Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Molecular and phenotypic characterization of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species associated with anthracnose disease in peppers from Sichuan Province, China</title><author><name sortKey="Liu, Fangling" sort="Liu, Fangling" uniqKey="Liu F" first="Fangling" last="Liu">Fangling Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Guiting" sort="Tang, Guiting" uniqKey="Tang G" first="Guiting" last="Tang">Guiting Tang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Xiaojuan" sort="Zheng, Xiaojuan" uniqKey="Zheng X" first="Xiaojuan" last="Zheng">Xiaojuan Zheng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Ying" sort="Li, Ying" uniqKey="Li Y" first="Ying" last="Li">Ying Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, Xiaofang" sort="Sun, Xiaofang" uniqKey="Sun X" first="Xiaofang" last="Sun">Xiaofang Sun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qi, Xiaobo" sort="Qi, Xiaobo" uniqKey="Qi X" first="Xiaobo" last="Qi">Xiaobo Qi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, You" sort="Zhou, You" uniqKey="Zhou Y" first="You" last="Zhou">You Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Jing" sort="Xu, Jing" uniqKey="Xu J" first="Jing" last="Xu">Jing Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Huabao" sort="Chen, Huabao" uniqKey="Chen H" first="Huabao" last="Chen">Huabao Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, Xiaoli" sort="Chang, Xiaoli" uniqKey="Chang X" first="Xiaoli" last="Chang">Xiaoli Chang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Sirong" sort="Zhang, Sirong" uniqKey="Zhang S" first="Sirong" last="Zhang">Sirong Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gong, Guoshu" sort="Gong, Guoshu" uniqKey="Gong G" first="Guoshu" last="Gong">Guoshu Gong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27609555</idno><idno type="pmc">5016793</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5016793</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5016793</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/srep32761</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000478</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Molecular and phenotypic characterization of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species associated with anthracnose disease in peppers from Sichuan Province, China</title><author><name sortKey="Liu, Fangling" sort="Liu, Fangling" uniqKey="Liu F" first="Fangling" last="Liu">Fangling Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Guiting" sort="Tang, Guiting" uniqKey="Tang G" first="Guiting" last="Tang">Guiting Tang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Xiaojuan" sort="Zheng, Xiaojuan" uniqKey="Zheng X" first="Xiaojuan" last="Zheng">Xiaojuan Zheng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Ying" sort="Li, Ying" uniqKey="Li Y" first="Ying" last="Li">Ying Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, Xiaofang" sort="Sun, Xiaofang" uniqKey="Sun X" first="Xiaofang" last="Sun">Xiaofang Sun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qi, Xiaobo" sort="Qi, Xiaobo" uniqKey="Qi X" first="Xiaobo" last="Qi">Xiaobo Qi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, You" sort="Zhou, You" uniqKey="Zhou Y" first="You" last="Zhou">You Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Jing" sort="Xu, Jing" uniqKey="Xu J" first="Jing" last="Xu">Jing Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Huabao" sort="Chen, Huabao" uniqKey="Chen H" first="Huabao" last="Chen">Huabao Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, Xiaoli" sort="Chang, Xiaoli" uniqKey="Chang X" first="Xiaoli" last="Chang">Xiaoli Chang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Sirong" sort="Zhang, Sirong" uniqKey="Zhang S" first="Sirong" last="Zhang">Sirong Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gong, Guoshu" sort="Gong, Guoshu" uniqKey="Gong G" first="Guoshu" last="Gong">Guoshu Gong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The anthracnose caused by <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species is an important disease that primarily causes fruit rot in pepper. Eighty-eight strains representing seven species of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> were obtained from rotten pepper fruits in Sichuan Province, China, and characterized according to morphology and the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) sequence. Fifty-two strains were chosen for identification by phylogenetic analyses of multi-locus sequences, including the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the β-tubulin (TUB2), actin (ACT), calmodulin (CAL) and GAPDH genes. Based on the combined datasets, the 88 strains were identified as <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic>, <italic>C. siamense</italic>, <italic>C. fructicola</italic>, <italic>C. truncatum</italic>, <italic>C. scovillei</italic>, and <italic>C. brevisporum</italic>, and one new species was detected, described as <italic>Colletotrichum sichuanensis</italic>. Notably, <italic>C. siamense</italic> and <italic>C. scovillei</italic> were recorded for the first time as the causes of anthracnose in peppers in China. In addition, with the exception of <italic>C. truncatum</italic>, this is the first report of all of the other <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species studied in pepper from Sichuan. The fungal species were all non-host-specific, as the isolates were able to infect not only <italic>Capsicum</italic> spp. but also <italic>Pyrus pyrifolia</italic> in pathogenicity tests. These findings suggest that the fungal species associated with anthracnose in pepper may inoculate other hosts as initial inoculum.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hyde, K D" uniqKey="Hyde K">K. D. Hyde</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Than, P P" uniqKey="Than P">P. P. Than</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Damm, U" uniqKey="Damm U">U. Damm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Woudenberg, J H C" uniqKey="Woudenberg J">J. H. C. Woudenberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cannon, P F" uniqKey="Cannon P">P. F. Cannon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crous, P W" uniqKey="Crous P">P. W. Crous</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Montri, P" uniqKey="Montri P">P. Montri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, P W J" uniqKey="Taylor P">P. W. J. Taylor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mongkolporn, O" uniqKey="Mongkolporn O">O. Mongkolporn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, N" uniqKey="Li N">N. Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tang, J M" uniqKey="Tang J">J. M. Tang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yang, Y L" uniqKey="Yang Y">Y. L. Yang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anderson, J M" uniqKey="Anderson J">J. M. Anderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aitken, E A B" uniqKey="Aitken E">E. A. B. Aitken</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dann, E K" uniqKey="Dann E">E. K. Dann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coates, L M" uniqKey="Coates L">L. M. Coates</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ramdial, H" uniqKey="Ramdial H">H. Ramdial</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rampersad, S N" uniqKey="Rampersad S">S. N. Rampersad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Xia, H" uniqKey="Xia H">H. Xia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, X L" uniqKey="Wang X">X. L. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, H J" uniqKey="Zhu H">H. J. Zhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gao, B D" uniqKey="Gao B">B. D. Gao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Harp, T" uniqKey="Harp T">T. Harp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuhn, P" uniqKey="Kuhn P">P. Kuhn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, P D" uniqKey="Roberts P">P. D. Roberts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pernezny, K L" uniqKey="Pernezny K">K. L. Pernezny</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shin, H J" uniqKey="Shin H">H. J. Shin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, T" uniqKey="Xu T">T. Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, C L" uniqKey="Zhang C">C. L. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Z J" uniqKey="Cheng Z">Z. J. Cheng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Harp, T L" uniqKey="Harp T">T. L. Harp</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Than, P P" uniqKey="Than P">P. P. Than</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sharma, P N" uniqKey="Sharma P">P. N. Sharma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Phoulivong, S" uniqKey="Phoulivong S">S. Phoulivong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sharma, G" uniqKey="Sharma G">G. Sharma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shenoy, B D" uniqKey="Shenoy B">B. D. Shenoy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weir, B S" uniqKey="Weir B">B. S. Weir</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnston, P R" uniqKey="Johnston P">P. R. Johnston</name></author><author><name sortKey="Damm, U" uniqKey="Damm U">U. Damm</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Diao, Y Z" uniqKey="Diao Y">Y. Z. Diao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fan, J R" uniqKey="Fan J">J. R. Fan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Z W" uniqKey="Wang Z">Z. W. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, X L" uniqKey="Liu X">X. L. Liu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tozze, H J" uniqKey="Tozze H">H. J. Tozze</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kanto, T" uniqKey="Kanto T">T. Kanto</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, G Z" uniqKey="Zhang G">G. Z. Zhang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lima, N B" uniqKey="Lima N">N. B. Lima</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tao, G" uniqKey="Tao G">G. Tao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cai, L" uniqKey="Cai L">L. Cai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Prihastuti, H" uniqKey="Prihastuti H">H. Prihastuti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yang, Y L" uniqKey="Yang Y">Y. L. Yang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Niu, X" uniqKey="Niu X">X. Niu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Manamgoda, D S" uniqKey="Manamgoda D">D. S. Manamgoda</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Simmonds, J H" uniqKey="Simmonds J">J. H. Simmonds</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Denoyes, B" uniqKey="Denoyes B">B. Denoyes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baudry, A" uniqKey="Baudry A">A. Baudry</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crouch, J A" uniqKey="Crouch J">J. A. Crouch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clarke, B B" uniqKey="Clarke B">B. B. Clarke</name></author><author><name sortKey="White, J F" uniqKey="White J">J. F. White</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hillman, B I" uniqKey="Hillman B">B. I. Hillman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Du, M" uniqKey="Du M">M. Du</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schardl, C L" uniqKey="Schardl C">C. L. Schardl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nuckles, E M" uniqKey="Nuckles E">E. M. Nuckles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vaillancourt, L J" uniqKey="Vaillancourt L">L. J. Vaillancourt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sawant, I S" uniqKey="Sawant I">I. S. Sawant</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Noireung, P" uniqKey="Noireung P">P. Noireung</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, F" uniqKey="Huang F">F. Huang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, F" uniqKey="Liu F">F. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Damm, U" uniqKey="Damm U">U. Damm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cai, L" uniqKey="Cai L">L. Cai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crous, P W" uniqKey="Crous P">P. W. Crous</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Udayanga, D" uniqKey="Udayanga D">D. Udayanga</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vieira, W A S" uniqKey="Vieira W">W. A. S. Vieira</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Penzig, D O" uniqKey="Penzig D">D. O. Penzig</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rueda Hernandez, K R" uniqKey="Rueda Hernandez K">K. R. Rueda-Hernández</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shenoy, B D" uniqKey="Shenoy B">B. D. Shenoy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jeewon, R" uniqKey="Jeewon R">R. Jeewon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lam, W H" uniqKey="Lam W">W. H. Lam</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pring, R J" uniqKey="Pring R">R. J. Pring</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nash, C" uniqKey="Nash C">C. Nash</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zakaria, M" uniqKey="Zakaria M">M. Zakaria</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bailey, J A" uniqKey="Bailey J">J. A. Bailey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chai, A" uniqKey="Chai A">A. Chai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vichova, J" uniqKey="Vichova J">J. Víchová</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stankova, B" uniqKey="Stankova B">B. Stanková</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pokorn, R" uniqKey="Pokorn R">R. Pokorný</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Samuelian, S K" uniqKey="Samuelian S">S. K. Samuelian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Greer, L A" uniqKey="Greer L">L. A. Greer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Savocchia, S" uniqKey="Savocchia S">S. Savocchia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steel, C C" uniqKey="Steel C">C. C. Steel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Damm, U" uniqKey="Damm U">U. Damm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cannon, P F" uniqKey="Cannon P">P. F. Cannon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Woudenberg, J H" uniqKey="Woudenberg J">J. H. Woudenberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crous, P W" uniqKey="Crous P">P. W. Crous</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nirenberg, H I" uniqKey="Nirenberg H">H. I. Nirenberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feiler, U" uniqKey="Feiler U">U. Feiler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hagedorn, G" uniqKey="Hagedorn G">G. Hagedorn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vieira, W A S" uniqKey="Vieira W">W. A. S. Vieira</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gong, G S" uniqKey="Gong G">G. S. Gong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sutton, B C" uniqKey="Sutton B">B. C. Sutton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guo, L D" uniqKey="Guo L">L. D. Guo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hyde, K D" uniqKey="Hyde K">K. D. Hyde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liew, E C Y" uniqKey="Liew E">E. C. Y. Liew</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Templeton, M D" uniqKey="Templeton M">M. D. Templeton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rikkerink, E H" uniqKey="Rikkerink E">E. H. Rikkerink</name></author><author><name sortKey="Solon, S L" uniqKey="Solon S">S. L. Solon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crowhurst, R N" uniqKey="Crowhurst R">R. N. Crowhurst</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="White, T J" uniqKey="White T">T. J. White</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bruns, T" uniqKey="Bruns T">T. Bruns</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, S" uniqKey="Lee S">S. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, J" uniqKey="Taylor J">J. Taylor</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gardes, M" uniqKey="Gardes M">M. Gardes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bruns, T D" uniqKey="Bruns T">T. D. Bruns</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Glass, N L" uniqKey="Glass N">N. L. Glass</name></author><author><name sortKey="Donaldson, G C" uniqKey="Donaldson G">G. C. Donaldson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carbone, I" uniqKey="Carbone I">I. Carbone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kohn, L M" uniqKey="Kohn L">L. M. Kohn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="O Onnell, K" uniqKey="O Onnell K">K. O’Donnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nirenberg, H I" uniqKey="Nirenberg H">H. I. Nirenberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aoki, T" uniqKey="Aoki T">T. Aoki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cigelnik, E" uniqKey="Cigelnik E">E. Cigelnik</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thompson, J D" uniqKey="Thompson J">J. D. Thompson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27609555</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5016793</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep32761</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep32761</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Molecular and phenotypic characterization of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species associated with anthracnose disease in peppers from Sichuan Province, China</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Fangling</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tang</surname><given-names>Guiting</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zheng</surname><given-names>Xiaojuan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Ying</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>Xiaofang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Qi</surname><given-names>Xiaobo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>You</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Jing</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Huabao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chang</surname><given-names>Xiaoli</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Sirong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gong</surname><given-names>Guoshu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University</institution>, Chengdu, 611130,<country>P.R. China</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>guoshugong@126.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><elocation-id>32761</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>18</day><month>04</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>12</day><month>08</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Author(s)</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The anthracnose caused by <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species is an important disease that primarily causes fruit rot in pepper. Eighty-eight strains representing seven species of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> were obtained from rotten pepper fruits in Sichuan Province, China, and characterized according to morphology and the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) sequence. Fifty-two strains were chosen for identification by phylogenetic analyses of multi-locus sequences, including the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the β-tubulin (TUB2), actin (ACT), calmodulin (CAL) and GAPDH genes. Based on the combined datasets, the 88 strains were identified as <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic>, <italic>C. siamense</italic>, <italic>C. fructicola</italic>, <italic>C. truncatum</italic>, <italic>C. scovillei</italic>, and <italic>C. brevisporum</italic>, and one new species was detected, described as <italic>Colletotrichum sichuanensis</italic>. Notably, <italic>C. siamense</italic> and <italic>C. scovillei</italic> were recorded for the first time as the causes of anthracnose in peppers in China. In addition, with the exception of <italic>C. truncatum</italic>, this is the first report of all of the other <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species studied in pepper from Sichuan. The fungal species were all non-host-specific, as the isolates were able to infect not only <italic>Capsicum</italic> spp. but also <italic>Pyrus pyrifolia</italic> in pathogenicity tests. These findings suggest that the fungal species associated with anthracnose in pepper may inoculate other hosts as initial inoculum.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><body><p>Pepper (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>), an important fruit that is also used as a spice, is rich in vitamins, capsaicin and capsochrome. One of the primary pepper-growing provinces in China is Sichuan Province, where the crop is cultivated over an area of approximately 70 thousand hm<sup>2</sup>, with approximately 1,000 thousand tons of annual output.</p><p><italic>Colletotrichum</italic> is an important pathogenic genus worldwide. These fungi cause disease symptoms that are generally known as anthracnose in a wide range of vegetables, fruits and other crops<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">1</xref>. In pepper, anthracnose is a destructive disease caused by a complex of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species that causes extensive yield losses at both the pre- and post-harvest stages during warm and rainy seasons<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">2</xref>.</p><p>Anthracnose in pepper is associated with at least eleven <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species, including <italic>C. truncatum</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">3</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">4</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">5</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">6</xref>, <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">6</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">9</xref>, <italic>C. acutatum</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">6</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">10</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">11</xref>, <italic>C. coccodes</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">12</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13">13</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">14</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">15</xref>, <italic>C. fructicola</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">16</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">17</xref>, <italic>C. siamense</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">17</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">18</xref>, <italic>C. dematium</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">14</xref>, <italic>C. boninense</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">19</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20">20</xref>, <italic>C. brevisporum</italic>, <italic>C. cliviae</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref>, and <italic>C. scovillei</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">21</xref>. Eight of these species have been reported in China, whereas <italic>C. siamense</italic>, <italic>C. dematium</italic> and <italic>C. scovillei</italic> have not. To date, only three species (<italic>C. acutatum</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">22</xref>, <italic>C. truncatum</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">5</xref> and <italic>C. boninense</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">19</xref>) have been reported in Sichuan Province, although previous studies have not fully investigated the <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species associated with pepper anthracnose in this province.</p><p><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> is a species complex that was formerly regarded as a cosmopolitan species that infects various hosts, including pepper; however, it might have been misidentified as the causative agent. For example, Phoulivong <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">16</xref> failed to isolate <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> sensu stricto from tropical fruits, although <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> was previously thought to be the cause of tropical fruit rot. Similarly, Lima <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23">23</xref> found that none of the strains isolated from mango (a tropical fruit) belonged to <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> sensu stricto; instead, phylogenetic analysis revealed that most of the strains belonged to the ‘gloeosporioides’ complex. Although the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region is the most commonly used region for differentiating fungi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">24</xref>, it has also been widely acknowledged that this region cannot fully differentiate among <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">18</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25">25</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">27</xref>. Multi-locus phylogeny is broadly applied for identifying <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp. Weir <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">18</xref> have suggested that the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex consists of 23 taxa, according to multi-locus phylogeny. Several new species have also been described on the basis of multi-locus phylogeny, e.g., <italic>C. anthrisci</italic>, <italic>C. liriopes</italic>, <italic>C. rusci</italic> and <italic>C. verruculosum</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">3</xref>; <italic>C. bletillum</italic>, <italic>C. caudasporum</italic>, <italic>C. duyunensis</italic>, <italic>C. endophytum</italic>, <italic>C. excelsum-altitudum</italic>, <italic>C. guizhouensis</italic> and <italic>C. ochracea</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">24</xref>; <italic>C. asianum</italic>, <italic>C. fructicola</italic> and <italic>C. siamense</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref>; <italic>C. cliviae</italic>, <italic>C. hippeastri</italic> and <italic>C. hymenocallidis</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">27</xref>; <italic>C. corchorum-capsularis</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28">28</xref>; and <italic>C. endophytica</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29">29</xref>.</p><p>Despite several reports of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species in pepper from limited collection areas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">5</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">19</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">22</xref>, little is known about the association of these species with pepper in Sichuan Province, China. Further, it remains unclear whether all of the species isolated from pepper are equally pathogenic and host specific.</p><p>The objective of this study was to characterize the <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species associated with anthracnose in pepper from different geographic areas of Sichuan Province, China, according to morphological, multi-locus phylogenetic and pathogenic characteristics.</p><sec disp-level="1"><title>Results</title><sec disp-level="2"><title>Symptom types of pepper anthracnose caused by <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species</title><p>A total of 173 symptomatic samples were collected from primary pepper-producing regions, covering 31 districts in Sichuan Province, China. Based on the morphological characteristics coupled with the microscopic observations, the following three typical symptom types in the infected pepper fruits in the fields were noted (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>): Type I: the typical symptoms were variation in colour from dark brown to black, sunken lesions and many black acervuli on the surface, which usually produced dirty white conidial masses under humid conditions. In some cultivars with less pulp, these typical conidial masses were infrequently observed in black acervuli (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1a–c</xref>). The conidia responding for this symptom type had the typical falcate spores; Type II: the symptoms included sunken necrotic tissues, ranging in colour from brown to black, with concentric rings of acervuli (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1d–f</xref>). The main Type II symptoms were similar to the main Type I symptoms, except that the acervuli produced viscous, flesh-pink conidial masses under wet conditions and cylindrical to long cylindrical conidia; and Type III: the typical symptoms included light brown to dark brown tissues, and sunken, orange conidial masses that were powdery in a dry environment; in addition, the conidia were fusiform (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1g–i</xref>). Notably, more than one type of disease symptom was often observed in a single pepper fruit in the field.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title><italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species collection</title><p>A total of 352 single-spore cultures were isolated from 173 symptomatic samples. Eighty-eight isolates were subsequently selected for further determination on the basis of their origins, colony characteristics and conidial morphologies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Morphological and cultural characteristics</title><p>Eighty-eight isolates were classified into six morphological groups according to morphological and cultural characteristics. <bold>Group 1</bold> included 23 isolates fitting the description of the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex, and <bold>Group 2</bold> included 16 isolates fitting the description of <italic>C. fructicola</italic>. In addition, <bold>Group 3</bold> consisted of 32 isolates matching the description of <italic>C. truncatum</italic>, <bold>Group 4</bold> had seven isolates fitting the description of the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> complex, and <bold>Group 5</bold> consisted of six isolates matching the description of <italic>C. brevisporum</italic>. <bold>Group 6</bold> contained four isolates that did not fit the description of any currently known <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species. <bold>Group 3 (</bold><italic>C. truncatum</italic>) was the predominant group, accounting for 36.4% of the total isolates. A summary of the morphological data for the <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species in Groups 1–6 is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p><p>Colony characteristics (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2</xref>): Distinct morphology on potato dextrose agar (PDA) was observed in each group after 7 days. The isolates from Group 1 produced pale yellowish colonies, with sparse white aerial mycelia. The reverse side of the colonies was white, and many bright orange conidial masses were observed near the inoculum point. The colonies produced by Group 2 isolates varied from white to black-green on PDA, with dense grey aerial mycelia and a few bright orange conidial masses near the inoculum point. The colonies produced by Group 3 isolates varied from pale grey to dark grey, with dense pale grey aerial mycelia and small black granules over the entire surface. The reverse side of the colonies was dark brown, and a few pale yellow conidial masses were observed near the inoculum point. The colonies produced by Group 4 isolates varied from white to pale orange, with dense white aerial mycelia, and the reverse side of the colonies was pale orange. Isolates belonging to Group 5 produced dark grey colonies with sparse grey aerial mycelia. The reverse side of the colonies was grey, and a few bright orange conidial masses were observed near the inoculum point, as well as some spots scattered over the colony surface. Lastly, the isolates from Group 6 produced pale grey colonies, with sparse white aerial mycelia. The colonies from Group 3, 4 and 5 were stable and unique, and the colonies from Group 2 were significantly different compared with those from the other groups under stable culture conditions.</p><p>Growth rate (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>): Group 4 exhibited a significantly different growth rate compared with the other five groups (P = 0.05). The isolates from Group 6 (6.1 ± 0.4 mm/day) grew the fastest, followed by those from Group 1 (5.6 ± 1.2 mm/day), Group 2 (5.9 ± 0.4 mm/day), Group 5 (5.3 ± 0.6 mm/day), Group 3 (4.5 ± 0.5 mm/day) and Group 4 (3.8 ± 0.4 mm/day).</p><p>Conidial morphology (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2</xref>): The following four types of conidia were observed: cylindrical (observed in Groups 1, 2 and 6), falcate (Group 3), fusiform (Group 4) and long cylindrical (Group 5). The conidial widths of Group 6 were significantly different from those of Groups 1 and 2; however, all of these groups had cylindrical conidia with obtuse to slightly rounded ends. The conidia produced by the Group 3 isolates were falcate, with gradual tapering towards each end. Group 4 produced fusiform conidia, whereas Group 5 produced long and cylindrical conidia, with obtuse to slightly rounded ends. The differences in the conidial shapes of Groups 3, 4 and 5 were very significant, allowing these groups to be easily distinguished from one another. Almost all of the conidia were aseptate, but they often developed a septum after germinating and forming appressoria.</p><p>Conidial appressorium morphology (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2</xref>): There was little distinction among the groups in terms of the sizes and shapes of conidial appressoria, except for Groups 4 and 6, which exhibited significant differences compared with the other groups. The conidial appressoria of Groups 1, 2, 3 and 5 varied from ovoid to slightly irregular in shape and from brown to dark black in colour. Group 4 produced grey, globular and smaller conidial appressoria. Most of the conidial appressoria produced by Group 6 were irregular and pale brown to dark brown, with a crenate edge.</p><p>Mycelial appressorium morphology (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2</xref>): The mycelial appressoria produced by the isolates of Groups 1 and 2 varied from ovoid, clavate and slightly irregular to irregular, smooth or slightly lobed, and they were light brown to brown in colour. The appressoria of Group 3 ranged from ovate, ellipsoidal or slightly irregular to irregular in shape, and they were smooth or lobate and brown to dark brown. The appressoria produced by Group 4 were globose or ovate to slightly irregular, and they were light brown to brown and smaller in size than those of the other groups. In addition, the appressoria produced by Group 5 varied from ovoid, clavate or slightly irregular to irregular in shape. They were smooth or slightly lobed and brown to dark brown and were sometimes black in the middle. Further, the appressoria of Group 6 were ellipsoidal or irregular, smooth or slightly lobed to strongly lobed, solitary or in chains, and light brown to brown in colour.</p><p>Conidiophores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2</xref>): The conidiophores of all groups were hyaline to pale brown, simple or septate, rarely branched, and smooth walled. Four types of conidiophores were observed: (i) nearly cylindrical, but narrower towards the end (as observed in Groups 1 and 2); (ii) cylindrical, with a truncate top (Groups 3 and 5); (iii) shortly clavate, nearly hyaline, with a cylindrical base, and obviously inflated, with gradually tapering towards the top (Group 4); and (iv) frequently produced by mycelia, cylindrical, with swollen ends (oblong) and slight narrowing in some areas (Group 6).</p><p>Setae: All isolates from Groups 3 and 5 and some isolates from Group 1 produced setae; in contrast, the isolates from all the other groups rarely produced setae. The setae were commonly smooth, septate, and light brown to dark brown in colour, base cylindrical to conical, and sometimes slightly inflated, and the tips were acute to roundish. No obvious differences in setal characteristics (shape and dimensions) were found among the different groups when grown on PDA.</p><p>Sclerotia and Ascomata: Most Group 5 isolates steadily produced a large amount of black solids that appeared similar to sclerotia and were round to irregular and semi-immersed. Conidial masses and setae sometimes formed on the black solids. On PDA, Group 6 isolates always produced ascomata in clusters, which were brown and globose to near globose and possessed a neck. The isolates from the other groups rarely produced ascomata, even in host tissues.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Phylogenetic analysis</title><p>A phylogram generated based on the GAPDH gene region revealed 5 primary clades (i.e., <italic>C. truncatum, C. brevisporum</italic>, <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> sensu lato, <italic>C. acutatum</italic> sensu lato and one unknown species (<italic>Colletotrichum</italic> sp.)) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Fig. 3</xref>).</p><p>Fifty-two representative isolates were chosen from the morphological groups for molecular analysis, including 25 isolates from the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> complex, 10 <italic>C. truncatum</italic> isolates, seven <italic>C. acutatum</italic> sensu lato isolates, six <italic>C. brevisporum</italic> isolates and four <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> sp. isolates.</p><p>Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis was conducted among 87 strains, with <italic>Monilochaetes infuscans</italic> (CBS 869.96) used as an outgroup (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). The dataset for five genes (ITS, TUB2, ACT, GAPDH and CAL) contained 2,155 characters, including alignment gaps, of which 997 characters were parsimony-informative, 321 were parsimony-uninformative, and 837 were constant. This parsimony analysis resulted in the most parsimonious tree (TL = 2800, CI = 0.7257, RI = 0.9541, RC = 0.6924, and HI = 0.2743). The phylogram showed that the 52 pepper anthracnose isolates belonged to seven distinct clades. The isolates from Group 2 clustered with <italic>C. fructicola</italic>, those from Group 3 clustered with <italic>C. truncatum</italic>, those from Group 4 clustered with <italic>C. scovillei</italic>, and those from Group 5 clustered with <italic>C. brevisporum</italic>. The Group 1 isolates grouped with two clades; 4 isolates clustered with <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, and the remaining isolates clustered with <italic>C. siamense</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Fig. 4</xref>). After combining two phylograms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figs 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref>), 8 and 16 strains were found to belong to <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> sensu stricto and <italic>C. siamense</italic>, respectively. The isolates from Group 6 were from an unknown species (<italic>Colletotrichum</italic> sp.). The submission number of the sequence alignment in TreeBASE is 18832.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Taxonomy</title><p><italic>Colletotrichum sichuanensis</italic> G.S. Gong & F.L. Liu, <bold>sp. nov.</bold> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Fig. 5</xref>).</p><p>MycoBank: MB 815288.</p><p><italic>Etymology</italic>: <italic>sichuanensis</italic>, in reference to the province where the type was found.</p><p>Description: Colonies on PDA at first white, later becoming pale grey and reverse pale grey, with a maximum diameter of 68.7 mm over 5 days at 28 °C and a growth rate of 6.1–6.4 mm/day (<inline-formula id="d33e691"><inline-graphic id="d33e692" xlink:href="srep32761-m1.jpg"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> = 6.3 ± 0.1, n = 5). Aerial mycelium white and sparse, with the frequent absence of conidial masses. Ascomata nearly always present in clusters on PDA. Conidiophores generated from mycelia are nearly hyaline, branched, and cylindrical, with slightly swollen ends, simple or occasionally branched. Conidia common on mycelia, one-celled, smooth-walled, hyaline, and cylindrical, with obtuse to slightly rounded ends, 15.0–18.9 × 5.4–6.5 μm (<inline-formula id="d33e694"><inline-graphic id="d33e695" xlink:href="srep32761-m2.jpg"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> = 16.9 ± 1.0 × 6.2 ± 0.3, n = 30). Conidial appressoria light brown to dark brown, slightly irregular to irregular, crenate or lobed, 8.1–12.4 × 5.4–8.8 μm (<inline-formula id="d33e697"><inline-graphic id="d33e698" xlink:href="srep32761-m3.jpg"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> = 10.2 ± 1.0 × 6.8 ± 0.8, n = 30). Appressoria in slide culture light brown to brown, ellipsoidal or irregular, smooth or slightly lobed to strongly lobed, solitary or in chains, 6.4–20.2 × 4.8–9.8 μm (<inline-formula id="d33e700"><inline-graphic id="d33e701" xlink:href="srep32761-m4.jpg"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> = 11.5 ± 3.0 × 7.0 ± 1.1, n = 30). Setae absent.</p><p>Teleomorph: Glomerella sp.</p><p><italic>Ascomata</italic>, light brown to brown, globose to subglobose, with a neck, arranged in clusters. <italic>Peridium</italic> of <italic>textura angularis</italic>, thick-walled. <italic>Asci</italic> 30.8–61.6 × 7.4–13.8 μm (<inline-formula id="d33e718"><inline-graphic id="d33e719" xlink:href="srep32761-m5.jpg"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> = 47.5 ± 8.0 × 9.5 ± 1.5, n = 30), unitunicate, thin-walled, and clavate. <italic>Ascospores</italic> 10.2–23.3 × 3.9–6.8 μm (<inline-formula id="d33e725"><inline-graphic id="d33e726" xlink:href="srep32761-m6.jpg"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> = 17.5 ± 2.6 × 5.4 ± 0.8, n = 30), one-celled, hyaline, and slightly curved to curved, with obtuse to slightly rounded ends.</p><p><italic>Holotype</italic>: Baoxing, Yaan City, Sichuan Province, China, on fruit of <italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>, 5 <italic>September</italic> 2013, coll. G. S. Gong (holotype living culture LJTJ30). A living culture (strain LJTJ30) was deposited at the Department of Plant Pathology of Sichuan Agricultural University. Known distribution: Sichuan Province, China.</p><p>Additional examined specimens: Jiangyou, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province, China, on <italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> fruit, 26 July 2013, coll. G. S. Gong (holotype living culture LJTJ3); Yuechi, Guangan City, Sichuan Province, China, on <italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> fruit, 27 August 2013, coll. F. L. Liu (holotype living culture LJTJ16); and Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China, on <italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> fruit, 3 July 2013, coll. F. L. Liu (holotype living culture LJTJ22). A living culture (strain LJTJ3, LJTJ16 and LJTJ22) was deposited at the Department of Plant Pathology at Sichuan Agricultural University.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Pathogenicity tests</title><p>Fifty-two representative isolates selected from among the species were used for pathogenicity testing. All of these isolates were pathogenic to both pepper fruits and pears, although the pathogenicity of each species differed across experimental varieties, with different infection incidences. All species were able to infect <italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> L. var. <italic>conoides</italic> (Mill.) Irish and <italic>Pyrus pyrifolia</italic> at a high incidence. However, <italic>C. brevisporum</italic> and <italic>C. sichuanensis</italic> appeared to be only slightly virulent towards <italic>Ca. annuum</italic> var. <italic>dactylus</italic> M, with a rather low infection incidence (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Fig. 6</xref>). These results indicated that some pepper varieties might be resistant to some <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species.</p><p>Based on the description of the symptoms in pepper after inoculation, <italic>C. truncatum</italic> was determined to be the pathogen causing Type I symptom, characterized by copious black acervuli with seta and dirty white conidial masses produced on decaying tissues under humid conditions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1a–c</xref>). <italic>C. scovillei</italic> induced Type III symptoms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1g–i</xref>), and the other species caused Type II symptoms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1d–f</xref>). Our results indicate that with the exception of <italic>C. truncatum</italic> and <italic>C. scovillei</italic>, it is difficult to differentiate among <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species based solely on the symptom types in the field.</p></sec></sec><sec disp-level="1"><title>Discussion</title><p>The primary objective of this study was to identify the <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species that are currently causing anthracnose disease in pepper grown in Sichuan Province, China. Based on the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, 88 isolates were identified as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> sensu stricto (eight strains, 9.1%), <italic>C. siamense</italic> (16 strains, 18.2%), <italic>C. fructicola</italic> (15 strains, 17.0%), <italic>C. truncatum</italic> (32 strains, 36.4%), <italic>C. scovillei</italic> (seven strains, 8.0%), <italic>C. brevisporum</italic> (six strains, 6.8%) and <italic>C. sichuanensis</italic> (a new species, four strains, 4.5%). Additionally, <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> and <italic>C. siamense</italic> could only be distinguished by phylogenetic analyses and not by morphological analyses. The morphological groupings based on colony characteristics, growth rate, conidial morphology, conidial appressorium morphology and mycelial appressorium morphology were almost completely consistent with the results of phylogenetic analysis derived from the molecular data.</p><p><italic>In vitro</italic> culture-related characteristics were important for differentiating among <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref>. <italic>C. truncatum</italic>, <italic>C. scovillei</italic>, <italic>C. brevisporum</italic>, <italic>C. sichuanensis</italic> isolates and some <italic>C. fructicola</italic> isolates with unique and relatively stable colonies could be easily distinguished. However, the colonies of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, <italic>C. siamense</italic> and some <italic>C. fructicola</italic> isolates overlapped in terms of their morphological characteristics, and phenotypic variations were identified among the species under different environmental conditions. The colony growth rate of <italic>C. scovillei</italic> was significantly slower than those of the species in the other groups. Previous studies have shown that <italic>C. acutatum</italic> can be differentiated from <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> based on its slower growth rate<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30">30</xref>. Than <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">2</xref> have also suggested that colony growth rates are important for distinguishing among <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, <italic>C. truncatum</italic> and <italic>C. acutatum</italic>. In the present study, the slow growth of <italic>C. scovillei</italic> conformed to the characteristics of the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> complex. The observed differences in conidial size were significant, with the exception of the lengths and widths of Groups 1 and 2. Denoyes and Baudry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31">31</xref> used conidial shape to differentiate among <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species that are pathogenic to strawberries, although Cai <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25">25</xref> and Crouch <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32">32</xref> have suggested that conidial appressoria are taxonomically uninformative and of little use for species identification. In contrast, the conidial appressoria of <italic>C. scovillei</italic> could be easily distinguished from those of the other species examined in our study, in agreement with the results of Du <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b33">33</xref>. Similarly, Crouch <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32">32</xref> have found that the shapes and sizes of mycelial appressoria in combination with the host range are useful for identifying grass-associated <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species. We found that the mycelial appressoria produced by <italic>C. scovillei</italic> and <italic>C. brevisporum</italic> were typically smoother than those produced by the other species and that all <italic>C. truncatum</italic> and <italic>C. brevisporum</italic> isolates steadily produced setae. In addition, <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> has been reported to produce setae occasionally or under certain conditions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34">34</xref>, and many other <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species are known to produce setae<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">3</xref>. In the present study, the cultural characteristics, colony growth rate, conidial shapes and sizes, and conidial and mycelial appressoria were the primary features used for classification.</p><p>Morphological examination was conducted to classify the 88 isolates into six groups, although our multi-locus phylogenetic analysis actually identified seven <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species. Groups 2–6 contained different <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species, and Group 1 consisted of two species: <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> and <italic>C. siamense</italic>. Thus, morphological criteria alone are not always sufficient for species identification<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">14</xref>. Indeed, multi-locus phylogeny showed that the isolates with similar morphological characteristics belonged to the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, <italic>C. siamense</italic> and <italic>C. fructicola</italic> clades. Moreover, the <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> and <italic>C. siamense</italic> isolates could not be distinguished according to their morphological and cultural characteristics, indicating that multi-locus phylogenetic analysis is useful for differentiating among species in the <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> genus. Many investigators have suggested the use of multi-locus phylogenetic analysis to overcome the inadequacies of morphological criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">3</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">17</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">24</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">27</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35">35</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36">36</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37">37</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38">38</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39">39</xref>.</p><p><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> was first described in citrus from Italy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40">40</xref>. The name <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> represents both <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> sensu lato, which encompasses the entire species complex, and <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> sensu stricto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">18</xref>. <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> sensu lato consists of at least 22 species, including <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, <italic>C. siamense</italic>, and <italic>C. fructicola</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">18</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25">25</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41">41</xref>. <italic>C. siamense</italic> and <italic>C. fructicola</italic> were originally known as opportunistic pathogens of <italic>Coffea arabica</italic> berries in Thailand<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref>, and both of these species are non-host-specific. <italic>C. fructicola</italic> has also been reported to be a pathogen causing pepper anthracnose in Thailand<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">16</xref>, India<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">17</xref> and China<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref>. Although Than <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">2</xref> first isolated <italic>C. siamense</italic> from chilli pepper in Thailand, the isolates belonging to <italic>C. siamense</italic> were identified as <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> in that study, and Weir <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">18</xref> later revised the classification. <italic>C. siamense</italic> has also been isolated from pepper in India. However, this species has not been reported to be a causative agent of pepper anthracnose in China. Therefore, this work is the first report of pepper anthracnose caused by <italic>C. siamense</italic>.</p><p><italic>Colletotrichum truncatum</italic>, originally described on <italic>Phaseolus lunatus</italic>, was typified by Damm <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">3</xref>, and this species has been associated with anthracnose on legume crops and pepper, as well as on many other hosts<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">3</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">9</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34">34</xref>. The <italic>C. capsici</italic> isolate typified by Shenoy <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42">42</xref> causes anthracnose in a wide range of hosts, including pepper and legume species<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b43">43</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44">44</xref>, and Damm <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">3</xref> synonymized the <italic>C. capsici</italic> taxon with <italic>C. truncatum</italic> on the basis of its multi-locus phylogeny and morphology. Regardless, not all researchers are in agreement with this viewpoint<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">1</xref>.</p><p><italic>Colletotrichum acutatum</italic> is widely known as a fruit rot pathogen in strawberry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">2</xref>, apple<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b45">45</xref>, pepper<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">11</xref> and grape<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b46">46</xref>, and this fungus was first recorded in Australia on <italic>Carica papaya</italic>, <italic>Capsicum frutescens</italic> and <italic>Delphinium ajacis</italic> by Simmonds<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30">30</xref>. <italic>C. acutatum</italic> is also a species complex containing at least 14 species, including <italic>C. scovillei</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b47">47</xref>. The ex-type strain of <italic>C. scovillei</italic> was initially identified as <italic>C. acutatum</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b48">48</xref>, and Than <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">2</xref> also identified <italic>C. scovillei</italic> as <italic>C. acutatum</italic> on chilli pepper from Thailand. Although <italic>C. scovillei</italic> was identified as <italic>C. acutatum</italic> in these two papers, it was later revised by Damm <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b47">47</xref>. Kanto <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">21</xref> also isolated <italic>C. scovillei</italic> from sweet pepper in Japan. In our study, we only isolated <italic>C. scovillei</italic> belonging to <italic>C. acutatum</italic> sensu lato from the pepper fruits. Thus, the main species from the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> complex that is pathogenic to pepper in Sichuan Province might be <italic>C. scovillei</italic> rather than <italic>C. acutatum</italic> sensu stricto. To our knowledge, this work is also the first report of <italic>C. scovillei</italic> as a causative agent of pepper anthracnose in China.</p><p><italic>Colletotrichum brevisporum</italic> has been recorded on <italic>Neoregelia</italic> sp. from Thailand, as well as on papaya fruits and <italic>Pandanus pygmaeus</italic> Thouars<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35">35</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b49">49</xref>. Yang<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref> have also reported <italic>C. brevisporum</italic> on pepper from China. The conidial lengths of <italic>C. brevisporum</italic> in the present study were longer than those reported by Noireung <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35">35</xref>, but they were consistent with those reported by Yang<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref>.</p><p>The results of our phylogenetic analysis strongly support the <italic>Colletotrichum sichuanensis</italic> clade, which is closely related to <italic>C. cliviae</italic>. These two species have similar conidial shapes but different conidial sizes; <italic>C. sichuanensis</italic> has shorter conidia than <italic>C. cliviae</italic> (21.8 μm), with a mean length of 16.7 μm. <italic>C. sichuanensis</italic> also differs from <italic>C. cliviae</italic> with regard to colony colour. In addition, <italic>C. sichuanensis</italic> steadily produced ascomata on PDA, whereas the other species rarely produced ascomata. Further, <italic>C. sichuanensis</italic> grew more slowly in culture than <italic>C. cliviae</italic> (11.3–12.9 mm/day for <italic>C. sichuanensis</italic> compared with 15.2–16 mm/day for <italic>C. cliviae</italic>).</p><p>Given that they could infect not only <italic>Capsicum</italic> spp. but also <italic>Pyrus pyrifolia</italic>, all of the species isolated from pepper in our study were non-host-specific. In addition, <italic>C. scovillei</italic> was the most virulent species towards <italic>Capsicum</italic> spp. Tang<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">6</xref> found that <italic>C. acutatum</italic> and <italic>C. truncatum</italic> were more virulent than <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> and that the <italic>C. acutatum</italic> incubation period was the shortest. Further, Than <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">14</xref> reported that <italic>C. acutatum</italic> was a very virulent species that could infect wound-resistant <italic>C. chinense</italic> PBC 932, whereas <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> and <italic>C. capsici</italic> (syn. <italic>C. truncatum</italic>) could not.</p><p><italic>Colletotrichum acutatum</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">10</xref>, <italic>C. truncatum</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">5</xref> and <italic>C. boninense</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">19</xref> have been previously reported in Sichuan; however, <italic>C. boninense</italic> was not isolated in our study; it is possible that this species was missed during sampling or isolation. In summary, <italic>C. siamense</italic> and <italic>C. scovillei</italic> are recorded for the first time as causing anthracnose in pepper from China. Additionally, we have identified one new species, which has been introduced as <italic>C. sichuanensis</italic>.</p></sec><sec disp-level="1"><title>Methods</title><sec disp-level="2"><title>Collection and isolation</title><p>In 2012 and 2013, pepper fruits with anthracnose symptoms were collected from primary production areas in Sichuan Province, China. Tissues of approximately 5 mm in diameter were collected from the edges of lesions, surface-sterilized with 75% ethanol for 30 s and 1% NaClO for approximately 1 min, washed three times with sterile distilled water, and then dried on sterile filter paper. The treated tissues were plated on PDA supplemented with 50 mg l<sup>−1</sup> streptomycin. The plates were incubated at 27 ± 1 °C for 5 days. Single-spore cultures were obtained for each <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> isolate according to the procedure described by Gong <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b50">50</xref>. The resulting strains were maintained on PDA slants at 4 °C for short-term storage and in 25% glycerol at −70 °C for long-term storage.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Morphological and cultural characterization</title><p>Mycelial discs (5 mm diameter) were collected from actively growing areas near the growing edges of 5-day-old cultures, transferred to PDA and incubated at 27 °C in the dark for 10 days. Five replicates were employed. The colony diameter was recorded each day from two perpendicular cross-sections, and the colony characteristics were also recorded.</p><p>The sizes and shapes of conidia, asci and ascospores from each culture were recorded. The lengths and widths of 30 conidia, asci and ascospores were measured for each isolate.</p><p>Conidial appressoria were induced according to the method of Yang <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">27</xref>.</p><p>Mycelial appressoria were produced using an improved slide culture technique, as described by Sutton<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b51">51</xref> and Cai <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25">25</xref>. One hundred microlitres of hot water agar (WA) was placed on a sterile slide. Mycelial plugs of approximately 2 mm in diameter were inoculated onto one-third of the WA and then incubated in a Petri dish with wet filter paper at 27 °C. After 5–7 days, agar pieces containing the inoculated plugs were gently removed with a scalpel, and the shapes and sizes of the appressoria that formed along the WA were then recorded.</p><p>Samples for microscopy were prepared using clear water or lactic acid and observed with a Carl Zeiss Axio Imager Z2 microscope(Germany) or a Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope(Japan) using differential interference contrast (DIC) illumination.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>DNA extraction</title><p>Fifty-two representative isolates were chosen according to the morphological and cultural characteristics and incubated on PDA at 27 °C for 7–10 days. Mycelia were scraped from the colony surface using a sterile medicine spoon. Total genomic DNA was extracted from the isolates using a modified protocol, as outlined by Guo <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b52">52</xref>.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>PCR amplification and DNA sequencing</title><p>As an initial analysis of genetic diversity, the glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene was amplified from the isolates in this study with the primers GDF/GDR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b53">53</xref>. Fifty-two isolates representing wide ranges of genetic diversity and geographic origins were selected for further investigation.</p><p>The nuclear rDNA ITS region and the β-tubulin (TUB2), partial actin (ACT) and calmodulin (CAL) genes were amplified from 52 representative isolates using the primers ITS1/ITS4<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b54">54</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b55">55</xref>, Bt2a/Bt2b<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b56">56</xref>, ACT512F/ACT783R<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b57">57</xref> and CL1/CL2A<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b58">58</xref>, respectively. PCR was performed under the conditions described by Prihastuti <italic>et al</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref>.</p><p>The amplifications were performed in a 40 μl mixture containing 17 μl ddH<sub>2</sub>O, 20 μl 2 × PCR MasterMix (TIANGEN Co., China), 1 μl DNA template (30–50 ng/μl), and 1 μl of each primer (10 μM). DNA sequencing was performed by Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Phylogenetic analysis</title><p>Alignment of the GAPDH genes of all of the isolates was performed using Clustal X<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b59">59</xref>. MEGA v. 5 was used to build a distance tree with the neighbour-joining (NJ) algorithm. The sequences were compared with those in the NCBI sequence database using the BLAST algorithm for approximate identification.</p><p>The sequences of the 52 isolates and the reference sequences obtained from GenBank (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>) were aligned using Clustal X. Then, a phylogenetic tree was constructed with the combined ITS, TUB2, ACT, GAPDH and CAL dataset.</p><p>Parsimony trees were inferred by PAUP v4.0b10 using a heuristic search option with 1,000 random sequence additions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b60">60</xref>. All gaps were treated as missing data. Max trees were unlimited, zero-length branches were collapsed, and all multiple parsimonious trees were saved. Clade stability was assessed by bootstrap (BT) analysis with 1,000 replicates. In addition, descriptive tree statistics, such as parsimony (Tree Length [TL], Consistency Index [CI], Retention Index [RI], Related Consistency Index [RC] and Homoplasy Index [HI]), were calculated.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Pathogenicity tests</title><p>Pears were included in the pathogenicity tests for two main reasons: i) because peppers often are planted in pear orchards; and ii) to assess whether <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species from pepper are host specific. Fruits of <italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> (<italic>Ca. annuum</italic> var. <italic>dactylus</italic> M and <italic>Ca. annuum</italic> L. var. <italic>conoides</italic> (Mill.) Irish) and <italic>Pyrus pyrifolia</italic> were surface-sterilized in 75% ethanol for 3 min and then rinsed three times in sterile distilled water. The fruits were stabbed lightly with a sterile needle, and a mycelial disc with a diameter of 5 mm from a 4-day-old colony obtained from an isolate grown on PDA at 27 °C was attached to each artificially wounded fruit. The PDA discs were covered with moistened cotton for 3 days. The cotton was then removed, and the fruits were incubated for 14 days in a growth chamber at 27 °C with a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle. Six replicates and an equal number of control fruits inoculated only with agar discs were included.</p></sec></sec><sec disp-level="1"><title>Additional Information</title><p><bold>How to cite this article</bold>: Liu, F. <italic>et al</italic>. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species associated with anthracnose disease in peppers from Sichuan Province, China. <italic>Sci. Rep.</italic><bold>6</bold>, 32761; doi: 10.1038/srep32761 (2016).</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>This study was funded by the Two-Way Support Project of Sichuan Agricultural University. We are grateful to our team at the Crop Disease Laboratory for helping to collect the samples.</p></ack><ref-list><ref id="b1"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Hyde</surname><given-names>K. D.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title><italic>Colletotrichum</italic>-names in current use</article-title>. <source>Fungal Divers.</source><volume>39</volume>, <fpage>147</fpage>–<lpage>182</lpage> (<year>2009</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b2"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Than</surname><given-names>P. P.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Characterization and pathogenicity of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species associated with anthracnose on chilli (<italic>capsicum</italic> spp.) in Thailand</article-title>. <source>Plant Pathol.</source><volume>57</volume>, <fpage>562</fpage>–<lpage>572</lpage> (<year>2008</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b3"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Damm</surname><given-names>U.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Woudenberg</surname><given-names>J. H. C.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Cannon</surname><given-names>P. F.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Crous</surname><given-names>P. W.</given-names></name><article-title><italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species with curved conidia from herbaceous hosts</article-title>. <source>Fungal Divers.</source><volume>39</volume>, <fpage>45</fpage>–<lpage>87</lpage> (<year>2009</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b4"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Montri</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Taylor</surname><given-names>P. W. J.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Mongkolporn</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name><article-title>Pathotypes of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> capsici, the causal agent of chili anthracnose, in Thailand</article-title>. <source>Plant Dis.</source><volume>93</volume>, <fpage>17</fpage>–<lpage>20</lpage> (<year>2009</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b5"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><italic>Study on the species of anthracnose pathogens and the groups genetic diversity</italic>, Master’s thesis (Sichuan Agricultural University, 2012).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b6"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Tang</surname><given-names>J. M.</given-names></name><italic>A study on pathogens identification of pepper fruit anthracnose and their biological characteristics in Guangxi</italic>, Master’s thesis (Guangxi University, 2012).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b7"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Y. L.</given-names></name><italic>Multi-locus phylogeny of Colletotrichum species in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi, China</italic>. PhD thesis (Huazhong Agricultural University, 2010).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b8"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>J. M.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Aitken</surname><given-names>E. A. B.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Dann</surname><given-names>E. K.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Coates</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name><article-title>Morphological and molecular diversity of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp. Causing pepper spot and anthracnose of lychee (<italic>litchi chinensis</italic>) in Australia</article-title>. <source>Plant Pathol.</source><volume>62</volume>, <fpage>279</fpage>–<lpage>288</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b9"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Ramdial</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Rampersad</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name><article-title>Characterization of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp. Causing anthracnose of bell pepper (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> L.) in Trinidad</article-title>. <source>Phytoparasitica</source><volume>43</volume>, <fpage>37</fpage>–<lpage>49</lpage> (<year>2014</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b10"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Xia</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>X. L.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>H. J.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Gao</surname><given-names>B. D.</given-names></name><article-title>First report of anthracnose caused by <italic>Glomerella acutata</italic> on chili pepper in China</article-title>. <source>Plant Dis.</source><volume>95</volume>, <fpage>219</fpage> (<year>2011</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b11"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Harp</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Kuhn</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Roberts</surname><given-names>P. D.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Pernezny</surname><given-names>K. L.</given-names></name><article-title>Management and cross-infectivity potential of <italic>Colletotrichum acutatum</italic> causing anthracnose on bell pepper in Florida</article-title>. <source>Phytoparasitica</source><volume>42</volume>, <fpage>31</fpage>–<lpage>39</lpage> (<year>2014</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b12"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>H. J.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>C. L.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Cheng</surname><given-names>Z. J.</given-names></name><article-title>The comparative study of capsicum anthracnose pathogens from Korea with that of China</article-title>. <source>Journal of Zhejiang University</source><volume>26</volume>, <fpage>629</fpage>–<lpage>634</lpage> (<year>2000</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b13"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Harp</surname><given-names>T. L.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>The etiology of recent pepper anthracnose outbreaks in Florida</article-title>. <source>Crop Protect.</source><volume>27</volume>, <fpage>1380</fpage>–<lpage>1384</lpage> (<year>2008</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b14"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Than</surname><given-names>P. P.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Chilli anthracnose disease caused by <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species</article-title>. <source>J. Zhejiang U. Sci.</source><volume>9</volume>, B 9, <fpage>764</fpage>–<lpage>778</lpage> (<year>2008</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b15"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>P. N.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>First report on association of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> coccodes with chili anthracnose in India</article-title>. <source>Plant Dis.</source><volume>95</volume>, <fpage>1584</fpage>–<lpage>1584</lpage> (<year>2011</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b16"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Phoulivong</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> is not a common pathogen on tropical fruits</article-title>. <source>Fungal Divers.</source><volume>44</volume>, <fpage>33</fpage>–<lpage>43</lpage> (<year>2010</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b17"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Shenoy</surname><given-names>B. D.</given-names></name><article-title><italic>Colletotrichum fructicola</italic> and <italic>C. Siamense</italic> are involved in chilli anthracnose in India</article-title>. <source>Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Protect.</source><volume>47</volume>, <fpage>1179</fpage>–<lpage>1194</lpage> (<year>2014</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b18"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Weir</surname><given-names>B. S.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Johnston</surname><given-names>P. R.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Damm</surname><given-names>U.</given-names></name><article-title>The <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> species complex</article-title>. <source>Stud. Mycol.</source><volume>73</volume>, <fpage>115</fpage>–<lpage>180</lpage> (<year>2012</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23136459</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b19"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Diao</surname><given-names>Y. Z.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Fan</surname><given-names>J. R.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Z. W.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>X. L.</given-names></name><article-title>First report of <italic>Colletotrichum boninense</italic> causing anthracnose on pepper in China</article-title>. <source>Plant Dis.</source><volume>97</volume>, <fpage>138</fpage>–<lpage>138</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b20"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Tozze</surname><given-names>H. J.</given-names><suffix>Jr.</suffix></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>First report of <italic>Colletotrichum boninense</italic> causing anthracnose on pepper in Brazil</article-title>. <source>Plant Dis.</source><volume>93</volume>, <fpage>106</fpage>–<lpage>106</lpage> (<year>2009</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b21"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kanto</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Anthracnose of sweet pepper caused by <italic>Colletotrichum scovillei</italic> in Japan</article-title>. <source>J. Gen. Plant Pathol.</source><volume>80</volume>, <fpage>73</fpage>–<lpage>78</lpage> (<year>2014</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b22"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>G. Z.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Identification of pepper anthracnose and resistant screen of breeding materials in Sichuan</article-title>. <source>Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences</source><volume>26</volume>, <fpage>1026</fpage>–<lpage>1029</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b23"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Lima</surname><given-names>N. B.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Five <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species are responsible for mango anthracnose in northeastern Brazil</article-title>. <source>Fungal Divers.</source><volume>61</volume>, <fpage>75</fpage>–<lpage>88</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b24"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Tao</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Endophytic <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species from <italic>Bletilla ochracea</italic> (Orchidaceae), with descriptions of seven new speices</article-title>. <source>Fungal Divers.</source><volume>61</volume>, <fpage>139</fpage>–<lpage>164</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b25"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Cai</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>A polyphasic approach for studying <italic>Colletotrichum</italic></article-title>. <source>Fungal Divers.</source><volume>39</volume>, <fpage>183</fpage>–<lpage>204</lpage> (<year>2009</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b26"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Prihastuti</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Characterization of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species associated with coffee berries in northern Thailand</article-title>. <source>Fungal Divers.</source><volume>39</volume>, <fpage>89</fpage> (<year>2009</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b27"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Y. L.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title><italic>Colletotrichum</italic> anthracnose of Amaryllidaceae</article-title>. <source>Fungal Divers.</source><volume>39</volume>, <fpage>123</fpage>–<lpage>146</lpage> (<year>2009</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b28"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Niu</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title><italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species associated with jute (<italic>Corchorus capsularis</italic> L.) anthracnose in southeastern China</article-title>. <source>Sci. Rep.</source><volume>6</volume>, <fpage>25179</fpage>, <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep25179</pub-id> (<year>2016</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27121760</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b29"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Manamgoda</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Endophytic <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> from tropical grasses with a new species <italic>C. endophytic</italic>a</article-title>. <source>Fungal Divers.</source><volume>61</volume>, <fpage>107</fpage>–<lpage>115</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b30"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Simmonds</surname><given-names>J. H.</given-names></name><article-title>A study of the species of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> causing ripe fruit rots in Queensland</article-title>. <source>Queensland Journal of Agricultural and Animal Science</source><volume>22</volume>, <fpage>437</fpage>–<lpage>459</lpage> (<year>1965</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b31"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Denoyes</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Baudry</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><article-title>Species identification and pathogenicity study of French <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> strains isolated from strawberry using morphological and cultural characteristics</article-title>. <source>Phytopathology</source><volume>85</volume>, <fpage>53</fpage>–<lpage>57</lpage> (<year>1995</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b32"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Crouch</surname><given-names>J. A.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Clarke</surname><given-names>B. B.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>White</surname><given-names>J. F.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Hillman</surname><given-names>B. I.</given-names></name><article-title>Systematic analysis of the falcate-spored graminicolous <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> and a description of six new species from warm-season grasses</article-title>. <source>Mycologia</source><volume>101</volume>, <fpage>717</fpage>–<lpage>732</lpage> (<year>2009</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19750952</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b33"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Du</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Schardl</surname><given-names>C. L.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Nuckles</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Vaillancourt</surname><given-names>L. J.</given-names></name><article-title>Using mating-type gene sequences for improved phylogenetic resolution of <italic>Collectotrichum</italic> species complexes</article-title>. <source>Mycologia</source><volume>97</volume>, <fpage>641</fpage>–<lpage>658</lpage> (<year>2005</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16392253</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b34"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Sawant</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Emergence of <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> sensu lato as the dominant pathogen of anthracnose disease of grapes in India as evidenced by cultural, morphological and molecular data</article-title>. <source>Australasian Plant Pathol.</source><volume>41</volume>, <fpage>493</fpage>–<lpage>504</lpage> (<year>2012</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b35"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Noireung</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Novel species of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> revealed by morphology and molecular analysis</article-title>. <source>Cryptogam, Mycol.</source><volume>33</volume>, <fpage>347</fpage>–<lpage>362</lpage> (<year>2012</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b36"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title><italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species associated with cultivated citrus in China</article-title>. <source>Fungal Divers.</source><volume>61</volume>, <fpage>61</fpage>–<lpage>74</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b37"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Damm</surname><given-names>U.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Cai</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Crous</surname><given-names>P. W.</given-names></name><article-title>Species of the <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> complex associated with anthracnose diseases of <italic>Proteaceae</italic></article-title>. <source>Fungal Divers.</source><volume>61</volume>, <fpage>89</fpage>–<lpage>105</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b38"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Udayanga</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>What are the common anthracnose pathogens of tropical fruits?</article-title><source>Fungal Divers.</source><volume>61</volume>, <fpage>165</fpage>–<lpage>179</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b39"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Vieira</surname><given-names>W. A. S.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Endophytic species of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> associated with mango in northeastern Brazil</article-title>. <source>Fungal Divers.</source><volume>67</volume>, <fpage>181</fpage>–<lpage>202</lpage> (<year>2014</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b40"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Penzig</surname><given-names>D. O.</given-names></name><source>Funghi agrumicoli. Contribuzione allo studio dei funghi parassiti degli agrumi</source>, <volume>Vol. 2</volume>, Michelia (<year>1882</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b41"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Rueda-Hernández</surname><given-names>K. R.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Differential organ distribution, pathogenicity and benomyl sensitivity of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp. From blackberry plants in Northern Colombia</article-title>. <source>J. Phytopathol.</source><volume>161</volume>, <fpage>246</fpage>–<lpage>253</lpage> (<year>2013</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b42"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Shenoy</surname><given-names>B. D.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Jeewon</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Lam</surname><given-names>W. H.</given-names></name><article-title>Morpho-molecular characterisation and epitypification of <italic>Colletotrichum capsici</italic> (<italic>Glomerellaceae</italic>, <italic>Sordariomycetes</italic>), the causative agent of anthracnose in chilli</article-title>. <source>Fungal Divers.</source><volume>27</volume>, <fpage>197</fpage>–<lpage>211</lpage> (<year>2007</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b43"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Pring</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Nash</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Zakaria</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Bailey</surname><given-names>J. A.</given-names></name><article-title>Infection process and host range of <italic>Colletotrichum capsici</italic></article-title>. <source>Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol.</source><volume>46</volume>, <fpage>137</fpage>–<lpage>152</lpage> (<year>1995</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b44"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Chai</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>Identification of <italic>Colletotrichum capsici</italic> (Syd.) butler causing anthracnose on pumpkin in China</article-title>. <source>Can. J. Plant Pathol.</source><volume>36</volume>, <fpage>121</fpage>–<lpage>124</lpage> (<year>2014</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b45"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Víchová</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Stanková</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Pokorný</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><article-title>First report of <italic>Colletotrichum acutatum</italic> on tomato and apple fruits in the Czech Republic</article-title>. <source>Plant Dis.</source><volume>96</volume>, <fpage>769</fpage>–<lpage>769</lpage> (<year>2012</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b46"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Samuelian</surname><given-names>S. K.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Greer</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Savocchia</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Steel</surname><given-names>C. C.</given-names></name><article-title>Application of Cabrio (a.i. pyraclostrobin) at flowering and veraison reduces the severity of bitter rot (<italic>Greeneria uvicola</italic>) and ripe rot (<italic>Colletotrichum acutatum</italic>) of grapes</article-title>. <source>Aust. J. Grape Wine Res.</source><volume>20</volume>, <fpage>292</fpage>–<lpage>298</lpage> (<year>2014</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b47"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Damm</surname><given-names>U.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Cannon</surname><given-names>P. F.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Woudenberg</surname><given-names>J. H.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Crous</surname><given-names>P. W.</given-names></name><article-title>The <italic>Colletotrichum acutatum</italic> species complex</article-title>. <source>Stud. Mycol.</source><volume>73</volume>, <fpage>37</fpage>–<lpage>113</lpage> (<year>2012</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23136458</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b48"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Nirenberg</surname><given-names>H. I.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Feiler</surname><given-names>U.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Hagedorn</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><article-title>Description of <italic>Colletotrichum lupini</italic> comb. Nov. inmodern terms</article-title>. <source>Mycologia</source><volume>94</volume>, <fpage>307</fpage>–<lpage>320</lpage> (<year>2002</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21156502</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b49"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Vieira</surname><given-names>W. A. S.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>First report of papaya fruit anthracnose caused by <italic>Colletotrichum brevisporum</italic> in Brazil</article-title>. <source>Plant Dis.</source><volume>97</volume>, <fpage>1659</fpage> (<year>2013</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b50"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Gong</surname><given-names>G. S.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>A simple method for single fungal spore isolation</article-title>. <source>Journal of Maize Sciences</source><volume>18</volume>, <fpage>126</fpage>–<lpage>127</lpage>, 134 (<year>2010</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b51"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Sutton</surname><given-names>B. C.</given-names></name><source>The Coelomycetes. Fungi imperfecti with pycnidia, acervuli and stromata</source> (Commonwealth Mycological Institute, <year>1980</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b52"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>L. D.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hyde</surname><given-names>K. D.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Liew</surname><given-names>E. C. Y.</given-names></name><article-title>Identification of endophytic fungi from <italic>Livistona chinensis</italic> based on morphology and rDNA sequences</article-title>. <source>New Phytol.</source><volume>147</volume>, <fpage>617</fpage>–<lpage>630</lpage> (<year>2000</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b53"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Templeton</surname><given-names>M. D.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Rikkerink</surname><given-names>E. H.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Solon</surname><given-names>S. L.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Crowhurst</surname><given-names>R. N.</given-names></name><article-title>Cloning and molecular characterization of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-encoding gene and cDNA from the plant pathogenic fungus <italic>Glomerella cingulata</italic></article-title>. <source>Gene</source><volume>122</volume>, <fpage>225</fpage>–<lpage>230</lpage> (<year>1992</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1452034</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b54"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>White</surname><given-names>T. J.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Bruns</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Taylor</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><article-title>Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics</article-title>. <source>PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications</source><volume>18</volume>, <fpage>315</fpage>–<lpage>322</lpage> (<year>1990</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b55"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Gardes</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Bruns</surname><given-names>T. D.</given-names></name><article-title>ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes–application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts</article-title>. <source>Mol. Ecol.</source><volume>2</volume>, <fpage>113</fpage>–<lpage>118</lpage> (<year>1993</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8180733</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b56"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Glass</surname><given-names>N. L.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Donaldson</surname><given-names>G. C.</given-names></name><article-title>Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes</article-title>. <source>Appl. Environ. Microbiol.</source><volume>61</volume>, <fpage>1323</fpage>–<lpage>1330</lpage> (<year>1995</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7747954</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b57"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Carbone</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Kohn</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name><article-title>A method for designing primer sets for speciation studies in filamentous ascomycetes</article-title>. <source>Mycologia</source><volume>91</volume>, <fpage>553</fpage>–<lpage>556</lpage> (<year>1999</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b58"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>O’Donnell</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Nirenberg</surname><given-names>H. I.</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Aoki</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name> & <name><surname>Cigelnik</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><article-title>A multigene phylogeny of the <italic>Gibberella fujikuroi</italic> species complex: detection of additional phylogenetically distinct species</article-title>. <source>Mycoscience</source><volume>41</volume>, <fpage>61</fpage>–<lpage>78</lpage> (<year>2000</year>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b59"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Thompson</surname><given-names>J. D.</given-names></name><etal></etal>. <article-title>The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools</article-title>. <source>Nucleic Acids Res.</source><volume>25</volume>, <fpage>4876</fpage>–<lpage>4882</lpage> (<year>1997</year>).<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9396791</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="b60"><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Swofford. PAUP* Beta10. phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4b10 (Sinauer Associates, 2002).</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Author Contributions</bold> F.L.L. and G.S.G. conceived the experiments and were the main authors. F.L.L., G.S.G. and G.T.T. conducted and performed the experiments. F.L.L., G.S.G., G.T.T., X.J.Z., J.X., X.L.C., Y.L., X.F.S., X.B.Q. and Y.Z. analysed the results. G.S.G., H.B.C., S.R.Z., X.F.S. and X.B.Q. collected the samples. All authors reviewed the manuscript.</p></fn></fn-group></back><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Typical symptoms of pepper anthracnose in the field.</title><p><bold>(a–c)</bold> Type I symptoms were characterized by dark brown to black, sunken lesions with a slightly raised rim and many black acervuli on the surface, which produced dirty white conidial masses under humid conditions. (<bold>d–f)</bold> Type II symptoms included dark brown to black, sunken lesions with many black acervuli on the surface, which produced flesh pink, viscous conidial masses under humid conditions. (<bold>g–i)</bold> Type III symptoms included brown to light black to dark brown, sunken, lesions with orange conidial masses.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep32761-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Morphology and cultural characteristics of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp. from pepper anthracnose.</title><p>(<bold>A</bold>) Upper view of a colony on PDA; (<bold>B</bold>) reverse view of colony on PDA; (<bold>C</bold>) micrographs of conidia of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp.; (<bold>D</bold>) micrographs of conidial appressoria of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp.; (<bold>E</bold>) micrographs of mycelial appressoria of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp.; (<bold>F</bold>) conidiophores. Scale bars = 10 μm for (<bold>C–E</bold>); 20 μm for (<bold>F</bold>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep32761-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>A neighbour-joining tree based on partial GAPDH gene sequences from 88 <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> isolates.</title><p>Parsimony bootstrap values of more than 50% are shown at the nodes. Isolates selected for subsequent phylogenetic analyses are highlighted in red.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep32761-f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><title>Phylogram generated from maximum parsimony analysis based on alignment of ITS, TUB2, ACT, GADPH and CAL gene sequences, showing the phylogenetic relationships of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species causing anthracnose disease in <italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> from Sichuan Province, China.</title><p>Parsimony bootstrap values of more than 50% are shown at the nodes. Isolates from this study are shown in bold. The tree is rooted with <italic>Monilochaetes infuscans.</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep32761-f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><title><italic>Colletotrichum sichuanensis</italic> (from holotype).</title><p>(<bold>a,b</bold>) Colonies on PDA at 7 days, upper (<bold>a</bold>) and reverse (<bold>b</bold>); (<bold>c</bold>,d) conidia; (<bold>e</bold>) conidiogenous cells; (<bold>f,g</bold>) conidial appressoria; (<bold>h–j</bold>) mycelial appressoria; (<bold>k</bold>) ascomata on PDA; (<bold>l</bold>) peridium; (<bold>m–o</bold>) asci; (<bold>p,q</bold>) ascospores. Scale bars: c, d, f–j, p, q = 10 μm; e, l, m, o<italic> = </italic>20 μm; n = 40 μm</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep32761-f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Symptoms in pepper and pear after inoculation with <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> spp. <bold>I</bold>, Symptoms in pepper (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> var. <italic>dactylus</italic> M); <bold>II</bold>, symptoms in pepper (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> L. var. <italic>conoides</italic> (Mill.) Irish); <bold>III</bold>, symptoms in pear (<italic>Pyrus pyrifolia</italic>); (A), symptoms in pepper and pear inoculated with a mycelial disc of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>; (B), symptoms in pepper and pear inoculated with a mycelial disc of <italic>C. siamense</italic>; (C), symptoms in pepper and pear inoculated with a mycelial disc of <italic>C. fructicola</italic>; (D), symptoms in pepper and pear inoculated with a mycelial disc of <italic>C. truncatum</italic>; (E), symptoms in pepper and pear inoculated with a mycelial disc of <italic>C. scovillei</italic>; (F), symptoms in pepper and pear inoculated with a mycelial disc of <italic>C. brevisporum</italic>; (G), symptoms in pepper and pear inoculated with a mycelial disc of <italic>C. sichuanensis</italic>; (H), the control, inoculated with an agar disc.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep32761-f6"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title><italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species isolated from peppers(<italic>Capsicum</italic> spp.) in Sichuan,China.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Species</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Isolate no.</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Origin</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Morphological group</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Accession no. (GAPDH)</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Colletotrichum truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Chenghua, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823771</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Jiangyou, Mianyang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823772</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. sichuanensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Jiangyou, Mianyang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 6</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823773</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Jiangyou, Mianyang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823774</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Dong, Panzhihua</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823775</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ6</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Dong, Panzhihua</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823776</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Dong, Panzhihua</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823777</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ8</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Dong, Panzhihua</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823778</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ9</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Renshou, Meishan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823779</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ10</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Jiangyou, Mianyang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823780</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ11</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Dong, Panzhihua</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823781</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ12</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Jiangyang, Luzhou</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823782</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ13</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Jiangyang, Luzhou</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823783</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ14</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Jiangyang, Luzhou</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823784</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ15</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yuechi, Guangan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823785</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. sichuanensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ16</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yuechi, Guangan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 6</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823786</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ17</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Qianfeng, Guangan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823787</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ18</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Santai, Mianyang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823788</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ19</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yanting, Mianyang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823789</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ20</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yanting, Mianyang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823790</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ21</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yanting, Mianyang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823791</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. sichuanensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ22</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Wengjiang, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 6</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823792</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ23</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Wengjiang, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823793</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. brevisporum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ24</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Xichang, Liangshan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823794</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ25</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yucheng, Yaan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823795</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ26</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yucheng, Yaan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823796</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. brevisporum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ27</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yucheng, Yaan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823797</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ28</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yucheng, Yaan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823798</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ29</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Baoxing, Yaan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823799</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. sichuanensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ30</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Baoxing, Yaan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 6</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823800</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ31</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Baoxing, Yaan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823801</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ32</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Chenghua, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823802</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ33</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Jinjiang, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823803</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ34</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Renshou, Meishan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823804</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. scovillei</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ35</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Renshou, Meishan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823805</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ36</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Pengshan, Meishan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943522</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ37</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Dongpo, Meishan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943523</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ38</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Rongxian, Zigong</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943545</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ39</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Guangan, Guangan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943546</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ40</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Pixian, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943547</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ41</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Pixian, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943541</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. scovillei</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ42</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Pujiang, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943516</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ43</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Chaotian, Guangyuan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943548</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ44</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Dujiangyan, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943531</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ45</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yuechi, Guangan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943554</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ46</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Pujiang, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943525</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ47</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Pujiang, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943540</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ48</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Pengshan, Meishan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP823806</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ49</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Hongya, Meishan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943526</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ50</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Hongya, Meishan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943555</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ51</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Dujiangyan, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943532</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ52</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Jiangyou, Mianyang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943542</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ53</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Shuangliu, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943533</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. brevisporum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ54</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Shuangliu, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943511</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ55</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Shuangliu, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943534</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ56</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Shuangliu, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943527</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ57</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Wengjiang, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943535</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ58</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Xinjing, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943536</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. brevisporum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ59</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yucheng, Yaan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943513</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ60</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yanjiang, Ziyang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943528</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. scovillei</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ61</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Chenghua, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943517</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ62</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Jinjiang, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943549</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ63</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Jinjiang, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943543</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ64</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yuechi, Guangan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943556</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ65</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yuechi, Guangan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943529</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ66</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yuechi, Guangan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943557</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. brevisporum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ67</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Qianfeng, Guangan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943512</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ68</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Qianfeng, Guangan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943550</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ69</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Longquanyi, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943558</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. scovillei</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ70</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Longquanyi, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943515</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ71</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yanting, Mianyang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943530</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. scovillei</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ72</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yanting, Mianyang</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943514</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ73</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">DongQu, Panzhihua</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943537</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ74</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Wengjiang, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943559</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ75</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Wengjiang, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943551</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ76</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Wengjiang, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943538</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ77</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Wengjiang, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943552</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ78</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Wengjiang, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943553</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. brevisporum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ79</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Wengjiang, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943510</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ80</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Wengjiang, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943560</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ81</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Wengjiang, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943561</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ82</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Wengjiang, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943520</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. scovillei</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ84</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Xichang, Liangshan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943519</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. scovillei</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ85</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yucheng, Yaan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943539</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ86</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yucheng, Yaan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943521</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ87</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yucheng, Yaan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943544</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ88</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Yucheng, Yaan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943524</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">LJTJ89</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Wenjiang, Chengdu</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KP943518</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Summary of morphological data for <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> isolates.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Group</th><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Species</th><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Colonies appearance</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Growth rate (mm/day)</th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Conidia<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Conidial appressoria<hr></hr></th><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Characteristics of mycelial appressoria</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Length (μm)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Width (μm)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Shape</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Length (μm)</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Width (μm)</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Characteristics</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 1(23)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t2-fn1">†</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. siamense</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">pale yellowish colonies, reverse white</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.6 ± 1.2 <bold>ab</bold><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t2-fn2">*</xref> 4.7–6.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">16.5 ± 2.0 <bold>c</bold><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t2-fn2">*</xref> 12.0–24.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.5 ± 0.6 <bold>b</bold><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t2-fn2">*</xref> 3.8–7.3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Cylindrical</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.6 ± 1.0 <bold>c</bold><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t2-fn2">*</xref> 5.5–9.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.9 ± 0.6 <bold>b</bold><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t2-fn2">*</xref> 4.8–7.7</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">brown to dark black, ovoid to slightly irregular</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">light brown to brown, ovoid or slightly irregular to irregular</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 2(16)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">white to black green</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.9 ± 0.4 <bold>ab</bold> 5.4–6.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">16.2 ± 2.1 <bold>c</bold> 11.1–25</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.5 ± 0.6 <bold>b</bold> 2.5–7.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Cylindrical</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.9 ± 0.6 <bold>bc</bold> 6.2–9.1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.1 ± 0.5 <bold>ab</bold> 4.4–7.2</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">brown to dark black, ovoid to slightly irregular</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">light brown to brown, ovoid, clavate and slightly irregular to irregular, smooth or slightly lobed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 3(32)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">pale grey to dark grey, reverse dark brown</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.5 ± 0.5 <bold>b</bold> 3.9–5.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">24.1 ± 1.9 <bold>a</bold> 18.8–29.87</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.7 ± 0.3 <bold>d</bold> 2.7–4.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Falcate</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">7.8 ± 1 <bold>bc</bold> 4.6–11.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.4 ± 0.5 <bold>c</bold> 4.1–7</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">brown to dark black, ovoid to slightly irregular</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">brown to dark brown, ovate, ellipsoidal or slightly irregular to irregular</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 4(7)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. scovillei</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">white to pale orange, reverse pale orange</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.8 ± 0.4 <bold>c</bold> 3.3–4.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11.7 ± 2.3 <bold>d</bold> 8.2–17.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">3.7 ± 0.3 <bold>d</bold> 3.1–4.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Fusiform</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.0 ± 1.2 <bold>d</bold> 4.2–9</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">4.8 ± 0.5 <bold>d</bold> 3.5–6.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Grey, globular in shape</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">light brown to brown, globose, ovate to slightly irregular</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 5(6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. brevisporum</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">pale grey, reverse black</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.3 ± 0.6 <bold>b</bold> 5.0–5.8</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">19.3 ± 1.3 <bold>b</bold> 16.3–22.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">5.2 ± 0.5 <bold>c</bold> 4.2–6.3</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Long cylindrical</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8.0 ± 0.8 <bold>b</bold> 6.1–9.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.2 ± 0.5 <bold>a</bold> 5–7.9</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">brown to dark black, ovoid to slightly irregular</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">brown to dark brown, sometimes black in the middle, ovoid or slightly irregular to irregular</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Group 6(4)</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. sichuanensis</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">pale grey, reverse pale grey</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.1 ± 0.4 <bold>a</bold> 5.5–6.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">16.7 ± 1.2 <bold>c</bold> 14.2–19.1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.3 ± 0.4<bold>a</bold> 5.4–6.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Cylindrical</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">11.1 ± 1.7 <bold>a</bold> 8–14.2</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">6.3 ± 2.0 <bold>a</bold> 4.3–11.0</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">brown to dark brown, irregular with a crenate edge</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">light brown to brown, ovoid or slightly irregular to irregular</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t2-fn1"><p><sup>†</sup>The numbers shown in parentheses represent the number of isolates in each group.</p></fn><fn id="t2-fn2"><p><sup>*</sup>The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level; the values with same letter in a column do not significantly differ according to Duncan’s multiple range test.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Details of the <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> isolates used in this study, including the hosts, locations and GenBank accession numbers of the generated sequences.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Species</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Strain no.</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Host</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Location</th><th colspan="5" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GenBank accession number<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ITS</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">TUB2</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ACT</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GPDH</th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CAL</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Colletotrichum acutatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">BRIP 28519</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Carica papaya</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Australia</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ 972601</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ 907443</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ 907428</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ 972580</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ 917510</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. acutatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBS 29467</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Carica papaya</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Australia</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ 972610</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ 907444</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ 907429</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ 972581</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ 917511</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. boninense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBS 128547</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Camellia</italic> sp.</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">New Zealand</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ005159</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ005593</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ005507</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ005246</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ005680</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. boninense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBS 123755</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Crinum asiaticum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Japan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ005153</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ005588</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ005501</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ005240</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ005674</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. brevisporum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">BCC 38876<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t3-fn1">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Neoregelia</italic> sp.</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Thailand</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JN050238</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JN050244</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JN050216</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JN050227</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JN050222</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. brevisporum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">MFLUCC100182</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Pandanus pygmaeus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Thailand</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JN050239</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JN050245</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JN050217</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JN050228</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. brevisporum</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ24</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748215</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823736</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823794</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. brevisporum</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ27</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748218</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823737</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823797</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. brevisporum</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ54</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943578</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943568</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943511</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. brevisporum</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ59</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943579</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943569</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943513</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. brevisporum</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ67</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943580</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943570</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943512</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. brevisporum</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ79</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943581</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943571</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943510</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. cliviae</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBS 125375<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t3-fn1">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Clivia miniata</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">China</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX519223</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX519249</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX519240</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX546611</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. cliviae</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CSSK4</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Clivia miniata</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">China</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ485607</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ849440</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ856777</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ856756</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ849464</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. cliviae</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CSSS1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Clivia miniata</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">China</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU109479</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU085869</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU085861</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU085868</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU085864</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. coccodes</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBS 164.49</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Netherlands</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">HM171678</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">HM171666</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">HM171672</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">HM171669</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. coccodes</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBS 369.75<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t3-fn1">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Netherlands</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">HM171679</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">HM171667</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">HM171673</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">HM171670</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. coccodes</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CPOS1</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">China</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ485588</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ849444</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ856787</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ856744</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">HM171670</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. dematium</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBS 125.25<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t3-fn1">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Eryngium campestre</italic>, dead leaf</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">France</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU227819</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU228113</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU227917</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU228211</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. dematium</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBS 125340</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Apiaceae</italic>, dead stem</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Czech Rep</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU227820</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU228114</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU227918</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU228212</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ICMP 18581<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t3-fn1">*</xref>, CBS 130416</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Coffea arabica</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Thailand</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX010165</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX010405</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ907426</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX010033</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ917508</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">MFLUCC090228<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t3-fn1">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Coffea arabica</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Thailand</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ972603</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ907441</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ907426</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ972578</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ917508</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBS 125397<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t3-fn1">*</xref>, ICMP 18646</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Tetragastris panamensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Panama</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX010173</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX010409</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX009581</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX010032</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX009674</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBS 238.49, ICMP 17921</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Ficus habrophylla</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Germany</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX010181</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX010400</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX009495</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX009923</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX009671</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. fructicola</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ2</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748192</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823854</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823742</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823772</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823812</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. fructicola</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ10</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748201</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823855</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823743</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823780</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823813</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. fructicola</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ18</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748209</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823856</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823744</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823788</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823814</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. fructicola</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ20</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748211</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823857</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823745</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823790</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823815</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. fructicola</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ21</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748212</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823858</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823746</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823791</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823816</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. fructicola</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ25</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748216</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823859</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823747</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823795</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823817</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. fructicola</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ28</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748219</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823860</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823748</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823798</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823818</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. fructicola</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ33</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748224</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823861</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823749</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823803</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823819</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. fructicola</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ34</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748225</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823862</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823750</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823804</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823820</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBS 95397</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Citrus sinensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Italy</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ972609</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ907445</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ 907430</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ 972582</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ 917512</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBS 953.97<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t3-fn1">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Citrus sinensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Italy</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ485605</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ849434</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ856782</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ856762</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ849452</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">IMI 356878<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t3-fn1">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Citrus sinensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Italy</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX010152</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX010445</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX009531</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX010056</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX009731</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CORCG5</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Vanda</italic> sp.</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">China</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">HM034809</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">HM034811</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">HM034801</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">HM034807</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">HM034803</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. gloeosporioides</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ13</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748204</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823863</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823751</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823783</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823821</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. gloeosporioides</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ14</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748205</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823864</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823752</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823784</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823822</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. gloeosporioides</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ15</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748206</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823865</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823753</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823785</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823823</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. gloeosporioides</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ17</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748208</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823866</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823754</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823787</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823824</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. gloeosporioides</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ87</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936448</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936437</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943544</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936431</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. scovillei</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBS 126529<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t3-fn1">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Capsicum</italic> sp.</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Indonesia</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ948267</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ949918</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ949588</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ948597</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. scovillei</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBS 126530</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Capsicum</italic> sp.</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Indonesia</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ948268</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ949919</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ949589</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ948598</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. scovillei</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ35</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748226</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823849</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823735</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823805</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823807</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. scovillei</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ42</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943572</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943588</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943562</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943516</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943582</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. scovillei</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ61</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943573</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943589</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943563</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943517</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943583</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. scovillei</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ70</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943574</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943590</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943564</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943515</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943584</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. scovillei</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ72</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943575</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943591</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943565</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943514</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943585</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. scovillei</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ84</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943576</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943592</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943566</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943518</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943586</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. scovillei</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ85</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943577</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943593</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943567</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943519</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943587</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ICMP 17795</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Malus</italic> x <italic>domestica</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">USA</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX010162</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX010393</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX009506</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX010051</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX009703</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">ICMP 18578<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t3-fn1">*</xref>, CBS 130417</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Coffea arabica</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Thailand</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX010171</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX010404</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ907423</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JX009924</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">FJ917505</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. siamense</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ4</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748194</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823867</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823755</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823774</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. siamense</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ5</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748195</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823868</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823756</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823775</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823825</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. siamense</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ7</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748198</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823869</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823757</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823777</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823826</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. siamense</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ8</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748199</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823870</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823758</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823778</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823827</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. siamense</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LTTJ11</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748202</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823871</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823759</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823781</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823828</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. siamense</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ23</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748214</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823872</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823760</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823793</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823829</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. siamense</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ36</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936443</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936438</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936432</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943522</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. siamense</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ48</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748227</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823873</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823761</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823806</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823830</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. siamense</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LTTJ51</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936444</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936439</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936433</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943532</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936427</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. siamense</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ73</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936445</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936440</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936434</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943537</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936428</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. siamense</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ76</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936446</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936441</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936435</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943538</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936429</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. sichuanensis</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ3</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748193</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823850</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823738</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823773</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823808</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. sichuanensis</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ16</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748207</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823851</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823739</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823786</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823809</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. sichuanensis</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ22</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748213</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823852</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823740</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823792</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823810</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. sichuanensis</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ30</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748221</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823853</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823741</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823800</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823811</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. simmondsii</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBS 122122<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t3-fn1">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Carica papaya</italic>, fruit</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Australia</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ948276</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ949927</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ949597</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ948606</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. simmondsii</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">BRIP 28519<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t3-fn1">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Carica papaya</italic>, fruit</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Australia</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ485606</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ856784</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ849430</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ856763</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ849454</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBS 151.35<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t3-fn1">*</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Phaseolus lunatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">USA</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU227862</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU228156</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU227960</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU228254</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBP002</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Brassica parachinensis</italic> Bailey</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">China</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KF030677</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KF240819</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KF158412</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KF300886</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">KF114851</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CSSX9</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Hymenocallis americana</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">China</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ485594</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ849436</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ856772</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ856752</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ849461</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBS 119189</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Phaseolus lunatus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">USA</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU227863</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU228157</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU227961</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU228255</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">IMI 135524</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Clitoria ternatea</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Sudan</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU227874</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU228168</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU227972</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GU228266</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBS 120709</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Capsicum frutescens</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">India</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ485593</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ849429</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ856783</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ856753</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">GQ849453</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. truncatum</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ1</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748196</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823840</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823762</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823771</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823831</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. truncatum</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ6</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748197</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823841</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823763</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823776</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823832</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. truncatum</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ9</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748200</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823842</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823764</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823779</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823833</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. truncatum</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ12</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748203</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823843</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823765</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823782</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823834</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. truncatum</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ19</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748210</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823844</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823766</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823789</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823835</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. truncatum</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ26</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748217</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823845</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823767</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823796</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823836</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. truncatum</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ29</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748220</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823846</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823768</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823799</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823837</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. truncatum</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ31</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748222</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823847</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823769</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823801</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823838</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. truncatum</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ32</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP748223</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823848</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823770</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823802</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP823839</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>C. truncatum</bold></italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>LJTJ86</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic><bold>Capsicum</bold></italic><bold>sp.</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>China</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936447</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936442</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936436</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KP943521</bold></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>KT936430</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Monilochaetes infuscans</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">CBS 869.96</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Unknown</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Unknown</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ005780</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ005864</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">JQ005843</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">—</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t3-fn1"><p>ITS: rDNA-ITS region; TUB 2: ß-tubulin; ACT: actin; GPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; and CAL: calmodulin. The isolates from this study are indicated in bold letters.</p></fn><fn id="t3-fn2"><p><sup>*</sup>Ex-type cultures.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap position="float" id="t4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><title>Pathogenicity testing of <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> species from <italic>Capsicum</italic> spp.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="center"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Species</th><th colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">Mean infection incidence (%)<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> var. <italic>dactylus</italic> M<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t4-fn1">a</xref></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> L. var. <italic>conoides</italic> (Mill.) Irish<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t4-fn2">b</xref></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Pyrus pyrifolia</italic><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t4-fn2">b</xref></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">54</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">72</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">100</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. siamense</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">64</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">91</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">100</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. fructicola</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">58</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">83</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">100</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. truncatum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">93</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">75</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">90</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. scovillei</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">100</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">100</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">67</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. brevisporum</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">8</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">60</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">67</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>C. sichuanensis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">85</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">90</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">CK</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t4-fn1"><p><sup>a</sup>Disease symptoms were recorded at 14 days after inoculation of <italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> var. <italic>dactylus</italic> M.</p></fn><fn id="t4-fn2"><p><sup>b</sup>Disease symptoms were recorded at 7 days after inoculation of <italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> L. var. <italic>conoides</italic> (Mill.) Irish and <italic>Pyrus pyrifolia</italic>.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Bois/explor/OrangerV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000478 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000478 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Bois
|area= OrangerV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.25. |  |