Molecular Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of a New Plasma Membrane Na+/H+ Antiporter Gene from the Halophyte Kosteletzkya virginica
Identifieur interne : 001288 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 001287; suivant : 001289Molecular Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of a New Plasma Membrane Na+/H+ Antiporter Gene from the Halophyte Kosteletzkya virginica
Auteurs : Hongyan Wang ; Xiaoli Tang ; Chuyang Shao ; Hongbo Shao ; Honglei WangSource :
- The Scientific World Journal [ 2356-6140 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
A new plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter gene (named as
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2014/141675
PubMed: 25093196
PubMed Central: 4100297
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Molecular Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of a New Plasma Membrane Na<sup><bold>+</bold></sup>/H<sup><bold>+</bold></sup> Antiporter Gene from the Halophyte <italic>Kosteletzkya virginica</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Wang, Hongyan" sort="Wang, Hongyan" uniqKey="Wang H" first="Hongyan" last="Wang">Hongyan Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology & Bioresources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai 264003, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Yantai Academy of China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Xiaoli" sort="Tang, Xiaoli" uniqKey="Tang X" first="Xiaoli" last="Tang">Xiaoli Tang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology & Bioresources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai 264003, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shao, Chuyang" sort="Shao, Chuyang" uniqKey="Shao C" first="Chuyang" last="Shao">Chuyang Shao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shao, Hongbo" sort="Shao, Hongbo" uniqKey="Shao H" first="Hongbo" last="Shao">Hongbo Shao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology & Bioresources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai 264003, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">Institute for Life Sciences, Qingdao University of Science & Technology (QUST), Qingdao 266042, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Honglei" sort="Wang, Honglei" uniqKey="Wang H" first="Honglei" last="Wang">Honglei Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Yantai Academy of China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25093196</idno><idno type="pmc">4100297</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4100297</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4100297</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2014/141675</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001288</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Molecular Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of a New Plasma Membrane Na<sup><bold>+</bold></sup>/H<sup><bold>+</bold></sup> Antiporter Gene from the Halophyte <italic>Kosteletzkya virginica</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Wang, Hongyan" sort="Wang, Hongyan" uniqKey="Wang H" first="Hongyan" last="Wang">Hongyan Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology & Bioresources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai 264003, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Yantai Academy of China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Xiaoli" sort="Tang, Xiaoli" uniqKey="Tang X" first="Xiaoli" last="Tang">Xiaoli Tang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology & Bioresources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai 264003, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shao, Chuyang" sort="Shao, Chuyang" uniqKey="Shao C" first="Chuyang" last="Shao">Chuyang Shao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shao, Hongbo" sort="Shao, Hongbo" uniqKey="Shao H" first="Hongbo" last="Shao">Hongbo Shao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology & Bioresources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai 264003, China</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">Institute for Life Sciences, Qingdao University of Science & Technology (QUST), Qingdao 266042, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Honglei" sort="Wang, Honglei" uniqKey="Wang H" first="Honglei" last="Wang">Honglei Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Yantai Academy of China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Scientific World Journal</title><idno type="ISSN">2356-6140</idno><idno type="eISSN">1537-744X</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>A new plasma membrane Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> antiporter gene (named as <italic>KvSOS1</italic>) was cloned from the halophyte <italic>Kosteletzkya virginica</italic> by reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technology, which is a homologue of SOS1 (salt overly sensitive 1). The full-length cDNA is 3850 bp and contains an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of 1147 amino acids with a molecular weight of 127.56 kDa and a theoretical pI of 6.18. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the deduced protein appears to be a transmembrane protein with 12 transmembrane domains at the N-terminal region and a long hydrophilic tail in cytoplasm at its C-terminal region and shares 72–82% identity at the peptide level with other plant plasma membrane Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> antiporters.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yan, K" uniqKey="Yan K">K Yan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shao, H" uniqKey="Shao H">H Shao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shao, C" uniqKey="Shao C">C Shao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ashraf, M" uniqKey="Ashraf M">M Ashraf</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tang, X" uniqKey="Tang X">X Tang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mu, X" uniqKey="Mu X">X Mu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shao, H" uniqKey="Shao H">H 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">ScientificWorldJournal</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">ScientificWorldJournal</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">TSWJ</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Scientific World Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2356-6140</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1537-744X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25093196</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4100297</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/141675</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Molecular Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of a New Plasma Membrane Na<sup><bold>+</bold></sup>/H<sup><bold>+</bold></sup> Antiporter Gene from the Halophyte <italic>Kosteletzkya virginica</italic></article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Hongyan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tang</surname><given-names>Xiaoli</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shao</surname><given-names>Chuyang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shao</surname><given-names>Hongbo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Honglei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology & Bioresources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai 264003, China</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Yantai Academy of China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, China</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China</aff><aff id="I5"><sup>5</sup>Institute for Life Sciences, Qingdao University of Science & Technology (QUST), Qingdao 266042, China</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Hongbo Shao: <email>shaohongbochu@126.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Marian Brestic</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>2014</volume><elocation-id>141675</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>1</day><month>4</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>6</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Hongyan Wang et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>A new plasma membrane Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> antiporter gene (named as <italic>KvSOS1</italic>) was cloned from the halophyte <italic>Kosteletzkya virginica</italic> by reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technology, which is a homologue of SOS1 (salt overly sensitive 1). The full-length cDNA is 3850 bp and contains an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of 1147 amino acids with a molecular weight of 127.56 kDa and a theoretical pI of 6.18. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the deduced protein appears to be a transmembrane protein with 12 transmembrane domains at the N-terminal region and a long hydrophilic tail in cytoplasm at its C-terminal region and shares 72–82% identity at the peptide level with other plant plasma membrane Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> antiporters.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><body><sec id="sec1"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>The salinization of soil has become a widespread environmental problem and an important factor in limiting agricultural productivity worldwide. At present, more than 800 million hectares land in the world is affected by salinity and this amount accounts for more than 6% of the world's total land area [<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. Even worse, the saline soil is still rapidly expanding due to irrigation, improper drainage, entry of seawater in coastal areas, and salt accumulation in arid and semiarid regions [<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]. So there is an urgent need to develop salt-tolerant crops which can grow in saline environments to overcome farmland salinization as well as enable agriculture in marginal lands [<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>–<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>].</p><p>As far as we know, the detrimental effects of salt stress on plant can be summarized into three main aspects. Firstly, saline soil leads to osmotic stress, which makes plants hard to take up water from the soil. Secondly, salt stress may induce ionic toxicity. The increase of Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>−</sup> concentration in the cytosol can negatively affect enzymes and lipids in the cells. When Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>−</sup> concentrations increase to the toxic threshold, cells tend to die. At last, high soil salt concentration can also induce oxidative stress, which can cause a series of oxidative damage [<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. Fortunately, salt-tolerant plants have evolved some special mechanisms of salt tolerance which are to minimize the accumulation of toxic ions in plant tissue, partition them in the apoplast and vacuole, increase the synthesis of osmotic adjustment substances such as proline and betaine for maintaining tissue water status, and enhance antioxidant capacity to prevent the occurrence of oxidative stress [<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]. Based on the above physiological mechanism, researchers have successively cloned many genes related to salt stress in various plants (e.g., genes encoding ion transporters, osmolytes, antioxidant enzymes, components of calcium signaling, and others) [<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]. Among them, Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> antiporter genes have been proved to play an important role in salt tolerance, which are considered as promising genes for breeding salt-tolerant crops via genetic engineering. Under salinity, the great problem faced by plants is to maintain Na<sup>+</sup> homeostasis in the cytosol because low cytosolic Na<sup>+</sup> is crucial for cell metabolism [<xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>–<xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>], and this can be achieved by Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> antiporters located in vacuolar membrane and plasma membrane. The vacuolar Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> antiporters (Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> exchangers, NHXs) can actively transport excessive Na<sup>+</sup> into the vacuole for Na<sup>+</sup> compartmentation, while the plasma membrane-located Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> antiporters are responsible for Na<sup>+</sup> exclusion from the cytosol to the external medium [<xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>, <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]. Since studies on Arabidopsis showed that overexpression of either the vacuolar membrane Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> antiporter AtNHX1 or the plasma membrane Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> antiporter AtSOS1 could improve the salt tolerance of transgenic plants [<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>, <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>], more and more studies have focused on the cloning and function of Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> antiporter genes from other plant species [<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>–<xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]. In the future, more attention should be paid to develop Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> antiporter genes and other salt tolerance genes from halophytes because of their inherent and excellent salt resistance.</p><p><italic>Kosteletzkya virginica</italic> (L.), also commonly known as seashore mallow, is a perennial facultative halophytic species in the Malvaceae family, natively distributing in coastal areas containing 0.3 to 2.5% sodium salt (mainly NaCl) from Long Island along the Atlantic coast of the U.S. west to eastern Texas and is also found in coastal areas of Eurasia [<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>–<xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]. Because of its economic values and the tolerance to saline soils, this species has been introduced in China and recommended as a potential cash crop for alternative saline agriculture [<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>, <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]. Cloning some crucial salt stress response genes from such halophyte sources and investigating their characterizations and functions should be valuable for further understanding the molecular mechanism of plant salt tolerance and also helpful for breeding salt-tolerant crops. So this work aimed to isolate a new plasma membrane Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> antiporter gene from<italic> Kosteletzkya virginica</italic> and investigate its characterizations, which might not only help to understand the salt tolerance mechanism but also provide valuable genes related to salt tolerance for molecular breeding of salt-tolerant crops.</p></sec><sec id="sec2"><title>2. Materials and Methods</title><sec id="sec2.1"><title>2.1. Plant Materials and Growth Conditions</title><p>The seeds of<italic> Kosteletzkya virginica</italic> were collected from Yellow River Delta, Shandong Province, China. The seeds were soaked in concentrated sulfuric acid for 20 min to remove the hard shell and then thoroughly rinsed with deionized water. Subsequently, the processed seeds were sown in plastic flowerpots (with drain holes in bottom) containing washed sand and grown in the artificial climatic chambers (Huier, China), which was controlled under 28/25°C (day/night) with a daily photoperiod of 14 h and relative air humidity of 65%. Seedlings were sufficiently watered with 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solution every 3 days. Salt treatments were conducted by adding NaCl to 1/2 Hoagland nutrient solution. For the isolation of Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> antiporter gene, 3-week-old seedlings were treated by 200 mM NaCl for 24 h, and their roots were carefully removed from sands, washed with deionized water, and then harvested. The samples were rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at –80°C for the next experiments.</p></sec><sec id="sec2.2"><title>2.2. Cloning of<italic> KvSOS1</italic> cDNA by RT-PCR and RACE</title><p>Total RNA was extracted from the above mentioned roots using RNAiso Plus (TaKaRa, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instruction. Quality and quantity of total RNA were measured by using a NanoDrop-2000c spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The first-strand cDNA was synthesized according to the instruction of TransScript All-in-One First-Strand cDNA Synthesis SuperMix for PCR (Transgen, China). Based on sequence alignments of the conserved regions of reported SOS1 genes from various plant sources (<italic>Theobroma cacao</italic>, EOY01238.1;<italic> Populus trichocarpa</italic>, XP_002315837.2;<italic> Ricinus communis</italic>, XP_002521897.1;<italic> Bruguiera gymnorrhiza</italic>, ADK91080.1), a set of degenerate primers (DP-F, DP-R; sequences given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Table 1</xref>) were designed and used for the amplification of core fragment of SOS1 from<italic> Kosteletzkya virginica.</italic> The first strand cDNA was used as the template for PCR amplification under the following conditions: 95°C for 5 min, 35 cycles of 95°C for 40 s, 56°C for 30 s, 72°C for 2 min, and 72°C for 10 min. The amplified fragment was ligated into the pGEM-T easy vector (Promega, USA) and sequenced. After the fragment was confirmed to be part of<italic> KvSOS1 </italic>gene by NCBI blast, the 5′ and 3′ ends of the full-length cDNA were further amplified according to the instruction of SMART RACE cDNA Amplification Kit (Clotech, USA). Gene specific primers and nested primers were designed according to the core cDNA sequence. They are as follows: 5′-GSP, 5′-NGSP, 3′-GSP, and 3′-NGSP, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Table 1</xref>. The nested PCR was performed in 5′ and 3′ RACE. The PCR products were separated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA from the target band was excised from the gels and purified, then ligated into the pGEM-T easy vector (Promega, USA) and sequenced. Finally, the above obtained sequences were spliced and assembled into the full-length cDNA, which was designated as<italic> KvSOS1.</italic></p></sec></sec><sec id="sec3"><title>3. Results and Discussion</title><sec id="sec3.1"><title>3.1. Cloning and Characterization of the<italic> KvSOS1</italic> cDNA</title><p>The full-length cDNA of<italic> KvSOS1</italic> (GenBank accession: KJ577576) was obtained by RT-PCR and RACE methods (specified in Materials and Methods). As shown in Supplementary Figure 1in Supplementary Material available online at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/141675">http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/141675</ext-link>, the full-length cDNA is 3850 bp, consisting of 5′-untranslated region of 93 bp, an uninterrupted open reading frame (ORF) of 3444 bp, and 3′-untranslated region of 313 bp. The predicted ORF of<italic> KvSOS1 </italic>encodes a protein of 1147 amino acids with a molecular weight of 127.56 kDa and a theoretical pI of 6.18.</p></sec><sec id="sec3.2"><title>3.2. Bioinformatics Analysis of<italic> KvSOS1</italic></title><p>Conserved domain analysis using CDD of NCBI revealed that the putative protein belongs to the sodium/hydrogen exchanger family (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figure 1</xref>), which generally contains 10–12 transmembrane regions at the amino-terminus and a large cytoplasmic region at the carboxyl terminus. Hydropathy plot analysis using the TMpred program further indicated that the obtained<italic> KvSOS1 </italic>encodes a predicted transmembrane protein. The N-terminal region includes 12 predicted transmembrane domains, while its C-terminal region has a long hydrophilic tail in cytoplasm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">Figure 2</xref>). This is consistent with previously reported for plant plasma membrane NHAs [<xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>–<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>].</p><p>Multiple sequence alignments demonstrated that the deduced amino acid sequence of KvSOS1 is 82%, 74%, 73%, 73%, and 72% identical to those homologues from<italic> Theobroma cacao</italic>,<italic> Populus trichocarpa</italic>,<italic> Citrus sinensis</italic>,<italic> Ricinus communis</italic>, and<italic> Populus euphratica</italic>, respectively, which are all plasma-type Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> exchangers. The highest degree of sequence similarity, especially, locates in the transmembrane regions, where it reaches almost 88% between KvSOS1 and TcSOS1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref>).</p><p>Phylogenetic analysis of some Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> antiporters from various plants showed that KvSOS1 formed a cluster with other plant plasma membrane SOS1 homologues and is most closely related to the<italic> Theobroma cacao</italic> homologue (GenBank accession EOY01238.1), which was different from the cluster of plant vacuolar NHX1 homologues (Figures <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">5</xref>). All these results implied that the obtained<italic> KvSOS1</italic> is a plasma membrane type Na <sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> antiporter gene.</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec4"><title>4. Conclusion </title><p><italic>Kosteletzkya virginica</italic> has been proved to be a promising halophyte and has been introduced in China and recommended as a potential cash crop for alternative saline agriculture. In addition, some crucial salt stress response genes can be cloned from it for molecular breeding of salt-tolerant crops. In our study, the full-length cDNA of KvSOS1 was isolated from<italic> Kosteletzkya virginica</italic>. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that it encodes a putative plasma membrane Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> antiporter, which has the typical characteristics of other homologous genes. In order to investigate its characterization and function in salt tolerance, the further study would focus on the expression pattern and genetic transformation of<italic> KvSOS1</italic>, which might provide guidance for molecular breeding of salt-tolerant crops.</p></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material" id="supplementary-material-sec"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="f1"><caption><p>Supplementary Figure 1: The ORF nucleotide sequence and the deduced peptide sequence of KvSOS1. Start codon and termination codon highlighted in red.</p></caption><media xlink:href="141675.f1.pdf" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" orientation="portrait" id="d35e549" position="anchor"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>This research was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41171216), One Hundred Talent Plan of CAS, the CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams, Yantai Science & Technology Development Project (no. 2011016), Yantai Double-Hundred Talent Plan (XY-003-02), 135 Development Plan of YIC-CAS, and the Science & Technology Development Plan of Shandong Province (010GSF10208).</p></ack><sec sec-type="conflict"><title>Conflict of Interests</title><p>The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.</p></sec><sec><title>Authors' Contribution</title><p>Hongyan Wang, Xiaoli Tang and Chuyang Shao should 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Identical peptides highlighted in black.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2014-141675.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Phylogeny of KvSOS1 and other Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup>antiporter proteins derived from<italic> Populus trichocarpa </italic>(PtSOS1, XP_002315837.2),<italic> Populus euphratica</italic> (PeSOS1, ABF60872.1),<italic> Ricinus communis </italic>(RcSOS1, XP_002521897.1),<italic> Theobroma cacao </italic>(TcSOS1, EOY01238.1),<italic> Citrus sinensis</italic> (CsSOS1, XP_006492282.1),<italic> Glycine max</italic> (GmSOS1, AFD64746.1),<italic> Lolium perenne</italic> (LpSOS1, AAY42598.1),<italic> Solanum lycopersicum</italic> (SlSOS1, NP_001234698.1),<italic> Limonium gmelinii</italic> (LgSOS1, ACF05808.1),<italic> Arabidopsis thaliana </italic>(AtSOS1, AF256224_1),<italic> Theobroma cacao </italic>(TcNHX1, XP_007030791.1),<italic> Populus euphratica </italic>(PeNHX1, ACZ05630.1),<italic> Solanum torvum </italic>(StNHX1, AEN04067.1),<italic> Triticum aestivum</italic> (TaNHX1, AAS17949.1),<italic> Arabidopsis thaliana </italic>(AtNHX1, NP_198067.1),<italic> Halostachys caspica </italic>(HcNHX1, ADK62565.1),<italic> Zoysia japonica</italic> (ZjNHX1, ABY19311.2), and<italic> Aeluropus littoralis</italic> (AlNHX1, AAV80466.1).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2014-141675.004"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>The ORF nucleotide sequence and the deduced peptide sequence of<italic> KvSOS1</italic>. Start codon and termination codon are highlighted in red.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2014-141675.005"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>The primers used in this study.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primer</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sequence (5′-3′)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DP-F</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5′-GG(A/G)GAATCCTT(A/G)ATGAA(C/T)GATGGGAC-3′</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DP-R</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5′-C(T/C)A(G/A/T)AGC(G/A)CTTTCCTGCCA(C/T)AG-3′</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5′-GSP </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5′-GCTATCCCAAAAGCAATTCCAACCGC-3′</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5′-NGSP</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5′-CCAAGTGAGACTTTGGCCAGAAATT-3′</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3′-GSP</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5′-GTGCATCCAACTTTTAGTCATGGGAG-3′</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3′-NGSP</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5′-GTGACAGAATACTTTCAGTACTAAGGTC-3′</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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