, Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand; Lisa Korsten, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Lei Cai, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Frank Louws and Turner Sutton, North Carolina State University, USA; Stephen Mackenzie and Natalia Peres, University of Florida, USA; Nelson Massola, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Brazil; Jean-Yves Meyer, Department of Research Ministère d’Education, de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Gouvernement de Polynésie française, French Polynesia; François Munaut, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium; Vera Sergeeva, University of Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Amir Sharon, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Po Po 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