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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The <italic>Colletotrichum boninense</italic> species complex</title><author><name sortKey="Damm, U" sort="Damm, U" uniqKey="Damm U" first="U." last="Damm">U. Damm</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cannon, P F" sort="Cannon, P F" uniqKey="Cannon P" first="P. F." last="Cannon">P. F. Cannon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> CABI Europe-UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AB, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woudenberg, J H C" sort="Woudenberg, J H C" uniqKey="Woudenberg J" first="J. H. C." last="Woudenberg">J. H. C. Woudenberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnston, P R" sort="Johnston, P R" uniqKey="Johnston P" first="P. R." last="Johnston">P. R. Johnston</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170 Auckland, New Zealand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weir, B S" sort="Weir, B S" uniqKey="Weir B" first="B. S." last="Weir">B. S. Weir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170 Auckland, New Zealand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, Y P" sort="Tan, Y P" uniqKey="Tan Y" first="Y. P." last="Tan">Y. P. Tan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> Plant Biosecurity Science, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland 4102, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shivas, R G" sort="Shivas, R G" uniqKey="Shivas R" first="R. G." last="Shivas">R. G. Shivas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> Plant Biosecurity Science, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland 4102, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crous, P W" sort="Crous, P W" uniqKey="Crous P" first="P. W." last="Crous">P. W. Crous</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5"> Utrecht University, Department of Biology, Microbiology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6"> Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23136457</idno><idno type="pmc">3458415</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3458415</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3458415</idno><idno type="doi">10.3114/sim0002</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001299</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The <italic>Colletotrichum boninense</italic> species complex</title><author><name sortKey="Damm, U" sort="Damm, U" uniqKey="Damm U" first="U." last="Damm">U. Damm</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cannon, P F" sort="Cannon, P F" uniqKey="Cannon P" first="P. F." last="Cannon">P. F. Cannon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> CABI Europe-UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AB, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woudenberg, J H C" sort="Woudenberg, J H C" uniqKey="Woudenberg J" first="J. H. C." last="Woudenberg">J. H. C. Woudenberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnston, P R" sort="Johnston, P R" uniqKey="Johnston P" first="P. R." last="Johnston">P. R. Johnston</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170 Auckland, New Zealand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weir, B S" sort="Weir, B S" uniqKey="Weir B" first="B. S." last="Weir">B. S. Weir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170 Auckland, New Zealand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, Y P" sort="Tan, Y P" uniqKey="Tan Y" first="Y. P." last="Tan">Y. P. Tan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> Plant Biosecurity Science, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland 4102, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shivas, R G" sort="Shivas, R G" uniqKey="Shivas R" first="R. G." last="Shivas">R. G. Shivas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> Plant Biosecurity Science, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland 4102, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crous, P W" sort="Crous, P W" uniqKey="Crous P" first="P. W." last="Crous">P. W. Crous</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5"> Utrecht University, Department of Biology, Microbiology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6"> Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Studies in Mycology</title><idno type="ISSN">0166-0616</idno><idno type="eISSN">1872-9797</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P6">Although only recently described, <italic>Colletotrichum boninense</italic> is well established in literature as an anthracnose pathogen or endophyte of a diverse range of host plants worldwide. It is especially prominent on members of <italic>Amaryllidaceae</italic>, <italic>Orchidaceae</italic>, <italic>Proteaceae</italic> and <italic>Solanaceae</italic>. Reports from literature and preliminary studies using ITS sequence data indicated that <italic>C. boninense</italic> represents a species complex. A multilocus molecular phylogenetic analysis (ITS, ACT, TUB2, CHS-1, GAPDH, HIS3, CAL) of 86 strains previously identified as <italic>C. boninense</italic> and other related strains revealed 18 clades. These clades are recognised here as separate species, including <italic>C. boninense s. str.</italic>, <italic>C. hippeastri</italic>, <italic>C. karstii</italic> and 12 previously undescribed species, <italic>C. annellatum</italic>, <italic>C. beeveri</italic>, <italic>C. brassicicola</italic>, <italic>C. brasiliense</italic>, <italic>C. colombiense</italic>, <italic>C. constrictum</italic>, <italic>C. cymbidiicola</italic>, <italic>C. dacrycarpi</italic>, <italic>C. novae-zelandiae</italic>, <italic>C. oncidii</italic>, <italic>C. parsonsiae</italic> and <italic>C. torulosum.</italic> Seven of the new species are only known from New Zealand, perhaps reflecting a sampling bias. The new combination <italic>C. phyllanthi</italic> was made, and <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> Petch was epitypified and the name replaced with <italic>C. petchii</italic>. Typical for species of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complex are the conidiogenous cells with rather prominent periclinal thickening that also sometimes extend to form a new conidiogenous locus or annellations as well as conidia that have a prominent basal scar. Many species in the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex form teleomorphs in culture.</p><sec id="S1"><title>Taxonomic novelties:</title><p id="P7"><bold>New combination</bold> - <italic>Colletotrichum phyllanthi</italic> (H. Surendranath Pai) Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous. <bold>Name replacement</bold> - <italic>C. petchii</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous. <bold>New species</bold> - <italic>C. annellatum</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous, <italic>C. beeveri</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, <italic>C. brassicicola</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous, <italic>C. brasiliense</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous & Massola, <italic>C. colombiense</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, <italic>C. constrictum</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, <italic>C. cymbidiicola</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, <italic>C. dacrycarpi</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, <italic>C. novae-zelandiae</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, <italic>C. oncidii</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous, <italic>C. parsonsiae</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, <italic>C. torulosum</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir. <bold>Typifications: Epitypifications</bold> - <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> Petch.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Afanador Kafuri, L" uniqKey="Afanador Kafuri L">L Afanador-Kafuri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Minz, D" uniqKey="Minz D">D Minz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maymon, M" uniqKey="Maymon M">M Maymon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Freeman, S" uniqKey="Freeman S">S Freeman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Allescher, A" uniqKey="Allescher A">A Allescher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Armstrong Cho, Cl" uniqKey="Armstrong Cho C">CL Armstrong-Cho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Banniza, S" uniqKey="Banniza S">S Banniza</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arx, Ja Von" uniqKey="Arx J">JA von 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Stud Mycol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Stud. Mycol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">simycol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Studies in Mycology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0166-0616</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1872-9797</issn><publisher><publisher-name>CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23136457</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3458415</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3114/sim0002</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The <italic>Colletotrichum boninense</italic> species complex</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Damm</surname><given-names>U.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cannon</surname><given-names>P.F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Woudenberg</surname><given-names>J.H.C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Johnston</surname><given-names>P.R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Weir</surname><given-names>B.S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>Y.P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shivas</surname><given-names>R.G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Crous</surname><given-names>P.W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref></contrib><aff id="A1"><label>1</label> CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label> CABI Europe-UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AB, UK</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label> Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170 Auckland, New Zealand</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label> Plant Biosecurity Science, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland 4102, Australia</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label> Utrecht University, Department of Biology, Microbiology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="A6"><label>6</label> Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label><italic>Correspondence</italic>: Ulrike Damm, <email>u.damm@cbs.knaw.nl</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>15</day><month>9</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>2</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>73</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>36</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright 2012 CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license license-type="creative-commons"><license-p>You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions:</license-p><license-p><bold>Attribution:</bold> You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).</license-p><license-p><bold>Non-commercial:</bold> You may not use this work for commercial purposes.</license-p><license-p><bold>No derivative works:</bold> You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.</license-p><license-p>For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode</uri>. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="1.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p id="P6">Although only recently described, <italic>Colletotrichum boninense</italic> is well established in literature as an anthracnose pathogen or endophyte of a diverse range of host plants worldwide. It is especially prominent on members of <italic>Amaryllidaceae</italic>, <italic>Orchidaceae</italic>, <italic>Proteaceae</italic> and <italic>Solanaceae</italic>. Reports from literature and preliminary studies using ITS sequence data indicated that <italic>C. boninense</italic> represents a species complex. A multilocus molecular phylogenetic analysis (ITS, ACT, TUB2, CHS-1, GAPDH, HIS3, CAL) of 86 strains previously identified as <italic>C. boninense</italic> and other related strains revealed 18 clades. These clades are recognised here as separate species, including <italic>C. boninense s. str.</italic>, <italic>C. hippeastri</italic>, <italic>C. karstii</italic> and 12 previously undescribed species, <italic>C. annellatum</italic>, <italic>C. beeveri</italic>, <italic>C. brassicicola</italic>, <italic>C. brasiliense</italic>, <italic>C. colombiense</italic>, <italic>C. constrictum</italic>, <italic>C. cymbidiicola</italic>, <italic>C. dacrycarpi</italic>, <italic>C. novae-zelandiae</italic>, <italic>C. oncidii</italic>, <italic>C. parsonsiae</italic> and <italic>C. torulosum.</italic> Seven of the new species are only known from New Zealand, perhaps reflecting a sampling bias. The new combination <italic>C. phyllanthi</italic> was made, and <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> Petch was epitypified and the name replaced with <italic>C. petchii</italic>. Typical for species of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complex are the conidiogenous cells with rather prominent periclinal thickening that also sometimes extend to form a new conidiogenous locus or annellations as well as conidia that have a prominent basal scar. Many species in the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex form teleomorphs in culture.</p><sec id="S1"><title>Taxonomic novelties:</title><p id="P7"><bold>New combination</bold> - <italic>Colletotrichum phyllanthi</italic> (H. Surendranath Pai) Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous. <bold>Name replacement</bold> - <italic>C. petchii</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous. <bold>New species</bold> - <italic>C. annellatum</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous, <italic>C. beeveri</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, <italic>C. brassicicola</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous, <italic>C. brasiliense</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous & Massola, <italic>C. colombiense</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, <italic>C. constrictum</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, <italic>C. cymbidiicola</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, <italic>C. dacrycarpi</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, <italic>C. novae-zelandiae</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, <italic>C. oncidii</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous, <italic>C. parsonsiae</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, <italic>C. torulosum</italic> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir. <bold>Typifications: Epitypifications</bold> - <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> Petch.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Key words:</title><kwd>anthracnose</kwd><kwd><italic>Ascomycota</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Colletotrichum boninense</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Glomerella</italic></kwd><kwd>phylogeny</kwd><kwd>systematics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="S2"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p id="P303"><italic>Colletotrichum boninense</italic> was first described from <italic>Crinum asiaticum</italic> var. <italic>sinicum</italic> (<italic>Amaryllidaceae</italic>) collected in the Bonin Islands, Japan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">Moriwaki <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>). According to these authors, the species was associated with a variety of host plants in Japan, including <italic>Clivia miniata</italic> (<italic>Amaryllidaceae</italic>), <italic>Cucumis melo</italic> (<italic>Cucurbitaceae</italic>), <italic>Cattleya</italic> sp., <italic>Cymbidium</italic> sp. and <italic>Dendrobium kingianum</italic> (<italic>Orchidaceae</italic>), <italic>Passiflora edulis</italic> (<italic>Passifloraceae</italic>) and <italic>Prunus mume</italic> (<italic>Rosaceae</italic>). Since 2003, <italic>C. boninense</italic> (in its wide sense prior to our research) has frequently been identified as a pathogen causing fruit and leaf anthracnose, as well as an endophyte of a range of host plants worldwide, especially belonging to <italic>Amaryllidaceae, Orchidaceae, Proteaceae</italic> and <italic>Solanaceae</italic>. For example, <italic>C. boninense</italic> was found to be associated with diseases of <italic>Leucospermum</italic> and <italic>Protea cynaroides</italic> in Australia and Zimbabwe and with <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> in South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R38">Lubbe <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>). In pathogenicity studies it was shown to infect <italic>Protea</italic> leaves and stems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R39">Lubbe <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>). Farr <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">2006</xref>) reported <italic>C. boninense</italic> on <italic>Dracaena</italic> and <italic>Pachira</italic> in China, <italic>Passiflora</italic> in New Zealand and <italic>Hippeastrum</italic> in Brazil and the Netherlands. According to Johnston & Jones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">1997</xref>) and Johnston <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">2005</xref>), <italic>C. boninense</italic> (= <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> groups E–I in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">Johnston & Jones 1997</xref>) occurs on a range of hosts including <italic>Capsicum, Citrus, Cucurbita</italic> and <italic>Solanum</italic> species in New Zealand. <italic>Colletotrichum boninense</italic> was reported as the cause of anthracnose of pepper (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>) in Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R78">Tozze <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>), of passion fruit (<italic>Passiflora</italic>) in Florida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">Tarnowski & Ploetz 2010</xref>) and Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R79">Tozze <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>) and of <italic>Crinum asiaticum</italic> in China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R86">Yang <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>). Lee <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R34">2005a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R35">b</xref>) observed leaf anthracnose on Japanese spindle tree (<italic>Euonymus japonica</italic>) in Korea and demonstrated the pathogenicity of <italic>C. boninense</italic>. Nguyen <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R47">2009</xref>) reported <italic>C. boninense</italic> as a pathogen of berries and twigs of <italic>Coffea</italic> in Vietnam. Recently, <italic>C. boninense</italic> was identified as one of the causal agents of anthracnose in avocado (<italic>Persea americana</italic>) in Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R68">Silva-Rojas & Ávila-Quezada 2011</xref>).</p><p id="P304">Lu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">2004</xref>) detected probable <italic>C. boninense</italic> isolates as endophytes in leaves of several tree species in the Iwokrama Forest Reserve in Guyana. Other reports of <italic>C. boninense</italic> as endophytes include Pileggi <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R57">2009</xref>), who isolated it from leaves of the medicinal plant <italic>Maytenus ilicifolia</italic> in Brazil. Joshee <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">2009</xref>) studied foliar endophytes of <italic>Podocarpaceae</italic> and <italic>Myrtaceae</italic> trees in New Zealand and identified several of them as belonging to the <italic>C. boninense</italic> group. Several other isolates causing anthracnose on tamarillo, <italic>Passiflora</italic> and mango from Colombia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">Afanador-Kafuri <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>) and endophytes in coffee plants from Colombia and Hawaii (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R82">Vega <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>) belonging to the <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complex were detected in blastn searches in GenBank. Yang <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">2011</xref>) recently reported <italic>C. boninense</italic> from <italic>Pleione bulbocodioides</italic> and <italic>Oncidium flexuosum</italic> (<italic>Orchidaceae</italic>) in China and described a related species, <italic>C. karstii</italic> that occurs on several orchids in China.</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Strains of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp. studied, with collection details and GenBank accessions.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><bold>BenBank No.</bold><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Species</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Accession No.</bold><xref ref-type="fn" rid="TFN1"><sup><bold>1</bold></sup></xref></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Host/Substrate</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Country</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>ITS</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GAPDH</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>CHS-1</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>HIS3</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>ACT</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>TUB2</bold></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>CAL</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. annellatum</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129826&link_type=cbs">CBS 129826</ext-link>, CH1<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hevea brasiliensis</italic>, leaf</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colombia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005222</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005309</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005396</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005483</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005570</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005656</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005743</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. beeveri</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128527&link_type=cbs">CBS 128527</ext-link>, ICMP 18594<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Brachyglottis repanda</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005171</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005258</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005345</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005432</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005519</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005605</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005692</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. boninense</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128547&link_type=cbs">CBS 128547</ext-link>, ICMP 10338</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Camellia</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005159</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005246</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005333</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005420</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005507</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005593</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005680</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123756&link_type=cbs">CBS 123756</ext-link>, MAFF 306094</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Crinum asiaticum</italic> var. <italic>sinicum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005154</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005241</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005328</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005415</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005502</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005589</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005675</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123755&link_type=cbs">CBS 123755</ext-link>, MAFF 305972<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Crinum asiaticum</italic> var. <italic>sinicum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005153</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005240</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005327</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005414</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005501</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005588</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005674</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MAFF 306162, ICMP 18596</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Crinum asiaticum</italic> var. <italic>sinicum</italic>, leaf</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005155</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005242</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005329</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005416</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005503</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005676</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128526&link_type=cbs">CBS 128526</ext-link>, ICMP 18591</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dacrycarpus dacrydioides</italic>, leaf endophyte</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005162</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005249</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005336</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005423</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005510</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005596</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005683</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112115&link_type=cbs">CBS 112115</ext-link>, STE-U 2966</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leucospermum</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005160</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005247</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005334</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005421</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005508</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005594</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005681</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129831&link_type=cbs">CBS 129831</ext-link>, STE-U 2965</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leucospermum</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005161</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005248</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005335</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005422</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005509</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005595</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005682</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128549&link_type=cbs">CBS 128549</ext-link>, ICMP 15444</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Solanum betaceum</italic>, flowers</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005156</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005243</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005330</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005417</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005504</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005590</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005677</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128506&link_type=cbs">CBS 128506</ext-link>, ICMP 12950</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>, fruit rot</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005157</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005244</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005331</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005418</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005505</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005591</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005678</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128546&link_type=cbs">CBS 128546</ext-link>, ICMP 18595</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tecomanthe speciosa</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005158</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005245</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005332</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005419</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005506</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005592</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005679</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. brasiliense</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128501&link_type=cbs">CBS 128501</ext-link>, ICMP 18607, PAS12<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Passiflora edulis</italic>, fruit anthracnose</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005235</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005322</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005409</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005496</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005583</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005669</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005756</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128528&link_type=cbs">CBS 128528</ext-link>, ICMP 18606, PAS10</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Passiflora edulis</italic>, fruit</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005234</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005321</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005408</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005495</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005582</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005668</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005755</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. brassicicola</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=101059&link_type=cbs">CBS 101059</ext-link>, LYN 16331<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Brassica oleracea</italic> var. <italic>gemmifera</italic>, leaf spot</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005172</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005259</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005346</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005433</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005520</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005606</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005693</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. colombiense</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129817&link_type=cbs">CBS 129817</ext-link>, G1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Passiflora edulis</italic>, leaf</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colombia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005173</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005260</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005347</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005434</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005521</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005607</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005694</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129818&link_type=cbs">CBS 129818</ext-link>, G2<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Passiflora edulis</italic>, leaf</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colombia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005174</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005261</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005348</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005435</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005522</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005608</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005695</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. constrictum</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128504&link_type=cbs">CBS 128504</ext-link>, ICMP 12941<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus limon</italic>, fruit rot</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005238</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005325</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005412</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005499</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005586</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005672</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005759</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128503&link_type=cbs">CBS 128503</ext-link>, ICMP 12936</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Solanum betaceum</italic>, fruit rot</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005237</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005324</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005411</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005498</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005585</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005671</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005758</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. cymbidiicola</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123757&link_type=cbs">CBS 123757</ext-link>, MAFF 306100</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cymbidium</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005168</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005255</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005342</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005429</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005516</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005602</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005689</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">IMI 347923<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cymbidium</italic> sp., leaf lesion</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005166</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005253</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005340</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005427</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005514</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005600</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005687</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128543&link_type=cbs">CBS 128543</ext-link>, ICMP 18584</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cymbidium</italic> sp., leaf spot</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005167</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005254</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005341</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005428</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005515</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005601</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005688</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. dacrycarpi</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130241&link_type=cbs">CBS 130241</ext-link>, ICMP 19107<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dacrycarpus dacrydioides</italic>, leaf endophyte</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005236</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005323</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005410</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005497</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005584</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005670</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005757</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112999&link_type=cbs">CBS 112999</ext-link>, STE-U 4295<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sinensis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005152</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005239</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005326</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005413</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005500</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005587</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005673</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. hippeastri</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=241.78&link_type=cbs">CBS 241.78</ext-link>, IMI 304052</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hippeastrum</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Netherlands</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005232</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005319</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005406</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005493</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005580</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005666</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005753</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125377&link_type=cbs">CBS 125377</ext-link>, CSSK4</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hippeastrum vittatum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005230</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005317</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005404</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005491</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005578</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005664</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005751</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125376&link_type=cbs">CBS 125376</ext-link>, CSSG1<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hippeastrum vittatum</italic>, leaf</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005231</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005318</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005405</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005492</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005579</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005665</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005752</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. karstii</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128500&link_type=cbs">CBS 128500</ext-link>, ICMP 18585</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Annona cherimola</italic>, fruit</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005202</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005289</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005376</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005463</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005550</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005636</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005723</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128550&link_type=cbs">CBS 128550</ext-link>, ICMP 17896</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Annona cherimola</italic>, fruit anthracnose</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005219</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005306</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005393</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005480</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005567</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005653</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005740</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129927&link_type=cbs">CBS 129927</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthurium</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thailand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005206</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005293</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005380</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005467</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005554</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005640</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005727</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=861.72&link_type=cbs">CBS 861.72</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Bombax aquaticum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005184</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005271</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005358</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005445</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005532</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005618</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005705</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128545&link_type=cbs">CBS 128545</ext-link>, ICMP 18587</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Capsicum annuum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005207</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005294</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005381</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005468</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005555</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005641</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005728</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. karstii</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=106.91&link_type=cbs">CBS 106.91</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carica papaya</italic>, fruit spots</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005220</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005307</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005394</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005481</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005568</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005654</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005741</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128524&link_type=cbs">CBS 128524</ext-link>, ICMP 18588</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrullus lanatus</italic>, rotten fruit</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005195</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005282</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005369</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005456</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005543</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005629</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005716</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=126532&link_type=cbs">CBS 126532</ext-link>, STE-U 6830</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005209</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005296</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005383</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005470</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005557</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005643</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005730</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128551&link_type=cbs">CBS 128551</ext-link>, ICMP 12065</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005208</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005295</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005382</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005469</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005556</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005642</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005729</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MAFF 306204, ICMP 18597</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Clivia miniata</italic>, leaf</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005196</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005283</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005370</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005457</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005544</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005630</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005717</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125468&link_type=cbs">CBS 125468</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coffea</italic> sp., berry tissue</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vietman</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005197</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005284</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005371</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005458</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005545</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005631</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005718</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MAFF 305998, ICMP 18599</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cucumis melo</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005191</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005278</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005365</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005452</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005539</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005625</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005712</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=127597&link_type=cbs">CBS 127597</ext-link>, BRIP 29085a</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diospyros australis</italic>, calyx necrosis</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005204</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005291</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005378</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005465</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005552</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005638</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005725</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=110779&link_type=cbs">CBS 110779</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eucalyptus grandis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005198</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005285</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005372</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005459</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005546</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005632</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005719</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=127535&link_type=cbs">CBS 127535</ext-link>, STE-U 193</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eucalyptus grandis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005199</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005286</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005373</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005460</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005547</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005633</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005720</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129830&link_type=cbs">CBS 129830</ext-link>, STE-U 195B</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eucalyptus grandis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005200</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005287</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005374</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005461</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005548</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005634</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005721</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=127536&link_type=cbs">CBS 127536</ext-link>, STE-U 196</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eucalyptus grandis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005201</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005288</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005375</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005462</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005549</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005635</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005722</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=127552&link_type=cbs">CBS 127552</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eugenia uniflora</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005217</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005304</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005391</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005478</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005565</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005651</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005738</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129829&link_type=cbs">CBS 129829</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gossypium hirsutum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005189</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005276</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005363</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005450</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005537</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005623</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005710</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130235&link_type=cbs">CBS 130235</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gossypium hirsutum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005190</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005277</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005364</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005451</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005538</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005624</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005711</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=111860&link_type=cbs">CBS 111860</ext-link>, STE-U 2193</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leucospermum</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA, Hawaii</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005211</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005298</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005385</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005472</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005559</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005645</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005732</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=111998&link_type=cbs">CBS 111998</ext-link>, STE-U 2999</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leucospermum</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005212</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005299</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005386</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005473</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005560</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005646</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005733</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112762&link_type=cbs">CBS 112762</ext-link>, STE-U 3000</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leucospermum</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005213</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005300</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005387</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005474</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005561</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005647</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005734</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=486.97&link_type=cbs">CBS 486.97</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lupinus albus</italic>, cv. Lu Blanc</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005182</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005269</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005356</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005443</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005530</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005616</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005703</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=113087&link_type=cbs">CBS 113087</ext-link>, STE-U 5288</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Malus</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005181</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005268</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005355</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005442</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005529</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005615</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005702</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=127596&link_type=cbs">CBS 127596</ext-link>, BRIP 28443a</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mangifera indica</italic>, stem, endophyte</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005203</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005290</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005377</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005464</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005551</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005637</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005724</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129832&link_type=cbs">CBS 129832</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005177</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005264</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005351</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005438</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005525</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005611</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005698</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129833&link_type=cbs">CBS 129833</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005175</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005262</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005349</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005436</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005523</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005609</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005696</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129834&link_type=cbs">CBS 129834</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005176</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005263</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005350</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005437</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005524</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005610</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005697</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129824&link_type=cbs">CBS 129824</ext-link>, B1</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa</italic> AAA, fruit</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colombia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005215</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005302</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005389</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005476</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005563</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005649</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005736</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=127595&link_type=cbs">CBS 127595</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa banksii</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005178</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005265</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005352</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005439</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005526</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005612</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005699</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118401&link_type=cbs">CBS 118401</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pachira</italic> sp., living leaves</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005192</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005279</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005366</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005453</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005540</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005626</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005713</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">MAFF 305973, ICMP 18598</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Passiflora edulis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005194</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005281</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005368</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005455</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005542</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005628</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005715</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129822&link_type=cbs">CBS 129822</ext-link>, G7</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Passiflora edulis</italic>, leaf</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colombia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005218</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005305</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005392</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005479</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005566</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005652</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005739</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112982&link_type=cbs">CBS 112982</ext-link>, STE-U 2289</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Protea cynaroides</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zimbabwe</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005183</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005270</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005357</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005444</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005531</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005617</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005704</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=115535&link_type=cbs">CBS 115535</ext-link>, STE-U 5210</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Protea obtusifolia</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Portugal, Madeira</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005214</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005301</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005388</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005475</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005562</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005648</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005735</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. karstii</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124969&link_type=cbs">CBS 124969</ext-link>, LCM 232</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Quercus salicifolia</italic>, leaf endophyte</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panama</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005179</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005266</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005353</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005440</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005527</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005613</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005700</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=127591&link_type=cbs">CBS 127591</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sapium integerrimium</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005186</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005273</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005360</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005447</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005534</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005620</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005707</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129815&link_type=cbs">CBS 129815</ext-link>, T.A.7</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Solanum betaceum</italic>, fruit</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colombia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005187</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005274</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005361</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005448</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005535</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005621</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005708</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128548&link_type=cbs">CBS 128548</ext-link>, ICMP 18589</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005205</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005292</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005379</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005466</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005553</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005639</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005726</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=508.97&link_type=cbs">CBS 508.97</ext-link>, LARS 168</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stylosanthes sympodialis</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005193</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005280</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005367</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005454</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005541</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005627</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005714</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128552&link_type=cbs">CBS 128552</ext-link>, ICMP 18276</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Synsepalum dulcificum</italic>, leaves</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005188</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005275</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005362</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005449</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005536</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005622</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005709</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124951&link_type=cbs">CBS 124951</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Theobroma cacao</italic>, leaf endophyte</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panama</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005180</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005267</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005354</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005441</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005528</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005614</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005701</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128540&link_type=cbs">CBS 128540</ext-link>, STE-U 698</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Triticum</italic> sp.</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005210</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005297</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005384</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005471</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005558</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005644</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005731</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124956&link_type=cbs">CBS 124956</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Zamia obliqua</italic>, leaf endophyte</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panama</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005216</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005303</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005390</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005477</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005564</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005650</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005737</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=124956&link_type=cbs">CBS 124956</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Zamia obliqua</italic>, leaf endophyte</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panama</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005216</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005303</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005390</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005477</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005564</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005650</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005737</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125388&link_type=cbs">CBS 125388</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Zamia obliqua</italic>, leaf endophyte</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panama</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005185</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005272</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005359</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005446</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005533</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005619</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005706</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. novae-zelandiae</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128505&link_type=cbs">CBS 128505</ext-link>, ICMP 12944<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>, fruit rot</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005228</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005315</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005402</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005489</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005576</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005662</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005749</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130240&link_type=cbs">CBS 130240</ext-link>, ICMP 12064</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus</italic> sp. (grapefruit)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005229</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005316</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005403</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005490</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005577</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005663</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005750</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. oncidii</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129828&link_type=cbs">CBS 129828</ext-link><sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Oncidium</italic> sp., leaf</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005169</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005256</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005343</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005430</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005517</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005603</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005690</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130242&link_type=cbs">CBS 130242</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Oncidium</italic> sp., leaf</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005170</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005257</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005344</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005431</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005518</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005604</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005691</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. parsonsiae</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128525&link_type=cbs">CBS 128525</ext-link>, ICMP 18590<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Parsonsia capsularis</italic>, leaf endophyte</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005233</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005320</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005407</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005494</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005581</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005667</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005754</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. petchii</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=378.94&link_type=cbs">CBS 378.94</ext-link><sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dracaena marginata</italic>, spotted leaves</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005223</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005310</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005397</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005484</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005571</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005657</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005744</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=379.94&link_type=cbs">CBS 379.94</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dracaena marginata</italic>, spotted leaves</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005224</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005311</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005398</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005485</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005572</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005658</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005745</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118193&link_type=cbs">CBS 118193</ext-link>, AR 3658</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dracaena sanderana</italic>, living leaves</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005227</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005314</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005401</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005488</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005575</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005661</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005748</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118774&link_type=cbs">CBS 118774</ext-link>, AR 3751</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dracaena sanderana</italic>, living stems</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005225</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005312</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005399</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005486</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005573</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005659</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005746</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125957&link_type=cbs">CBS 125957</ext-link>, NB 145</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dracaena</italic>, leaf spots</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Netherlands</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005226</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005313</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005400</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005487</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005574</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005660</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005747</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. phyllanthi</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=175.67&link_type=cbs">CBS 175.67</ext-link>, MACS 271<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllanthus acidus</italic>, anthracnose</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005221</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005308</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005395</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005482</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005569</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005655</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005742</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>C. torulosum</italic></bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128544&link_type=cbs">CBS 128544</ext-link>, ICMP 18586<sup>*</sup></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Solanum melongena</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005164</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005251</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005338</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005425</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005512</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005598</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005685</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=102667&link_type=cbs">CBS 102667</ext-link></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Passiflora edulis</italic>, leaf blotch</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005165</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005252</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005339</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005426</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005513</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005599</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005686</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum</italic> sp.</bold></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123921&link_type=cbs">CBS 123921</ext-link>, MAFF 238642</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendrobium kingianum</italic></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005163</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005250</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005337</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005424</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005511</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005597</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ005684</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN1"><label><sup>1</sup></label><p>CBS: Culture collection of the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; IMI: Culture collection of CABI Europe UK Centre, Egham, UK; MAFF: MAFF Genebank Project, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Japan; BRIP: Plant Pathology Herbarium, Department of Employment, Economic, Development and Innovation, Queensland, Australia; ICMP: International Collection of Microorganisms from Plants, Auckland, New Zealand; STE-U: Culture collection of the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa; MACS: MACS Collection of Microorganisms, Pune, India; <sup><sup>*</sup></sup> ex-holotype or ex-epitype cultures.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p id="P305">Conidia of <italic>C. boninense s. lat.</italic> are similar to those of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, differing only slightly in length/width ratio and in the presence of a prominent scar at the base of the conidium (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">Moriwaki <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>). Isolates of <italic>C. boninense</italic> have often been identified as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> in the past (Moriwaki <italic>et al.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R46">2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">Johnston <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>). Von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">1957</xref>) listed approximately 600 synonyms of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> and nine <italic>formae speciales</italic>, and it is likely that some of these refer to <italic>C. boninense</italic>.</p><p id="P306">The ITS1 phylogeny in the paper of Moriwaki <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">2003</xref>) shows considerable infraspecific variation. Some of the strains accepted by these authors as <italic>C. boninense</italic> are referable to the segregate species recognised in this paper. Lubbe <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R38">2004</xref>) recognised two subgroups but considered both as <italic>C. boninense</italic>. Grouping within <italic>C. boninense</italic> was also detected by phylogenies of strains from New Zealand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">Johnston & Jones 1997</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R32">Johnston <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>) showing several clades, with some developing sexual morphs (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R29">Hyde <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>). These data indicate that <italic>C. boninense</italic> represents a species complex. In this paper, we characterise species within the <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complex morphologically and by means of multi-gene analysis.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="S3"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><sec id="S4"><title>Isolates</title><p id="P307">Isolates comprised those previously identified as <italic>C. boninense</italic> as well as other related cultures from the CBS culture collection. The type specimens of the species studied are located in the fungaria (dried fungus collections) of the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Utrecht, The Netherlands, the Botanische Staatssammlung München (M), Germany and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K(M)), United Kingdom which now incorporates the CABI dried collection (IMI). The culture dried down to serve as epitype specimen of <italic>C. petchii,</italic> was selected from the culture collection of the CBS. All descriptions are based on either the ex-holotype or ex-epitype culture. Features of other isolates are added if they deviated from the ex-holotype and ex-epitype isolates. Subcultures of the types and epitypes, as well as all other isolates used for morphological and sequence analyses, are maintained in the culture collections of CBS, IMI and/or ICMP (International Collection of Microorganisms from Plants, Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand), and their data are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="S5"><title>Morphological analysis</title><p id="P8">To enhance sporulation, 5-mm-diam plugs from the margin of actively growing cultures were transfered to the centre of 9-cm-diam Petri dishes containing synthetic nutrient-poor agar medium (SNA; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R48">Nirenberg 1976</xref>) amended with autoclaved filter paper and double-autoclaved stems of <italic>Anthriscus sylvestris</italic> placed onto the agar surface. The strains were also studied after growth on OA (oatmeal agar, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R13">Crous <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>) or 2 % PDA (Difco potato-dextrose agar). Cultures were incubated at 20 °C under near UV light with a 12 h photoperiod for 10 d. Measurements and photographs of characteristic structures were made according to methods described by Damm <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">2007</xref>). Appressoria on hyphae were observed on the reverse side of colonies grown on SNA plates. Microscopic preparations were made in clear lactic acid, with 30 measurements per structure, and observed with a Nikon SMZ1000 dissecting microscope (DM) or with a Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope using differential interference contrast (DIC) illumination. Colony characters and pigment production on SNA and OA incubated at 20 °C were noted after 10 d. Colony colours were rated according to Rayner (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R59">1970</xref>). Growth rates were measured after 7 and 10 d.</p></sec><sec id="S6"><title>Phylogenetic analysis</title><p id="P9">Genomic DNA of the isolates was extracted using the method of Damm <italic>et al.</italic> (2008). The 5.8S nuclear ribosomal gene with the two flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITS), a 200-bp intron of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and partial sequences of the actin (ACT), chitin synthase 1 (CHS-1), beta-tubulin (TUB2), histone3 (HIS3) and calmodulin (CAL) genes were amplified and sequenced using the primer pairs ITS-1F (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R21">Gardes & Bruns 1993</xref>) + ITS-4 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R84">White <italic>et al.</italic> 1990</xref>) or V9G (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R28">de Hoog & Gerrits van den Ende 1998</xref>) + ITS-4, GDF1 + GDR1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R26">Guerber <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>), ACT-512F + ACT-783R (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">Carbone & Kohn 1999</xref>), CHS-354R + CHS-79F (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">Carbone & Kohn 1999</xref>), BT2Fd + BT4R (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R85">Woudenberg <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>) or T1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R51">O’Donnell & Cigelnik 1997</xref>) + Bt-2b (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R24">Glass & Donaldson 1995</xref>), CYLH3F + CYLH3R (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R12">Crous <italic>et al.</italic> 2004b</xref>) and CAL 228F + CAL 737R (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">Carbone & Kohn 1999</xref>), respectively. The PCRs were performed in a 2720 Thermal Cycler (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California) in a total volume of 12.5 μL. The GAPDH, ACT, CHS-1, TUB2, HIS3 and CAL PCR mixture contained 1 μL 20x diluted genomic DNA, 0.2 μM of each primer, 1x PCR buffer (Bioline, Luckenwalde, Germany), 2 mM MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 20 μM of each dNTP, 0.7 μL DMSO and 0.25 U Taq DNA polymerase (Bioline). Conditions for amplification were an initial denaturation step of 5 min at 94 °C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 s at 94 °C, 30 s at 52 °C and 30 s at 72 °C, and a final denaturation step of 7 min at 72 °C. The ITS PCR was performed as described by Woudenberg <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R85">2009</xref>). The DNA sequences obtained from forward and reverse primers were used to obtain consensus sequences using Bionumerics v. 4.60 (Applied Maths, St-Martens-Latem, Belgium), which were added to the outgroup (<italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112999&link_type=cbs">CBS 112999</ext-link>) and the alignment assembled and manually adjusted using Sequence Alignment Editor v. 2.0a11 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R58">Rambaut 2002</xref>).</p><p id="P10">To determine whether the seven sequence datasets were congruent and combinable, tree topologies of 70 % reciprocal Neighbour-Joining bootstrap with Maximum Likelihood distances (10000 replicates) with substitution models determined separately for each partition using MrModeltest v. 2.3 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R49">Nylander 2004</xref>) were compared visually (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R42">Mason-Gamer & Kellogg 1996</xref>). A maximum parsimony analysis was performed on the multilocus alignment (ITS, ACT, TUB2, CHS-1, GAPDH, HIS3, CAL) with PAUP (Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony) v. 4.0b10 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R75">Swofford, 2000</xref>) using the heuristic search option with 100 random sequence additions and tree bisection and reconstruction (TBR) as the branch-swapping algorithm. Alignment gaps were treated as missing and all characters were unordered and of equal weight. The robustness of the trees obtained was evaluated by 500 bootstrap replications with two random sequence additions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R27">Hillis & Bull 1993</xref>). Tree length, consistency index (CI), retention index (RI), rescaled consistency index (RC) and homoplasy index (HI) were calculated for the resulting tree. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm was used to generate phylogenetic trees with Bayesian probabilities using MrBayes v. 3.1.1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R62">Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003</xref>) for the combined sequence datasets. Models of nucleotide substitution for each gene determined by MrModeltest v. 2.3 were included for each gene partition. The analyses of two MCMC chains were run from random trees for one million generations and sampled every 100 generations. The likelihood score of the two runs were 2 730 and 2 170 and therefore, the first 2 450 (the average of both) trees were discarded as the burn-in phase of the analysis and posterior probabilities determined from the remaining trees. Sequences derived in this study were lodged at GenBank, the alignment in TreeBASE (<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="www.treebase.org">www.treebase.org</uri>), and taxonomic novelties in MycoBank (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">Crous <italic>et al.</italic> 2004a</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="S7"><title>RESULTS</title><sec id="S8"><title>Phylogeny</title><p id="P11">The seven sequence datasets did not show any conflicts in tree topology for the 70 % reciprocal bootstrap trees, which allowed us to combine them. In the multigene analyses (gene boundaries of ITS: 1–561, GAPDH: 572–864, CHS-1: 875–1154, HIS3: 1164–1562, ACT: 1573–1851, TUB2: 1862–2363, CAL: 2374–2823) of 87 isolates of <italic>C. boninense</italic> and related <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species including the outgroup, 2 823 characters including the alignment gaps were processed, of which 572 characters were parsimony-informative, 247 parsimony-uninformative and 2004 constant. After a heuristic search using PAUP, 958 most parsimonious trees were retained (length = 1423 steps, CI = 0.740, RI = 0.927, RC = 0.686, HI = 0.260) of which one is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>. The topology of the 958 trees was similar, which was verified for a large selection of trees. They differed in the position of taxa within the subclades and in the position of strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130241&link_type=cbs">CBS 130241</ext-link>. For Bayesian analysis, a HKY+G model was selected for ACT and CAL, SYM+I+G for ITS, K80+I+G for CHS-1, GTR+I+G for HIS3, and HKY+I for GAPDH and TUB2, and incorporated in the analysis. The consensus tree obtained from Bayesian analyses confirmed the tree topology obtained with parsimony as well as the bootstrap support (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>).</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Fig. 1.</label><caption><p>One of 958 most parsimonious trees obtained from a heuristic search of the combined ITS, GAPDH, CHS-1, ACT, HIS3, TUB2 and CAL sequences alignment of the <italic>Colletotrichum boninense</italic> species complex. Bootstrap support values (500 replicates) above 70 % (bold) and Bayesian posterior probability values above 0.95 are shown at the nodes. <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=112999&link_type=cbs">CBS 112999</ext-link> is used as outgroup. Numbers of ex-type and ex-epitype strains are emphasised in bold.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig1"></graphic></fig><p id="P12">The analyses resulted in the detection of 18 clades, which we accept as representing different <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species. More than half of all strains included cluster in the first clade (<italic>C. karstii</italic>) with a bootstrap support of 96 % and a Bayesian posterior probability value of 1.00. Two single strain clades, representing <italic>C. phyllanthi</italic> and <italic>C. annellatum,</italic> group with this big clade with a bootstrap support/Bayesian posterior probability value of 96/0.99 and 100/1.00, respectively. The <italic>C. petchii</italic> clade is well supported (100/1.00) and forms a sister clade to the first three species. The clade representing <italic>C. novae-zelandiae</italic> consists of two strains on a long branch (100/1.00). In contrast, the following five clades are short-branched, namely <italic>C. boninense s. str.</italic> (95/1.00), <italic>C. torulosum</italic> (100/1.00), <italic>C. cymbidiicola</italic> (96/1.00), <italic>C. oncidii</italic> (100/1.00) and a clade containing an unnamed single strain (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123921&link_type=cbs">CBS 123921</ext-link>). These five species form a sister clade (100/1.00) to another well supported (100/1.00) clade formed by two single strain clades, <italic>C. beeveri</italic> and <italic>C. brassicicola</italic>, and the <italic>C. colombiense</italic> clade (100/1.00) containing two strains. The clades representing <italic>C. hippeastri</italic> and <italic>C. brasiliense</italic> consist of three and two strains respectively, and are well supported (100/1.00). They group (100/1.00) with a single strain clade (<italic>C. parsonsiae</italic>). The <italic>C. constrictum</italic> clade (100/1.00) containing two strains and the single strain clade representing <italic>C. dacrycarpi</italic> are on very long branches and group with a Bayesian posterior probability value of 1.00.</p><p id="P13">The individual alignments and trees of the seven single genes were compared as well with respect to their performance in species recognition. With ITS and CHS-1 only 7 and 9 species can be recognised, with TUB2 some species close to <italic>C. boninense</italic> can not be separated, while with HIS3 and CAL some species only differ in one or two bp and form no or only short-branched clades. With GAPDH all clades are recognised, but some are also short-branched, especially the single strain clades <italic>C. beeveri</italic> and <italic>C. brassicicola</italic> that are well differentiated with almost all other genes except for ITS. With ACT the intraspecific variability is very high in some species, which could lead to misidentifications.</p></sec><sec id="S9"><title>Taxonomy</title><p id="P14">The 86 isolates studied (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>) are assigned to 18 species within the <italic>Colletotrichum boninense</italic> complex based on DNA sequence data and morphology, including 12 species that are new to science. Ten species form teleomorph stages <italic>in vitro</italic>, four species have known anamorphs described in <italic>Colletotrichum</italic>, while one species, <italic>G. phyllanthi</italic>, has a known teleomorph and is shown here as belonging to the <italic>Colletotrichum boninense</italic> species complex. All species studied in culture are characterised below.</p><p id="P15">Species of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> represent anamorphic stages of <italic>Glomerella</italic>. Anamorph and telemorph names of fungi will have equal status under the <italic>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants</italic> (formerly the <italic>International Code for Botanical Nomenclature</italic>), with the deletion of Art. 59, which takes effect on 1 Jan. 2013. The decision was qualified by a stipulation that uptake of names of anamorphic genera that predate well-known competing teleomorphic names should be ratified by a committee of the International Commission for the Taxonomy of Fungi. The name <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> (Corda 1831) predates <italic>Glomerella</italic> (Spauld. & H. Schrenk 1903) and is more commonly used. Consequently we name the new holomorphs as species of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> and we do not name the new sexual morphs separately. Furthermore, <italic>G. phyllanthi</italic> is combined in <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> as <italic>C. phyllanthi</italic>. There is precedent for this as Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R61">2010</xref>) described <italic>Colletotrichum ignotum</italic> as having a teleomorph (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R61">Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>: figs 44-47, table III), although the teleomorphic structures were not included in the formal species diagnosis.</p><p id="P16"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum annellatum</italic></bold> Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB560734&link_type=mb">MB560734</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>.</p><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Fig. 2.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum annellatum</italic> (from ex-holotype strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129826&link_type=cbs">CBS 129826</ext-link>). A–B. Conidiomata. C–E. Conidiophores. F. Basis of seta and conidiophores. G. Tip of seta. H–I. Conidiophores. J–K. Conidia. L–M. Ascomata. N. Ascospores. O. Paraphyses. P–R. Asci. S. Peridium in cross section. T. Outer surface of peridium. A, C–E, J. from <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem; B, F–I, K–T. from SNA. A–B, L. Dissecting microscope (DM), C–K, M–T. Differential interference contrast illumination (DIC), Scale bars: A, L = 100 μm, M = 50 μm, C, N = 10 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of C applies to C–K. Scale bar of N applies to N–T.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig2"></graphic></fig><p id="P17"><italic>Etymology</italic>: The name refers to the proliferation of conidiogenous cells, which appear annellate.</p><p id="P18"><italic>Teleomorph developed on SNA. Ascomata</italic> ovoid to obpyriform, medium to dark brown, 180–220 × 100–150 μm, glabrous, ostiolate, neck hyaline to pale brown, wall 5–10 μm thick, outer layer composed of flattened medium brown angular cells, 5–10 μm diam. <italic>Interascal tissue</italic> composed of paraphyses, hyaline, septate, branched at the base, disintegrating quickly, 35–55 μm long, base 3–4.5 μm diam, apically free, the apex rounded. <italic>Asci</italic> cylindrical to clavate, 58–74 × 11–16 μm, 8-spored. <italic>Ascospores</italic> arranged biseriately, hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical to narrowly fabiform, straight or rarely very slightly curved, both sides rounded, (13.5–)15–17(–18.5) × 5–6 μm, mean ± SD = 16.0 ± 1.1 × 5.6 ± 0.4 μm, L/W ratio = 2.9.</p><p id="P19"><italic>Teleomorph</italic> developed on <italic>Anthriscus stem. Ascomata</italic> ovoid to obpyriform, medium brown. <italic>Asci</italic> cylindrical to clavate, 60–70 × 11–14 μm, 8-spored. <italic>Ascospores</italic> arranged biseriately, hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical, straight or rarely very slightly curved, both sides rounded (13.5–)14.5–17(–19.5) × (5–)5.5–6(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 15.8 ± 1.4 × 5.8 ± 0.4 μm, L/W ratio = 2.7.</p><p id="P20"><italic>Anamorph developed on SNA. Vegetative hyphae</italic> 1.5–9 μm diam, hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> absent, conidiophores and setae formed directly from vegetative hyphae or on a small cushion of hyaline to pale brown, angular cells 3–6 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> pale to medium brown, smooth to verruculose, especially towards the tip, 2–4-septate, 70–160 μm long, the base cylindrical, sometimes slightly inflated, 3.5–5.5 μm diam, the tip ± rounded. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline to very pale brown, smooth-walled, septate, branched, to 80 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline to very pale brown, smooth-walled, cylindrical, sometimes extending to form new conidiogenous loci, 4–22 × 4–5 μm, opening 1–2 μm diam, collarette < 0.5 μm long, periclinal thickening distinct. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, with a prominent scar, contents granular or guttulate, often with two big guttules, (11.5–) 13–15(–15.5) × (5–)5.5–6 μm, mean ± SD = 14.0 ± 0.9 × 5.7 ± 0.2 μm, L/W ratio = 2.4. <italic>Appressoria</italic> rare (only 8 observed) single, medium brown, roundish, elliptical or with a bullet-shaped outline, the margin entire to undulate, 5.5–9(–11) × (4–)4.5–6.5 μm, mean ± SD = 7.3 ± 1.6 × 5.7 ± 1.0 μm, L/W ratio = 1.3.</p><p id="P21"><italic>Anamorph on Anthriscus stem. Conidiomata</italic> acervular, conidiophores formed on a cushion of pale brown, thick-walled, angular cells, 5–10 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> pale brown, smooth-walled, septate, branched, to 35 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> pale brown, smooth-walled, cylindrical, annellations frequently observed, 7–21 × 3.5–5 μm, opening 1.5–2 μm diam, collarette 0.5–1 μm long. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, with a prominent scar, contents granular or guttulate, often with two big guttules, (13–)14–15.5(–16.5) × 5.5–6(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 14.7 ± 1.0 × 5.8 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio = 2.6.</p><p id="P22"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin, hyaline to pale honey-coloured. On medium with <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem and filter paper, partly covered with short floccose, white aerial mycelium and grey to black conidiomata; reverse same colours, 17.5–19.5 mm in 7 d (28–29.5 mm in 10 d). Colonies on OA flat with entire margin, buff, pale mouse-grey to greyish sepia, partly covered with floccose white aerial mycelium and salmon to black conidiomata; reverse buff, olivaceous buff to olivaceous grey, 19–20 mm in 7 d (30–31 mm in 10 d). <italic>Conidia in mass</italic> salmon.</p><p id="P23"><italic>Material examined</italic>: <bold>Colombia</bold>, Meta, Villavicencio, from a leaf of <italic>Hevea brasiliensis</italic>, 13 Aug. 2010, Olga Castro, (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20693&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20693</ext-link><bold>holotype</bold>, culture ex-type <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129826&link_type=cbs">CBS 129826</ext-link> = CH1).</p><p id="P24"><italic>Notes</italic>: This species is sister to a clade that contains <italic>C. karstii</italic> and <italic>C. phyllanthi. Colletotrichum annellatum</italic> has rather longer asci compared with <italic>C. karstii</italic> (58–74 μm versus 31.5–56 μm), ascospores that tend to be wider, and smaller appressoria (though these are rarely formed in <italic>C. annellatum</italic>). <italic>Colletotrichum phyllanthi</italic> did not produce anamorphic or teleomorphic structures under our growth conditions, so direct comparison of morphological characters was problematic. As its name suggests, <italic>C. annellatum</italic> frequently produces conidiogenous cells that have annellide-like proliferations on <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem, while on SNA conidiogenous cells with a distinct periclinal thickening were predominant.</p><p id="P25">Two species referable to <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> have previously been described from <italic>Hevea. Colletotrichum heveae</italic> Petch (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R54">Petch 1906</xref>) has longer and wider conidia than <italic>C. annellatum</italic> (measured as 18–24 × 7.5–8 μm by its author), and seems to be similar in morphological terms to the <italic>C. crassipes</italic> group as accepted by Sutton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R73">1980</xref>). There are a number of distantly related <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> taxa with broad conidia and more revisionary work is needed; see also Lubbe <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R38">2004</xref>) and Cannon <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">2012</xref>, this issue). A further species was published in the same article, <italic>Gloeosporium heveae</italic> Petch. Many species described in that genus now belong in <italic>Colletotrichum</italic>, differing only in having sparse or absent setae (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">von Arx 1970</xref>). From its description, <italic>G. heveae</italic> belongs to the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> aggregate; as it has conidia that measure 12–17 × 3.5–5 μm (<italic>i.e.</italic> narrower than those of <italic>C. annellatum</italic>) and conidiogenous cells (“basidia”) measuring 20–34 × 2 μm. Typification of neither species is easy. The only potential type material of either species in K contains a single packet labelled in Petch’s handwriting with “<italic>Gloeosporium brunneum</italic> Petch & <italic>Colletotrichum heveae</italic> Petch, no. 2228. On <italic>Hevea</italic>, 7 Oct. 1905; type of <italic>Colletotrichum heveae</italic>”. The packet contains two young leaves, apparently with only one fungus, corresponding to the description of <italic>G. heveae</italic> rather than <italic>C. heveae</italic>. The name <italic>G. brunneum</italic> Petch was apparently never published (it would be a later homonym of <italic>G. brunneum</italic> Ellis & Everh. 1889) and it seems most likely that Petch changed the name of this species between collection and publication. Petch’s names cannot therefore be unequivocally typified, but it seems certain that neither provides an earlier name for <italic>C. annellatum</italic>.</p><p id="P26">Most <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> isolates derived from <italic>Hevea</italic> plants have been found to belong to the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> and <italic>C. acutatum</italic> species complexes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R30">Jayasinghe <italic>et al.</italic> 1997</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R65">Saha <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R22">Gazis & Chaverri 2010</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">Gazis <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R17">Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>, this issue). However, one isolate from <italic>Hevea guianensis</italic> in Peru has an ITS sequence placing it in the <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complex, within <italic>C. karstii</italic> or <italic>C. phyllanthi</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R23">Gazis <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>; GenBank HQ022474). The ITS sequence of <italic>C. annelatum</italic> differs in two bp from <italic>C. karstii</italic> and <italic>C. phyllanthi.</italic> Further research is needed to clarify the placement of the strain from Peru.</p><p id="P27"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum beeveri</italic></bold> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB560735&link_type=mb">MB560735</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>.</p><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Fig. 3.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum beeveri</italic> (from ex-holotype strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128527&link_type=cbs">CBS 128527</ext-link>). A–B. Conidiomata. C.Tip of seta. D. Basis of seta. E–F. Conidiophores. G. Tip of seta. H. Basis of seta. I–K. Conidiophores. L–P. Appressoria. Q–R. Conidia. A, C–F, Q. from <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem. B, G–P, R. from SNA. A–B, DM, C–R. DIC, Scale bars: A = 100 μm, E = 10 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of E applies to C–R.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig3"></graphic></fig><p id="P28"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named after Ross Beever, New Zealand mycologist and fungal geneticist, who collected the plant material from which this species was isolated.</p><p id="P29"><italic>Teleomorph</italic> not observed. On SNA, <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem/filterpaper and OA closed round structures were observed that could be undeveloped ascomata, neither conidia nor ascospores were produced.</p><p id="P30"><italic>Anamorph developed on SNA. Vegetative hyphae</italic> 1.5–7 μm diam, hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> absent, conidiophores and setae formed directly from vegetative hyphae or on pale brown, thick-walled angular cells 3–6.5 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> dark brown, smooth-walled, 1–3-septate, 50–100 μm long, base conical to ± inflated, 5–6.5 μm diam, tip ± acute. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> pale brown, smooth-walled, septate, branched, to 50 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> pale brown, smooth-walled, cylindrical to ampulliform, 9–30 × 03.5–6.5 μm, opening 1–1.5 μm diam, collarette ≤ 0.5 μm long, periclinal thickening distinct. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, with a prominent scar, contents granular or guttulate, often with two big guttules, (11.5–)12–14(–16) × 5.5–6.5 μm, mean ± SD = 13.2 ± 1.0 × 6.0 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio = 2.2. <italic>Appressoria</italic> single, dark brown, irregular, but often elliptical to navicular in outline, the margin lobate, (5.5–)7.5–12.5(–14.5) × (4–)5.5–8.5(–9) μm, mean ± SD = 10.1 ± 2.5 × 7.1 ± 1.4 μm, L/W ratio = 1.4.</p><p id="P31"><italic>Anamorph on Anthriscus stem. Conidiomata</italic> acervular, conidiophores and setae formed on a cushion of medium brown, thick-walled angular cells, 3–10 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> (only a few observed at the margin of acervuli) dark brown, smooth-walled, 2–3-septate, 80–95 μm long, base conical to cylindrical, 4.5–6 μm diam, tip roundish to ± acute. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> pale to medium brown, smooth-walled, septate, branched, to 20 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> pale to medium brown, smooth-walled, short cylindrical to ampulliform, sometimes extending to form new conidiogenous loci, 9–15 × 4.5–5.5 μm, opening 1–1.5 μm diam, collarette < 0.5 μm long, periclinal thickening distinct. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, with a prominent scar, contents granular or guttulate, sometimes with two big guttules, (12.5–)12–14(–15.5) × 5.5–6.5 μm, mean ± SD = 14.3± 0.8 × 6.0± 0.4 μm, L/W ratio = 2.4.</p><p id="P32"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin, hyaline, with filter paper, <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem and partly agar medium covered with orange to black conidiomata and filter paper partly with white mycelium; reverse hyaline with black spots mainly under the filter paper, 22.5–24 mm in 7 d (32.5–37 mm in 10 d). Colonies on OA flat with entire margin, buff, primrose to greenish olivaceous with orange, dark grey to black conidiomata or ascomata and partly with short floccose white aerial mycelium; reverse buff, pale purplish grey, primrose, greenish olivaceous to iron-grey with olivaceous grey spots due to the conidiomata/ascomata shining through, 26.5–29 mm in 7 d (39–40 mm in 10 d). <italic>Conidia in mass</italic> salmon to orange.</p><p id="P33"><italic>Material examined</italic>: <bold>New Zealand</bold>, Great Barrier Island, from brown lesions on a leaf of <italic>Brachyglottis repanda</italic>, R.E. Beever, 23 Mar. 2006, (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20694&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20694</ext-link><bold>holotype</bold>, culture ex-type <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128527&link_type=cbs">CBS 128527</ext-link> = ICMP 18594).</p><p id="P34"><italic>Notes</italic>: This species is characterised by wide conidia and complex appressoria. It forms a sister group to <italic>C. brassicicola</italic> (from <italic>Brassica</italic>, also from New Zealand) and <italic>C. colombiense</italic> (from <italic>Passiflora</italic> leaves in Colombia), which have similarly sized and shaped conidia. It differs from <italic>C. colombiense</italic> by its acute, ± smooth-walled setae and its more elongate conidiogenous cells. In common with <italic>C. brassicicola, C. beeveri</italic> can produce pycnidium-like structures in culture, but none produced spores.</p><p id="P35">No species of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> has been previously described from <italic>Brachyglottis</italic>, and none of those species described from members of the <italic>Asteraceae</italic> originate from Australasia. According to sequence comparisons with six genes, <italic>C. beeveri</italic> (identified as <italic>C. boninense</italic>) was isolated as an endophyte of healthy roots of <italic>Pleione bulbocodioides</italic> (<italic>Orchidaceae</italic>) in China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">Yang <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>). Several endophytic strains from <italic>Podocarpaceae</italic> leaves from New Zealand have the same or similar ITS sequences as <italic>C. beeveri</italic> (<italic>e.g.</italic> EU482210, EU482288 and EU482283; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">Joshee <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P36"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum boninense</italic></bold> Moriwaki, Toy. Sato & Tsukib., <italic>Mycoscience</italic> 44(1): 48. 2003. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4</xref>.</p><fig id="F4" position="float"><label>Fig. 4.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum boninense</italic>. A–B. Conidiomata. C–D. Conidiophores. E–F. Setae. G. Tip of seta. H–J. Conidiophores. K–P. Appressoria. Q–R. Conidia. S–T. Ascomata. U. Paraphyses. V–W. Apical regions of asci. X–Y. Asci. Z, AA–AB. Ascospores. AC. Outer surface of peridium. A–R. from ex-holotype strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123755&link_type=cbs">CBS 123755</ext-link>. S–AC. from strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123756&link_type=cbs">CBS 123756</ext-link>. A, C–E, Q. from <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem. B, F–P, R. from SNA. A–B, S. DM, C–R, T–AC. DIC, Scale bars: A, S = 100 μm, T = 25 μm, D, U = 10 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of D applies to C–R. Scale bar of U applies to U–AC.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig4"></graphic></fig><p id="P37"><italic>Teleomorph developed on OA</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123756&link_type=cbs">CBS 123756</ext-link>). <italic>Ascomata</italic> perithecia, variable in shape but usually subglobose to pyriform, glabrous, medium brown, 100–300 × 100–200 μm, ostiolate, periphysate, neck hyaline to pale brown, to 100 μm in length, outer wall composed of flattened angular cells 4–15 μm diam. Interascal tissue composed of rather irregular thin-walled hyaline septate paraphyses. <italic>Asci</italic> in a basal fascicle, cylindric-clavate, 45–60 × 12.5–17 μm, 8-spored, with a ± truncate apex and a small refractive apical ring. <italic>Ascospores</italic> initially hyaline and aseptate, becoming 1–3-septate, septation sometimes occurring inside the ascus, light to medium brown-pigmented, sometimes verruculose prior to the start of germination, allantoid, (12.5–)14–17(–18) × (4–)5–6(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 15.6 ± 1.4 × 5.4 ± 0.5 μm, L/W ratio = 2.9.</p><p id="P38"><italic>Anamorph developed on SNA</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123755&link_type=cbs">CBS 123755</ext-link>)<italic>. Vegetative hyphae</italic> 1–6 μm diam, hyaline or pale brown, smooth-walled, septate, branched. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> poorly or not developed, conidiophores and setae formed directly on hyphae. <italic>Setae</italic> rare, medium brown, smooth to verruculose, 1–2-septate, 20–60 μm long, base cylindrical, conical or slightly inflated, 3–7 μm diam at the widest part, tip ± rounded. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline or pale brown, simple or septate, branched or unbranched, to 40 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline or pale brown, cylindrical, 6–15 × 3–5 μm, opening 1–2 μm diam, collarette 0.5–1.5 μm long, periclinal thickening conspicuous. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical, apex round, base round with a prominent hilum, often containing two big polar guttules, (8.5–)11–14.5(–17.5) × (4–)5–6(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 12.8 ± 1.6 × 5.4 ± 0.4 μm, L/W ratio = 2.4. <italic>Appressoria</italic> solitary or in short chains, medium brown, thick-walled, entire edge or crenate, rarely lobate, smooth-walled, irregular in shape, but often bullet-shaped or navicular with an acute tip, (4.5–)7–14(–18) × (4–)5–8(–11) μm, mean ± SD = 10.5 ± 3.3 × 6.4 ± 1.5 μm, L/W ratio = 1.6.</p><p id="P39"><italic>Anamorph developed on Anthriscus stem</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123755&link_type=cbs">CBS 123755</ext-link>)<italic>. Conidiomata</italic> acervular, conidiophores and setae formed from a cushion of pale brown, roundish to angular cells, 3–9 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> rare, medium brown, basal cell often paler, verruculose, 1–2-septate, 30–70 μm long, base cylindrical, conical or slightly inflated, 3.5–6.5 μm diam, tip ± round to ± acute. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> pale brown, septate, branched or unbranched, to 40 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> pale brown, cylindrical to ellipsoidal, 5.8–17 × 3.5–6 μm, opening 0.5–1.5 μm diam, collarette ≤ 0.5 μm long, periclinal thickening visible to conspicuous. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical to clavate, apex round, base round with a prominent hilum, sometimes with two big polar guttules, (9–)12–14.5(–16.5) × (4–)5.5–6.5 μm, mean ± SD = 13.2 ± 1.4 × 5.8 ± 0.5 μm, L/W ratio = 2.3. The conidia of <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129831&link_type=cbs">CBS 129831</ext-link> are longer (up to 20 μm) with an average L/W ratio of 2.6.</p><p id="P40"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on SNA flat with slightly undulate margin, hyaline with felty white aerial mycelium on filter paper; reverse filter paper partly pale cinnamon to pale hazel; 25.5–29 mm in 7 d (37.5–40 mm in 10 d). Colonies on OA flat with entire margin; surface covered with felty white, rosy buff or very pale glaucous grey aerial mycelium, in the centre pale luteous aerial mycelium; reverse buff, rosy buff, pale luteous to honey-coloured; 27.5–32.5 mm in 7 d (39–40 mm in 10 d). <italic>Conidia in mass</italic> salmon. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=102667&link_type=cbs">CBS 102667</ext-link> is slower growing: SNA 18–21 mm in 7 d (29–29.5 mm in 10 d), OA 21.3–22.5 mm in 7 d (31.5–32.5 mm in 10 d).</p><p id="P41"><italic>Material examined</italic>: <bold>Japan</bold>, Bonin Islands, from a diseased leaf of <italic>Crinum asiaticum</italic> var. <italic>sinicum</italic>, 1988, T. Sato, culture <bold>ex-holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123755&link_type=cbs">CBS 123755</ext-link> = MAFF 305972; Bonin Islands, from <italic>Crinum asiaticum</italic> var. <italic>sinicum</italic>, 1990, T. Sato, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123756&link_type=cbs">CBS 123756</ext-link> = MAFF 306094. <bold>Australia</bold>, from <italic>Leucospermum</italic> sp., culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129831&link_type=cbs">CBS 129831</ext-link> = STE-U 2965. <bold>New Zealand</bold>, Northland, Kaipara, from flowers of <italic>Solanum betaceum</italic>, 1 Feb. 2004, M. Manning, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128549&link_type=cbs">CBS 128549</ext-link> = ICMP 15444.</p><p id="P42"><italic>Notes</italic>: Conidia of <italic>C. boninense</italic> are similar to those of <italic>C. karstii</italic>, although the ascospores of <italic>C. boninense</italic> are more uniform with rounded ends, becoming brown and septate with age and the asci are longer and wider.</p><p id="P43">We recognise that there is significant genetic variation in <italic>C. boninense</italic>. Host plants of <italic>C. boninense s. str.</italic> are very diverse including <italic>Amaryllidaceae, Bignoniaceae, Podocarpaceae, Proteaceae, Solanaceae</italic> and <italic>Theaceae</italic>. Several ITS sequences, for example HM044131 (Yuan <italic>et al.</italic>, unpubl. data) from <italic>Oryza granulata</italic>, and FJ449913 (Hu & Guo, unpubl. data) from <italic>Dendrobium</italic> sp., both presumably from China, are similar to the ITS of <italic>C. boninense, C. oncidii</italic> and <italic>C. cymbidiicola,</italic> but these species can not be separated from each other by comparison of ITS sequences.</p><p id="P44"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum brasiliense</italic></bold> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous & Massola, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB560736&link_type=mb">MB560736</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Fig. 5</xref>.</p><fig id="F5" position="float"><label>Fig. 5.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum brasiliense</italic> (from ex-holotype strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128501&link_type=cbs">CBS 128501</ext-link>). A–B. Conidiomata. C.Tip of seta. D. Basis of seta. E–F. Conidiophores. G. Seta. H–I. Conidiophores. J–O. Appressoria. P–Q. Conidia. A, C–F, P. from <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem. B, G–O, Q. from SNA. A–B. DM, C–Q. DIC, Scale bars: A = 100 μm, E = 10 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of E applies to C–Q.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig5"></graphic></fig><p id="P45"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named after the country where it was collected, Brazil.</p><p id="P46"><italic>Teleomorph</italic> not observed. <italic>Anamorph on SNA. Vegetative hyphae</italic> 1–5.5 μm diam, hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> acervular, conidiophores and setae formed on a cushion of pale brown, ± thin-walled, angular cells 3–9 μm diam, however, in strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128528&link_type=cbs">CBS 128528</ext-link> conidiophores and setae are formed directly on hyphae. <italic>Setae</italic> sparse, pale to medium brown, basal cell usually paler, smooth to finely verruculose, 2–4-septate, 50–60 μm long, base cylindrical to conical, 6–8 μm diam, tip ± acute to slightly roundish or zig-zag-shaped. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, simple or septate and branched, to 30 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, cylindrical to ellipsoidal, encased in a mucous sheath, sometimes extending to form new conidiogenous loci, 7–14 × 4.5–7.5 μm, opening 1–2 μm diam, collarette visible, ≤ 0.5 μm long, periclinal thickening visible, in strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128528&link_type=cbs">CBS 128528</ext-link> conidiogenous cells longer (12–25 μm) and periclinal thickening conspicuous. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, with a prominent scar, contents granular or guttulate, (11.5–)13–16(–18) × 5–5.5(–6) μm, mean ± SD = 14.6 ± 1.6 × 5.4 ± 0.2 μm, L/W ratio = 2.7, conidia of strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128528&link_type=cbs">CBS 128528</ext-link> longer, measuring (13.5–)14–19(–22.5) × (4.5–)5–5.5(–6) μm, mean ± SD = 16.5 ± 2.4 × 5.3 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio = 3.1. <italic>Appressoria</italic> medium to dark brown, smooth-walled, lobed, often with a roundish outline, sometimes also triangular, SNA (5.5–)7–16(–32) × (4–)6.5–13(–24) μm, mean ± SD = 11.5 ± 4.5 × 9.7 ± 3.3 μm, L/W ratio = 1.2.</p><p id="P47"><italic>Anamorph on Anthriscus stem. Conidiomata</italic> acervular, conidiophores and setae formed on a cushion of pale brown, angular cells, 3–8 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> (only one observed) medium brown, smooth-walled, 3-septate, 65 μm long, base cylindrical, 4.5 μm diam, tip ± acute and zig-zag-shaped. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, simple or septate and branched, to 20 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, cylindrical to ellipsoidal, sometimes extending to form new conidiogenous loci, 6–12 × 3.5–7.5 μm, opening 1–2 μm diam, collarette 1 μm long, periclinal thickening visible, in strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128528&link_type=cbs">CBS 128528</ext-link> conspicuous. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, with a prominent scar, contents granular or guttulate, (13–)13.5–16(–19) × (4.5–)5–5.5(–6) μm, mean ± SD = 14.8 ± 1.3 × 5.3 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio = 2.8, conidia of strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128528&link_type=cbs">CBS 128528</ext-link> longer, measuring (13–)14–19(–22.5) × (4–)4.5–5.5(–6), mean ± SD = 16.7 ± 2.5 × 5.1 ± 0.5 μm, L/W ratio = 3.3.</p><p id="P48"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin, hyaline, pale cinnamon close to <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem, on <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem covered with orange to black conidiomata, filter paper partly rosy buff, grey to black, covered with white mycelium and grey to black conidiomata; reverse same colours, with black spots mainly under the filter paper, 21–21.5 mm in 7 d (32.5–33.5 mm in 10 d). Colonies on OA flat with entire margin, buff, towards the centre greenish olivaceous with orange to black conidiomata, aerial mycelium lacking; reverse buff, grey olivaceous to olivaceous grey towards the centre, 21.5 mm in 7 d (32–33.5 mm in 10 d). <italic>Conidia in mass</italic> orange.</p><p id="P49"><italic>Material examined</italic>: <bold>Brazil</bold>, Sao Paulo, Bauru City, from fruit anthracnose of <italic>Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa</italic>, 1 June 2006, N. Massola and H.J.Tozze Jr., (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20697&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20697</ext-link><bold>holotype</bold>, culture ex-type <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128501&link_type=cbs">CBS 128501</ext-link> = ICMP 18607 = PAS12); Sao Paulo, Bauru City, from fruit of <italic>Passiflora edulis</italic>, 1 June 2006, N. Massola and H.J.Tozze Jr., <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20696&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20696</ext-link>, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128528&link_type=cbs">CBS 128528</ext-link> = ICMP 18606 = PAS10.</p><p id="P50"><italic>Notes</italic>: There are four species in the <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complex known to occur on <italic>Passiflora</italic>: <italic>C. brasiliense</italic> from Brazil (on fruits), <italic>C. colombiense</italic> from Colombia (on leaves), <italic>C. torulosum</italic> from New Zealand (on leaves) and <italic>C. karstii</italic> from Japan and Colombia (on leaves) and from Brazil (on fruits). According to Johnston & Jones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">1997</xref>), <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> Group E (= <italic>C. novae-zelandiae</italic>) and <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> Group I (= <italic>C. constrictum</italic>) have also been isolated from <italic>Passiflora</italic>, although this has not been confirmed by molecular methods. <italic>Colletotrichum brasiliense</italic> and <italic>C. colombiense</italic> are at this stage known only from <italic>Passiflora. Colletotrichum brasiliense</italic> is known only from Brazil where it causes anthracnose of yellow passion fruit (<italic>Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa</italic>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R79">Tozze <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>). <italic>Colletotrichum brasiliense</italic> is closely related to <italic>C. parsonsiae</italic> and <italic>C. hippeastri. Colletotrichum brasiliense</italic> is distinguished from these species with most of the genes, including ITS, although the CHS-1 sequence of one isolate was the same as that of <italic>C. parsonsii</italic>. Appressoria have a lower L/W ratio (1.2) than other species in this group.</p><p id="P51">There are numerous records of <italic>Colletotrichum, Gloeosporium</italic> and <italic>Glomerella</italic> species on <italic>Passiflora</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">Farr & Rossman 2011</xref>). Two <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> and two <italic>Gloeosporium</italic> species have been previously described from <italic>Passiflora. Gloeosporium passiflorae</italic> Speg., described from <italic>Passiflora</italic> sp. in Argentina, forms longer conidia (20–30 × 5–6 μm) than any of the species in the <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complex known from <italic>Passiflora</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R71">Spegazzini 1899</xref>). Conidia of <italic>C. passiflorae</italic> Siemaszko, which was described on leaves of <italic>Passiflora edulis</italic> in Transcaucasia (today belonging to Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) are smaller, measuring 14–25 × 4–6 μm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R67">Siemaszko 1923</xref>). Most of the species treated here have shorter conidia. Only conidia of <italic>C. brasiliense</italic> isolate <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128528&link_type=cbs">CBS 128528</ext-link> sometimes exceed 20 μm, but their average length is 16.5 μm and their L/W ratio is 3.3 rather than 3.5–4.25 as implied by Siemaszko’s measurements.</p><p id="P52"><italic>Colletotrichum passiflorae</italic> F. Stevens & P.A. Young (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R72">Stevens 1925</xref>), described on fruits of <italic>P. laurifolia</italic> and leaves of <italic>P. edulis</italic> from Hawaii, U.S.A., might be an earlier name for several of the species of the <italic>boninense</italic> complex, but von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">1957</xref>) treated it as a synonym of the <italic>gloeosporioides</italic> complex and its description (“Acervuli black, numerous, 90–225 μ in diameter. Setae brown, 50–75 by 5 μm. Conidia granular, cylindrical 11–18 by 3.5–6 μm,” <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R72">Stevens 1925</xref>) is inadequate to make an assessment of its identity. Setae of <italic>C. constrictum, C. novae-zelandiae, C. karstii</italic> and <italic>C. torulosum</italic> are longer than the length quoted for <italic>C. passiflorae</italic> by Stevens, but the different growth conditions makes such a comparison unreliable. No living cultures of <italic>C. passiflorae</italic> appear to have been maintained, so we are forced to regard the name as of uncertain application. The name is not available for any of the species of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex as it is a later homonym of <italic>C. passiflorae</italic> Siemaszko.</p><p id="P53">The name <italic>Gloeosporium passifloricola</italic> Sawada [as “<italic>passifloricolum</italic>”], was introduced for a fungus on <italic>Passiflora quadrangularis</italic> in Taiwan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R66">Sawada 1943</xref>), but the name was invalidly published and cannot threaten any of the species presented in our paper.</p><p id="P54"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum brassicicola</italic></bold> Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB560737&link_type=mb">MB560737</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Fig. 6</xref>.</p><fig id="F6" position="float"><label>Fig. 6.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum brassicicola</italic> (from ex-holotype strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=101059&link_type=cbs">CBS 101059</ext-link>). A–B. Conidiomata. C. Setae. D–H. Conidiophores. I. Seta and conidiophores. J–O. Appressoria. P–Q. Conidia. R–S. Ascomata. T. Conidia formed in closed conidiomata. U. Ascospores. V. Asci and paraphyses. W. Apical region of an ascus. X. Paraphyses. Y. Outer surface of peridium. Z. Peridium in cross section. A, C–E, P, R–S, U–Z. from <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem. B, F–O, Q. from SNA. T. from filter paper. A–B, R. DM, C–Q, T–Z. DIC, Scale bars: A, R = 100 μm, S = 50 μm, D, T = 10 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of D applies to C–Q. Scale bar of T applies to T–Z.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig6"></graphic></fig><p id="P55"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named after the host plant genus, <italic>Brassica</italic>.</p><p id="P56"><italic>Teleomorph developed on Anthriscus stem</italic>. Ascomata globose to subglobose, pale brown, 100–250 × 90–150μm, glabrous, ostiolate, neck hyaline to pale brown, outer wall composed of flattened angular cells 8–19.5 × 5.5–15.5 μm in size. Interascal tissue composed of paraphyses; hyaline, septate, branched, 55–100 × 4–8 μm. Asci cylindrical, 65–105 × 12–13.5 μm, 8-spored. Ascospores (only 7 observed) arranged biseriately, hyaline and aseptate, fusiform, sometimes broader towards one side, sometimes curved, smooth, (15–)17.3–21(–24) × (3.5–)4–5.5(–7) μm, mean ± SD = 19.1 ± 1.8 × 4.8± 0.8 μm, L/W ratio = 4.0. <italic>On filterpaper</italic> ascospores (16.5–) 18–22.5(–23.5) × 4.5–5.5(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 20.3 ± 2.4 × 5.1± 0.5 μm, L/W ratio = 4.0<bold>.</bold></p><p id="P57"><italic>Anamorph developed on SNA. Vegetative hyphae</italic> 1–5 μm diam, hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> poorly developed, conidiophores and setae formed directly on hyphae. <italic>Setae</italic> medium brown, verruculose, 1–3-septate, 30–70 μm long, base cylindrical, conical or slightly inflated, 4–6.5 μm diam at the widest part, tip round. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> pale brown, septate, unbranched or branched, to 30 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline or pale brown, smooth to verruculose, clavate, cylindrical or doliiform, sometimes lacking a basal septum and continuous with the conidiophore, 7–14 × 4–5.5 μm, opening 1.5–2 μm diam, collarette 0.5–1(–1.5) μm long, periclinal thickening conspicuous. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, ovoid, apex round, base round, sometimes with prominent scar, sometimes containing one or two big guttules, (9.5–)11–13.6(–17.5) × (4.5–)5–6(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 12.2 ± 1.4 × 5.6 ± 0.4 μm, L/W ratio = 2.2. <italic>Appressoria</italic> pale to dark brown, crenate to lobed, (5.5–)7.5–14.5(–21) × (4.5–)6–9.5(–12.5) μm, mean ± SD = 11.1 ± 3.6 × 7.8 ± 1.7 μm, L/W ratio = 1.4.</p><p id="P58"><italic>Anamorph developed on Anthriscus stem. Conidiomata</italic> acervular, conidiophores and setae formed from a cushion of hyaline to pale brown, angular cells, 3–9 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> medium brown, base often paler, smooth to verruculose, 1–2-septate, 25–60 μm long, base cylindrical to conical, often slightly inflated, 4–7.5 μm diam, tip round. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> pale brown, septate, branched, to 30 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, cylindrical, clavate to ellipsoidal, 5–16 × 3.5–5 μm, opening 1.5–2 μm diam, collarette 0.5–1 μm long, periclinal thickening visible to conspicuous. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical to clavate, apex round, base round with a prominent scar, guttulate, sometimes with one or two big guttules, (9–)11.5–13.5(–14.5) × (5–)5.5–6 μm, mean ± SD = 12.4 ± 1 × 5.6 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio = 2.2. <italic>On filter paper</italic> (less often observed on <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem) dark brown to black, roundish closed conidiomata are formed, to 400 μm diam, opening by irregular rupture. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, irregularly shaped, possibly deformed due to pressure inside the conidiomata, (7.5–)10–14.5(–18) × (4.5–)5–7(–8.5) μm, mean ± SD = 12.2 ± 2.3 × 6.2 ± 0.9 μm, L/W ratio = 2.0.</p><p id="P59"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin, hyaline with felty white aerial mycelium on <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem and filter paper and salmon to orange acervuli and black sclerotia/ascomata on filter paper; reverse filter paper rosy buff to hazel with black sclerotia/ascomata shining through; 17.5–21 mm in 7 d (27.5–31.5 mm in 10 d). Colonies on OA flat with entire margin; surface buff, pale luteous to greenish olivaceous, partly covered with olivaceous grey structures, orange spore masses and with felty white to pale olivaceous grey aerial mycelium, reverse honey-coloured, pale luteous to isabelline; 19–22.5 mm in 7 d (29–32.5 mm in 10 d). <italic>Conidia in mass</italic> salmon to orange.</p><p id="P60"><italic>Material examined</italic>: <bold>New Zealand</bold>, Manawatu-Wanganui, Ohakune, from leaf spot of <italic>Brassica oleracea</italic> var. <italic>gemmifera</italic>, unknown collection date (July 1998 deposited in CBS collection), B. Thrupp, (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20698&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20698</ext-link><bold>holotype</bold>, culture ex-type <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=101059&link_type=cbs">CBS 101059</ext-link> = LYN 16331).</p><p id="P61"><italic>Notes</italic>: The conidia of <italic>C. brassicicola</italic> are very short, while ascospores and asci are longer than those of the other four species in the <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complex with a known sexual morph. Farr & Rossman (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">2011</xref>) list six <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> taxa associated with <italic>Brassica</italic> species: <italic>C. truncatum, C. capsici</italic> (treated as a synonym of <italic>C. truncatum</italic> by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R16">Damm <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>), <italic>C. dematium, C. gloeosporioides, C. gloeosporioides</italic> var. <italic>minor</italic> and <italic>C. higginsianum. Colletotrichum truncatum</italic> and <italic>C. dematium</italic> have curved conidia, and belong to separate clades that are not closely related to <italic>C. boninense</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R16">Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>). <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> has noticeably longer conidia than species in the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex (Sutton <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R73">1980</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R74">1992</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R83">Weir <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> var. <italic>minor</italic> was reported on <italic>Brassica oleracea</italic> in Australia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R69">Simmonds 1966</xref>) with narrower conidia (11.1–17.7 × 3.1–5.0 μm) and shorter ascospores (13.5–16.8 × 3.5–4.9 μm) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R70">Simmonds 1968</xref>) than <italic>C. brassicicola</italic>. Weir <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R83">2012</xref>) confirm <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> var. <italic>minor</italic> as belonging to the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> species complex, and describe it as a new species, <italic>C. queenslandicum. Colletotrichum higginsianum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R50">O’Connell <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>) is part of the <italic>C. destructivum</italic> complex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R8">Cannon <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>, this issue) and has longer conidia that tend to be inaequilateral.</p><p id="P62">Vassiljewski and Karakulin (1950) described <italic>Colletotrichum brassicae</italic> on <italic>Brassica</italic> as having slightly curved, fusoid conidia that are longer (19–24 μm) than those of <italic>C. brassicicola. Colletotrichum brassicae</italic> was regarded as a synonym of <italic>C. dematium</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">von Arx 1957</xref>), but no authentic material has been seen.</p><p id="P63">An isolate on <italic>Passiflora</italic> sp. from Colombia (Pass-65, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">Afanador-Kafuri <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>) has the same ITS sequence as <italic>C. brassicicola,</italic> and isolates from leaves of <italic>Podocarpus totara</italic> and <italic>Prumnopitys ferruginea</italic> in New Zealand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">Joshee <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>) differ by only two or three substitutions in ITS sequences. We cannot be sure whether these strains belong to <italic>C. brassicicola</italic> or to other segregates of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> group.</p><p id="P64"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum colombiense</italic></bold> Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB560738&link_type=mb">MB560738</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Fig. 7</xref>.</p><fig id="F7" position="float"><label>Fig. 7.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum colombiense</italic> (from ex-holotype strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129818&link_type=cbs">CBS 129818</ext-link>). A–B. Conidiomata. C.Tips of setae. D. Bases of setae. E–K. Conidiophores. L–O. Appressoria. P–Q. Conidia. A, C–G, P. from <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem. B, H–K, Q. from SNA. A–B. DM, C–Q. DIC, Scale bars: A = 100 μm, E = 10 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of E applies to C–Q.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig7"></graphic></fig><p id="P65"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named after the country where it was collected, Colombia.</p><p id="P66"><italic>Teleomorph</italic> not observed, but on OA spherical structures on the agar surface and within the medium that lack any conidia or ascospores. <italic>Anamorph on SNA. Vegetative hyphae</italic> 1–6 μm diam, hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> absent, conidiophores formed directly from vegetative hyphae. <italic>Setae</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched, to 50 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical, sometimes slightly inflated, surrounded by several mucous layers, often extending to form new conidiogenous loci, 7–18 × 3.5–5 μm, opening 1–1.5 μm diam, collarette and periclinal thickening not observed. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, with a prominent scar, contents granular or guttulate, often with two big guttules (11.5–)12–14(–15.5) × (4.5–) 5–6(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 13.1 ± 1.0 × 5.7 ± 0.4 μm, L/W ratio = 2.3. <italic>Appressoria</italic> single, medium to dark brown, roundish to elliptical in outline, the margin undulate to lobate, (5.5–)6–10(–12.5) × (3.5–)4.5–7.5(–10) μm, mean ± SD = 7.8 ± 2.0 × 6.0 ± 1.5 μm, L/W ratio = 1.3, appressoria of strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129817&link_type=cbs">CBS 129817</ext-link> larger, (7–) 7.5–14.5(–21.5) × (5–)6–10(–12.5) μm, mean ± SD = 11.0 ± 3.5 × 8.1 ± 1.9 μm, L/W ratio = 1.3.</p><p id="P67"><italic>Anamorph on Anthriscus stem. Conidiomata</italic> acervular, conidiophores and setae formed on a cushion of pale brown, angular cells, 3–8 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> medium brown, verruculose, 1–3-septate, 35–110 μm long, base cylindrical to strongly inflated, 3.5–8.5 μm diam, tip rounded. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched, to 40 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical, sometimes surrounded by a gelatinous sheath, sometimes extending to form new conidiogenous loci, 7–26 × 3–5.5 μm, opening 1–1.5 μm diam, collarette < 0.5 μm long, periclinal thickening observed. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, with a prominent scar, contents granular or guttulate, (11–)12–14.5(–15) × (5–)5.5–6 μm, mean ± SD = 13.1 ± 1.1 × 5.7 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio = 2.3.</p><p id="P68"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin, hyaline to pale honey-coloured, with medium containing <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem and filter paper partly covered with very short, white aerial mycelium; reverse same colours, 24–25 mm in 7 d (34–35 mm in 10 d). Colonies on OA flat with entire margin, buff, honey to isabelline, partly covered with salmon, grey to black conidiomata, aerial mycelium lacking; reverse buff to olivaceous grey, 26–26.5 mm in 7 d (37–39 mm in 10 d). <italic>Conidia in mass</italic> salmon.</p><p id="P69"><italic>Material examined</italic>: <bold>Colombia</bold>, Cundinamarca, Tibacuy, from a leaf of <italic>Passiflora edulis</italic>, 22 Jan. 2010, D. Riascos, (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20699&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20699</ext-link><bold>holotype</bold>, culture ex-type <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129818&link_type=cbs">CBS 129818</ext-link> = G2); Cundinamarca, Tibacuy, from a leaf of <italic>Passiflora edulis</italic>, 5 Nov. 2009, D. Riascos, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20700&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20700</ext-link>, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129817&link_type=cbs">CBS 129817</ext-link> = G1.</p><p id="P70"><italic>Notes</italic>: Sequences of <italic>C. colombiense</italic> form a sister group to <italic>C. beeveri</italic> and <italic>C. brassicicola</italic>. It differs from <italic>C. beeveri</italic> in morphology by setae that are verrucose and rounded, and shorter conidiogenous cells. Other species isolated from <italic>Passiflora</italic> have pigmented conidiogenous cells (<italic>C. brasiliense</italic> and <italic>C. karstii</italic> on the media used here) or much more complex appressoria (<italic>C. torulosum</italic>). See under <italic>C. brasiliense</italic> for a discussion of previously published <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> taxa associated with <italic>Passiflora</italic>.</p><p id="P71">Many other isolates from <italic>Passiflora</italic> sp. from Colombia in the study by Afanador-Kafuri <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">2003</xref>) have the same or similar ITS sequence as <italic>C. colombiense</italic>, but cannot be identified on the basis of ITS only because of the close relationship of the three species.</p><p id="P72"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum constrictum</italic></bold> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB560739&link_type=mb">MB560739</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Fig. 8</xref>.</p><fig id="F8" position="float"><label>Fig. 8.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum constrictum</italic> (from ex-holotype strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128504&link_type=cbs">CBS 128504</ext-link>). A–B. Conidiomata. C. Tip of seta. D. Basis of seta. E–F. Conidiophores. G. Tip of seta. H. Basis of seta. I–J. Conidiophores. K–P. Appressoria. Q–R. Conidia. S–T. Ascomata. U. Outer surface of peridium. V. Peridium in cross section. W. Ascospores. X–AA. Asci. AB–AC. Apical regions of asci. AD. Paraphyses. A, C–F, Q, S, Z–AC. from <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem. B, G–P, R, T–Y, AD. from SNA. A–B, S–T. DM, C–R, U–AD. DIC, Scale bars: A = 200 μm, B, S = 100 μm, E, U = 10 μm. Scale bar of E applies to C–R. Scale bar of S applies to S–T. Scale bar of U applies to U–AD.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig8"></graphic></fig><p id="P73"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Name refers to the shape of the ascospores, which are often constricted.</p><p id="P74"><italic>Teleomorph</italic> on <italic>SNA. Ascomata</italic> perithecia, formed after 4 wk, solitary, non-stromatic, ovoid to obpyriform, ostiolate, glabrous, medium brown, 120–200 × 90–150 μm. <italic>Peridium</italic> 6–10 μm thick, composed of medium brown, flattened angular cells, 7–15 μm diam. <italic>Ascogenous hyphae</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, delicate, rarely visible. <italic>Interascal tissue</italic> formed of paraphyses, hyaline, smooth-walled, mostly cylindrical but tapering towards the round tip, disintegrating quickly, septate, branched, very variable, slightly constricted at the septa, apically free, 40–95 × 5–7 μm. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical to clavate, tapering to apex and base, 50–95 × 15–20 μm, the base broadly truncate. <italic>Ascospores</italic> biseriately arranged, aseptate, hyaline, smooth-walled, (almost) straight, base and apex uniformly broadly rounded, often ± constricted in the centre, therefore broadest close to the ends, (14–)16–20(–23) × (6–)6.5–8(–9) μm, mean ± SD = 17.9 ± 2.1 × 7.1 ± 0.7 μm, L/W ratio = 2.5.</p><p id="P75"><italic>Teleomorph on Anthriscus stem. Ascomata</italic> perithecia, formed after 4 wk. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical to clavate, tapering to apex and base, smooth-walled, 60–75 × 15–17 μm, the base broadly truncate. <italic>Ascospores</italic> biseriately arranged, aseptate, hyaline, smooth-walled, same shape as formed on SNA, (13–)16.5–19.5(–21) × (6.5–)7–8(–9) μm, mean ± SD = 18.0 ± 1.7 × 7.6 ± 0.6 μm, L/W ratio = 2.4.</p><p id="P76"><italic>Anamorph on SNA. Vegetative hyphae</italic> 1–8 μm diam, hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> absent, conidiophores and setae formed directly from vegetative hyphae or from a reduced cushion of pale brown, angular cells 3–9 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> pale to medium brown, verruculose, 1–4-septate, 65–130 μm long, base cylindrical, sometimes slightly inflated, 4.5–6.5 μm diam, tip ± acute. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, aseptate or septate and branched, to 70 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, cylindrical to ampulliform, often extending to form new conidiogenous loci, 8–20 × 3–7.5 μm, opening 1–2 μm diam, collarette ≤ 0.5 μm, periclinal thickening distinct. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, with a prominent scar, contens granular (8.5–)12–15(–16) × (5–)5.5–6(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 13.3 ± 1.5 × 5.7 ± 0.4 μm, L/W ratio = 2.3, in strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128503&link_type=cbs">CBS 128503</ext-link> occationally also globose to subglobose conidia observed, 9–13 × 7–13 μm. <italic>Appressoria</italic> single or in small groups of 2–3, medium to dark brown, smooth-walled, ovate, bullet-shaped, navicular or clavate in outline, the margin undulate to lobate, (5–)7.5–12(–14.5) × (5–)5.5–7.5(–9.5) μm, mean ± SD = 9.7 ± 2.4 × 6.5 ± 1.1 μm, L/W ratio = 1.5.</p><p id="P77"><italic>Anamorph on Anthriscus stem. Conidiomata</italic> acervular, conidiophores and setae formed from a cushion of pale brown, thick-walled, angular cells 2.5–8 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> medium brown, basal cell often paler, verruculose, 2–4-septate, 70–150 μm long, base cylindrical, conical to ± inflated, 3.5–6.5 μm diam, tip acute. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, aseptate or septate, branched, to 30 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, cylindrical to ampulliform, often extending to form new conidiogenous loci, 7–15 × 3.5–7 μm, opening 1–2 μm diam, collarette < 0.5 μm long, periclinal thickening distinct. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical, apex round, base round with a prominent hilum, the contents appearing granular to guttulate, (13–)14–15.5(–16) × 5–5.5(–6) μm, mean ± SD = 14.6 ± 0.7 × 5.4 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio = 2.7.</p><p id="P78"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin, hyaline, pale cinnamon close to <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem, with <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem covered with orange to black conidiomata and ascomata, filter paper partly rosy buff, grey to black, covert with white mycelium and grey to black conidiomata/ascomata; reverse same colours, with black spots mainly under the filter paper, 15–21 mm in 7 d (30.5–32.5 mm in 10 d). Colonies on OA flat with entire margin, rosy buff, olivaceous to black with dark grey to black conidiomata or ascomata, in the centre orange due to sporulation and partly covert with short white aerial mycelium; reverse buff, vinaceous buff to dark mouse-grey, 24–28 mm in 7 d (35–37.5 mm in 10 d). <italic>Conidia in mass</italic> orange.</p><p id="P79"><italic>Material examined</italic>: <bold>New Zealand</bold>, AK, Auckland, from fruit of <italic>Citrus limon</italic> (lemon), 1 Dec. 1988, P.R. Johnston, (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20701&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20701</ext-link><bold>holotype</bold>, culture ex-type <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128504&link_type=cbs">CBS 128504</ext-link> = ICMP 12941); from ripe fruit rot of <italic>Solanum betaceum</italic> (tamarillo) 1 June 1988, P.R. Johnston, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20702&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20702</ext-link>, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128503&link_type=cbs">CBS 128503</ext-link> = ICMP 12936.</p><p id="P80"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Colletotrichum constrictum</italic> differs from all other species in this complex by the shape and size of the ascospores, which are broader than those of the other species (av. ≥ 7 μm) and have a small L/W ratio (≤ 2.5). In contrast to the other species, the ascospores of <italic>C. constrictum</italic> are almost straight and often constricted at the centre. Consequently, the asci are also broader than those of other species in the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex. The species forms a distinct cluster within all single-gene phylogenies. In the multi-gene phylogeny, <italic>C. constrictum</italic> and <italic>C. dacrycarpi</italic> form a sister clade to all other taxa within the <italic>C. boninense</italic> aggregate. In blastn searches no ITS sequence was found with more than 96 % identity; matches with other genes were ≤ 93 % identical. The lack of matches may indicate that <italic>C. constrictum</italic> has a restricted distribution.</p><p id="P81"><italic>Colletotrichum constrictum</italic> was previously referred to as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> group I by Johnston & Jones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">1997</xref>) and is only known from New Zealand. Isolates studied here are from <italic>Citrus</italic> sp. and <italic>Solanum betaceum</italic>. According to Johnston & Jones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">1997</xref>), the species also occurs on <italic>Passiflora edulis</italic> and <italic>P. mollissima</italic>, although this has not been confirmed by molecular methods.</p><p id="P82"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum cymbidiicola</italic></bold> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB560740&link_type=mb">MB560740</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Fig. 9</xref>.</p><fig id="F9" position="float"><label>Fig. 9.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum cymbidiicola</italic> (from ex-holotype strain IMI 347923). A–B. Conidiomata. C. Tips of setae. D. Bases of setae. E–F. Conidiophores. G. Tip of seta. H. Basis of seta. I–J. Conidiophores. K–P. Appressoria. Q–R. Conidia. S, W. Ascomata. T. Peridium in cross section. U–V. Ascospores. X. Apical regions of asci. Y. Paraphyses. Z–AB. Asci. A, C–F, Q, U, X–AA. from <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem. B, G–P, R, T, V–W, AB. from SNA. S. from filter paper. A–B, S. DM, C–R, T–AB. DIC, Scale bars: A, S = 100 μm, W = 50 μm, E, T = 10 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of E applies to C–R. Scale bar of T applies to T–V and X–AB.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig9"></graphic></fig><p id="P83"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named after the host plant, <italic>Cymbidium</italic>.</p><p id="P84"><italic>Teleomorph</italic> on <italic>SNA. Ascomata</italic> perithecia, formed after 4 wk, solitary, semi-immersed or immersed in the agar medium, non-stromatic, subspherical to ovoid, ostiolate, glabrous, medium brown, 130–160 × 170–220 μm. <italic>Peridium</italic> 10–12 μm thick, composed of pale to medium brown flattened angular cells 3.5–15 μm diam. <italic>Ascogenous hyphae</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, delicate, rarely visible. <italic>Interascal tissue</italic> not observed. <italic>Asci</italic> unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical, tapering to apex and base, smooth-walled, 40–48 × 9.5–11 μm, the base truncate, apex 3.5–4 μm wide. <italic>Ascospores</italic> biseriately arranged, aseptate, hyaline, smooth-walled, fusiform, slightly curved, base rounded, apex acute or rounded, (12.5–)15–18(–21) × 5–6 (–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 16.5 ± 1.6 × 5.6 ± 0.4 μm, L/W ratio = 3.0.</p><p id="P85"><italic>Teleomorph on Anthriscus stem. Ascomata</italic> perithecia, formed after 4 wk, superficial, non-stromatic, ovoid to obpyriform, ostiolate, glabrous, medium brown, 200–300 × 200–400 μm. <italic>Interascal tissue</italic> formed of paraphyses, hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical, disintegrating quickly, septate, branched, to 70 μm long, 3–5.5 μm wide. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical, tapering to apex and base, smooth-walled, 55–77 × 11.5–13.5 μm, the base truncate. <italic>Ascospores</italic> biseriately arranged, aseptate, hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical to fusiform, slightly curved, usually one end broadly rounded, the other end (which is widest and more curved) often ± acute, giving the ascospores a footprint-like appearence, (15–)17.5–25(–31) × 5–6(–7) μm, mean ± SD = 21.2 ± 3.9 × 5.5 ± 0.6 μm, L/W ratio = 3.9.</p><p id="P86"><italic>Anamorph on SNA. Vegetative hyphae</italic> 1.5–7.5 μm diam, hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> absent, conidiophores and setae formed directly from medium brown, verruculose hyphae or formed on a cushion of medium brown angular cells, 3–6.5 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> medium brown, verruculose, 1–4-septate, 50–150 μm long, base cylindrical to conical, 5–7 μm diam, tip ± acute to rounded, often also with a constriction. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched, to 50 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical, often extending to form new conidiogenous loci, 7.5–17 × 3–5.5 μm, opening 1–2 μm diam, collarette ≤ 0.5 μm diam, periclinal thickening conspicuous. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, with a prominent scar, contents granular, (12.5–)14–15.5(–16.5) × 5.5–6 μm, mean ± SD = 14.6 ± 0.8 × 5.8 ± 0.2 μm, L/W ratio = 2.5. <italic>Appressoria</italic> medium to dark brown, outline very variable, the margin lobate, single or in loose groups, (6.5–)8–14.5(–18.5) × (3.5–)4.5–8(–11.5) μm, mean ± SD = 11.2 ± 3.2 × 6.3 ± 1.9 μm, L/W ratio = 1.8.</p><p id="P87"><italic>Anamorph on Anthriscus stem. Conidiomata</italic> acervular, conidiophores and setae formed on a cushion of pale brown angular cells, 3–8 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> medium brown, verruculose to verrucose, 1–4-septate, 75–180 μm long, base cylindrical to strongly inflated, 4–10 μm diam, tip ± rounded to ± acute. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, septate, branched. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical to ampulliform, sometimes extending to form new conidiogenous loci, 8–13 × 5.5–7 μm, opening 1.5–2 μm diam, collarette ≤ 0.5 μm diam, periclinal thickening conspicuous. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, with a prominent scar, contents guttulate, (11.5–)13.5–15.5(–16.5) × (5–)5.5–6(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 14.6 ± 0.9 × 5.7 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio = 2.6.</p><p id="P88"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin, hyaline to honey, partly covered with floccose-felty white aerial mycelium, <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem and filter paper partly covered with grey to black conidiomata partly oozing salmon to orange conidia; reverse hyaline to honey, filter paper with grey to black spots due to conidiomata shining through, 25–26.5 mm in 7 d (37.5–40 mm in 10 d). Colonies on OA flat with entire margin, buff to straw, sectors covert either with granular white aerial mycelium or black conidiomata, oozing salmon to orange conidia; reverse buff, straw, honey, isabelline, olivaceous grey to iron-grey, 25–27.5 mm in 7 d (40 mm in 10 d). <italic>Conidia in mass</italic> salmon to orange.</p><p id="P89"><italic>Material examined</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, Western Australia, Perth, Fremantle, from leaf lesion of <italic>Cymbidium</italic> sp., 27 Mar. 1991, P.M. Wood, (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20703&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20703</ext-link><bold>holotype</bold>, culture ex-type IMI 347923). <bold>New Zealand</bold>, AK, Mangere, from leaf spot of <italic>Cymbidium</italic> sp., 22 Mar. 1990, P. Broadhurst, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20704&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20704</ext-link>, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128543&link_type=cbs">CBS 128543</ext-link> = ICMP 18584. <bold>Japan</bold>, Ibaraki Pref., from <italic>Cymbidium</italic> sp., 1989, T. Sato, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123757&link_type=cbs">CBS 123757</ext-link> = MAFF 306100.</p><p id="P90"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Colletotrichum cymbidiicola</italic> occupies one of several clades of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> aggregate associated with orchids, and is a sister group to <italic>C. oncidii</italic>, another clade of orchid pathogens. From the limited number of samples available, both species appear host-specific at plant genus level. A curious feature of <italic>C. cymbidiicola</italic> is the size and shape of the ascospores and conidia which both differ considerably when grown on <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem, compared with those derived from cultures on SNA. <italic>Colletotrichum oncidii</italic> did not produce a telemorph under our culture growth conditions; its conidia are also longer in relation to their width when grown on <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem compared to SNA cultures, but the difference is not as prominent. <italic>Colletotrichum cymbidiicola</italic> differs from <italic>C. boninense</italic> in the shape of the appressoria that are usually lobate with irregular shapes in <italic>C. cymbidiicola</italic>, while those of <italic>C. boninense</italic> are typically bullet-shaped to navicular with entire edge or crenate.</p><p id="P91"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum dacrycarpi</italic></bold> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB560741&link_type=mb">MB560741</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F10">Fig. 10</xref>.</p><fig id="F10" position="float"><label>Fig. 10.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum dacrycarpi</italic> (from ex-holotype strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130241&link_type=cbs">CBS 130241</ext-link>). A–B. Conidiomata. C–E. Conidiophores. F–G. Conidia. A, C, F. from <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem. B, D–E, G. from SNA. A–B. DM, C–G. DIC, Scale bars: A = 100 μm, B = 200 μm, C = 10 μm. Scale bar of C applies to C–Q.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig10"></graphic></fig><p id="P92"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named after the host plant, <italic>Dacrycarpus</italic>.</p><p id="P93"><italic>Teleomorph</italic> not observed.</p><p id="P94"><italic>On SNA. Vegetative hyphae</italic> 1–6 μm diam, hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> globose to flask-shaped, apparently opening by rupture, wall cells medium brown, angular; conidiophores formed from a cushion of medium brown, angular cells 3–7.5 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched, to 60 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical to ampulliform, sometimes extending to form new conidiogenous loci, sometimes annelides observed, 11–28 × 2.5–4.5 μm, the opening 2–3 μm diam, collarette ≤ 0.5 μm, periclinal thickening distinct. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, guttulate, (17–)18.5–21.5(–22.5) × (5–)5.5–6(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 19.9 ± 1.7 × 5.7 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio = 3.5. <italic>Appressoria</italic> not observed after 3 wk.</p><p id="P95"><italic>On Anthriscus stem. Conidiomata</italic> globose, apparently opening by rupture, wall cells medium brown, angular, 7–20 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched, to 50 μm long, developing from a cushion of medium brown, angular to rounded cells, 3.5–12 μm diam. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, cylindrical, surrounded by a gelatinous sheath, sometimes extending to form new conidiogenous loci, 7.5–23 × 3–5 μm, the opening 1.5–2.5 μm diam, collarette not observed, periclinal thickening observed. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical, apex round, base round, granular to guttulate content, (13–)15.5–19.5(–24) × 5–6(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 17.3 ± 2.0 × 5.5 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio = 3.2.</p><p id="P96"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin, hyaline to honey-coloured, with <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem, filter paper and medium partly covered white floccose aerial mycelium and grey structures, orange conidial masses in the centre; reverse hyaline, honey to pale salmon, with dark grey spots due to conidiomata or ascomata shining through, 10.5–12.5 mm in 7 d (17.5–20 mm in 10 d). Colonies on OA flat with entire margin, rosy buff to pale flesh with a buff margin, covert with sepia to black conidiomata or ascomata and orange conidia masses in the centre and very sparse white aerial mycelium; reverse buff to rosy buff, 11–12.5 mm in 7 d (16–17.5 mm in 10 d). <italic>Conidia in mass</italic> orange.</p><p id="P97"><italic>Material examined</italic>: <bold>New Zealand</bold>, Auckland, Wenderholm Regional Park, leaf endophyte from <italic>Dacrycarpus dacrydioides</italic> (kahikatea), 16 Oct. 2009, G. Carroll, (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20705&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20705</ext-link><bold>holotype</bold>, culture ex-type <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130241&link_type=cbs">CBS 130241</ext-link> = ICMP 19107).</p><p id="P98"><italic>Notes</italic>: There were no <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species described from <italic>Dacrycarpus</italic> species (<italic>Podocarpaceae</italic>) prior to this study. <italic>Colletotrichum dacrycarpi</italic> does not look like a typical member for the genus, with its slow growth and the production of conidia within closed fruit-bodies with walls that rupture. These closed fruit-bodies have been observed in several other species within the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex, and the extension of conidiogenous cells to form a new conidiogenous locus is typical of species within the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex. <italic>Colletotrichum dacrycarpi</italic> is one of the most basal members of the overall clade, and forms a sister group to the morphologically distinct <italic>C. constrictum.</italic> With all single gene phylogenies, <italic>C. dacrycarpi</italic> is situated on a long branch. Blastn searches with the ITS sequences found no close match.</p><p id="P99"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum hippeastri</italic></bold> Yan L. Yang, Zuo Y. Liu, K.D. Hyde & L. Cai, Fungal Diversity 39: 133. 2009. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F11">Fig 11</xref>.</p><fig id="F11" position="float"><label>Fig. 11.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum hippeastri</italic> (from ex-holotype strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125377&link_type=cbs">CBS 125377</ext-link>). A–B. Conidiomata. C. Conidiophores. D. Tip of seta. E. Basis of seta. F–H. Conidiophores. I–L. Appressoria. M–N. Conidia. A, C–F, M. from <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem. B, F–L, N. from SNA. A–B. DM, C–N. DIC, Scale bars: A = 100 μm, B = 200 μm, C = 10 μm. Scale bar of C applies to C–Q.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig11"></graphic></fig><p id="P100"><italic>Teleomorph</italic> not observed. <italic>On SNA. Vegetative hyphae</italic> 1–6 μm diam, hyaline to pale brown, usually smooth-walled, sometimes warted, septate, branched. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> absent, conidiophores and setae formed directly on hyphae. <italic>Setae</italic> medium brown, verruculose, 2–7-septate, 70–200 μm long, the base cylindrical or inflated, 4–7 μm diam, the tip rounded. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> pale to medium brown, septate, branched, to 50 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> pale brown, hyaline towards the tip, smooth or verruculose, cylindrical, the upper part surrounded by a gelatinous sheath of several layers, 13–27.5 × 4–6.5 μm, the opening 1.5–2.5 μm diam, collarette and periclinal thickening not visible. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, cytoplasm appearing granular, (19–)24.5–32.5(–37.5) × (5.5–)6–7.5(–8.5) μm, mean ± SD = 28.5 ± 4.1 × 6.8 ± 0.6 μm, L/W ratio = 4.2. Strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=241.78&link_type=cbs">CBS 241.78</ext-link> differs in forming shorter and broader conidia, measuring (10.5–)17–31.5(–40) × (6–)6.5–8(–8.5) μm, mean ± SD = 24.4 ± 7.3 × 7.2 ± 0.7 μm, L/W ratio = 3.4. <italic>Appressoria</italic> dark brown, irregular in shape and strongly nodose, (8.5–)10–20(–32) × (5.5–)7.5–12.5(–15) μm, mean ± SD = 14.9 ± 5.0 × 10.0 ± 2.5 μm, L/W ratio = 1.5.</p><p id="P101"><italic>On Anthriscus stem. Conidiomata</italic> acervular, conidiophores and setae formed from a cushion of medium brown, angular to rounded cells, 3.5–12 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> pale brown, darker towards the base, smooth and very thick-walled, 1–6-septate, the septa concentrated towards the base, 50–150 μm long, the base cylindrical, conical or inflated, 5.5–10 μm diam, the tip rounded. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> pale to medium brown, septate, branched, to 70 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> sometimes extending to form new conidiogenous loci, pale to medium brown, smooth, cylindrical, the upper part surrounded by a gelatinous sheath, 12–28 × 4.5–5.5 μm, the opening 1.5–2 μm diam, collarette and periclinal thickening not observed. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical, apex round, base round, granular content, (14.5–)18.5–30(–39) × (5–)6–8(–9) μm, mean ± SD = 24.2 ± 5.8 × 6.9 ± 0.9 μm, L/W ratio = 3.5.</p><p id="P102"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on SNA flat with fimbriate margin (individual hyphae visible at the margin), hyaline with floccose white to very pale grey aerial mycelium on <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem and filter paper medium with black structures (non-functional ascomata?) visible in the centre and on <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem; 29–34 mm in 7 d (35–38 mm in 10 d). Colonies on OA flat with entire margin; surface covered with floccose pale olivaceous grey aerial mycelium, mainly at the margin, and grey to black structures, mainly in the centre; reverse smoke grey to olivaceous grey; 30–33 mm in 7 d (40 mm in 10 d). <italic>Conidia in mass</italic> salmon to orange.</p><p id="P103">Growth rates for <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125377&link_type=cbs">CBS 125377</ext-link> are SNA: 28 mm in 7 d (37 mm in 10 d), OA: SNA: 30.8 mm in 7 d (40 mm in 10 d).</p><p id="P104"><italic>Material examined</italic>: <bold>China</bold>, Guizhou Province, Guiyang, isolated from leaf of <italic>Hippeastrum vittatum</italic>, 23 May 2009, Y.L. Yang, culture <bold>ex-holotype</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125376&link_type=cbs">CBS 125376</ext-link> = CSSG1. <bold>Netherlands</bold>, isolated from leaf of <italic>Hippeastrum</italic> sp., deposited in CBS from Plantenziektenkundige Dienst Wageningen in May 1978, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=241.78&link_type=cbs">CBS 241.78</ext-link> = IMI 304052.</p><p id="P105"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Colletotrichum hippeastri</italic> is an outlying species in the <italic>C. boninense</italic> clade and is distinguished from related species by its large conidia as well as elongate and complex appressoria. A feature that is common with others of the complex is conidiogenous cells that are covered in a gelatinous sheath (not mentioned in the original description by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R86">Yang <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>). Phylogenetically informative sequence differences were not detected in the strains studied, and the species forms a distinct cluster within all single-gene phylogenies.</p><p id="P106">All isolates of <italic>C. hippeastri</italic> are from <italic>Hippeastrum</italic>, which is a genus of bulb-forming plants native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas from Argentina north to Mexico and the Caribbean (<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="www.wikipedia.org">www.wikipedia.org</uri>). Strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=119185&link_type=cbs">CBS 119185</ext-link> from <italic>Hippeastrum</italic> sp. in Brazil, which was unfortunately lost, is the only record of <italic>C. hippeastri</italic> from the Americas, as determined by the ITS sequence generated by Farr <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">2006</xref>). Isolates included in this study are from China and the Netherlands.</p><p id="P107"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum karstii</italic></bold> Y.L. Yang, Zuo Y. Liu, K.D. Hyde & L. Cai, Cryptogamie Mycologie 32: 241. 2011. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F12">Fig. 12</xref>.</p><fig id="F12" position="float"><label>Fig. 12.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum karstii</italic> (from strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=127597&link_type=cbs">CBS 127597</ext-link>). A–B. Conidiomata. C. Tip of seta. D. Basis of seta. E–I. Conidiophores. J–N. Appressoria. O–P. Conidia. Q–R. Ascomata. S. Outer surface of peridium. T. Peridium in cross section. U. Ascospores. V–X. Asci. Y. Paraphyses. A, C–F, O. from <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem. B, G–N, P–Y. from SNA. A–B, Q. DM, C–P, R–Y. DIC, Scale bars: A = 200 μm, B, Q = 100 μm, R = 50 μm, E, S = 10 μm. Scale bar of E applies to C–P. Scale bar of S applies to S–Y.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig12"></graphic></fig><p id="P108"><italic>Teleomorph</italic> on <italic>SNA. Ascomata</italic> perithecia, formed after 4 wk, solitary, superficial or immersed in the agar medium, non-stromatic, globose to obpyriform, ostiolate, periphysate, glabrous, medium brown, paler towards the ostiole, 90–130 × 90–200 μm, with a neck to 90 μm, but usually much shorter. <italic>Peridium</italic> 6–10 μm thick, composed of 3–5 layers of pale to medium brown flattened <italic>textura angularis</italic> with cells 3.5–12 μm diam. <italic>Ascogenous hyphae</italic> hyaline, smooth, delicate, rarely visible. <italic>Interascal tissue</italic> formed of paraphyses, hyaline, smooth-walled, mostly cylindrical but tapering towards the round tip, disintegrating quickly, septate, constricted at the septa, apically free, 30–50 × 4.5–7 μm. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical to clavate, tapering to apex and base, smooth-walled, 37–56 × 9–12 μm (asci of isolate <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128550&link_type=cbs">CBS 128550</ext-link> up to 65 μm long), the base broadly truncate, basal septum 3.5–5.5 μm diam. <italic>Ascospores</italic> uni- or biseriately arranged, initially aseptate but often septate with age, hyaline, smooth-walled, variable in shape, fusiform to ovoid, slightly curved, (11.5–)13–16.5(–18.5) × (4–)4.5–5.5(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 14.7 ± 1.8 × 5.0 ± 0.7 μm, L/W ratio = 2.9. Ascospores of isolate <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128550&link_type=cbs">CBS 128550</ext-link> larger, measuring (14.5–) 16–18(–18.5) × (3.5–)4.5–6(–6.5) μm.</p><p id="P109"><italic>Teleomorph on PDA</italic>. Ascomata ± globose to obpyriform, to <italic>ca.</italic> 275 μm diam, ostiolate, periphysate, reddish brown, glabrous; outer wall composed of irregular reddish brown polyhedral cells 10–20 μm diam. <italic>Asci</italic> 8-spored, narrowly clavate, unitunicate, fasciculate. <italic>Ascospores</italic> allantoid to pyriform, inaequilateral, often straight on inner side, apices rounded, tapered towards base, 14–19 × 4.0–7.5 μm, 1-celled, hyaline, arranged biseriately.</p><p id="P110"><italic>Anamorph on SNA. Vegetative hyphae</italic> 1–5 μm diam, hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> absent, the conidiophores formed directly from vegetative hyphae. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129833&link_type=cbs">CBS 129833</ext-link> forms brown, roundish closed conidiomata, opening by irregular rupture, the wall composed of <italic>textura intricata</italic>, covered with brown, verrucose to warted hairs/hyphae, 3–3.5 μm wide, conidiophores lining the inner wall. <italic>Setae</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline to pale brown, smooth, septate, strongly branched, to 100 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline or pale brown, smooth, cylindrical to elongate-ampulliform, sometimes extending to form new conidiogenous loci, 9–20 × 3–5 μm, opening 1–1.5 μm diam, collarette < 0.5 μm diam, periclinal thickening conspicuous. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, with a prominent hilum <italic>ca</italic>. 1 μm diam, < 0.3 μm long, the contents appearing granular, (11.5–)12.5–14(–14.5) × (5–)5.5–6(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 13.1 ± 0.7 × 5.8 ± 0.4 μm, L/W ratio = 2.2, conidia of <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=111998&link_type=cbs">CBS 111998</ext-link> sometimes longer (up to 18.5 μm, L/W ratio = 2.8). <italic>Appressoria</italic> single or in small groups of 2–3, pale to medium brown, often navicular to bullet-shaped, not nodose, smooth-walled to undulate, (4.5–)6–12(–16.5) × (2.5–)4–7(–10) μm, mean ± SD = 8.9 ± 2.9 × 5.4 ± 1.5 μm, L/W ratio = 1.7, appressoria of <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129833&link_type=cbs">CBS 129833</ext-link> larger, measuring (5.5–)7.5–13(–17) × (4.5–)5.5–8.5(–10.5) μm, mean ± SD = 10.3 ± 2.6 × 7.1 ± 1.5 μm, L/W ratio = 1.4.</p><p id="P111"><italic>Anamorph on Anthriscus stem. Conidiomata</italic> acervular, conidiophores and setae formed from a cushion of pale brown, angular cells, 3–10 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> rare, medium to dark brown, verruculose, 2–3-septate, 80–120 μm long, base conical to slightly inflated, 4.5–5.5 μm diam, tip rounded, setae of isolate <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128550&link_type=cbs">CBS 128550</ext-link> more frequent, pale to medium brown, 2–7-septate, 60–160 μm long, base cylindrical-conical to slightly inflated, 4–7 μm diam, tip acute. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline to pale brown, aseptate or septate, branched, to 80 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, cylindrical to ampulliform, sometimes extending to form new conidiogenous loci, 4.5–15 × 3–6 μm, opening 1–2 μm diam, collarette < 0.5 μm long, periclinal thickening conspicuous. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical, apex round, base round with a prominent hilum, the contents appearing granular, (12–)13–15(–16.5) × 5.5–6(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 14.0 ± 1.1 × 5.7 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio = 2.4, conidia of <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=111998&link_type=cbs">CBS 111998</ext-link> sometimes longer (up to 17) and L/W ratio = 2.6.</p><p id="P112"><italic>Anamorph on PDA</italic> after 4 wk under near UV light<italic>. Conidia</italic> straight, cylindrical, rounded at both ends, with a hilum-like protuberance at the base, somewhat larger than on SNA, measuring 14.5–17.0 × 5.0–6.5 μm.</p><p id="P113"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin, hyaline, with filter paper and <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem covered with orange conidiomata and partly with white mycelium; reverse hyaline with grey flecks mainly under the filter paper, 23.0–27.5 mm in 7 d (36.5–40 mm in 10 d). Colonies on OA flat with entire margin, buff to rosy buff to pale salmon, covered with orange to grey conidiomata, lacking aerial mycelium; reverse buff, rosy buff to honey, 23.0–26.5 mm in 7 d (35.5–38 mm in 10 d). Colonies on PDA after 4 wk under near UV light with grey to white aerial mycelium at the centre and in dispersed tufts, with numerous dark conidiomata scattered over the surface, reverse colourless to pale orange with numerous dark flecks corresponding to the ascomata. <italic>Conidia in mass</italic> orange.</p><p id="P114"><italic>Material examined</italic>: <bold>Australia</bold>, QLD, Palmwoods, latitude 26° 41’ S, longitude 152° 57’ E, from calyx necrosis of <italic>Diospyros australis</italic>, 1 May 2002, H. Drew, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20712&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20712</ext-link>, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=127597&link_type=cbs">CBS 127597</ext-link> = BRIP 29085a (strain described); New South Wales, from <italic>Leucospermum</italic> sp., Aug. 1999, P.W. Crous, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=111998&link_type=cbs">CBS 111998</ext-link> = STE-U 1999. <bold>Mexico</bold>, Villahermosa, Tabasco, from <italic>Musa</italic> sp., 18 Dec. 2008, M. de Jesus Yarez-Morales, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20714&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20714</ext-link>, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129833&link_type=cbs">CBS 129833</ext-link>; Cooitepec Harinas, from fruit anthracnose of <italic>Annona cherimola</italic>, 1 July 2003, R. Villanueva-Arce, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128550&link_type=cbs">CBS 128550</ext-link> = ICMP 17896.</p><p id="P115"><italic>Notes</italic>: Based on sequence comparison with six genes (ITS, GAPDH, ACT, CAL, TUB2, CHS-1), 46 of the isolates in this study group with <italic>C. karstii</italic> (not shown). <italic>Colletotrichum karstii</italic> was recently described from a leaf of <italic>Vanda</italic> sp. (<italic>Orchidaceae</italic>) in China and reported on several other orchids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R87">Yang <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>). It occurs on many host plants and is the most common and geographically diverse species in the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex. <italic>Colletotrichum karstii</italic> was referred to as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> groups F and G by Johnston & Jones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">1997</xref>) who also listed <italic>Persea americana</italic> and <italic>Cucurbita</italic> spp. as host plants. Many earlier works have cited isolates of <italic>C. boninense</italic> that are identified here as <italic>C. karstii</italic>, including some of those detailed in the original description (Morikawi <italic>et al.</italic> 2003), some in Farr <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">2006</xref>) and all those in Lubbe <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R38">2004</xref>). Some isolates from <italic>Passiflora edulis</italic> in Brazil that caused anthracnose on passion fruits (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R79">Tozze <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>) were identified as <italic>C. karstii</italic> by GAPDH sequences (GenBank accessions FJ949450 and FJ949452, not included in phylogeny). ITS sequences of endophytic strains of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> “group 2” from <italic>Musa acuminata</italic> from Thailand (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R56">Photita <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>) as well as <italic>C. boninense</italic> isolates from <italic>Persea americana</italic> from Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R68">Silva-Rojas & Ávila-Quezada 2011</xref>), <italic>Maytenus ilicifolia</italic> from Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R57">Pileggi <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>) and <italic>Passiflora</italic> sp. in Florida, U.S.A. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R76">Tarnowski & Ploetz 2010</xref>) are identical or similar to those of <italic>C. karstii</italic> (and <italic>C. phyllanthi</italic>).</p><p id="P116">Sequence and morphological variability is high, with differences in conidium size and conidiomatal structures ranging from sporodochial to acervular to closed. This makes identification difficult if based on morphology alone. The conidia of <italic>C. karstii</italic> are smaller than those of <italic>C. hippeastri</italic> and <italic>C. dracaenae</italic>, and broader than those of <italic>C. phyllanthi</italic>. The asci are shorter than those of <italic>C. brassicicola</italic> and <italic>C. dracaenae</italic>, and the shape of the ascospores differs from <italic>C. boninense</italic>, being slightly wider and less tapered in that species.</p><p id="P117">Some strains have morphological features that are slightly different from those of strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=127597&link_type=cbs">CBS 127597</ext-link> described above. Strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129833&link_type=cbs">CBS 129833</ext-link> forms rather larger asci (190–220 × 140–170 μm) and brown, roundish closed conidiomata that open by irregular rupture, and covered with brown, verrucose to warted hairs/hyphae, 3–3.5 μm wide. In addition, the setae are more frequent, shorter (40–80 μm long) and broader at the base (5–7.5 μm diam). The appressoria are larger, measuring (5.5–)7.5–13(–17) × (4.5–) 5.5–8.5(–10.5) μm, mean ± SD = 10.3 ± 2.6 × 7.1 ± 1.5 μm, L/W ratio = 1.4. This strain and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=111998&link_type=cbs">CBS 111998</ext-link> are also slower-growing than the type; on SNA: 20–22.5 mm in 7 d (32–34.5 mm in 10 d) and 20.5–22.5 mm in 7 d (30.5–31.5 mm in 10 d), and on OA: 21.5–23.5 mm in 7 d (33.5–35 mm in 10 d) and 15.5–16.5 mm in 7 d (25–27 mm in 10 d). There are some indications that <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129833&link_type=cbs">CBS 129833</ext-link> is distinct phylogenetically from the main body of <italic>C. karstii</italic> strains, but the sequence differences are slight.</p><p id="P118"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum novae-zelandiae</italic></bold> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB560742&link_type=mb">MB560742</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F13">Fig. 13</xref>.</p><fig id="F13" position="float"><label>Fig. 13.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum novae-zelandiae</italic> (from ex-holotype strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128505&link_type=cbs">CBS 128505</ext-link>). A–B. Conidiomata. C–E. Conidiophores. F. Tip of seta. G. Basis of seta. H–J. Conidiophores. K–Q. Appressoria. R–S. Conidia. A, C–G, R. from <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem. B, H–Q, S. from SNA. A–B. DM, C–S. DIC, Scale bars: A = 200 μm, C = 10 μm, L = 25 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of C applies to C–J and R–S. Scale bar of L applies to K–Q.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig13"></graphic></fig><p id="P119"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named after the country from which it was collected, New Zealand.</p><p id="P120"><italic>Teleomorph</italic> not observed. <italic>Anamorph on SNA. Vegetative hyphae</italic> 1.5–10 μm diam, hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> absent, conidiophores formed directly from vegetative hyphae or from angular to roundish, hyaline, thick-walled cells, 3–8 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched, to 50 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical to more or less inflated, often extending to form new conidiogenous loci, making the conidiogenous cell appear catenate, sometimes polyphialidic, 4.5–20 × 4–6 μm, opening 1.5–2 μm diam, collarette to 1 μm diam, periclinal thickening conspicuous. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, with a prominent scar, contents granular or guttulate, (12.5–)13–14.5(–15.5) × 5–5.5(–6) μm, mean ± SD = 13.8 ± 0.7 × 5.4 ± 0.2 μm, L/W ratio = 2.6. <italic>Appressoria</italic> only very few (8) observed, medium to dark brown, roundish with an undulate margin, single or in small clusters, 3.5–8 × 4–5.5 μm, mean ± SD = 5.9 ± 1.5 × 5.1 ± 0.6 μm, L/W ratio = 1.1. Appressoria of strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130240&link_type=cbs">CBS 130240</ext-link> are larger, also only very few (8) observed, measuring 7–12.5 × 5.5–7.5 μm, mean ± SD = 10.2 ± 2.0 × 6.7 ± 0.9 μm, L/W ratio = 1.5.</p><p id="P121"><italic>Anamorph on Anthriscus stem. Conidiomata</italic> acervular, conidiophores and setae formed on a cushion of pale brown, thick-walled, angular cells 3.5–7 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> dark brown, smooth to finely verruculose close to the tip, 2–3-septate, 90–140 μm long, base cylindrical, conical or inflated, usually paler, 4.5–6.5 μm diam, tip ± acute to rounded. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> pale brown, smooth-walled, septate, branched, to 30 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> pale brown, smooth-walled, (broadly) cylindrical, often extending to form new conidiogenous loci, 8–15 × 4–6 μm, opening 1–1.5 μm diam, collarette 1 μm diam, periclinal thickening conspicuous. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, with a prominent scar, contents granular or guttulate, (12–)13–15(–15.5) × (4–)5–6 μm, mean ± SD = 14.1 ± 0.8 × 5.4 ± 0.4 μm, L/W ratio = 2.6.</p><p id="P122"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin, hyaline to pale luteous, filter paper partly pure yellow to luteous on both sides, filter paper, <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem and partly agar medium covered with orange to black conidiomata/ascomata and filter paper and agar medium partly covered with white aerial mycelium, 24–25 mm in 7 d (35–37.5 mm in 10 d). Colonies on OA flat with entire margin, buff, honey, saffron, pure yellow to isabelline, partly coverd with floccose white aerial mycelium and with orange to black conidiomata/ascomata; reverse buff, vinaceous buff, pale luteous, luteous to isabelline, 24.5–27.5 mm in 7 d (36–39 mm in 10 d). <italic>Conidia in mass</italic> orange.</p><p id="P123"><italic>Material examined</italic>: <bold>New Zealand</bold>, GB, Gisborne, from ripe fruit rot of <italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> (sweet pepper), 1 Mar. 1990, P.R. Johnston, (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20706&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20706</ext-link><bold>holotype</bold>, culture ex-type <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128505&link_type=cbs">CBS 128505</ext-link> = ICMP 12944); AK, Auckland, from fruit <italic>Citrus</italic> sp. (grapefruit), 2 Aug. 1988, P.R. Johnston, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20707&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20707</ext-link>, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130240&link_type=cbs">CBS 130240</ext-link> = ICMP 12064.</p><p id="P124"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Colletotrichum novae-zelandiae</italic> is morphologically indistinguishable from other species of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complex. It forms a separate lineage/cluster in all single gene phylogenies, as sister to a group including <italic>C. karstii, C. petchii, C. annellatum</italic> and <italic>C. phyllanthi</italic>. This species is only known from New Zealand where it has been isolated from ripe fruit of <italic>Capsicum</italic> and <italic>Citrus</italic>. Johnston & Jones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">1997</xref>) identified this species as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> group E, and indicated that it was frequently isolated from <italic>Citrus</italic> fruits and also found on <italic>Passiflora edulis</italic>, although there was no molecular confirmation.</p><p id="P125">The only close match in blastn searches (99 % identity) was EU670082, the ITS sequence of “<italic>Glomerella acutata”</italic> strain S43 from <italic>Prunus dulcis</italic> (almond) in Australia. That strain was isolated together with <italic>C. acutatum</italic> and was shown to cause lesions on amond fruits in a pathogenicity test (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R44">McKay <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>). It was first morphologically identified as <italic>C. acutatum</italic> by the authors and recognised later as <italic>C. boninense</italic> using molecular data.</p><p id="P126">Teleomorphic structures were observed in mated cultures of some strains from <italic>Citrus</italic> spp. that probably belong to <italic>C. novae-zelandiae</italic>, but their identity has not been confirmed by sequencing. <italic>Ascomata</italic> develop on PDA after 14 d in tight clumps of 4–5, along margins between colonies, mostly lacking an obvious neck or with a short, broad, hyaline ostiolar neck. <italic>Asci</italic> not observed. <italic>Ascospores</italic> aseptate, hyaline, smooth-walled, fusiform to ovoid, usually straight but sometimes slightly curved, measurements range from 12.5–19 × 5.5–7 μm (C1019.1 × C1041.19) to 16–22.5 × 4.5–7 μm (C1010.18 × C1015.3). No teleomorphic structures were observed in cultures derived from single conidia.</p><p id="P127"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum oncidii</italic></bold> Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB560743&link_type=mb">MB560743</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F14">Fig. 14</xref>.</p><fig id="F14" position="float"><label>Fig. 14.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum oncidii</italic> (from ex-holotype strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129828&link_type=cbs">CBS 129828</ext-link>). A–B. Conidiomata. C. Tip of seta. D. Basis of seta. E–G. Conidiophores. H. Tip of seta. I. Basis of seta. J–N. Appressoria. O–P. Conidia. A, C–D, O. from <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem. B, E–N, P. from SNA. A–B. DM, C–P. DIC, Scale bars: A = 100 μm, E = 10 μm, J = 25 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of E applies to C–I and O–P. Scale bar of J applies to J–N.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig14"></graphic></fig><p id="P128"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named after the host plant, <italic>Oncidium</italic>.</p><p id="P129"><italic>Anamorph on SNA. Vegetative hyphae</italic> 1–7.5 μm diam, hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> absent, conidiophores and setae formed directly from hyphae. <italic>Setae</italic> medium brown, basal cell paler, verruculose, 2–5-septate, 65–120 μm long, sometimes branched, base cylindrical, 3.5–5.5 μm diam, tip ± acute to ± rounded. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched, to 75 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical, often extending to form new conidiogenous loci, 8–23 × 3.5–5.5 μm, opening 1–2 μm diam, collarette ≤ 0.5 μm diam, periclinal thickening conspicuous. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, with a prominent scar, contents granular, (11.5–)13–15.5(–17.5) × 5–5.5(–6) μm, mean ± SD = 14.4 ± 1.3 × 5.5 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio = 2.6. <italic>Appressoria</italic> medium to dark brown, outline variable, usually lobate, single or in loose groups, (5.5–)8.5–16(–21) × (4–)5.5–10(–13) μm, mean ± SD = 12.2 ± 3.8 × 7.8 ± 2.2 μm, L/W ratio = 1.6.</p><p id="P130"><italic>Anamorph on Anthriscus stem. Conidiomata</italic> acervular, conidiophores and setae formed on a cushion of pale to medium brown, angular cells, 3–9 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> medium brown, verruculose, 2–5-septate, 75–210 μm long, base cylindrical to ± inflated, 3.5–7 μm diam, tip ± rounded to ± acute. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> disintegrating quickly, their structure difficult to determine. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, with a prominent scar, contents granular to guttulate, (14–)15–17(–17.5) × 5–5.5(–6) μm, mean ± SD = 16.0 ± 0.8 × 5.4 ± 0.2 μm, L/W ratio = 3.0.</p><p id="P131"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin, hyaline to honey, with filter paper and <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem partly covered with floccose white, rosy buff to olivaceous buff aerial mycelium, grey to salmon conidiomata; reverse hyaline to honey, filter paper partly pale saffron with dark grey spots due to conidiomata/ascomata shining through, 26.5–29 mm in 7 d (37.5–39 mm in 10 d). Colonies on OA flat with entire margin, surface buff to honey, some sectors covered with orange to black conidiomata and lacking aerial mycelium, some with granulose to floccose white to pale olivaceous grey aerial mycelium; reverse buff, honey, cinnamon, olivaceous gey to iron grey, 30–31.5 mm in 7 d (39–40 mm in 10 d). <italic>Conidia in mass</italic> salmon to orange.</p><p id="P132"><italic>Material examined</italic>: <bold>Germany</bold>, Munich, greenhouse, from leaf of <italic>Oncidium</italic> sp., 20 Nov. 2010, U. Damm, (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20709&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20709</ext-link><bold>holotype</bold>, culture ex-type <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=129828&link_type=cbs">CBS 129828</ext-link>); Munich, greenhouse, from leaf of <italic>Oncidium</italic> sp., 20 Nov. 2010, U. Damm, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20708&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20708</ext-link>, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=130242&link_type=cbs">CBS 130242</ext-link>.</p><p id="P133"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Colletotrichum oncidii</italic> forms a sister group to <italic>C. cymbidiicola</italic>, also orchid pathogens but recorded from the Asia-Pacific region rather than Europe. The known isolates of <italic>C. oncidii</italic> were from plants in greenhouses, and the ultimate origin of the species is uncertain. It has well-developed strongly setose conidiomata in culture, pale conidia and conidiogenous cells that extend to form new conidiogenous loci.</p><p id="P134"><italic>Colletotrichum oncidii</italic> differs from the closely related <italic>C. boninense</italic> in forming appressoria that are larger and lobate, while those of <italic>C. boninense</italic> are entire or crenate. <italic>Colletotrichum oncidii</italic> also has longer setae (SNA: 65–120, <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem: 75–210) that are 2–5-septate on both media, while those of <italic>C. boninense</italic> are only 20–60 or 30–70 μm long, and 1–2-septate. No teleomorph is known.</p><p id="P135"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum parsonsiae</italic></bold> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB560744&link_type=mb">MB560744</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F15">Fig. 15</xref>.</p><fig id="F15" position="float"><label>Fig. 15.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum parsonsiae</italic> (from ex-holotype strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128525&link_type=cbs">CBS 128525</ext-link>). A–B. Conidiomata. C. Setae. D–E. Conidiophores. F. Tip of seta. G. Basis of seta. H–J. Conidiophores. K–N. Appressoria. O–P. Conidia. Q. Ascomata. R. Outer surface of peridium. S–T. Apical region of ascus. U. Ascospores. V–X. Asci. Y. Paraphyses. A, C–E, O, Q. from <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem. B, F–N, P, R–Y. from SNA. A–B, Q. DM, C–P, R–Y. DIC, Scale bars: A, Q = 100 μm, D, R = 10 μm, K = 25 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of D applies to C–J and O–P. Scale bar of K applies to K–N. Scale bar of R applies to R–Y.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig15"></graphic></fig><p id="P136"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named after the host plant, <italic>Parsonsia</italic>.</p><p id="P137"><italic>Teleomorph</italic> on <italic>SNA. Ascomata</italic> perithecia, formed after 4 wk, obpyriform, ostiolate, glabrous, 100–170 × 120–220 μm. <italic>Peridium</italic> composed of pale to medium brown, flattened <italic>textura angularis</italic> with cells 5–16 μm diam. <italic>Interascal tissue</italic> formed of paraphyses, hyaline, smooth-walled, mostly cylindrical but tapering towards the rounded tip, disintegrating quickly, septate, apically free, 50–70 × 3–4 μm. <italic>Asci</italic> unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical to clavate, tapering to apex and base, smooth-walled, 70–80 × 10–13 μm. <italic>Ascospores</italic> biseriately arranged, aseptate, hyaline, smooth-walled, broadly allantoid with rounded ends, (12.5–)14–17(–18) × (5–)5.5–6(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 15.7 ± 1.4 × 5.8 ± 0.4 μm, L/W ratio = 2.7.</p><p id="P138"><italic>Anamorph on SNA. Vegetative hyphae</italic> 1–7 μm diam, hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> acervular, conidiophores and setae formed on a cushion of pale brown, angular cells, 3–7 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> pale to medium brown, basal cell often paler, smooth-walled, 2–4-septate, 50–150 μm long, base cylindrical to conical, 4–6 μm diam, tip ± acute to rounded. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, septate, branched, to 45 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, cylindrical to ampulliform, surrounded by a gelatinous sheath, sometimes extending to form new conidiogenous loci, 10–25 × 3–5.5 μm, opening 1–2 μm diam, collarette ≤ 0.5 μm long, periclinal thickening sometimes distinct. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical, apex and base rounded, hilum visible, the contents guttulate, (12.5–)16.5–20.5(–21.5) × 5–6(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 18.5 ± 1.8 × 5.4 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio = 3.4. <italic>Appressoria</italic> in loose groups to dense clusters, medium to dark brown, navicular, bullet-shaped to ellipsoidal in outline, smooth, crenulate to lobate, (7.5–)10–16.5(–22.5) × (4.5–)5.5–8(–10.5) μm, mean ± SD = 13.2 ± 3.3 × 6.6 ± 1.3 μm, L/W ratio = 2.0.</p><p id="P139"><italic>Anamorph on Anthriscus stem. Conidiomata</italic> acervular, conidiophores and setae formed from a cushion of pale brown, angular, thick-walled cells, 4–10.5 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> dark brown, basal cell sometimes paler, smooth-walled to verruculose, 2–4-septate, 60–200 μm long, base cylindrical to conical, 4.5–7.5 μm diam, tip rounded. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, septate, branched, to 50 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, surrounded by a gelatinous sheath, sometimes extending to form new conidiogenous loci, 4–16 × 3–4.5 μm, opening 1–2 μm diam, collarette ≤ 0.5 μm long, periclinal thickening distinct. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical, apex round, base round, hilum visible, the contents guttulate, (15–)16.5–19(–20) × (4.5–)5–6(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 17.6 ± 1.3 × 5.4 ± 0.5 μm, L/W ratio = 3.2.</p><p id="P140"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin, hyaline, with filter paper and medium partly covered with salmon to grey conidiomata and <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem covered with white aerial mycelium; reverse hyaline to honey with salmon to grey flecks, 20–24 mm in 7 d (32.5–34 mm in 10 d). Colonies on OA flat with entire margin, buff, fawn to rosy buff with dark grey to black conidiomata or ascomata and partly with floccose white aerial mycelium; reverse buff to fawn with olivaceous grey spots due to the conidiomata/ascomata shining through, 22–26.5 mm in 7 d (35–37.5 mm in 10 d). <italic>Conidia in mass</italic> salmon to orange.</p><p id="P141"><italic>Material examined</italic>: <bold>New Zealand</bold>, Auckland, leaf endophyte from <italic>Parsonsia capsularis</italic>, 1 Dec. 2009, G. Carroll, (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20710&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20710</ext-link><bold>holotype</bold>, culture ex-type <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128525&link_type=cbs">CBS 128525</ext-link> = ICMP 18590).</p><p id="P142"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Colletotrichum parsonsiae</italic> is known from a single collection on <italic>Parsonsia capsularis</italic> from New Zealand. There are no <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species described on <italic>Parsonsia</italic> and no record of any <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> sp. on <italic>Parsonsia</italic> in the USDA Fungus-Host database (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">Farr & Rossman 2011</xref>). The shape and size of conidia differ from other species in the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex. Conidia are shorter than those of the closely related <italic>C. hippeastri</italic>, but longer than those of all other species. The conidial width is the same or less, resulting in comparatively high L/W ratios, especially on <italic>Anthriscus stem</italic> (L/W ratio = 3.7).</p><p id="P143"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum petchii</italic></bold> Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous, <bold>nom. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB560745&link_type=mb">MB560745</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F16">Fig. 16</xref>.</p><fig id="F16" position="float"><label>Fig. 16.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum petchii</italic> (from ex-epitype strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=378.94&link_type=cbs">CBS 378.94</ext-link>). A–B. Conidiomata. C. Tip of seta. D. Basis of seta. E–F. Conidiophores. G. Seta. H–J. Conidiophores. K–P. Appressoria. Q–R. Conidia. S. Ascomata. T. Outer surface of peridium. U. Paraphysis. V. Ascospores. W–Y. Asci. A, C–F, Q, S–T, V, Y. from <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem. B, G–P, R, U, W–X. from SNA. A–B, S. DM, C–R, T–Y. DIC, Scale bars: A, S = 100 μm, E, T = 10 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of E applies to C–R. Scale bar of T applies to T–Y.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig16"></graphic></fig><p id="P144"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Colletotrichum dracaenae</italic> Petch, Annls Roy. Bot. Gdn Peradeniya 9: 325. 1925, nom. illeg. (Art. 53.1).</p><p id="P145"><italic>≠ Colletotrichum dracaenae</italic> Allesch., in Rabenhorst, Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl. (Leipzig) 7: 560. 1902.</p><p id="P146"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named after Thomas Petch (1870–1948), an English mycologist and plant pathologist who discovered this species but described it under a previously existing name, <italic>Colletotrichum dracaenae</italic>.</p><p id="P147"><italic>Teleomorph on Anthriscus stem</italic>: Ascomata perithecia, globose to subglobose, <italic>ca.</italic> 200 × 150 μm, ostiolate, glabrous, the neck short, hyaline to pale brown, outer wall composed of medium to dark brown verruculose angular cells 6.5–11(–17) × 9–16(–20) μm in size. Interascal tissue composed of paraphyses; hyaline, septate, apparently unbranched, the basal cells strongly inflated, 45–50 × 13–15.5 μm. <italic>Asci</italic> clavate, the apex ± truncate with a well-developed refractive apical ring, 45–85 × 12–15.5 μm, 8-spored. <italic>Ascospores</italic> arranged biseriately, hyaline to pale brown, aseptate, narrowly ovoid to fusiform and slightly inaequilateral, smooth, without a gelatinous sheath, (14.5–)16–18.5(–20) × (4.5–)5–6(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 17.2 ± 1.3 × 5.7 ± 0.5 μm, L/W ratio = 3.0.</p><p id="P148"><italic>Anamorph on SNA. Vegetative hyphae</italic> 1–8 μm diam, hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, septate, branched. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> acervular, conidiophores and setae formed on a cushion of pale brown, roundish cells, 4.5–9 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> medium to dark brown, basal cell sometimes lighter, verruculose, 1–2(–3)-septate, 40–110 μm long, the base somewhat bulbous, 6–9 μm diam, tip round to somewhat acute. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> pale brown, septate, branched, surrounded by a slimy gelatinous coating, to 50 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> pale brown, paler towards the tip, smooth, cylindrical to ampulliform, with a gelatinous coating, sometimes extending to form new conidiogenous loci, 11–16 × 3.5–5 μm, opening 1–1.5 μm diam, collarette and periclinal thickening inconspicuous. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical, sometimes slightly constricted in the middle of the conidium, apex round, base round with a short prominent hilum, guttulate, sometimes containing two big polar guttules, (14.5–)15–17.5(–18.5) × (5.5–)6–6.5 μm, mean ± SD = 16.3 ± 1.1 × 6.1 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio = 2.7. <italic>Appressoria</italic> irregular in shape, dark brown, sometimes nodose, not formed in chains, (4.5–)8.5–15.5(–19) × (5–)6–10(–13) μm, mean ± SD = 12.0 ± 3.4 × 7.9 ± 2.0 μm, L/W ratio = 1.5.</p><p id="P149"><italic>Anamorph on Anthriscus stem. Conidiomata</italic> acervular, conidiophores and setae formed on a cushion of pale brown, angular cells cells 3–10 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> medium to dark brown, the base often paler, smooth to finely verruculose, 1–2(–3)-septate, 50–130 μm long, base conical or inflated, 5–10 μm wide, tip round to somewhat acute. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> pale brown, septate, branched, to 30 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> pale brown, smooth, cylindrical or conical, annellations observed on some cells, 9–16 × 4.5–6 μm, opening 1–2 μm diam, collarette ≤ 0.5–1 μm long, periclinal thickening conspicuous. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, straight, cylindrical, sometimes slightly constricted in the middle of the conidium, apex round, base round with a short, prominent hilum, sometimes guttulate, (12.3–)14.5–18(–21.1) × (5–)5.5–6.5 μm, mean ± SD = 16 ± 1.8 × 6 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio = 2.7.</p><p id="P150"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on SNA flat with entire to slightly undulate margin, hyaline with woolly white aerial mycelium on filter paper and SNA medium and salmon to orange acervuli on filter paper and SNA medium and black ascomata on <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem; reverse filter paper buff to pale cinnamon with acervuli shining through medium; 23.8–25 mm in 7 d (33–35.5 mm in 10 d). Colonies on OA flat with entire to slightly undulate margin; surface buff to rosy buff, with sectors covered with grey to black structures or orange spore masses and with woolly white aerial mycelium in the centre, reverse buff to cinnamon, with grey to black structures shining through medium; 20–25 mm in 7 d (33–36.3 mm in 10 d). <italic>Conidia in mass</italic> salmon to orange.</p><p id="P151"><italic>Material examined</italic>: <bold>Sri Lanka</bold>, Peradeniya, from dark brown patches on leaves of <italic>Dracaena braunii</italic> (syn. <italic>D. sanderiana</italic>), May 1924, collector not named, no. 6775 (K(M) 125641, <bold>holotype</bold> of <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> Petch. <bold>Italy</bold>, from spotted leaves of <italic>Dracaena fragrans</italic> (syn. <italic>D. deremensis</italic>), P. Di Lenna (from Università degli Studi, Padova), deposited in June 1994, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20711&link_type=cbs">CBS-H 20711</ext-link>, <bold>epitype</bold> of <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> Petch, here designated, culture ex-epitype <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=378.94&link_type=cbs">CBS 378.94</ext-link>. <bold>China</bold>, from living leaves of <italic>Dracaena sanderiana</italic>, 30 Apr. 2001, P. Milicia, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118193&link_type=cbs">CBS 118193</ext-link> = AR 3658. <bold>Netherlands</bold>, from leaf spots of <italic>Dracaena</italic> sp., received from Naktuinbouw Roelofarendsveen, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=125957&link_type=cbs">CBS 125957</ext-link>. <bold>Germany</bold>, Munich, greenhouses of the botanical garden, from wilting leaves of <italic>Dracaena aletriformis</italic> (syn. <italic>D. latifolia</italic>), Apr. 1895, J.E. Weiss, M-0090064, <bold>holotype</bold> of <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> Allescher.</p><p id="P152"><italic>Notes</italic>: Conidia of <italic>C. petchii</italic> are larger than those of <italic>C. boninense</italic> and <italic>C. brassicicola</italic>. Conidia, ascospores and asci are usually also larger than those of <italic>C. karstii</italic> and C<italic>. phyllanthi</italic>. Conidia of <italic>C. hippeastri</italic> are larger, while <italic>C. dracaenophilum</italic> occurs on <italic>Dracaena</italic> spp. as well, but is not closely related to <italic>C. petchii</italic> as demonstrated by Farr <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">2006</xref>). Their study included <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118193&link_type=cbs">CBS 118193</ext-link> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=118774&link_type=cbs">CBS 118774</ext-link> (<italic>C. petchii</italic>). Another species from <italic>Dracaena, C. dracaenae-fragrantis</italic>, has narrower conidia, measuring 5–12 × 2.5–3.5 μm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R63">Saccardo 1895</xref>); its affinities are unclear.</p><p id="P153"><italic>Colletotrichum dracaenicola</italic> (syn. <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> Trinchieri 1909, <italic>non</italic> Allesch.) may be a synonym of <italic>C. dracaenae</italic>. The conidial size was given as 12–19 × 2–7 μm by Saccardo & Trotter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R64">1913</xref>), which is an unusually wide range, but which overlaps with that of <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> Allesch. Farr <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">2006</xref>) could not locate the type specimen (it was not present in NAP, PORUN or PAD), and the name therefore remains uncertain.</p><p id="P154">Von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">1957</xref>) considered both <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> Allesch. and <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> Petch to be synonyms of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>. Farr <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">2006</xref>) agreed with this conclusion concerning <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> Allesch. after studying type material, although their focus was on the need to demonstrate distinctions between <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> and their new species <italic>C. dracaenophilum</italic>. The shape of the conidia of <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> is similar to <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, including the overall length and the constriction in the central part. The conidia were found to be noticeably wider in <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> compared with “typical” <italic>C. gloeosporioides.</italic></p><p id="P155">The original description (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">Allescher 1902</xref>) of the conidia of <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> Allesch. (14–18 × 5–7 μm, elongate-cylindrical, both sides round) fits well with the species as circumscribed here. Most features of the setae also agree (40–60 μm long, obtuse tip, few septa, appearing late at the margins of conidiomata), apart from their diameter (2.5–3.5 μm according to Allescher, 5–10 μm diam as measured here in the CBS strains). In the type material, we found that the conidia measured (12.5–)13.5–16 × 5–6 μm (n = 20, mean ± SD = 15.2 ± 1.1 × 5.4 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio 2.8), which is smaller than those of the epitype of <italic>C. petchii</italic> but with a comparable L/W ratio. Few conidia had a noticeably prominent hilum, and the setae were found to be narrow (as observed by Allescher) and slightly verruculose. It is not certain that Allescher’s collection and the CBS isolates represent the same species, as comparisons with dried material and living cultures are difficult. As the conidial hilum morphology seems to diverge from that seen in <italic>C. petchii</italic> (a diagnostic feature of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> aggregate) we have chosen not to use Allescher’s name.</p><p id="P156">Part of the type of <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> Petch was examined by Farr <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R19">2006</xref>), who noted that the fruit bodies had a very thin subhymenial layer that is only one or two layers thick. No other observations were made, and it is possible that the material they examined was effete. We re-examined the type and found conidiomata typical of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> aggregate. In concordance with Petch’s original description, the setae are strongly curved and tapering, and strongly verruculose towards the tip. Few conidia were seen and those present were variable in shape and length/width ratio. The majority of those examined were 14–16 × 5–6.5 μm in size, and were cylindrical to doliiform with a rather prominent hilum. We place Petch’s illegitimate taxon with confidence in the <italic>C. boninense</italic> aggregate, and it is not unreasonable to suppose that it is synonymous with <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> Allesch. Petch (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R55">1925</xref>) contrasted his species with <italic>C. cordylines</italic> Pollacci but was evidently unaware of Allescher’s work.</p><p id="P157">In contrast to other species in the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex, <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> may be host-specific to <italic>Dracaena</italic>. The majority of <italic>Dracaena</italic> species are native to Africa, with a few in southern Asia and one in tropical Central America, and they are often grown as pot plants or in greenhouses. The host species of the isolates studied here are popular houseplants. <italic>Colletotrichum dracaenae</italic> was mostly isolated from leaves, where it caused leaf spots as indicated in the sampling details of some of the isolates (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R20">Di Lenna & Montecchio 1995</xref>). Within the species there is only low sequence variability, and separate clusters are obtained with all phylogenies employing single genes.</p><p id="P158"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum phyllanthi</italic></bold> (H. Surendranath Pai) Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous, <bold>comb. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB560746&link_type=mb">MB560746</ext-link>.</p><p id="P159"><italic>Basionym</italic>: <italic>Glomerella phyllanthi</italic> H. Surendranath Pai, Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 42: 70. 1970.</p><p id="P160"><italic>Culture characteristics</italic>: Colonies on SNA flat with entire margin, hyaline, lacking aerial mycelium; reverse filter paper very pale luteous; 21.3–23.8 mm in 7 d (32.5–33.8 mm in 10 d). Colonies on OA flat with entire to slightly undulate margin; surface buff to saffron, lacking aerial mycelium, reverse same colours; 19–23 mm in 7 d (30.8–35 mm in 10 d). <italic>Anamorph and teleomorphic structures</italic> not observed in the culture available.</p><p id="P161"><italic>Material examined</italic>: <bold>India</bold>, Maharashtra, Poona, from leaf anthracnose on <italic>Phyllanthus acidus</italic>, 10 Feb. 1966, H. Surendranath Pai, IMI 122826, <bold>holotype</bold>; Maharashtra, Poona, isolated from anthracnose symptoms on leaves of <italic>Phyllanthus acidus</italic>, 10 Feb. 1966, H. Surendranath Pai, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-7188&link_type=cbs">CBS H-7188</ext-link>, <bold>isotype</bold>, dried culture (PDA) of ascigerous stage, culture ex-isotype <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=175.67&link_type=cbs">CBS 175.67</ext-link> = MACS 271.</p><p id="P162"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Glomerella phyllanthi</italic> is known only from the original collection taken from leaves of <italic>Phyllanthus acidus</italic> in India. The ex-type strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=175.67&link_type=cbs">CBS 175.67</ext-link>, deposited in the CBS collection, did not sporulate under standard growth conditions. The description below is derived from the original publication (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R53">Pai 1970</xref>).</p><p id="P163">“Perithecia isolated or gregarious, dark brown, 159–190.8 μm with long beaks measuring 47.7–150 μm. Ostiolar threads absent. Asci numerous, unitunicate, clavate, octosporous, arising in basal layers, sessile to subsessile, 43.2–56.6 × 8.6–10.8 μm. Paraphyses abundant in early stages but disintegrating at maturity. Ascospores uniseriate or irregularly biseriate, elliptical to slightly curved, hyaline with oil globules at both ends, 12.9–17.28 × 2.1–6.4 μm.” Ascospore measurements from the isotype (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-7188&link_type=cbs">CBS H-7188</ext-link>) agree with those of the original description: (14–)14.5–17(–18) × (4–)4.5–5.5(–6) μm, mean ± SD = 15.7 ± 1.1 × 5.1 ± 0.6 μm, L/W ratio = 3.1. Pai (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R53">1970</xref>) assumed that <italic>G. phyllanthi</italic> was the teleomorph of <italic>Colletotrichum heveae</italic>, and did not provide a complete description of the anamorph, providing the following information: acervuli 113–159 μm, setae (only formed in old cultures) 63–143 μm, conidia cylindrical, oblong, 14–17 × 3–5 μm. No anamorph structures could be observed in the holotype or isotype specimens.</p><p id="P164">According to its original description, conidia of <italic>Glomerella phyllanthi</italic> are narrower than the other species within the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex and none formed ascomata with a long beak as reported from <italic>G. phyllanthi</italic>, though it must be recognised that culture medium and growth conditions were not the same. According to the multigene phylogeny, <italic>G. phyllanthi</italic> forms a separate lineage close to <italic>C. karstii</italic>. This was the situation also in 5 of 7 single-gene phylogenies.</p><p id="P165"><italic>Glomerella phyllanthi</italic> causes an anthracnose disease on leaves of <italic>Phyllanthus acidus</italic> in India (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R52">Pai 1966</xref>) but has not been reported since. Farr & Rossman (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">2011</xref>) list <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> from <italic>Phyllanthus emblica</italic> in China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R89">Zhuang 2001</xref>) and <italic>P. reticulatus</italic> in Myanmar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R77">Thaung 2008</xref>) as well as an unidentified <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> sp. from <italic>P. acidus</italic> in India (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R43">Mathur 1979</xref>), of which at least the latter could be identical with <italic>G. phyllanthi</italic>.</p><p id="P166">Pai (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R53">1970</xref>) regarded <italic>C. heveae</italic> Petch as the anamorph of <italic>G. phyllanthi</italic> on the basis of the telemorph strain being pathogenic to four of six <italic>Euphorbiaceae</italic> plant species tested, including <italic>Hevea brasiliensis</italic>, along with general morphological similarity. The conidium size of <italic>C. heveae</italic> was given as 18–24 × 7.5–8 μm by Petch (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R54">1906</xref>), wrongly cited by Pai (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R53">1970</xref>) as 18–24 × 5–8 μm.</p><p id="P167">Type material of <italic>Colletotrichum heveae</italic> (Sri Lanka, on <italic>Hevea</italic>, 7 Oct. 1905, Petch 2228, K(M) 167287) is in poor condition with the <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> colonies overrun by saprobic species. The packet indicates that two species are present, <italic>Gloeosporium brunneum</italic> and <italic>C. heveae.</italic> Apart from the saprobic fungi the only species now present is a <italic>Colletotrichum</italic>-like fungus that lacks setae, but with rather variable ± cylindrical conidia with rounded ends that are mostly 14.5–16 × 4–6 μm in size. These are wider than typical <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> conidia and are reminiscent in some features of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> aggregate, so it is possible that the anamorph-teleomorph connection assumed by Pai (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R53">1970</xref>) is correct. However, there are no authentic cultures of <italic>C. heveae</italic> and the type material is in a poor state. <italic>Gloeosporium brunneum</italic> Ellis & Everh. is considered to be the anamorph of <italic>Drepanopeziza punctiformis</italic> Gremmen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">von Arx 1970</xref>), a north temperate pathogen of <italic>Populus</italic> and most unlikely to be present on a <italic>Hevea</italic> leaf from Sri Lanka. Use of that name by Petch remains a mystery. According to a note in the CBS database von Arx did not support the teleomorph/anamorph connection assumed by Pai (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R53">1970</xref>), and we can see no clear reason why the two taxa should be linked in this way.</p><p id="P168">Diseases of <italic>Hevea</italic> in south India caused by <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species are attributable to the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> and <italic>C. acutatum</italic> aggregates (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R65">Saha <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>; unpublished ITS sequences from this research deposited in GenBank confirm these identifications to species aggregate level). A species on <italic>Hevea</italic> from Colombia closely related to <italic>C. phyllanthi</italic> is described in this paper (see <italic>C. annellatum</italic>).</p><p id="P169"><bold><italic>Colletotrichum torulosum</italic></bold> Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB560747&link_type=mb">MB560747</ext-link>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F17">Fig. 17</xref>.</p><fig id="F17" position="float"><label>Fig. 17.</label><caption><p><italic>Colletotrichum torulosum</italic>. A–B. Conidiomata. C. Setae. D–F. Conidiophores. G. Seta. H. Conidiophores. I–N. Appressoria. O–P. Conidia. A–B, D–P. from ex-holotype strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128544&link_type=cbs">CBS 128544</ext-link>. C. from strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=102667&link_type=cbs">CBS 102667</ext-link>. A, C–F, O. from <italic>Anthriscus</italic> stem. B, G–N, P. from SNA. A–B. DM, C–P. DIC, Scale bars: A = 100 μm, D = 10 μm. Scale bar of A applies to A–B. Scale bar of D applies to C–P.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1fig17"></graphic></fig><p id="P170"><italic>Etymology</italic>: Named in recognition of the highly convoluted nature of its appressoria.</p><p id="P171"><italic>Anamorph on SNA. Vegetative hyphae</italic> 1–7.5 μm diam, hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched. <italic>Chlamydospores</italic> not observed. <italic>Conidiomata</italic> absent and conidiophores and setae formed directly from hyphae. <italic>Setae</italic> medium brown, basal cell paler, verruculose, 2–5-septate, 65–120 μm long, sometimes branched, base cylindrical, 3.5–5.5 μm diam, tip ± acute to ±rounded. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, septate, branched, to 75 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical, 8–23 × 3.5–5.5 μm, opening 1–2 μm diam, collarette ≤ 0.5 μm diam, periclinal thickening conspicuous. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, with a prominent scar and an apparently verrucose vesicle attached to it, contents granular, (13–)14–17(–21) × 5.5–6.5(–7.5) μm, mean ± SD = 15.5 ± 1.5 × 6.0 ± 0.4 μm, L/W ratio = 2.6, conidia of strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=102667&link_type=cbs">CBS 102667</ext-link> are shorter, measuring (10.5–)12–14.5(–17.5) × (4.5–)5.5–6.5 μm, mean ± SD = 13.4 ± 1.2 × 5.8 ± 0.5 μm, L/W ratio = 2.3. <italic>Appressoria</italic> medium to dark brown, outline variable, the margin lobate, single or in loose groups, (5.5–)8.5–14.5(–16.5) × (4.5–)6–9.5(–13) μm, mean ± SD = 11.4 ± 2.9 × 7.7 ± 1.9 μm, L/W ratio = 1.5.</p><p id="P172"><italic>Anamorph on Anthriscus stem. Conidiomata</italic> acervular, conidiophores formed on a cushion of pale brown, angular cells, 3–10 μm diam. <italic>Setae</italic> not observed in strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128544&link_type=cbs">CBS 128544</ext-link>. Setae of strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=102667&link_type=cbs">CBS 102667</ext-link> medium brown, basal cell paler, verruculose, sometimes verrucose, 0–2-septate, 20–60 μm long, base cylindrical, conical or slightly inflated, 4.5–6.5 μm diam, tip rounded. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, septate, branched, to 60 μm long. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> hyaline to pale brown, smooth-walled, cylindrical, often extending to form new conidiogenous loci, 9–23 × 4.5–6.5 μm, opening 1.5–2.5 μm diam, collarette ≤ 0.5 μm diam, periclinal thickening conspicuous. <italic>Conidia</italic> hyaline, smooth-walled, aseptate, cylindrical, the apex and base rounded, with a prominent scar, contents guttulate, (13.5–) 14.5–16.5(–17.5) × (5–)5.5–6(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 15.5 ± 0.9 × 5.8 ± 0.3 μm, L/W ratio = 2.7, conidia of strain <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=102667&link_type=cbs">CBS 102667</ext-link> are shorter, measuring 12–14.5(–18) × (5–)5.5–6(–6.5) μm, mean ± SD = 13.4 ± 1.3 × 5.7 ± 0.4 μm, L/W ratio = 2.3.</p><p id="P173"><italic>Material examined</italic>: <bold>New Zealand</bold>, GB, Gisborne, Allen Park Gardens, from <italic>Solanum melongena</italic> (eggplant), 6 Mar. 1990, P.R. Johnston, (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20715&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20715</ext-link><bold>holotype</bold>, culture ex-type <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=128544&link_type=cbs">CBS 128544</ext-link> = ICMP18586); Auckland, Mount Albert, from leaf bloch of <italic>Passiflora edulis</italic>, May 2000, C.F. Hill, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=-20716&link_type=cbs">CBS H-20716</ext-link>, culture <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=102667&link_type=cbs">CBS 102667</ext-link>.</p><p id="P174"><italic>Notes</italic>: <italic>Colletotrichum torulosum</italic> occupies a minor clade as sister to a group containing <italic>C. boninense s. str.</italic> and an unnamed taxon that occurs on orchids (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=123921&link_type=cbs">CBS 123921</ext-link>). It has significantly longer conidia than <italic>C. boninense</italic> with a larger L/W ratio. The conidia formed on SNA have hyaline, faintly verrucose vesicles attached to the base adjacent to the conidial scar. The function of these structures is unclear and they may be artefacts. These vesicles also occur on conidia of <italic>C. cymbidiicola</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Fig. 9R</xref>).</p><p id="P175"><italic>Colletotrichum torulosum</italic> is known from two New Zealand collections, on <italic>Solanum</italic> and <italic>Passiflora</italic>. Endophytic strains from <italic>Dacrycarpus dacrydioides</italic> (<italic>Podocarpaceae</italic>) and <italic>Kunzea ericoides</italic> (<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>) leaves from New Zealand have the same ITS sequences as <italic>C. torulosum</italic> (EU482212, EU482213; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">Joshee <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>), although their identity needs to be confirmed by comparison with sequences of other genes. <italic>Colletotrichum torulosum</italic> is not host-specific. It is not clear whether it is a native New Zealand species that has jumped onto cultivated exotic plants, or has been imported on diseased plant material.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="S10"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p id="P176">Moriwaki <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">2003</xref>) differentiated <italic>C. boninense</italic> from <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> based on its wider conidia (L/W ratio = (1.8–)2–3(–3.3), the prominent scar at the conidial base and cream to orange coloured colonies on PDA. The L/W ratio of conidia of <italic>C. boninense s. str.</italic> and <italic>C. karstii</italic> (included in <italic>C. boninense</italic> by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">Moriwaki <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>) are variable, ranging from 2.1 to 2.8 depending on isolate (and medium), while conidia of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> have a L/W ratio of 2.6 to 3.0 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">Cannon <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R83">Weir <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). According to Moriwaki <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R45">2003</xref>), the shape of the appressoria in <italic>C. boninense</italic> differs from that seen in <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, and setae are rarely produced in <italic>C. boninense</italic>. Many strains belonging to the <italic>C. boninense</italic> aggregate have more complex appressoria than those typical for <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>.</p><p id="P177">None of the morphological characters of <italic>C. boninense</italic> enables unequivocal identification and misplacement of strains based on morphology alone is common. For example, Lu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">2004</xref>) classified one isolate as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> according to morphological characters but re-identified it as <italic>C. boninense</italic> using molecular techniques. <italic>Colletotrichum dracaenae</italic> Petch (here epitypified and renamed as <italic>C. petchii</italic>) was considered as a synonym of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> by von Arx (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R4">1957</xref>). Our study shows that <italic>C. petchii</italic> does not belong to <italic>C. gloeosporioides s. lat.,</italic> but to the <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complex, although the conidia are largely typical of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> with their relatively large length/width ratio.</p><p id="P178">Conidiogenesis in the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> and <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complexes is usually percurrent, but more variable in <italic>C. boninense</italic>, depending on the site of septation in the conidiogenous cell that results in a prominent periclinal thickening. Sometimes distinct annellations are formed, which are common in <italic>C. annelatum</italic> and occasionally occur in <italic>C. dacrycarpi</italic> and <italic>C. petchii</italic>. After producing a number of conidia the conidiogenous cells of many species extend without forming a septum and form a new conidiogenous locus at the tip. These processes can alternate, making the conidiogenous cell appear catenate, <italic>e.g.</italic> in <italic>C. constrictum, C. novae-zelandiae</italic> and <italic>C. oncidii</italic>. Additionally, several species had an apparent gelatinous multi-layered coating around the conidiogenous cells.</p><p id="P179">Differentiation between the two species complexes using morphological methods is problematic, but the diagnostic characters established by Morikawi <italic>et al.</italic> (2003) can be used reliably to identify many isolates. A distinctive feature of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex in morphological terms is the conidiogenous cell with prominent periclinal thickening that extends to form a new conidiogenous locus. This feature is unknown in species of the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R83">Weir <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). Another distinctive feature of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex is the prominent scar (hilum) at the base of the conidia.</p><p id="P180">Species of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex appear to be concentrated in certain regions of the world, and prefer certain host plants. Isolates treated in this paper and found by nucleotide blastn searches of GenBank originate mainly from New Zealand/Australia, South and East Asia (Japan, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, India), South and Central America (Columbia, Brazil, Panama, Mexico, Guyana) and South and East Africa (South Africa, Zimbabwe, Kenya). A number of isolates from Europe (Italy, Netherlands, Germany and probably Hungary) have been associated with indoor/greenhouse plants (<italic>Dracaena, Hippeastrum</italic> and <italic>Gossypium</italic> species and several orchids) or air from greenhouses with orchids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R40">Magyar <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>). A few samples from <italic>Coffee arabica</italic> and <italic>Leucospermum</italic> originated from U.S.A. (Hawaii) and one from <italic>Protea obtusifolia</italic> from Madeira (Portugal).</p><p id="P181">Four of the species in the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex have only been found in New Zealand (two on indigenous plants), and three only from Colombia or Brazil (two of these from <italic>Passiflora</italic>). The species richness in New Zealand is surprising as no <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> taxon has previously been described from this country, apart from the <italic>formae speciales C. acutatum f. sp. pineum</italic> and <italic>C. gloeosporioides f. sp. camelliae</italic>. Compared with many countries, plant biosecurity is well supported in New Zealand, and both exotic and indigenous species are likely to be surveyed more intensively for pathogens than in many other regions of the world. Sampling bias is likely an explanation for this phenomenon.</p><p id="P182">In some <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species complexes there is little or no evidence of host specificity even at species level (<italic>e.g.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R31">Johnston & Jones 1997</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R16">Damm <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>), while others appear to be associated with single host genera and/or families, <italic>e.g.</italic> in the <italic>C. graminicola</italic> and <italic>C. orbiculare</italic> species complexes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">Crouch <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R36">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>). There are indications that a few of the segregate taxa within the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex are host-specific, or at least show preference for hosts from particular plant groups. Morikawi <italic>et al.</italic> (2003) detected four molecular subgroups within the species as they defined it, using ITS1 data. The primary branch separated strains from monocotyledonous (monocot) and dicotyledonous (dicot) plant hosts. The dicot clade did not show any clear host-linked substructure, but the monocot clade contained three subclades with one restricted to <italic>Orchidaceae</italic> and the other two containing strains from <italic>Crinum</italic> (<italic>Amaryllidaceae</italic>). The dicot clade corresponds to <italic>C. karstii</italic> as recognised in this paper, while the monocot clade contains <italic>C. boninense s. str</italic>. Our research does not support this split. While occuring on a wide range of dicots, <italic>C. karstii</italic> was also described on <italic>Orchidaceae</italic> and occurs on other monocots as well, especially <italic>Musa</italic> spp. Of the other segregate species that we recognise, <italic>C. dracaenae</italic> and <italic>C. hippeastri</italic> seem to be specific at host genus level, although the number of strains that we have examined is insufficient to confirm these indications.</p><p id="P183">A feature of many strains of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> aggregate is the production of a teleomorph. The <italic>Glomerella</italic> morphs of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> have been inadequately studied in comparison to the anamorphs. Von Arx & Müller (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">1954</xref>) carried out a global revision using morphological characters and Uecker (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R80">1994</xref>) completed an ontogenetic study of one <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> isolate. We know that at least some strains of most of the principal species aggregates can undergo meiosis, including the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> group (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R25">Guerber & Correll 2001</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R26">Guerber <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">Marcelino <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>), the <italic>C. destructivum</italic> group (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">Armstrong-Cho & Banniza 2006</xref>, linked to an anamorph misidentified as <italic>C. truncatum</italic>), the <italic>C. orbiculare</italic> group (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R60">Rodriguez-Guerra <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>) and the <italic>C. graminicola</italic> group (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">Crouch <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>).</p><p id="P184">The <italic>Glomerella</italic> morphs of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species are morphologically uniform, with ascospore size and shape the only feature that has been credited with any diagnostic value. There is much overlap in published dimensions and it is not practical to distinguish sexual structures of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> aggregate from those of the other groups using morphological methods alone.</p><p id="P185">Lu <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">2004</xref>) observed high genetic variability among <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> strains, including some from the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex, from trees in the Iwokrama Forest Reserve in Guyana by means of ISSR-PCR, RAPD PCR and ITS rDNA sequencing. Almost no two strains were genetically identical, and this variability was postulated to be due to meiosis. Comparing about 80 isolates from different tree species in the same area, they also did not detect host specificity, neither at species nor population level. Those cultures were not available to us, but some of their ITS sequences diverge from those of the main body of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complex and may represent further segregate taxa. The relationship between endophytic and pathogenic isolates of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> needs more research, as some endophytes may be latent pathogens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R37">Lu <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>), while others appear exclusively endophytic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R61">Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>). In both studies, endophytes did not appear to be strongly host-specific. Most of the species in our study of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> species complex are known only from a few isolates, either from a single host genus or from more than one host genus and then with a limited distribution. However, two species were represented by many isolates, <italic>C. karstii</italic> and <italic>C. boninense</italic>, of which <italic>C. karstii</italic> has the widest host range and distribution. Almost all strains that were isolated as endophytes belong to <italic>C. karstii</italic>, although that species also includes strains derived from diseased plant tissues. More research is needed into the life strategies and host-parasite relations of the fungi belonging to this clade.</p><p id="P186">Detailed study of the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex has demonstrated that even recently recognised species of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> may mask extensive variation at the molecular level, and can contain multiple taxa with distinct evolutionary origins. The arguments as to whether these segregate taxa should be recognised at species or infraspecific level (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">Cannon <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>) have still not been laid to rest, but recent trends are to consider them as independent species. This has the benefit of simplicity when referring to them, but in many cases the name does not infer host specificity or nutritional/biological strategy and is thus of limited practical value to the applied mycologist and plant pathologist. Unfortunately, many of these species cannot be reliably identified at this time using single diagnostic (barcoding) sequences, and this aspect of their systematics must obtain a high priority for the future. On a positive note, we now have substantially more information about the <italic>C. boninense</italic> complex in terms of its phylogenetic constituents.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>We thank the curators of the CABI, CBS and ICMP culture collections as well as Prof. dr Lilliana M. Hoyos-Carvajal, Faculty Agronomy, Plant Health Laboratory, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá-Colombia, Dr G.C. Carroll, University of Oregon, U.S.A. and Dr N.S. Massola, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil for experimental strains. The curator of the fungarium at the Royal Botanic Gardens provided access to historical type specimens. 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