A phylogenetic study of Dothiorella and Spencermartinsia species associated with woody plants in Iran, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain
Identifieur interne : 001242 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 001241; suivant : 001243A phylogenetic study of Dothiorella and Spencermartinsia species associated with woody plants in Iran, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain
Auteurs : J. Abdollahzadeh ; A. Javadi ; R. Zare ; A. J. L. PhillipsSource :
- Persoonia : Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi [ 0031-5850 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.3767/003158514X678606
PubMed: 25264380
PubMed Central: 4150070
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PMC:4150070Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">A phylogenetic study of <italic>Dothiorella</italic> and <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> species associated with woody plants in Iran, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain</title><author><name sortKey="Abdollahzadeh, J" sort="Abdollahzadeh, J" uniqKey="Abdollahzadeh J" first="J." last="Abdollahzadeh">J. Abdollahzadeh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Javadi, A" sort="Javadi, A" uniqKey="Javadi A" first="A." last="Javadi">A. Javadi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 1454, Tehran 19395, Iran.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zare, R" sort="Zare, R" uniqKey="Zare R" first="R." last="Zare">R. Zare</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 1454, Tehran 19395, Iran.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, A J L" sort="Phillips, A J L" uniqKey="Phillips A" first="A. J. L." last="Phillips">A. J. L. Phillips</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25264380</idno><idno type="pmc">4150070</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4150070</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4150070</idno><idno type="doi">10.3767/003158514X678606</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001242</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">A phylogenetic study of <italic>Dothiorella</italic> and <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> species associated with woody plants in Iran, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain</title><author><name sortKey="Abdollahzadeh, J" sort="Abdollahzadeh, J" uniqKey="Abdollahzadeh J" first="J." last="Abdollahzadeh">J. Abdollahzadeh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Javadi, A" sort="Javadi, A" uniqKey="Javadi A" first="A." last="Javadi">A. Javadi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 1454, Tehran 19395, Iran.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zare, R" sort="Zare, R" uniqKey="Zare R" first="R." last="Zare">R. Zare</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 1454, Tehran 19395, Iran.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, A J L" sort="Phillips, A J L" uniqKey="Phillips A" first="A. J. L." last="Phillips">A. J. L. Phillips</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Persoonia : Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi</title><idno type="ISSN">0031-5850</idno><idno type="eISSN">1878-9080</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Dothiorella</italic> and <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> are two botryosphaeriaceous genera with dark 2-celled conidia and found in parasitic, saprophytic or endophytic association with various woody host plants. Based on ITS and EF1-α sequence data and morphology, eight new species are described from Iran, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain. Of these, five species are placed in <italic>Dothiorella</italic>, namely <italic>D. iranica</italic>, <italic>D. parva</italic>, <italic>D. prunicola</italic>, <italic>D. sempervirentis</italic> and <italic>D. striata</italic>, and three species belong to <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> named as <italic>S. citricola</italic>, <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> and <italic>S. plurivora</italic>. An identification key to the species of each genus is provided.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abdollahzadeh, J" uniqKey="Abdollahzadeh J">J Abdollahzadeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Javadi, A" uniqKey="Javadi A">A Javadi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mohammadi Goltapeh, E" uniqKey="Mohammadi Goltapeh E">E Mohammadi Goltapeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zare, R" uniqKey="Zare R">R Zare</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Ajl" uniqKey="Phillips A">AJL Phillips</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abdollahzadeh, J" uniqKey="Abdollahzadeh J">J Abdollahzadeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mohammadi Goltapeh, E" uniqKey="Mohammadi Goltapeh E">E Mohammadi Goltapeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Javadi, A" uniqKey="Javadi A">A Javadi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shams Bakhsh, M" uniqKey="Shams Bakhsh M">M Shams-bakhsh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zare, R" uniqKey="Zare R">R Zare</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Ajl" uniqKey="Phillips A">AJL Phillips</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abdollahzadeh, J" uniqKey="Abdollahzadeh J">J Abdollahzadeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zare, R" uniqKey="Zare R">R Zare</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Ajl" uniqKey="Phillips A">AJL Phillips</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alves, A" uniqKey="Alves A">A Alves</name></author><author><name sortKey="Correia, A" uniqKey="Correia A">A Correia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Ajl" uniqKey="Phillips A">AJL Phillips</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crous, Pw" uniqKey="Crous P">PW Crous</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palm, Me" uniqKey="Palm M">ME 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N">ND Young</name></author><author><name sortKey="Healy, J" uniqKey="Healy J">J Healy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhou, S" uniqKey="Zhou S">S Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stanosz, Gr" uniqKey="Stanosz G">GR Stanosz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Persoonia</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Persoonia</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Persoonia</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Persoonia : Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0031-5850</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1878-9080</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Centraallbureau voor Schimmelcultures</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25264380</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4150070</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3767/003158514X678606</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A phylogenetic study of <italic>Dothiorella</italic> and <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> species associated with woody plants in Iran, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abdollahzadeh</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="COR1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Javadi</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zare</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>A.J.L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label> Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran;</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label> Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 1454, Tehran 19395, Iran.</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label> Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.</aff><author-notes><corresp id="COR1">corresponding author e-mail: <email>J.abdollahzadeh@uok.ac.ir</email>.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>1</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>6</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>12</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>24</day><month>4</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>1</day><month>11</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2014 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode"><license-p>You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions:</license-p><license-p>Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).</license-p><license-p>Non-commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes.</license-p><license-p>No derivative works: You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.</license-p><license-p>For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode</ext-link>. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract abstract-type="executive-summary"><p><italic>Dothiorella</italic> and <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> are two botryosphaeriaceous genera with dark 2-celled conidia and found in parasitic, saprophytic or endophytic association with various woody host plants. Based on ITS and EF1-α sequence data and morphology, eight new species are described from Iran, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain. Of these, five species are placed in <italic>Dothiorella</italic>, namely <italic>D. iranica</italic>, <italic>D. parva</italic>, <italic>D. prunicola</italic>, <italic>D. sempervirentis</italic> and <italic>D. striata</italic>, and three species belong to <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> named as <italic>S. citricola</italic>, <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> and <italic>S. plurivora</italic>. An identification key to the species of each genus is provided.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd><italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Dothiorella</italic></kwd><kwd>ITS</kwd><kwd>phylogeny</kwd><kwd><italic>Spencermartinsia</italic></kwd><kwd>systematics</kwd><kwd>taxonomy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p><italic>Dothiorella</italic> was established by Saccardo in 1880 (<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">Crous & Palm 1999</xref>) and according to <xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">Sutton (1980)</xref><italic>Dothiorella pyrenophora</italic> Sacc. is the type species. Over time, the generic concept of <italic>Dothiorella</italic> has been debated and interpreted in various different ways. The taxonomic history of <italic>Dothiorella</italic> has been explained in details by <xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">Sutton (1977)</xref>, <xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">Crous & Palm (1999)</xref>, and <xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">Phillips et al. (2008</xref>, <xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">2013)</xref>. <xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">Crous & Palm (1999)</xref> studied the holotype of <italic>D. pyrenophora</italic> and concluded that <italic>Dothiorella</italic> is a synonym of <italic>Diplodia</italic>. This concept was followed by <xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">Denman et al. (2000)</xref>, <xref rid="R34" ref-type="bibr">Zhou & Stanosz (2001)</xref> and <xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">Slippers et al. (2004)</xref>, who recognised only two groups in <italic>Botryosphaeria</italic> corresponding to the asexual genera, <italic>Fusicoccum</italic> and <italic>Diplodia</italic> with hyaline and pigmented mature conidia, respectively. However, based on morphology and molecular data, <xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">Phillips et al. (2005)</xref> resurrected <italic>Dothiorella</italic> for species with conidia that become brown and 1-septate while they are still attached to the conidiogenous cells, and reserved <italic>Diplodia</italic> for species with conidia that are hyaline and become dark and septate only some time after discharge from the pycnidia. They also provided emended descriptions for <italic>Diplodia</italic> and <italic>Dothiorella</italic>. Since, there is no culture or DNA sequence for the type specimen and no authentic isolate or culture is available for the type species of <italic>Dothiorella</italic>, it is necessary to designate an epitype and ex-epitype culture for this important species.</p><p><xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">Phillips et al. (2008)</xref> in a polyphasic approach using morphology and multi-gene sequence data (SSU, LSU, ITS, EF1-α and β-tubulin) introduced <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> for species having brown, 1-septate ascospores with an apiculus at either end and transferred <italic>Dothiorella viticola</italic> to <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic>. Species of <italic>Dothiorella</italic> also have brown, 1-septate ascospores, but can be distinguished from <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> by the absence of apiculi. In subsequent multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">Liu et al. 2012</xref>, <xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">Phillips et al. 2013</xref>) it was confirmed that <italic>Dothiorella</italic> and <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> are two distinct genera in the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>, though obviously closely related (see <xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">Slippers et al. 2013</xref>).</p><p>Species of <italic>Dothiorella</italic> and <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic>, as members of <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>, are known saprophytes, pathogens and endophytes in association with various woody plants. Until recently, like other members of <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>, species in <italic>Dothiorella</italic> were described based on host association, which led to the introduction of many species names. A search of Index Fungorum (March 2013; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.indexfungorum.org">www.indexfungorum.org</ext-link>) lists 363 names in <italic>Dothiorella</italic>, while MycoBank lists 384 species names (accessed March 2013). Since, host association is not considered to be an important factor in species definition of the <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> (<xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">Slippers et al. 2004</xref>, <xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>) most of these names are likely synonyms or they need to be transferred to <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic>.</p><p>A number of isolates morphologically resembling <italic>Dothiorella</italic> or <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> were collected on different woody hosts in Iran, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain. The aim of this study was to characterise these isolates based on molecular data combined with morphology.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="s2"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><sec id="s2a"><title>Fungal isolates</title><p>Isolations were made by transferring conidia produced in pycnidia on twigs with canker or dieback symptoms to potato dextrose agar (1/2 PDA, Difco laboratories) or water agar (WA) supplemented with chloramphenicol (100 mg/L). After incubating overnight at 25 °C, single germinating conidia were transferred to fresh PDA plates and single conidium cultures were prepared for all isolates (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="s2b"><title>Morphology and culture characteristics</title><p>Sporulation was induced by growing isolates on 2 % WA supplemented with pieces of double-autoclaved halved poplar twigs. The plates were incubated at 25 °C under mixed black (nUV) and fluorescent light for 2–6 wk. Conidiomata were dissected and mounted in 100 % lactic acid. Observations and digital images were made with a light microscope and digital camera (Leica or Olympus). From measurements of 50 conidia the mean, standard deviation and 95 % confidence intervals were calculated. Dimensions are given as the range of measurements with extremes in brackets followed by 95 % confidence limits and mean ± standard deviation. Dimensions of other structures are given as the range of at least 20 measurements. Colony morphology, colour (<xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">Rayner 1970</xref>) and growth rates between 5 and 35 °C in 5 °C intervals, were determined on 2 % malt extract agar (MEA, Difco laboratories) incubated in the dark.</p></sec><sec id="s2c"><title>DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing</title><p>Genomic DNA was extracted from 4–7 d old cultures grown in 2 % malt extract broth (MEB) incubated at room temperature using the method as described by <xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">Abdollahzadeh et al. (2009)</xref>. Amplification and sequencing of part of the ribosomal DNA (ITS region), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) and β-tubulin genes were performed as described previously (<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">Alves et al. 2006</xref>, <xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">Abdollahzadeh et al. 2009</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="s2d"><title>Phylogenetic analyses</title><p>Sequences were checked with BioEdit v. 7.0.9.0 (<xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">Hall 2006</xref>). The ITS and EF1-α sequences of two outgroups (<italic>Neofusicoccun luteum</italic> CBS 110299, CBS 110497) and additional isolates were retrieved from GenBank. Sequences were aligned with ClustalX v. 1.83 (<xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">Thompson et al. 1997</xref>), using the following parameters: pairwise alignment parameters (gap opening = 10, gap extension = 0.1) and multiple alignment parameters (gap opening = 10, gap extension = 0.2, transition weight = 0.5, delay divergent sequences = 25 %). Alignments were checked and manual adjustments were made where necessary. Phylogenetic information contained in indels (gaps) was incorporated into the phylogenetic analyses using simple indel coding as implemented by GapCoder (<xref rid="R33" ref-type="bibr">Young & Healy 2003</xref>). Phylogenetic analyses were performed with PAUP v. 4.0b10 (<xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr">Swofford 2003</xref>) for neighbour-joining (NJ) and maximum-parsimony (MP) analyses as described by <xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">Abdollahzadeh et al. (2010)</xref>. A partition homogeneity test (PHT) was used to determine the congruence between the ITS, EF1-α and β-tubulin datasets (<xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr">Farris et al. 1995</xref>, <xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">Huelsenbeck et al. 1996</xref>).</p><p>Bayesian analyses employing a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method were performed. The general time-reversible model of evolution (<xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr">Rodriguez et al. 1990</xref>), including estimation of invariable sites and assuming a discrete gamma distribution with six rate categories (GTR+I+Γ) was used. Four MCMC chains were run simultaneously, starting from random trees, for 10<sup>6</sup> generations. Trees were sampled every 100th generation for a total of 10<sup>4</sup> trees. The first 10<sup>3</sup> trees were discarded as the burn-in phase of each analysis. Posterior probabilities (<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">Rannala & Yang 1996</xref>) were determined from a majority-rule consensus tree generated from the remaining 9 000 trees. The analysis was repeated three times starting from different random trees to ensure trees from the same tree space were being sampled during each analysis. New sequences were deposited in GenBank (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>) and the alignment in TreeBASE (S14150).</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><title>RESULTS</title><sec id="s3a"><title>Phylogenetic analyses</title><p>Phylogenetic analyses were done based on different combination of the three unlinked gene regions including ITS/EF1-α, ITS/β-tubulin and ITS/EF1-α/β-tubulin. The phylogenies resulted from ITS/EF1-α were stable and reproducible with highly supported internal nodes, while β-tubulin did not improve the phylogenies so that combination of ITS and β-tubulin datasets resulted in poor and distinct phylogenies in different analyses (data not shown). Furthermore, PHT test for combined ITS/EF1-α/β-tubulin datasets was significant (P < 0.01). Therefore, β-tubulin was excluded and phylogenetic analyses were based on ITS and EF1-α sequences. The partition homogeneity test (P = 0.11) indicated the phylogenies resulting from ITS and EF1-α were congruent so the ITS and EF1-α datasets were combined in a single analysis. The combined ITS and EF1-α sequences for 57 ingroup and 2 outgroup taxa contained 1 108 characters including alignment gaps, of which 334 characters were excluded, 528 were constant, 23 were variable and parsimony-uninformative and 223 were parsimony-informative. A heuristic search of the remaining 223 parsimony-informative characters resulted in a single most parsimonious tree of 426 steps (CI = 0.7, HI = 0.3, RI = 0.93). The Bayesian and NJ analyses produced phylogenetic trees with the same topology as the MP tree. The NJ tree is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref> with BI/MP/NJ posterior probabilities and bootstrap support values at the nodes. MP and Bayesian trees are available in TreeBASE (S14150). In these phylogenetic analyses 22 subclades, representing 22 species of <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> with dark-walled 2-celled conidia, were recognized in two major clades corresponding to <italic>Dothiorella</italic> with 18 subclades, and <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> with four subclades. Of these, nine subclades are recognised here as representatives of nine new species for the science.</p></sec><sec id="s3b"><title>Taxonomy</title><p>All isolates in this study were induced to sporulate and produced pycnidia on poplar twigs on WA within 1–2 wk. No sexual structures were observed on the field specimens or in cultures. Based on ITS and EF1-α sequences, conidial and cultural characteristics and growth rate on MEA in the dark at 25 °C nine new species were identified. Of these, eight new species are described and illustrated here. Five species reside in the <italic>Dothiorella</italic> clade and the other three in the <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> clade.</p></sec><sec id="s3c"><title><italic>Key to Dothiorella species</italic><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>1</sup></xref></title><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>1. Conidiomata papillate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2</p></list-item><list-item><p>1. Conidiomata non-papillate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8</p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidiomata with long necks (up to 1.5 mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>D. longicollis</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidiomata with short necks (< 0.5 mm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3</p></list-item><list-item><p>3. Conidia striate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>D. striata</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>3. Conidia smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4</p></list-item><list-item><p>4. Conidial length 16–22 μm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>D. dulcispinae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>4. Conidial length > 21 μm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5</p></list-item><list-item><p>5. Colony growth rate on MEA in the dark at 25 °C > 30 mm/d (37 mm/d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>D. prunicola</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>5. Colony growth rate on MEA in the dark at 25 °C < 30 mm/d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6</p></list-item><list-item><p>6. Colony growth rate on MEA in the dark at 25 °C > 20 mm/d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>D. pretoriensis</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>6. Colony growth rate on MEA in the dark at 25 °C < 20 mm/d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7</p></list-item><list-item><p>7. Colony growth rate on MEA in the dark at 25 °C < 15 mm (14 mm/d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>D. iranica</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>7. Colony growth rate on MEA in the dark at 25 °C > 15 mm (17.9 mm/d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>D. brevicollis</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>8. Conidial length < 16 μm (av. length 15 μm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>D. americana</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>8. Conidial length 16 μm or more (av. length > 18 μm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9</p></list-item><list-item><p>9. Average conidial width > 10 μm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10</p></list-item><list-item><p>9. Average conidial width < 10 μm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13</p></list-item><list-item><p>10. Average conidial length < 21 μm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11</p></list-item><list-item><p>10. Average conidial length > 21 μm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12</p></list-item><list-item><p>11. Average conidial width > 11 μm, conidial L/W ratio 1.7, colonies reaching 25–30 mm on MEA after 4 d in the dark at 25 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>D. parva</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>11. Average conidial width < 11 μm, conidial L/W ratio 2, colonies reaching 50–70 mm on MEA after 4 d in the dark at 25 °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>D. sempervirentis</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>12. Conidia 23–31 × 9–11 μm (av. 27.1 × 10.8 μm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>D. casuarini</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>12. Conidia 23–23.4 × 10.8–11 μm (av. 23.2 × 10.9 μm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>D. iberica</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>13. Average conidial length < 20 μm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14</p></list-item><list-item><p>13. Average conidial length > 20 μm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15</p></list-item><list-item><p>14. Conidial L/W ratio 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>D. santali</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>14. Conidial L/W ratio 2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>D. moneti</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>15. Conidia 21.4–21.9 × 9.7–9.9 μm (L/W ratio 2.2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>D. sarmentorum</italic><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p></list-item><list-item><p>15. Conidia 22–22.5 × 9–9.5 μm (L/W ratio 2.4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>D. uruguayensis</italic><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p></list-item></list><p><fn id="fn1"><p><sup>1</sup> This key is based on conidial morphology and culture characteristics.</p></fn><fn id="fn2"><p><sup>2</sup> These two species are phylogenetically distant.</p></fn></p><p><bold><italic>Dothiorella iranica</italic></bold> Abdollahz. & A.J.L. Phillips, <italic>sp. nov</italic>. — MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB803988&link_type=mb">MB803988</ext-link>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref></p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>. Named for the country of origin, Iran.</p><p><italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, produced on poplar twigs on WA within 1–2 wk, solitary or aggregated, individual conidiomata globose, up to 370 μm diam, superficial or semi-immersed, covered with hyphal hairs, uniloculate, thick-walled, papillate with a central ostiole. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> cylindrical to lageniform, discrete or integrated, holoblastic, indeterminate, proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, (6.5–)9–12(–18.4) × 2–5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> subcylindrical to ellipsoid or ovoid, brown, 1-septate, occasionally slightly constricted at septum, moderately thick-walled, externally smooth, internally finely verruculose, ends rounded, often with a truncate base, rarely becoming tapered at the base, (21.9–)23–26(–27.5) × (8.8–)9–11(–11.2) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 25–25.7 × 9.9–10.2 μm (av. ± S.D. = 25.3 ± 1.4 × 10.1 ± 0.6 μm, l/w ratio = 2.5 ± 0.2).</p><p>Culture characteristics — Colonies cottony with aerial mycelium, aerial mycelium becoming olivaceous-buff to grey-olivaceous at the surface and isabelline to dull green at the reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 56 mm on MEA after 4 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min. ≤ 5 °C, max. ≥ 35 °C, opt. 25 °C.</p><p>Substrate — Twigs of <italic>Olea europaea.</italic></p><p>Distribution — Northern Iran.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>. I<sc>RAN</sc>. Golestan Province, Gorgan (Agriculture Research Center), on twigs of <italic>Olea europea</italic>, June 2007, <italic>A. Javadi</italic>, holotype IRAN 16253F, culture ex-type IRAN 1587C = CBS 124722.</p><p>Notes — Phylogenetically this species resides in a distinct subclade in <italic>Dothiorella</italic> and morphologically conidia of <italic>D. iranica</italic> are longer (25.3 ± 1.4 × 10.1 ± 0.6 μm, l/w ratio = 2.5 ± 0.2) than those of all other <italic>Dothiorella</italic> spp., except <italic>D. casuarini</italic> (27.1 × 10.8).</p><p><bold><italic>Dothiorella parva</italic></bold> Abdollahz., Zare & A.J.L. Phillips, <italic>sp. nov.</italic> — MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB803989&link_type=mb">MB803989</ext-link>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref></p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>. Named for its short conidia.</p><p><italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, produced on poplar twigs on WA within 1–2 wk, solitary or aggregated, individual conidiomata globose, up to 350 μm diam, superficial or semi-immersed, covered with hyphal hairs, uniloculate, thick-walled, non-papillate with a central ostiole. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> cylindrical to lageniform, discrete or integrated, holoblastic, indeterminate, proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, (7–)8–11(–13.8) × 3–5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> ellipsoid to ovoid, brown, 1-septate, occasionally slightly constricted at septum, moderately thick-walled, externally smooth, internally finely verruculose, ends rounded, often with a truncate base, (17.2–)18–21(–23.8) × (8.9–)10–13(–15.1) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 19.4–19.8 × 11.4–12 μm (av. ± S.D. = 19.6 ± 1.2 × 11.7 ± 1.6 μm, l/w ratio = 1.7 ± 0.2).</p><p>Culture characteristics — Colonies cottony with aerial mycelium, aerial mycelium becoming pale olivaceous-grey to iron-grey at the surface and olivaceous-buff to dull green at the reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 25–30 mm on MEA after 4 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min. ≤ 5 °C, max. ≥ 35 °C, opt. 25 °C.</p><p>Substrate — Twigs of <italic>Corylus avellana</italic>.</p><p>Distribution — North-west of Iran.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>. I<sc>RAN</sc>, Ardabil Province, Ardabil (Fandoghlo Forest Park), on twigs of <italic>Corylus avellana</italic>, July 2007, <italic>J. Abdollahzadeh</italic> and <italic>A. Javadi</italic>, holotype IRAN 14264F, culture ex-type IRAN 1579C = CBS 124720. Additional isolates are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>.</p><p>Notes — Phylogenetically, <italic>D. parva</italic> is closely related to <italic>D. sempervirentis</italic> and <italic>Dothiorella</italic> sp., but can be distinguished from these two species on account of its shorter and wider conidia (19.6 ± 1.2 × 11.7 ± 1.6 μm, l/w ratio = 1.7 ± 0.2) and slower growth rate on MEA in the dark at 25 °C. This species differed in nucleotide sequences from <italic>D. sempervirentis</italic> (three substitutions in ITS, five substitutions and 2 insertions/deletions in EF1-α) and <italic>Dothiorella</italic> sp. (one substitution in ITS, five substitutions and one insertion/deletion in EF1-α).</p><p><bold><italic>Dothiorella prunicola</italic></bold> A.J.L. Phillips & Abdollahz., <italic>sp. nov.</italic> — MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB803991&link_type=mb">MB803991</ext-link>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4</xref></p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>. Named for the host it was first isolated from, namely <italic>Prunus</italic>.</p><p><italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, produced on poplar twigs on WA within 1–2 wk, solitary or aggregated, individual conidiomata globose, up to 370 μm diam, superficial or semi-immersed, covered with hyphal hairs, uniloculate, thick-walled, papillate with a central ostiole. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> cylindrical to lageniform, discrete or integrated, holoblastic, indeterminate, proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, (5.9–)9–14(–20) × 3–5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> subcylindrical to ellipsoid or ovoid, brown, 1-septate, occasionally slightly constricted at septum, moderately thick-walled, externally smooth, internally finely verruculose, ends rounded, often with a truncate base, (19–)22–27(–30.5) × (10.5–)11–14(–16.8) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 23.9–25.1 × 12.5–13.1 μm (av. ± S.D. = 24.5 ± 2.3 × 12.8 ± 1.2 μm, l/w ratio = 1.9 ± 0.2). <italic>Spermatiogenous</italic> cells discrete or integrated, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, holoblastic or proliferating via phialides with periclinal thickenings, 5.8–17.3 × 1–3 μm. <italic>Spermatia</italic> hyaline, smooth, aseptate, rod-shaped with rounded ends, 3.5–5.3 × 1–2 μm.</p><p>Culture characteristics — Colonies rosette with lobed margins and aerial mycelium, white to cream at the surface and reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 37 mm on MEA after 4 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min. ≤ 5 °C, max. ≥ 35 °C, opt. 25 °C.</p><p>Substrate — Twigs of <italic>Prunus dulcis.</italic></p><p>Distribution — Portugal.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>. P<sc>ORTUGAL</sc>, Algarve Province, on twigs of <italic>Prunus dulcis</italic>, June 2007, <italic>E. Diogo</italic>, holotype IRAN 16252F, culture ex-type IRAN 1541C = CBS 124723.</p><p>Notes — This species resides in a completely distinct subclade within <italic>Dothiorella</italic>. Morphologically, <italic>D. prunicola</italic> resembles <italic>D. brevicollis</italic>, <italic>D. iranica</italic> and <italic>D. pretoriensis</italic> but can be distinguished on average conidial dimensions (24.5 ± 2.3 × 12.8 ± 1.2 μm, l/w ratio = 1.9 ± 0.2) and growth rate on MEA in the dark at 25 °C. Moreover, <italic>D. prunicola</italic> can be distinguished from all <italic>Dothiorella</italic> spp. on account of its white and creamy colony colour, a feature that is never seen in the family <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic>.</p><p><bold><italic>Dothiorella sempervirentis</italic></bold> Abdollahz., Zare & A.J.L. Phillips, <italic>sp. nov.</italic> — MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB803987&link_type=mb">MB803987</ext-link>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Fig. 5</xref></p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>. Named for the host species it was first isolated from.</p><p><italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, produced on poplar twigs on WA within 1–2 wk, solitary or aggregated, individual conidiomata globose, up to 510 μm diam, superficial or semi-immersed, covered with hyphal hairs, uniloculate, thick-walled, non-papillate with a central ostiole. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> cylindrical to lageniform, discrete or integrated, holoblastic, indeterminate, proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings or rarely proliferating percurrently to form one or two annellations, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, (8.2–)9–11(–17.3) × 3–5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> subcylindrical to ellipsoid or ovoid, brown, 1-septate, occasionally slightly constricted at septum, moderately thick-walled, externally smooth, internally finely verruculose, ends rounded, often with a truncate base, (16.1–)18–20(–22.8) × (8.2–)9–11(–11.7) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 19.8–20.3 × 10–10.4 μm (av. ± S.D. = 20.1 ± 1.3 × 10.2 ± 0.9 μm, l/w ratio = 2 ± 0.2).</p><p>Culture characteristics — Colonies appressed with a sparse aerial mycelium at the margin, grey-olivaceous to olivaceous-black at the surface and greenish olivaceous to dull green in reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 50–70 mm on MEA after 4 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min. ≤ 5 °C, max. ≥ 35 °C, opt. 25 °C.</p><p>Substrate — Twigs and cones of <italic>Cupressus sempervirens.</italic></p><p>Distribution — Northern Iran.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>. I<sc>RAN</sc>, Golestan Province, Gorgan (City Park), on twigs and cones of <italic>Cupressus sempervirens</italic>, Aug. 2006, <italic>M.A. Aghajani</italic>, holotype IRAN 14265F, culture ex-type IRAN 1583C = CBS 124718. Additional isolates are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>.</p><p>Notes — Phylogenetically, <italic>D. sempervirentis</italic> is closely related to <italic>D. parva</italic> and <italic>Dothiorella</italic> sp., but can be distinguished on average conidial dimensions (20.1 ± 1.3 × 10.2 ± 0.9 μm, l/w ratio = 2 ± 0.2) and growth rate on MEA in the dark at 25 °C. Compared with <italic>Dothiorella</italic> sp. nine differences were detected in ITS and EF1-α sequences (four substitutions in ITS, four substitutions and one insertion/deletion in EF1-α).</p><p><bold><italic>Dothiorella striata</italic></bold> A.J.L. Phillips & Abdollahz., <italic>sp. nov.</italic> — MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB803990&link_type=mb">MB803990</ext-link>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Fig. 6</xref></p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>. Named for the distinctive striations on the conidial wall.</p><p><italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, produced on poplar twigs on WA within 1–2 wk, solitary or aggregated, individual conidiomata globose, up to 420 μm diam, superficial or semi-immersed, covered with hyphal hairs, uniloculate, thick-walled, papillate with a central ostiole. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> cylindrical to lageniform, discrete or integrated, holoblastic, indeterminate, proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, (5.9–)9–14(–20) × 3–5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> subcylindrical to ellipsoid or ovoid, brown, 1-septate, striate, thumb-like striations visible on hyaline conidia even while attached to conidiogenous cells, occasionally slightly constricted at septum, moderately thick-walled, internally finely verruculose, ends rounded, often with a truncate base, (21–)23–26(–29.4) × (8.9–)9–12(–15.1) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 24.9–25.4 × 10.5–11 μm (av. ± S.D. = 25.1 ± 1.4 × 10.7 ± 1.2 μm, l/w ratio = 2.4 ± 0.3).</p><p>Culture characteristics — Colonies with abundant aerial mycelia reaching the lid of Petri plates, aerial mycelium becoming smoke-grey to olivaceous-black at the surface and greenish olivaceous to dull green at the reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 45–55 mm on MEA after 4 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min. ≤ 5 °C, max. ≥ 35 °C, opt. 25 °C.</p><p>Substrate — Twigs of <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic>.</p><p>Distribution — New Zealand.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>. N<sc>EW</sc> Z<sc>EALAND</sc>, Northland, Kerikeri, Collins Orchard, Inlet Road, on twigs of <italic>C. sinensis</italic>, Sept. 2006, <italic>S.R. Pennycook</italic>, <italic>P.R. Johnston</italic> and <italic>B.C. Paulus</italic>, holotype PDD 92029, culture ex-type ICMP 16824 = CBS 124731. Additional isolates are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>.</p><p>Notes — Phylogenetically, <italic>D. striata</italic> is closely related to <italic>D. uruguayensis</italic>, but it can be distinguished from all <italic>Dothiorella</italic> spp. on account of the striate conidia, which was never seen in any other <italic>Dothiorella</italic> species. Furthermore, <italic>D. striata</italic> differs from all other species on account of colonies with abundant aerial mycelia reaching the lid of Petri plates.</p><p><italic>Dothiorella</italic> sp.</p><p>Notes — Phylogenetically, <italic>Dothiorella</italic> sp. is closely related to <italic>D. parva</italic> and <italic>D. sempervirentis</italic>, but can be distinguished on account of the number of differences in ITS and EF1-α sequences, longer and narrower conidia and faster growth rate on MEA in the dark at 25 °C. This species is being further studied in relation to other species collected from <italic>Corylus</italic> and therefore is not formally described here.</p></sec><sec id="s3d"><title><italic>Key to Spencermartinsia species</italic><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3"><sup>1</sup></xref></title><p><fn id="fn3"><p><sup>1</sup> This key is based on conidial morphology.</p></fn></p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>1. Average conidial length < 20 μm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>S. mangiferae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>1. Average conidial length > 20 μm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2</p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidia truncate at both ends (av. 25.8 × 12.2 μm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>S. citricola</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>2. Conidia round at apex, often with a truncate base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3</p></list-item><list-item><p>3. Average conidial width > 10 μm (av. 22.5 × 11 μm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>S. plurivora</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>3. Average conidial width < 10 μm (av. 20.4 × 9.3 μm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <italic>S. viticola</italic></p></list-item></list><p><bold><italic>Spencermartinsia citricola</italic></bold> A.J.L. Phillips & Abdollahz., <italic>sp. nov.</italic> — MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB803992&link_type=mb">MB803992</ext-link>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Fig. 7</xref></p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>. Named for the host it was first isolated from, namely <italic>Citrus</italic>.</p><p><italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, produced on poplar twigs on WA within 1–2 wk, solitary or aggregated, individual conidiomata globose, up to 460 μm diam, superficial or semi-immersed, covered with hyphal hairs, uniloculate, thick-walled, non-papillate with a central ostiole. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> cylindrical to lageniform, discrete or integrated, holoblastic, indeterminate, proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, (7.6–)9–11(–12) × 2–4 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> oblong to subcylindrical, brown, 1-septate, occasionally slightly constricted at septum, moderately thick-walled, externally smooth, internally finely verruculose, ends truncate, (23.7–)24–27(–28) × (9.5–)10–12(–14.1) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 25.5–26 × 11.9–12.5 μm (av. ± S.D. = 25.8 ± 1.1 × 12.2 ± 1.3 μm, l/w ratio = 2.1 ± 0.2).</p><p>Culture characteristics — Colonies cottony with dense aerial mycelium and crenate margins, aerial mycelium becoming smoke-grey to olivaceous-black at the surface and greenish olivaceous to dull green at the reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 15–20 mm on MEA after 4 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min. ≤ 5 °C, max. ≥ 35 °C, opt. 25 °C.</p><p>Substrate — Twigs of <italic>Citrus sinensis</italic>.</p><p>Distribution — New Zealand.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>. N<sc>EW</sc> Z<sc>EALAND</sc>, Northland, Kerikeri, Collins Orchard, Inlet Road, on twigs of <italic>C. sinensis</italic>, Sept. 2006, <italic>S.R. Pennycook</italic>, <italic>P.R. Johnston</italic> and <italic>B.C. Paulus</italic>, holotype PDD92023, culture ex-type ICMP16828 = CBS124729. Additional isolates are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>.</p><p>Notes — Phylogenetically, <italic>S. citricola</italic> is closely related to <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> and <italic>S. plurivora</italic>, but morphologically can be distinguished an account of conidial dimensions (25.8 ± 1.1 × 12.2 ± 1.3 μm), shape (truncated at either end) and slower growth rate on MEA in the dark at 25 °C. This species differed in nucleotide sequences from <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> (six substitutions and 2 insertions/deletions in EF1-α) and <italic>S. plurivora</italic> (two substitutions in ITS, six substitutions and three insertions/deletions in EF1-α).</p><p><bold><italic>Spencermartinsia mangiferae</italic></bold> Abdollahz., Javadi & A.J.L. Phillips, <italic>sp. nov.</italic> — MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB803993&link_type=mb">MB803993</ext-link>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Fig. 8</xref></p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>. Named for the host it was first isolated from, namely <italic>Mangifera</italic>.</p><p><italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, produced on poplar twigs on WA within 1–2 wk, solitary or aggregated, individual conidiomata globose, up to 400 μm diam, superficial or semi-immersed, covered with hyphal hairs, uniloculate, thick-walled, non-papillate with a central ostiole. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> cylindrical to lageniform, discrete or integrated, holoblastic, indeterminate, proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, (5.2–)6–9(–11.8) × 3–5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> subcylindrical to ellipsoid or ovoid, brown, 1-septate, occasionally slightly constricted at septum, moderately thick-walled, externally smooth, internally finely verruculose, ends rounded, often with a truncate base, (14.4–)17–22(–22.5) × (6.3–)8–10(–11) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 18.8–19.2 × 8.9–9.1 μm (av. ± S.D. = 19 ± 1.6 × 9 ± 0.9 μm, l/w ratio = 2.1 ± 0.2).</p><p>Culture characteristics — Colonies cottony with dense aerial mycelium, aerial mycelium becoming smoke-grey to olivaceous-grey at the surface and grey-olivaceous to olivaceous-black at the reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 50–85 mm on MEA after 4 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min. ≤ 5 °C, max. ≥ 35 °C, opt. 25 °C.</p><p>Substrate — Twigs of <italic>Mangifera indica</italic>.</p><p>Distribution — Southern Iran.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>. I<sc>RAN</sc>, Hormozgan Province, Bandar Abbas (Hajiabad-Siaho), on twigs of <italic>M. indica</italic>, Mar. 2007, <italic>J. Abdollahzadeh</italic> and <italic>A. Javadi</italic>, holotype IRAN 14266F, culture ex-type IRAN 1584C = CBS 124727.</p><p>Notes — Phylogenetically, <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> is closely related to <italic>S. citricola</italic> and <italic>S. plurivora</italic>, but in terms of morphology it is differed from all other species by having small conidia (19 ± 1.6 × 9 ± 0.9 μm). This species also differed in nucleotide sequences from <italic>S. citricola</italic> (six substitutions and two insertions/deletions in EF1-α) and <italic>S. plurivora</italic> (two substitutions in ITS, six substitutions and one insertion/deletion in EF1-α).</p><p><bold><italic>Spencermartinsia plurivora</italic></bold> Abdollahz., Javadi & A.J.L. Phillips, <italic>sp. nov.</italic> — MycoBank <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.studiesinmycology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=MB803994&link_type=mb">MB803994</ext-link>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">Fig. 9</xref></p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>. Named for its broad host range.</p><p><italic>Conidiomata</italic> pycnidial, produced on poplar twigs on WA within 1–2 wk, solitary or aggregated, individual conidiomata globose, up to 420 μm diam, superficial or semi-immersed, covered with hyphal hairs, uniloculate, thick-walled, non-papillate with a central ostiole. <italic>Conidiophores</italic> absent. <italic>Conidiogenous cells</italic> cylindrical to lageniform, discrete or integrated, holoblastic, indeterminate, proliferating at the same level giving rise to periclinal thickenings, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, (5.1–)7–10(–11.9) × 3–5 μm. <italic>Conidia</italic> subcylindrical to ellipsoid or ovoid, brown, 1-septate, occasionally slightly constricted at septum, moderately thick-walled, externally smooth, internally finely verruculose, ends rounded, often with a truncate base, (18–)20–25(–27) × (8.9–)10–13(–14.4) μm, 95 % confidence limits = 22.3–22.7 × 10.8–11.2 μm (av. ± S.D. = 22.5 ± 1.7 × 11 ± 1.1 μm, l/w ratio = 2.1 ± 0.2).</p><p>Culture characteristics — Colonies cottony with dense aerial mycelium, aerial mycelium becoming smoke-grey to olivaceous-grey at the surface and grey-olivaceous to olivaceous-black at the reverse after 2 wk in the dark at 25 °C. Colonies reaching 62–84 mm on MEA after 4 d in the dark at 25 °C. Cardinal temperatures for growth: min. ≤ 5 °C, max. ≥ 35 °C, opt. 25 °C.</p><p>Substrate — Twigs of <italic>Casuarina</italic> sp., <italic>Citrus</italic> sp., <italic>Cupressus sempervirens</italic>, <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp., <italic>Juglans regia</italic>, <italic>Malus domestica</italic>, <italic>Prunus armeniaca</italic> and <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic>.</p><p>Distribution — Southern Iran, Spain.</p><p><italic>Specimens examined</italic>. I<sc>RAN</sc>, Khuzestan Province, Dezful (Safiabad Citrus Research Centre), on twigs of <italic>Citrus</italic> sp<italic>.</italic>, Nov. 2006, <italic>J. Abdollahzadeh</italic> and <italic>A. Javadi</italic>, holotype IRAN 14267F, culture ex-type IRAN 1557C = CBS 124724.</p><p>Notes — Phylogenetically, <italic>S. plurivora</italic> is closely related to <italic>S. citricola</italic> and <italic>S. mangiferae</italic>, but morphologically it resembles <italic>S. viticola</italic>. This species can be distinguished from other species on account of its conidial dimensions (22.5 ± 1.7 × 11 ± 1.1 μm) and colony growth rate on MEA at 25 °C. Moreover, this species differed in nucleotide sequences from <italic>S. citricola</italic> (two substitutions in ITS, six substitutions and three insertions/deletions in EF1-α) and <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> (two substitutions in ITS, six substitutions and one insertion/deletion in EF1-α).</p></sec></sec><sec id="s4"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>In this study the phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and EF1-α sequences revealed two major clades corresponding to <italic>Dothiorella</italic> and <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic>. Within <italic>Dothiorella</italic> 18 subclades were resolved. Species names are available for 11 of these subclades, and five new species are introduced here from isolates collected from different woody hosts in Iran, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain. We refrain from giving species names to the subclade bearing <italic>Diplodia juglandis</italic>, <italic>Diplodia coryli</italic> and the two isolates IRAN 1570C and IRAN 1573C, since this will be dealt with in a separate paper currently being prepared on the species of <italic>Dothiorella</italic> on <italic>Corylus</italic>. The subclade bearing two isolates CMW 25404 and CMW 25405 was recognised by <xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">Jami et al. (2012)</xref> as <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> sp., but they have not described it thus far. Four subclades were resolved in <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> representing four species; <italic>S. viticola</italic> and three species which are newly described in this paper.</p><p><italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> was introduced by <xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">Phillips et al. (2008)</xref> on account of its phylogenetic distinction from <italic>Dothiorella</italic>. The presence of apiculi on the ascospores of <italic>Spencermartinsia viticola</italic> was the only morphological character that separates it from <italic>Dothiorella</italic>, the ascospores of which do not have apiculi. However, a sexual state is known only for <italic>S. viticola</italic>, and there are no distinctive asexual characters that differentiate these two genera.</p><p>All <italic>Dothiorella</italic> species can be distinguished based on ITS and EF1-α sequence data supported with conidial dimensions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>). In this survey, we also considered growth rate, a physiological character, on MEA in the dark at 25 °C to differentiate some closely related species, and apparently this is a useful character in some cases. <italic>Dothiorella striata</italic> was isolated from twigs of <italic>Citrus</italic> in New Zealand. In a phylogenetic study based on SSU, LSU, ITS, β-tubulin and EF1-α sequences the two isolates representing <italic>D</italic>. <italic>striata</italic> formed a distinct clade as a sister group to <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> with quite low support in MP analysis (<xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">Phillips et al. 2008</xref>). The presence of striate conidia as a strong and unique morphological character led <xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">Phillips et al. (2008)</xref> to suspect that this clade could represent a separate genus. However, they declined to introduce a new genus and did not describe this species because the isolates failed to sporulate. In the present study isolates of <italic>D</italic>. <italic>striata</italic> clearly lie within the <italic>Dothiorella</italic> clade and cultures sporulating on poplar twigs confirmed the presence of conidial striation in this species. Therefore, conidial striation is interpreted as a distinctive morphological character at the species level in the <italic>Dothiorella</italic> clade.</p><p>Thus far, 18 species of <italic>Dothiorella</italic>, including those identified in this study, have been characterised from different hosts based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data (<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">Luque et al. 2005</xref>, <xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">Phillips et al. 2005</xref>, <xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">Pavlic et al. 2008</xref>, <xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr">Taylor et al. 2009</xref>, <xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">de Wet et al. 2009</xref>, <xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">Urbez-Torres et al. 2011</xref>, <xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">Jami et al. 2012</xref>). Of these, <italic>D. sarmentorum</italic> is cosmopolitan and has been isolated from 34 different host species across six continents, and <italic>D. iberica</italic> has been found on seven different tree species in Algeria, Italy, Spain and USA (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases">http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases</ext-link>). However, other species have a very narrow host range and limited geographic distribution. To obtain a more realistic conclusion on host ranges, we require more sampling from various hosts in relatively unexplored regions.</p><p><italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> was introduced as a monotypic genus typified with <italic>S. viticola</italic>, a species reported from four different woody hosts (mainly <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic>) in China, South Africa, Spain, USA and Uruguay (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases">http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases</ext-link>). Based on an ITS and EF1-α phylogeny, <xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">Phillips et al. (2013)</xref> transferred the two recently described species, <italic>S. uruguayensis</italic> and <italic>S. pretoriensis</italic> to <italic>Dothiorella</italic>, and introduced two new combinations: <italic>D. uruguayensis</italic> and <italic>D. pretoriensis</italic>. In the present phylogenetic study we introduce a further three species. Therefore, only four species remain in <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic>. These species can be differentiated based on conidial dimensions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>) and shape. As discussed in the case of <italic>Dothiorella</italic>, growth rate on MEA in the dark at 25 °C is obviously a helpful character to separate some closely related species in <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic>, as <italic>S. citricola</italic> is distinct from two closely related species, <italic>S. plurivora</italic> and <italic>S. mangiferae</italic>, with a much slower growth rate. According to <xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">Phillips et al. (2008)</xref> the isolate (CBS 117006) collected from <italic>V. vinifera</italic> in Spain was phylogenetically separate from <italic>S. viticola</italic> and produced a red-brown pigment. In the present study this isolate grouped with Iranian isolates from different woody hosts in a distinct clade corresponding to a new species we have named <italic>S. plurivora</italic>. However, in this study none of the Iranian isolates produced any pigment, which is consistent with the observations of <xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">Abdollahzadeh et al. (2010</xref>, <xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">2013)</xref> about the limited taxonomic value of cultural characteristics in differentiation of <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> species. Furthermore, <italic>S. plurivora</italic>, the most common species, was characterised on eight different woody hosts in Iran (14 isolates) and Spain (1 isolate), while <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> was found on mango in Iran and <italic>S. citricola</italic> on citrus in New Zealand.</p><p>Although pathogenicity of the species described in this study has not been determined, according to pathogenicity tests previously conducted by different researchers (<xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">van Niekerk et al. 2004</xref>, <xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">Luque et al. 2005</xref>, <xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">Damm et al. 2007</xref>, <xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr">Taylor et al. 2009</xref>, <xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">Inderbetzin et al. 2010</xref>, <xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">Urbez-Torres et al. 2012</xref>), the species of <italic>Dothiorella</italic> and <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> appear to be minor pathogens or can be considered as saprophytic or endophytic fungi in association with different woody plants. Pathogenicity, host specificity and geographic distribution of the characterised species remain unknown issues that should be considered in future studies.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>Part of this work was financed by the European Regional Development Fund and Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) Portugal under project PPCDT/AGR/56140/2004, and through grant PEst-OE/BIA/UI0457/2011. A.J.L. Phillips was supported by grant number SFRH/BCC/15810/2005 from FCT, and J. Abdollahzadeh received a grant from Studienstiftung Mykologie, Köln, Germany and Kurdistan provincial office. Shaun Pennycook and Peter Johnston, Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand provided isolates, type specimens and culture collection numbers for <italic>D. striata</italic> and <italic>S. citricola</italic>. 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<fpage>516</fpage>–<lpage>527</lpage></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back><floats-group><table-wrap id="T1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Isolates considered in this study.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Culture no.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1"><sup>1</sup></xref></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Host</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Location</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Collector</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">GenBank numbers<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2"><sup>2,</sup></xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3"><sup>3</sup></xref><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ITS</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EF1-α</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella iranica</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>IRAN1587C</bold>/CBS124722</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Olea europaea</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Golestan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A. Javadi</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898231</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898214</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. parva</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>IRAN1579C</bold>/CBS124720</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Corylus avellana</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Ardabil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J. Abdollahzadeh/A. Javadi</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898234</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898217</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN1585C/CBS124721</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. avellana</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Ardabil</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J. Abdollahzadeh/A. Javadi</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898235</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898218</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. pretoriensis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>CMW36480</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acacia karroo</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F. Jami/M. Gryzenhout</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239405</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239392</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMW36481</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. karroo</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F. Jami/M. Gryzenhout</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239406</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">JQ239393</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. prunicola</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CBS124723/<bold>IRAN1541</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus dulcis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Portugal, Algarve</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">E. Diogo</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673313</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673280</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. sempervirentis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN1581C/CBS124719</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cupressus sempervirens</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Golestan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M.A. Aghajani</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898237</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898220</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>IRAN1583C</bold>/CBS124718</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. sempervirens</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Golestan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M.A. Aghajani</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898236</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898219</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN1580C</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. sempervirens</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Golestan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M.A. Aghajani</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.s.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.s.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN1582C</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. sempervirens</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Golestan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M.A. Aghajani</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.s.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.s.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN1586C</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. sempervirens</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Golestan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M.A. Aghajani</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.s.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.s.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. striata</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP16819/CBS124730/IRAN1503C</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sinensis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S.R. Pennycook/P.R. Johnston</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673320</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673287</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>ICMP16824</bold>/CBS124731/IRAN1572C</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. sinensis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S.R. Pennycook/P.R. Johnston</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673321</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673288</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. uruguayensis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>UY672/</bold>CBS124908</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hexalamis edulis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uruguay</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">C. Perez</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU080923</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU863180</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella</italic> sp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN1570C/CBS124717</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Juglans regia</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Kermanshah</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J. Abdollahzadeh/A. Javadi</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898233</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898216</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN1573C/CBS124716</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>J. regia</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Jolfa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J. Abdollahzadeh/A. Javadi</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898232</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898215</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN1576C</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>J. regia</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Kermanshah</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J. Abdollahzadeh/A. Javadi</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.s.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.s.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN1577C</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>J. regia</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Kermanshah</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J. Abdollahzadeh/A. Javadi</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.s.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n.s.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spencermartinsia citricola</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ICMP16827/CBS124728/IRAN1504C</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. sinensis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S.R. Pennycook/P.R. Johnston</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673322</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673289</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>ICMP16828</bold>/CBS124729/IRAN1505C</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. sinensis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Zealand</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S.R. Pennycook/P.R. Johnston</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673323</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU673290</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. mangiferae</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN1545C</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mangifera indica</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Hormozgan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J. Abdollahzadeh/A. Javadi</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898223</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898206</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN1546C/CBS124726</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. indica</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Hormozgan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J. Abdollahzadeh/A. Javadi</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898222</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898205</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>IRAN1584C</bold>/CBS124727</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M. indica</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Hormozgan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J. Abdollahzadeh/A. Javadi</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898221</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898204</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. plurivora</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN1537C</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus</italic> sp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Hormozgan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J. Abdollahzadeh/A. Javadi</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898226</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898209</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN1538C</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. sempervirens</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Hormozgan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J. Abdollahzadeh/A. Javadi</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898229</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898212</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN1552C</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Casuarina equisetifolia</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Hormozgan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J. Abdollahzadeh/A. Javadi</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898228</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898211</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN1553C</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Malus domestica</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Hormozgan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J. Abdollahzadeh/A. Javadi</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898227</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898210</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IRAN1556C/CBS124725</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus armeniaca</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Hormozgan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J. Abdollahzadeh/A. Javadi</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898230</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898213</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>IRAN1557C</bold>/CBS124724</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus</italic> sp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Hormozgan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J. Abdollahzadeh/A. Javadi</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898225</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898208</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CJA257</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eucalyptus</italic> sp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iran, Hormozgan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">J. Abdollahzadeh/A. Javadi</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898224</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>KC898207</italic></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1"><p><sup>1</sup> Ex-type cultures are in <bold>bold</bold> face.</p></fn><fn id="tfn2"><p><sup>2</sup> Sequence numbers in italics were obtained in the present study. All others were retrieved from GenBank.</p></fn><fn id="tfn3"><p><sup>3</sup> n.s.: Not sequenced.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Conidial dimensions of <italic>Dothiorella</italic> and <italic>Spencermartinsia</italic> species investigated in this study and previous studies.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conidial dimensions (μm)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average (μm)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">L/W ratio</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. americana</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.2–15.8 × 5.7–6.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 × 6.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Urbez Torres et al. 2012</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. brevicollis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.5–26 × 9–12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">Jami et al. 2012</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. casuarini</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23–31 × 9–12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.1 × 10.8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">de Wet et al. 2009</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. dulcispinae</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16–22 × 7–10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">Jami et al. 2012</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. iberica</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23–23.4 × 10.8–11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.2 × 10.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">Phillips et al. 2005</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. iranica</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23–26 × 9–11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.3 × 10.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. longicollis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19–22 × 8–9.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.4 × 8.7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">Pavlic et al. 2008</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. moneti</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17–22 × 7–10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.8 × 8.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr">Taylor et al. 2009</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. parva</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–21 × 10–13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.6 × 11.7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. pretoriensis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20–28 × 7–14</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">Jami et al. 2012</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. prunicola</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22–27 × 11–14</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.5 × 12.8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. santali</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16–20 × 7–11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.2 × 9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr">Taylor et al. 2009</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. sarmentorum</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.4–21.9 × 9.7–9.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.6 × 9.8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">Phillips et al. 2005</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. sempervirentis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–20 × 9–11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.1 × 10.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. striata</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23–26 × 9–12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.1 × 10.7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>D. uruguayensis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22–22.5 × 9–9.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">Pérez et al. 2010</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dothiorella</italic> sp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21–27 × 8–10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 × 9.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. citricola</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24–27 × 10–12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.8 × 12.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. mangiferae</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17–22 × 8–10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 × 9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. plurivora</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20–25 × 10–13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.5 × 11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This study</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. viticola</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.2–20.6 × 9.2–9.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.4 × 9.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">Luque et al. 2005</xref></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Distance tree obtained using the K2P substitution model on the combined ITS and EF1-α sequence data. BI/MP/NJ posterior probabilities and bootstrap support values are given at the nodes. The tree is rooted to <italic>Neofusicoccum luteum</italic> (CBS 110299, CBS 110497). New species and ex-type strains are in <bold>bold</bold> face.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="per-32-1-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p><italic>Dothiorella iranica</italic> holotype. a. Conidiomata on poplar twigs in culture; b, c. hyaline immature conidia developing on conidiogenous cells; d, e. brown aseptate conidia on conidiogenous cells; f. brown 1-septate conidia attached to the conidiogenous cells; g. mature conidia; h. mature conidia in two different focal planes. — Scale bars: a = 250 μm; b, d–g = 10 μm; c, h = 5 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="per-32-1-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 3</label><caption><p><italic>Dothiorella parva</italic> holotype. a. Conidiomata on poplar twigs in culture; b, c. hyaline immature conidia developing on conidiogenous cells; d. brown aseptate and 1-septate conidia attached to the conidiogenous cells; e. mature conidia; f. microconidiogenous cells; g. microconidia. — Scale bars: a = 1 000 μm; b, c, f, g = 5 μm; d, e = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="per-32-1-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 4</label><caption><p><italic>Dothiorella prunicola</italic> holotype. a. Conidiomata on poplar twigs in culture; b, c. hyaline immature conidia developing on conidiogenous cells; d. brown 1-septate conidia attached to the conidiogenous cells; e. mature conidia; f. microconidiogenous cells; g. microconidia. — Scale bars: a = 250 μm; b, c, f, g = 5 μm; d, e = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="per-32-1-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="F5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 5</label><caption><p><italic>Dothiorella sempervirentis</italic> holotype. a. Conidiomata on poplar twigs in culture; b–d. hyaline immature conidia developing on conidiogenous cells; e, f. brown aseptate and 1-septate conidia attached to the conidiogenous cells; g. mature conidia. — Scale bars: a = 1 000 μm; b, e–g = 10 μm; c, d = 5 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="per-32-1-g005"></graphic></fig><fig id="F6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 6</label><caption><p><italic>Dothiorella striata</italic> holotype. a. Conidiomata on poplar twigs in culture; b, c. hyaline immature conidia developing on conidiogenous cells; d. brown aseptate and 1-septate conidia attached to the conidiogenous cells; e. hyaline and brown striate conidia attached to the conidiogenous cells; f. mature conidia; g. mature conidia with striation. — Scale bars: a = 1 000 μm; b, d, e = 5 μm; c, f, g = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="per-32-1-g006"></graphic></fig><fig id="F7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 7</label><caption><p><italic>Spencermartinsia citricola</italic> holotype. a. Conidiomata on poplar twigs in culture; b, c. hyaline immature conidia developing on conidiogenous cells; d, e. brown aseptate and 1-septate conidia attached to the conidiogenous cells; f. mature conidia. — Scale bars: a = 1 000 μm; b–e = 5 μm; f = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="per-32-1-g007"></graphic></fig><fig id="F8" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 8</label><caption><p><italic>Spencermartinsia mangiferae</italic> holotype. a. Conidiomata on poplar twigs in culture; b, c. hyaline immature conidia developing on conidiogenous cells; d. brown aseptate conidia on conidiogenous cells; e, f. mature conidia in two different focal planes. — Scale bars: a = 1 000 μm; b, d, e = 10 μm; c, f = 5 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="per-32-1-g008"></graphic></fig><fig id="F9" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 9</label><caption><p><italic>Spencermartinsia plurivora</italic> holotype. a. Conidiomata on poplar twigs in culture; b, c. hyaline and immature conidia developing on conidiogenous cells; d, e. brown aseptate and 1-septate conidia attached to the conidiogenous cells; f. mature conidia. — Scale bars: a = 1 000 μm; b, c = 5 μm; d–f = 10 μm.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="per-32-1-g009"></graphic></fig></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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