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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Food plants used during traditional wrestling in Kabyè land of Togo</title><author><name sortKey="Kpatcha, Tchazou" sort="Kpatcha, Tchazou" uniqKey="Kpatcha T" first="Tchazou" last="Kpatcha">Tchazou Kpatcha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0001">Laboratoire de Physiologie/Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences, Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé BP 1515 Lomé, Togo</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agbonon, Amegnona" sort="Agbonon, Amegnona" uniqKey="Agbonon A" first="Amegnona" last="Agbonon">Amegnona Agbonon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0001">Laboratoire de Physiologie/Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences, Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé BP 1515 Lomé, Togo</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gbeassor, Messanvi" sort="Gbeassor, Messanvi" uniqKey="Gbeassor M" first="Messanvi" last="Gbeassor">Messanvi Gbeassor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0001">Laboratoire de Physiologie/Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences, Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé BP 1515 Lomé, Togo</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27200130</idno><idno type="pmc">4856503</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4856503</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4856503</idno><idno type="doi">10.11604/pamj.2016.23.25.7719</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000399</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Food plants used during traditional wrestling in Kabyè land of Togo</title><author><name sortKey="Kpatcha, Tchazou" sort="Kpatcha, Tchazou" uniqKey="Kpatcha T" first="Tchazou" last="Kpatcha">Tchazou Kpatcha</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0001">Laboratoire de Physiologie/Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences, Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé BP 1515 Lomé, Togo</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agbonon, Amegnona" sort="Agbonon, Amegnona" uniqKey="Agbonon A" first="Amegnona" last="Agbonon">Amegnona Agbonon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0001">Laboratoire de Physiologie/Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences, Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé BP 1515 Lomé, Togo</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gbeassor, Messanvi" sort="Gbeassor, Messanvi" uniqKey="Gbeassor M" first="Messanvi" last="Gbeassor">Messanvi Gbeassor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0001">Laboratoire de Physiologie/Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences, Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé BP 1515 Lomé, Togo</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Pan African Medical Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1937-8688</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Introduction</title><p>In the traditional sports like the fight, natural products from minerals, animals and plants are used to increase physical resistance and performance. For a better understanding of this practice, an ethnopharmacological survey was carried out in kabyè land, North of Togo, to identify current plants used as foods plants during traditional wrestling.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Methods</title><p>Ethnopharmacological data were collected through semi-structured method and personal interviewsin the Kabyè locality during traditional wrestling. At least, twelve villages were surveyed in the study.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results</title><p>Results indicated that 57 plants are widely used by local people as food plants generally during wrestling time. These plants are used traditionally for many others purposes.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion</title><p>We concluded that these plants may serve as sources for pharmacological investigations in physical performance improvement.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alagesaboopathi, C" uniqKey="Alagesaboopathi C">C Alagesaboopathi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Scoones, I" uniqKey="Scoones I">I Scoones</name></author><author><name sortKey="Melnyk, M" uniqKey="Melnyk M">M Melnyk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pretty, Jn" uniqKey="Pretty J">JN Pretty</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pushpangadan, P" uniqKey="Pushpangadan P">P Pushpangadan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morihara, N" uniqKey="Morihara N">N Morihara</name></author><author><name 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Pan Afr Med J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Pan Afr Med J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PAMJ</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Pan African Medical Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1937-8688</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The African Field Epidemiology Network</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27200130</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4856503</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PAMJ-23-25</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.11604/pamj.2016.23.25.7719</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Food plants used during traditional wrestling in Kabyè land of Togo</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kpatcha</surname><given-names>Tchazou</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Agbonon</surname><given-names>Amegnona</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">&</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gbeassor</surname><given-names>Messanvi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="AF0001"><label>1</label>Laboratoire de Physiologie/Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences, Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé BP 1515 Lomé, Togo</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>&</label>Corresponding author: Amegnona Agbonon, Laboratoire de Physiologie/Pharmacologie, Faculté des Sciences, Centre de Recherche et de Formation sur les Plantes Médicinales (CERFOPLAM), Université de Lomé BP 1515 Lomé, Togo</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><elocation-id>25</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day><month>8</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>26</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Amegnona Agbonon et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"><license-p>The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Introduction</title><p>In the traditional sports like the fight, natural products from minerals, animals and plants are used to increase physical resistance and performance. For a better understanding of this practice, an ethnopharmacological survey was carried out in kabyè land, North of Togo, to identify current plants used as foods plants during traditional wrestling.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Methods</title><p>Ethnopharmacological data were collected through semi-structured method and personal interviewsin the Kabyè locality during traditional wrestling. At least, twelve villages were surveyed in the study.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results</title><p>Results indicated that 57 plants are widely used by local people as food plants generally during wrestling time. These plants are used traditionally for many others purposes.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion</title><p>We concluded that these plants may serve as sources for pharmacological investigations in physical performance improvement.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>food plants</kwd><kwd>traditional wrestling</kwd><kwd>Kabyè land</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="S0001"><title>Introduction</title><p>Medicinal plants have been an integral part of life in many communities both for food and drug [<xref rid="CIT0001" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. In many African communities, collection and consumption of wild plant from agricultural and non-agricultural ecosystems has been documented in multiple cultural contexts, illustrating their use and importance among farming households throughout the world [<xref rid="CIT0002" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. The evidence to date suggests that gathering by farmers occurs in various environments, ranging from intensively farmed areas, to more subsistence oriented horticultural systems, and finally in more pristine areas such as forests. Throughout worldwide and particularly in poor countries, people depend on the forest resources for several purposes like for forest products, medications, food, etc [<xref rid="CIT0003" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]. Many plants have been studied with the aims to improve the Physical performance, but only some of them have been defined to use as stimulant to recover after intense efforts and with anti-fatigue effects [<xref rid="CIT0004" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]. The plants which have shown positive results in scientific studies, with the purpose of improving physical performance, were: Rhodiola rosea [<xref rid="CIT0005" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>–<xref rid="CIT0010" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>], Eleutherococcus senticosus [<xref rid="CIT0011" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>], Schisandra chinensis [<xref rid="CIT0012" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>], Panax ginseng [<xref rid="CIT0013" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>, <xref rid="CIT0014" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]. Other plants with similar effects are Rubus coreanus [<xref rid="CIT0015" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>], Pseudosasa japónica [<xref rid="CIT0016" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>, <xref rid="CIT0017" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>], Chines bamboo [<xref rid="CIT0018" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>], Anoectochilus formosanus [<xref rid="CIT0019" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>], Camellia sinensis [<xref rid="CIT0020" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>] and Allium sativum [<xref rid="CIT0004" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="CIT0021" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]. Extracts from these plants and several adaptogens complexes, as Erkang [<xref rid="CIT0022" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>], also showed improvements in mental resistance, greater concentration and physical development [<xref rid="CIT0012" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>, <xref rid="CIT0023" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>, <xref rid="CIT0024" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]. The Kabyè people of Togo, mostly dependent on nature for their livelihood and they use plenty of wild plants as vegetables in their daily food. Despite the vast knowledge of medicinal plants from Togo, a few attempts have been carried out to document ethnobotanical knowledge in this locality. Some researchers have investigating the traditional pharmacopoeia and medicinal plants in different areas of the country [<xref rid="CIT0025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>–<xref rid="CIT0031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]. Although these investigations, no studies are undertook on food plant used in perspective to increase physical performance in sportsmen. The aim of this study was to explore and identify some important plant species currently use as food or medicinal plants during traditional wrestling by young sportsmen.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods" id="S0002"><title>Methods</title><sec id="S20003"><title>Ethnobotanical data</title><p>The study was undertaken during three months (June-August) 2011 by conducting survey in twelve villages throughout the area of Kara. A total of 154 informants were interviewed, of which 96 were wrestlers (age 18-25 years), 10 herbalists and traditional healers (age 27-83 years) in 12 localities. Repeated queries were made to get the data conformed. The preparation of some foodsitem were observed, tasted and documented. Ethnobotanical data were collected using questionnaire as suggested by Jain and Goel [<xref rid="CIT0032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]. Moreover, interviews and discussions in their localdialect to seek the following information about plants: local name, plants part(s) used. Regarding to taxonomy and phytogeographical types, plant species were systematically identified by the Department of Botany (Faculty of Sciences, University of Lome - Togo). The plant specimens were preserved at the herbarium of the faculty using technique previously described [<xref rid="CIT0033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>].</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="S0004"><title>Results</title><sec id="S20005"><title>Ethnobotanical findings</title><p>The present investigation in Kabyès communities, recorded 57 plants species (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T0001">Table 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="T0002">Table 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="T0003">Table 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="T0004">Table 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="T0005">Table 5</xref>) which are used currently during festivals of wrestling. Those species are enumerated below along with their botanical names, plant families, local names, part used and traditional indications (anti-fatigue or antistress uses). The results obtained showed that foods plants are still widely used by the population of Kabyè land during traditional festival of wrestling. The data gathered with the informants during the discussions or during the field trips indicate the high level of knowledge of the traditional healers in this region. The botanical investigation showed that the three most represented families are Anacardiaceae (3 species), Bombaceae (3 species), Zingiberaceae (3 spieces),followed by fourteen families with two species (Alliaceace, Asteraceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Poaceae, Palmeae, Rubiaceae, Sterculiaceae, Solanaceae, Sapindaceae, Verbenaceae) and nineteen family with one species (Asphodeliaceae, Arecaceae, Araceae, Bromeliaceae, Combretaceae, Caricaceae, Capparaceae, Convolvulaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae-Papilionoideae, Mimosaceae, Musaceae, Myrtaceae, Meliaceae, Rutaceae, Sapotaceae, Tiliaceae, Vitaceae). The organs most used from families are the fruits (40%), leaves (30%), bark of the trunk (9%), seeds (8%), rhizomes (5%), followed by tubers (4%) and roots (4%). The flowers (3%) are very few used.
</p><table-wrap id="T0001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Food plants used for their fruit during wrestling time</p></caption><table frame="border" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scientific name (Family)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Local name (Kabyè or Ewe)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frequency</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indications</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Butyrospermum Paradoxum</italic> (Sapotaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NimKibamtuu (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Against asthma; broncho-dilating</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cola acuminata, Cola nitada</italic> (Sterculiaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Goro (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Exciting extremely. Against migraine, neuralgia. Antidépressive</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus limon, Citrus Medica</italic> (Rutaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lamituu (kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improve breathing;<break></break>Anti-fatigue.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Annona Muricata (</italic>Annonaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tsutsurè kpolou(Kabyè), Anyigli (Ewé)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (6%)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improve breathing</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hyphaene thebaïca</italic> (Palmeae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kokolay (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antifatigue, Against Aches</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cassia alata</italic> (Caesalpiniaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kitchingtchig'a (Kabyè, tem)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reinforce immune system. Good for nerves.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lycopersicon esculentum</italic> (Solanaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Timati (kabyè),</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">analgesic, give strength,<break></break>Against fear</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitex doniana Sweet (</italic>Verbenaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tchangbayou (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improve breathing; Analgesic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arachis hypogaea Ls</italic>. (Fabaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kètèou (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Against Aches, tirednesses</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vigna subterranea (L.) verdc</italic>. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Souwé (kabyè), Azîgokui (Ewé)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Give force, power, energy</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cissus populnea Guill. & Perr</italic>. (Vitaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mènyè (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tonic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Theobroma cacao</italic> (Sterculaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kokoti (Ewé) Kokotuu (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Against migraine; Increase heart rate</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cocos nucifera L</italic>. (Arecaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anassara kpakpayè (Kabyè), Yovoneti (Ewé)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tonic, improve breathing</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck</italic>(Rutaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lémou (kabyè), N'ti (Ewé)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Give force, power, energy, analgesic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spondias mombin L</italic>. (Anacardiaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ehilou (Kabyè), Akikoti (Ewé)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antianemic, antifatigue</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T0002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Food plants used for their leaves and/or fruits during wrestling time</p></caption><table frame="border" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scientific name (Family)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Local name (Kabyè or Ewe)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frequency</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parts used</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indications</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ananas comosus</italic> (Bromeliaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adoto (kabyè), Agondé (Ewé)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhizome</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Against infection, fever; Contains vitamins</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Allicium cepa</italic> (Alliaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kaabou (Kabyè) Saboulè (Ewé)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhizome</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improve breathing. Against hypertension, fever. Contains vitamins</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Allium sativum</italic> (Alliaceace)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ayo (kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhizome</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Decrease hypertension; Heal the Wound; Improve breathing; Antibiotic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Zingiber officinale</italic> (Zingiberaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dotè (ewé), Wissikoyè (kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhizome</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Against sun negative effect. Improve breathing. Against rhumatism</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Curcuma longa L</italic>. (Zingiberaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wissikoyè – Tchilou (kabyè),</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhizome</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Against rheumatism; analgesic. Improve breathing;</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Curcuma zedoaria</italic> Roscoe (Zingiberaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wissikoyè -Kpolou (kabyè),</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhizome</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stimulate nerves; improve breathing.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Borassus aethiopum Mart</italic>. (Arecaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kpirè (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits, rhizome</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Give force, power, energy</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aloe vera</italic>,<break></break>(Asphodeliaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sinawkoyè (kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves<break></break>rhizome</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Against burns, wounds, infections and pains</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T0003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Food plants used for their leaves, fruits and/or seeds during wrestling time</p></caption><table frame="border" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scientific name (Family)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Local name (Kabyè or Ewe)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frequency</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parts used</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indications</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Psidium guayava</italic> (Myrtaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tsutsurè (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves<break></break>fruits</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibiotic, antispasmodic; Improve breathing.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mangifera indica</italic> (Anacardiaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mangoti (Ewé), Mangoutu (kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruit, Seeds, Leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analgesic, antifatigue. Against asthma, Improve breathing.; Hallucinogen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Caspicum frutescens</italic> (Solanaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kpanzipié (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits, Leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Against muscular pains, wrenches, arthritis, lumbago</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Adansonia digitata</italic> (Bombaceae<bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Telou (Kabyè), Adido (Ewé)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits Leaves<break></break>Seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cure anaemia, fever, pulmonary affections, good for giving sensation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coffea sp</italic> (Rubiaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kofe (Kabyè,Tem)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Against migraine; Increase heart rate</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa paradisiaca</italic> (Musaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Akoroutou (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves, fruits</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Increase heart rate; Contains vitamins</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Parkia biglobosa</italic> (Mimosaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Soulou (Kabyè) Woti (Ewé)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits<break></break>Seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">analgesic, give strength, against cardiac palpitation,<break></break>Against fear,</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Zea mays</italic> (Gramineae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bli (Ewé), Samila (kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Against fever, rheumatism, cough</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sorghum bicolor</italic> (Poaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mirè (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits, Leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improve breathing</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vigna unguiculata (L.)</italic> (Fabaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tchassi (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits, Leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Give force, power, energy</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Corchorus olitorius L</italic>. (Tiliaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kuloung (Kabyè), Ademin (Ewé)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves, fruits</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Give force, power, energy, Tonic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Blighia sapida Koenig</italic> (Sapindaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kpiziou (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits, Leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analgesic, Give force, power, energy</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hibiscus esculentus</italic> (Malvaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maatou (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves,<break></break>Young fruits</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">antianemic</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T0004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Food plants used for their leaves during wrestling time</p></caption><table frame="border" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scientific name (Family)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Local name (Kabyè or Ewe)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frequency</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indications</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceiba pentandra</italic> (L.) Gaertn. (Bombacaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Comon (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improve breathing; antianemic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Piliostigma reticulatum (DC.) Hochst</italic>. (Caesalpiniaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pabakou (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Against aches, tirednesses; analgesic, improve breathing</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hibiscus sabdariffa L</italic>. (Malvaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gnatou (kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analgesic, tonic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acanthospermumhispidum</italic> (Asteraceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kpanzoyè (Kabyè),</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analgesic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ocimum americanum L</italic>. (Lamiaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Konzonzongo (kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analgesic, antianemic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ocimum gratissimum L</italic>. (Lamiaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Azéou (Kabyè),</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analgesic, Improve breathing</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cymbopogon citratus</italic> (Poaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tigbé (Ewé, kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analgesic; antifatigue; Stimulate perspiration.<break></break>Against fever</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vernonia Amygdalina</italic>, (Astéraceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aloma ((Ewé), Fayou (kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analgesic; antifatigue; Against wounds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Euphorbia hirta</italic> (Euphorbiaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tchikpaltchindi (Kabyè) Rotsigbé, (Ewé)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Against asthma. Improve breathing. Analgésic. Anti-inflammatory drug</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T0005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Food plants used for their different organs during wrestling time</p></caption><table frame="border" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scientific name (Family)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Local name ( Kabyè or Ewe)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frequency</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parts used</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indications</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pteleopsis suberosa</italic> (Combretaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kizisinna (kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bark</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antifatigue; against infection</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carica papaya</italic> (Caricaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Somoré (kabyè), adibati (Ewé)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves, fruits, Root, Seeds, Flowers</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Contains vitamins. Reinforce immune system. Good for nerves</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Khaya senegalensis</italic> (Meliaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hèmou (Kabyè), Mahougen (Ewé)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bark</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improve breathing. Antianemic, Against colics, hyperthermia; Analgesic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tectona grandis</italic> (Verbenaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tchalimtuu (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leaves, Bark</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improve breathing</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Elaeis guineensis Jacq</italic>. (Palmeae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pow (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits, Bark, Root</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improve breathing</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Manihot esculenta</italic><break></break><italic>Crantz</italic><break></break>(Euphorbiaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M'bomtiou ou bantsi (Kabyè),</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tuber, Leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Improve breathing</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott</italic> (Araceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kpèkpèou (Kabyè), makali (Ewé)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tuber</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tonic, Give force, power, energy</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Paullinia pinnata L</italic>. (Sapindaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fatumagogo (Kabyè), agbassalika (ewé)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stem with leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analgesic, tonic, stimulant</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuillet</italic> (Bombacaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Houla (Kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chalice of the flower</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Give force, power, energy antianemic</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anacardium occidentale</italic> ssssssss(Anacardiaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yovotchati (Ewé), Atchantuu (kabyè),</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits<break></break>Bark</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Analgesic. Against hypertension</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ipomoea batatas</italic> (Convolvulaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Awizèè (Kabyè),</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tuber</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tonic; improve breathing</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Crateva adansonï DC</italic> (Capparaceae)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N'goné (kabyè)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Root</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Give force, power, energy</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="S0006"><title>Discussion</title><p>Present investigation indicates that people of Togo is blessing with marvelous diversity of leafy vegetable plants. They consume and conserve the plant species for their diverse uses. The tabulated plantspecies showed that the wrestlers consumed not only the dietary values but medicines also. Most of the plants, which are enlisted in the <xref ref-type="table" rid="T0001">Table 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="T0002">Table 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="T0003">Table 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="T0004">Table 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="T0005">Table 5</xref> are widely used in the other parts of the world in similar or different ways. For example, Cocos nucifera L. [<xref rid="CIT0034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>] and Hibiscus sabdariffa L. [<xref rid="CIT0035" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>] are widely used for cosmetic purposes. Among the different plant parts used in this study, leaves are secondary used after fruits. This result is not in accordance with those obtained by Jeyaprakash et al., [<xref rid="CIT0036" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>], Mali & Bhadane [<xref rid="CIT0037" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>] and other studies [<xref rid="CIT0038" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>–<xref rid="CIT0040" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>] who revealed that leaves are the most widely used plant parts. Kabyès land is located in the grassland savannah which favours the growth of herbs. Most societies and cultures have a sound knowledge of the biodiversity in their environments as a result of long term experimentation and innovation [<xref rid="CIT0041" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]. This may explain the use of many herbs in the traditional food and medicinal practice in this region. Fruits and leaves of plants have been reported to accumulate, antioxidants, vitamins, inulins, tannins and other alkaloids [<xref rid="CIT0042" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>] which may be responsible for their medicinal properties, explaining their wide use. A large majority of the plants used as traditional food plants in the study areas or elsewhere in the region lacks nutritional evidences. Therefore, it is required that steps must be taken up to perform nutritional, phytochemical and pharmacological studies to support and validate the potential of local food plants. Many plant species have become threatened due to habitat loss as result rapid urbanization and other anthropogenic factors. It suggests that these findings be incorporated into future biodiversity management and valorization plans.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusion" id="S0007"><title>Conclusion</title><p>This study reveals that many plants are used as food plants in the ground during Kabyè traditional wrestling. In view of these results, the local population must be educated on the rational use of these resources to not compromise their availability. Particular attention should be devoted to scientific research on food crops.</p><sec id="S20008"><title>What is known about this topic</title><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>The flora is the only renewable resource for rural communities.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Traditional healers know that plants can improve physical performance.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Physical performance can be improved by natural substances</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="S20009"><title>What this study adds</title><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Some plants that can enhance physical performance but secretly kept by traditional healers, throughout Kabyè land are known.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Some of these plants are food plants.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Adansonia digitata is one of the most cited food plants.</p></list-item></list></p></sec></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>Authors wished to express their gratitude to traditional and anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments during plants collection.</p></ack><sec id="S0010"><title>Competing interests</title><p>The authors declare no competing interest.</p></sec><sec id="S0011"><title>Authors’ contributions</title><p>All authors have read and agreed to the final version of this manuscript and have equally contributed to its content and to the management of the case.</p></sec><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="CIT0001"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Alagesaboopathi</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Ethnobotanical Studies on useful Plants of Kanjamalai Hills of Salem district of Tamil Nadu, Southern India</article-title><source>Arch Appl Sci Res.</source><year>2011</year><volume>3</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>532</fpage><lpage>539</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0002"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Scoones</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Melnyk</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Pretty</surname><given-names>JN</given-names></name></person-group><source>The hidden harvest: wild foods and agricultural systems: a literature review and annotated bibliography</source><year>1992</year><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc><publisher-name>International Institute for Environment and Development</publisher-name><comment>compiled by Ian Scoones, Mary Melnyk, Jules N. 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