Mosquitocidal Effect of Glycosmis pentaphylla Leaf Extracts against Three Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae)
Identifieur interne : 000396 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000395; suivant : 000397Mosquitocidal Effect of Glycosmis pentaphylla Leaf Extracts against Three Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae)
Auteurs : Govindaraju Ramkumar ; Sengodan Karthi ; Ranganathan Muthusamy ; Ponnusamy Suganya ; Devarajan Natarajan ; Eliningaya J. Kweka ; Muthugounder S. ShivakumarSource :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
The resistance status of malaria vectors to different classes of insecticides used for public health has raised concern for vector control programmes. Alternative compounds to supplement the existing tools are important to be searched to overcome the existing resistance and persistence of pesticides in vectors and the environment respectively. The mosquitocidal effects of
The larvicidal and adulticidal activity of
The plant leaf extracts of
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158088
PubMed: 27391146
PubMed Central: 4938602
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PMC:4938602Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Mosquitocidal Effect of <italic>Glycosmis pentaphylla</italic> Leaf Extracts against Three Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae)</title><author><name sortKey="Ramkumar, Govindaraju" sort="Ramkumar, Govindaraju" uniqKey="Ramkumar G" first="Govindaraju" last="Ramkumar">Govindaraju Ramkumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karthi, Sengodan" sort="Karthi, Sengodan" uniqKey="Karthi S" first="Sengodan" last="Karthi">Sengodan Karthi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muthusamy, Ranganathan" sort="Muthusamy, Ranganathan" uniqKey="Muthusamy R" first="Ranganathan" last="Muthusamy">Ranganathan Muthusamy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suganya, Ponnusamy" sort="Suganya, Ponnusamy" uniqKey="Suganya P" first="Ponnusamy" last="Suganya">Ponnusamy Suganya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Natarajan, Devarajan" sort="Natarajan, Devarajan" uniqKey="Natarajan D" first="Devarajan" last="Natarajan">Devarajan Natarajan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kweka, Eliningaya J" sort="Kweka, Eliningaya J" uniqKey="Kweka E" first="Eliningaya J." last="Kweka">Eliningaya J. Kweka</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Mosquito Section Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shivakumar, Muthugounder S" sort="Shivakumar, Muthugounder S" uniqKey="Shivakumar M" first="Muthugounder S." last="Shivakumar">Muthugounder S. Shivakumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27391146</idno><idno type="pmc">4938602</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4938602</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4938602</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0158088</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000396</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Mosquitocidal Effect of <italic>Glycosmis pentaphylla</italic> Leaf Extracts against Three Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae)</title><author><name sortKey="Ramkumar, Govindaraju" sort="Ramkumar, Govindaraju" uniqKey="Ramkumar G" first="Govindaraju" last="Ramkumar">Govindaraju Ramkumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karthi, Sengodan" sort="Karthi, Sengodan" uniqKey="Karthi S" first="Sengodan" last="Karthi">Sengodan Karthi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muthusamy, Ranganathan" sort="Muthusamy, Ranganathan" uniqKey="Muthusamy R" first="Ranganathan" last="Muthusamy">Ranganathan Muthusamy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suganya, Ponnusamy" sort="Suganya, Ponnusamy" uniqKey="Suganya P" first="Ponnusamy" last="Suganya">Ponnusamy Suganya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Natarajan, Devarajan" sort="Natarajan, Devarajan" uniqKey="Natarajan D" first="Devarajan" last="Natarajan">Devarajan Natarajan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kweka, Eliningaya J" sort="Kweka, Eliningaya J" uniqKey="Kweka E" first="Eliningaya J." last="Kweka">Eliningaya J. Kweka</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Mosquito Section Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shivakumar, Muthugounder S" sort="Shivakumar, Muthugounder S" uniqKey="Shivakumar M" first="Muthugounder S." last="Shivakumar">Muthugounder S. Shivakumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>The resistance status of malaria vectors to different classes of insecticides used for public health has raised concern for vector control programmes. Alternative compounds to supplement the existing tools are important to be searched to overcome the existing resistance and persistence of pesticides in vectors and the environment respectively. The mosquitocidal effects of <italic>Glycosmis pentaphylla</italic> using different solvents of acetone, methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts against three medically important mosquito vectors was conducted.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methods</title><p><italic>Glycosmis pentaphylla</italic> plant leaves were collected from Kolli Hills, India. The WHO test procedures for larval and adult bioassays were used to evaluate extracts against mosquito vectors, and the chemical composition of extracts identified using GC-MS analysis.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Results</title><p>The larvicidal and adulticidal activity of <italic>G</italic>. <italic>pentaphylla</italic> plant extracts clearly impacted the three species of major mosquitoes vectors. Acetone extracts had the highest larvicidal effect against <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic>, <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic> and <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic> with the LC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>90</sub> values of 0.0004, 138.54; 0.2669, 73.7413 and 0.0585, 303.746 mg/ml, respectively. The LC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>90</sub> adulticide values of <italic>G</italic>. <italic>pentaphylla</italic> leaf extracts in acetone, methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate, solvents were as follows for <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic>, <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic> and <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>Aegypti</italic>: 2.957, 5.458, 2.708, and 4.777, 3.449, 6.676 mg/ml respectively. The chemical composition of <italic>G</italic>. <italic>pentaphylla</italic> leaf extract has been found in 20 active compounds.</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusions</title><p>The plant leaf extracts of <italic>G</italic>. <italic>pentaphylla</italic> bioactive molecules which are effective and can be developed as an eco-friendly approach for larvicides and adulticidal mosquitoes vector control. Detailed identification and characterization of mosquitocidal effect of individual bioactive molecules ingredient may result into biodegradable effective tools for the control of mosquito vectors.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kumar, D" uniqKey="Kumar D">D Kumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andimuthu, R" uniqKey="Andimuthu R">R Andimuthu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rajan, R" uniqKey="Rajan R">R Rajan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Venkatesan, M" uniqKey="Venkatesan M">M Venkatesan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bharati, K" uniqKey="Bharati K">K Bharati</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ganguly, Nk" uniqKey="Ganguly N">NK Ganguly</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sharma, Sk" uniqKey="Sharma S">SK Sharma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Upadhyay, Ak" uniqKey="Upadhyay A">AK 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27391146</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4938602</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0158088</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-15-01869</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Plant Science</subject><subj-group><subject>Plant Anatomy</subject><subj-group><subject>Leaves</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Chemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Chemical Compounds</subject><subj-group><subject>Organic Compounds</subject><subj-group><subject>Acetones</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Chemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Organic Chemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Organic Compounds</subject><subj-group><subject>Acetones</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Chemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Chemical Compounds</subject><subj-group><subject>Organic Compounds</subject><subj-group><subject>Chloroform</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Chemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Organic Chemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Organic Compounds</subject><subj-group><subject>Chloroform</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Disease Vectors</subject><subj-group><subject>Insect Vectors</subject><subj-group><subject>Mosquitoes</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Animals</subject><subj-group><subject>Invertebrates</subject><subj-group><subject>Arthropoda</subject><subj-group><subject>Insects</subject><subj-group><subject>Mosquitoes</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Developmental Biology</subject><subj-group><subject>Metamorphosis</subject><subj-group><subject>Larvae</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Agriculture</subject><subj-group><subject>Agrochemicals</subject><subj-group><subject>Insecticides</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Mathematics</subject><subj-group><subject>Statistics (Mathematics)</subject><subj-group><subject>Confidence Intervals</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Disease Vectors</subject><subj-group><subject>Insect Vectors</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Mosquitocidal Effect of <italic>Glycosmis pentaphylla</italic> Leaf Extracts against Three Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae)</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Larvicidal and Adulticidal Effect of <italic>Glycosmis pentaphylla</italic> Extracts</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ramkumar</surname><given-names>Govindaraju</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Karthi</surname><given-names>Sengodan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Muthusamy</surname><given-names>Ranganathan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Suganya</surname><given-names>Ponnusamy</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Natarajan</surname><given-names>Devarajan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kweka</surname><given-names>Eliningaya J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="econtrib001"><sup>‡</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shivakumar</surname><given-names>Muthugounder S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="econtrib001"><sup>‡</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem- 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Mosquito Section Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Lanz-Mendoza</surname><given-names>Humberto</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, MEXICO</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: GR MSS. Performed the experiments: SK RM PS. Analyzed the data: SK RM PS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: EJK. Wrote the paper: SK EJK GR DN MSS. Revised the manuscript critically: EJK and MSS.</p></fn><fn fn-type="other" id="econtrib001"><p>‡ These authors share senior authorship.</p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>pat.kweka@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>8</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>7</issue><elocation-id>e0158088</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>14</day><month>3</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>12</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 Ramkumar et al</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Ramkumar et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="pone.0158088.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>The resistance status of malaria vectors to different classes of insecticides used for public health has raised concern for vector control programmes. Alternative compounds to supplement the existing tools are important to be searched to overcome the existing resistance and persistence of pesticides in vectors and the environment respectively. The mosquitocidal effects of <italic>Glycosmis pentaphylla</italic> using different solvents of acetone, methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts against three medically important mosquito vectors was conducted.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methods</title><p><italic>Glycosmis pentaphylla</italic> plant leaves were collected from Kolli Hills, India. The WHO test procedures for larval and adult bioassays were used to evaluate extracts against mosquito vectors, and the chemical composition of extracts identified using GC-MS analysis.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Results</title><p>The larvicidal and adulticidal activity of <italic>G</italic>. <italic>pentaphylla</italic> plant extracts clearly impacted the three species of major mosquitoes vectors. Acetone extracts had the highest larvicidal effect against <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic>, <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic> and <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic> with the LC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>90</sub> values of 0.0004, 138.54; 0.2669, 73.7413 and 0.0585, 303.746 mg/ml, respectively. The LC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>90</sub> adulticide values of <italic>G</italic>. <italic>pentaphylla</italic> leaf extracts in acetone, methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate, solvents were as follows for <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic>, <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic> and <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>Aegypti</italic>: 2.957, 5.458, 2.708, and 4.777, 3.449, 6.676 mg/ml respectively. The chemical composition of <italic>G</italic>. <italic>pentaphylla</italic> leaf extract has been found in 20 active compounds.</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusions</title><p>The plant leaf extracts of <italic>G</italic>. <italic>pentaphylla</italic> bioactive molecules which are effective and can be developed as an eco-friendly approach for larvicides and adulticidal mosquitoes vector control. Detailed identification and characterization of mosquitocidal effect of individual bioactive molecules ingredient may result into biodegradable effective tools for the control of mosquito vectors.</p></sec></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>The authors received no specific funding for this work.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="3"></fig-count><table-count count="4"></table-count><page-count count="11"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>All relevant data are within the paper.</p></notes></front><body><sec id="sec005"><title>Background</title><p>Control of malaria vectors has entered a new phase of challenge to public health practitioners due to increased threat of insecticides resistance among vectors [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref001" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref004" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]. Large proportions of the human population has been annually affected by vector-borne diseases. Effective vector control includes both larval and adult mosquito control measures, which have great impact in disease control. Synthetic insecticides are currently the most widely used tool for fighting against malaria vectors. However, these synthetic chemicals pose threat against non-target organisms and increase in resistance against targeted vector population [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref005" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. Biopesticides have shown promise of being a source for the environmental eco-friendly and an alternative to synthetic pesticides [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref006" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>], and for several decades plants have been a source of traditional medicine with least toxicity to mankind and domesticated animals [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref007" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref008" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]. Plant based extracts are presumed to have potential high toxicity and eco-friendly compared to synthetic insecticides for vector of veterinary and medical significance [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref009" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. The current methods used for the control of mosquito-borne diseases -are, the use of insecticides for Indoor residual spray, and long lasting insecticidal nets. It has also provoked undesirable effects, including toxicity to non-target organisms, and fostered environmental and human health concerns [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref010" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]. Plant material extracts have been found to be useful and effective as larvicides, repellent or deterrent agents, oviposition attractants or repellent and insect growth hormone regulators [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref008" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref011" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref012" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]. Plant based materials, whole plants or their extracts have been potentially used for killing and repelling mosquitoes and other nuisance vectors [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref013" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]. Previous studies revealed that, different solvents such as acetone, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol used for extracting active ingredients of <italic>C</italic>. <italic>dentata</italic> had also attributed to effect differences on larvicidal activity against mosquitoes [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref014" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref015" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>].</p><p><italic>Glycosmis pentaphylla</italic> (Family: Rutaceae) is an evergreen shrub commonly called an orange berry grown in eastern Asia in Bangladesh, India, and Thailand. <italic>G</italic>. <italic>Pentaphylla</italic> (Rutaceae) is used for treatments of boils, chest pain, hookworm infestation and urinary tract infections in human [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref016" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]. Juice extracted from <italic>G</italic>. <italic>pentaphylla</italic> leaves is used for treatment of fever and liver problems. A decoction of roots is used for the facial inflammations treatment [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref017" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]. The roots pounded and mixed with sugar are used as an antidote and fever treatment regime [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref017" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]. <italic>G</italic>. <italic>Pentaphylla</italic> is reported to contain arborinine among active ingredients [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref018" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]. Leaf extract and crude alkaloid possesses antibacterial and antifungal properties [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref019" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>].</p><p>The current study assessed the mosquitocidal activity of different extracts of <italic>Glycosmis pentaphylla</italic> against larvae and adults of three mosquito species.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec006"><title>Materials and Methods</title><sec id="sec007"><title>Collection of plants</title><p>The plant leaves of <italic>Glycosmis pentaphylla</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone.0158088.g001">Fig 1</xref>) were sampled from Kolli Hills of Eastern Ghats in a region that is rich in biodiversity and indigenous populations. Kolli Hills are located in the Namakkal district which lies between 10°12'–11°7'N, and 76°–77°56'E with an altitude 1300 meters above sea level and the taxonomic identification of plant was made by Dr. D. Natarajan, Assistant Professor, from Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Tamil Nadu, India, did the taxonomic identification of the plant and the voucher specimen was deposited in the herbarium. Periyar university approved ethical clearance for this research. In Kolli Hills, the management was informed about the study objectives and written consent was obtained with permission to collect plant material. This study did not involve any endangered or highly protected species.</p><fig id="pone.0158088.g001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0158088.g001</object-id><label>Fig 1</label><caption><title>Picture of Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz) plant picture in the field.</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="pone.0158088.g001"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="sec008"><title>Plant extracts preparations</title><p>Plant leaves were dried under shade for a period of 7 to 10 days in the shade at environmental temperatures (27–37°C daytime). A blander was used for powdering the dried leaves of which three hundred grams were extracted separately using the following chemicals for eight hours, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus with boiling point ranging between 50–80°C. The leaf extracts were concentrated at a pressure of 22–26mm Hg at 45°C. The obtained active ingredients were stored in a room temperature (in a dark room).</p></sec><sec id="sec009"><title>Mosquitoes culture</title><p>The National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu, India provided larvae of <italic>Anopheles stephensi</italic>, <italic>Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus</italic> for this study. The larvae were kept in plastic trays containing tap water was used for rearing under laboratory conditions at 27±2°C and relative humidity of 75–85%. The photophase was maintained at 14:10 light and dark. Ground dog biscuit and yeast powder was used as larvae food in the ratio of 3:1.</p></sec><sec id="sec010"><title>Larvicidal bioassay</title><p>WHO standard protocol for evaluating the larvicides was used to evaluate the plant extracts toxicity against mosquito larvae[<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref020" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>], with some minor modifications done by previous studies, [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref021" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]. Twenty five (25) fourth instar larvae were transferred to a small disposable paper cups with a mixture of 249 ml of water and 1.0 ml of proposed plant extract. The control used as DMSO. Dosage evaluation started with the lowest dosage of 0.01mg/ml to 2 mg/ml. Larvae mortality was monitored after 24 hours of exposure in all replicates of each dosage. The percentage mortality was reported from three replicates. The LC<sub>50</sub> (lethal concentration that kills 50% of the exposed larvae) and LC<sub>90</sub> (lethal concentration that kills 90% of the exposed larvae) values were calculated after 24 h using probit analysis method [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref022" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="sec011"><title>Adulticidal bioassay</title><p>Adulticidal bioassay was performed by using a clean glass test tube and different concentrations of five solvent extracts were made ranging from 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1 and 2mg/ml was coated with test tube and allow to dry the solvent extract [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref022" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]. There were three replicates per concentration and twenty unfed female mosquitoes were released in each replicates. Tubes were tightly covered with netting materials and coated with solvent alone served as control. Mosquito mortality was determined 24 hours post exposure. LD<sub>50</sub>, LD<sub>90</sub> with their 95% confidence limits were determined using Log Probit analysis test [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref022" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="sec012"><title>GC–MS analysis</title><p>The plant extracts of <italic>G</italic>. <italic>pentaphylla</italic> were analysed using gas chromatography (Polaris Q Ion Trap GC/FID) and mass spectrometry (Perkin Elmer Q-700 equipment). We followed the method used by previous published research findings [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref026" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>], which used one type of column (preferably Polaris Q Ion Trap GC/FID). The column temperature programme was 35°C for 2 min, increased to 180°C at 4°C/min, then increased to 280°C at 20°C/min. Helium was used as a carrier gas at a 0.9 ml/min. The best mass spectrum was obtained at 70 eV ionization voltage in the machine. Individual compounds were identified using Wiley/ NBS Registry of mass spectral database, the NIST machine (version 3.0) database. The Retention Time (RT) and Kovats Index (KI) values of several authentic reference compounds were compared with isolated compounds for identification.</p></sec><sec id="sec013"><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>The mean mortality data were analysed using probit analysis for calculating LC<sub>50</sub>, LC<sub>90</sub> and other statistics at 95% confidence interval limits of upper and lower confidence limits. The Chi-square values were calculated using the SPSS Statistical software package version 16.0 for windows.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec014"><title>Results</title><sec id="sec015"><title>Larval and adult bioassay</title><p>The larvicidal activity results were obtained from bioassays of the crude extracts by acetone, methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate solvent leaf extracts of <italic>Glycosmis pentaphylla</italic> against the larvae of three important vector mosquitoes in different concentration varied among species; <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>Quinquefasciatus</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0158088.t001">Table 1</xref>), <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0158088.t002">Table 2</xref>) and <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0158088.t003">Table 3</xref>). Among the plant extracts tested, the highest larvicidal activity was observed in acetone extracted compounds against <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic>, <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic> and <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic> with the LC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>90</sub> values of 0.0005, 138.54; 0.267, 73.741 and 0.058, 303.746 mg/ml, respectively. The 95% confidence limits LC<sub>50</sub> (95%CI) and LC<sub>90</sub> (95%CI), chi-square and degree of freedom (df) values were also calculated. In control assays we did not find any significant mortality.</p><table-wrap id="pone.0158088.t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0158088.t001</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Larvicidal activity of <italic>Glycosmis pentaphylla</italic> leaf extracts against fourth instar larvae of <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic>, <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic> and <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>Aegypti</italic>.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone.0158088.t001g" xlink:href="pone.0158088.t001"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Mosquito Species</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Extract</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">n<sup>a</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC<sub>50</sub> (mg/ml)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC<sub>90</sub> (mg/ml)</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">df</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(95% CL)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(95% CL)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Acetone</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">375</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00045</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">138.54</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">5.625*</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(3.8E-08-5.367)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.061–313)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Methanol</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">375</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.095</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5612.981</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">6.471*</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.012–0.752)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.235–134147950.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Chloroform</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">375</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.267</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.878</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">19.374*</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.039–1.805)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.043–4474.45)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Ethyl acetate</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">375</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0508</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.458</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">10.785*</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.076)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.182</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Acetone</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">375</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.267</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.741</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.938</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.469)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(39900.31)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Methanol</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">375</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.480</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.648</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">3.147</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.296–0.767)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(9.258–859.468)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Chloroform</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">375</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.456</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.801</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">5.2597*</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.280–0.717)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(8.6228–648.6936)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Ethyl acetate</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">375</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.396</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.314</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.679</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.257–0.572)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(5.529–102.974)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Acetone</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">375</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0585</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">303.746</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">12.328*</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(8.7E-05-39.279)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(3.9E-06-2.4E+10)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Methanol</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">375</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.121</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6376.845</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">3.602</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.019–0.757)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.26506)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Chloroform</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">375</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.112</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.385</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.993</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.014–0.226)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(6.444–7596.35)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Ethyl acetate</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">375</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.204</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.687</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">3.641</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.338)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(744.033)</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t001fn001"><p>n<sup>a</sup>—total number of mosquitoes larvae used; n = 25/replicate and three replicate per solvent were taken and five different concentration were used, LC<sub>50</sub> -Lethal concentration 50% mortality, LC<sub>90</sub>- Lethal concentration 90% mortality, LCL- lower confidence limits, UCL- upper confidence limits, χ2-chi square, df—degrees of freedom (<bold>Note:</bold> Chi-square values with astaric are significant P>0.05).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="pone.0158088.t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0158088.t002</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Adulticidal activity of plant leaf extract of <italic>Glycosmis pentaphylla</italic> against <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic>, <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic> and <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>Aegypti</italic>.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone.0158088.t002g" xlink:href="pone.0158088.t002"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Mosquito Species</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Sample</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">n<sup>a</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC<sub>50</sub> (mg/ml)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LC<sub>90</sub>(mg/ml)</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">χ<sup>2</sup></th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">df</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(95% CL)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(95% CL)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Acetone</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.518</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.439</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">3.040</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.859–19.250)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(5.063–39.142)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Ethyl Acetate</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.217</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.483</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">2.382</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.821–11.938)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(4.768–22.889)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Methanol</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.572</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.218</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">4.374*</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.422–9.406)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(4.625–20.879)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Chloroform</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.957</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.458</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">2.907</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.244–4.904)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(3.960–9.744)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Acetone</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.464</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.752</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">3.154</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.776–23.450)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(5.135–50.401)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Ethyl Acetate</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.893</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.693</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.437</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(3.981–9.421)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(6.0087–14.5431)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Methanol</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.139</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.210</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.696</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(3.108–38.350)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(5.292–74.515)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Chloroform</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.708</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.777</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">2.641</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.152–3.961)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(3.649–7.458)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Acetone</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.139</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.210</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.696</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(3.108–38.350)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(5.292–74.515)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Ethyl Acetate</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.236</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.051</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.209</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(4.1167–7.9812)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(9.6110–13.7613)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Methanol</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.691</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.802</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">1.351</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.910–24.590)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(5.174–50.276)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Chloroform</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.449</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.676</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="2" colspan="1">3.213</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.421–7.620)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(4.449–16.064)</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t002fn001"><p>n<sup>a</sup>—means Number of adults used; n = 20/replicate and three replicates per solvent were taken and five different concentration were used, LC<sub>50</sub> -Lethal concentration 50% mortality, LC<sub>90</sub>-Lethal concentration 90% mortality, LCL- lower confidence limits, UCL- upper confidence limits, χ<sup>2</sup>-chi square, df—degrees of freedom (<bold>Note:</bold> Chi-square values with astaric are significant P>0.05).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="pone.0158088.t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0158088.t003</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Chemical composition of Acetone leaf extract from <italic>Glycosmis pentaphylla</italic>.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone.0158088.t003g" xlink:href="pone.0158088.t003"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S. No</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Area</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Area%</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compound name</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activity</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.974</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">269,734,080.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.061</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4h-1-Benzopyran-4-One, 2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-3,5,6,7-Tetramethoxy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.972</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">127,418,296.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.035</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cyclopropanecarboxylic Acid, 2-Methyl-, 2,6-Di-T-Butyl-4-Methylphenyl Ester</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">insecticidal activity</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.799</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">71,275,064.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.529</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.982</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">47,226,244.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.314</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2h-1-Benzopyran-2-One, 6-(1-Hydroxy-3-Methylbutyl)-7-Methoxy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibacterial activity and anticancer activity</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.550</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">35,565,652.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.755</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,4'-ethylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">antihyperlipidemic</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.221</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">35,264,760.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.715</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,4'-ethylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">antihyperlipidemic</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.967</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,321,852.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.650</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hexane,3-(1,5-dimethyl-4-heanyl)-6-metheline-,(s-(R,S)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pharmacological and antioxidant activity</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.577</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">30,418,032.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.067</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Benzene, 1-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methyla1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antioxidant activity</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.443</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,103,241.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.019</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cis-. Alpha.-copaene-8-OL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibacterial activity</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.581</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,524,484.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.942</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diisopropyl (1-naphthyloxy) silane</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antimicrobial activity</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives></table-wrap><p>The adulticidal activity of acetone, methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate solvent leaf extracts of <italic>G pentaphylla</italic> against the adults of three important vector mosquitoes are reported for <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic>, <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic>, and <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>Aegypti</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0158088.t002">Table 2</xref>). The plant crude extracts mortality increased proportionally with dosage. Among the tested plant extract, the highest adulticidal effect was found to be in chloroform extract against <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic>, <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic> and <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic>. The control was tested without solvent showing no mortality. The LC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>90</sub> values of <italic>G pentaphylla</italic> leaf extracts of acetone, methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate against adulticidal activity of <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic>, <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic> and <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic> were as follows: 2.957and 5.458;2.708 and 4.777; 3.449 and 6.676 mg/ml, respectively.</p></sec><sec id="sec016"><title>GC-MS analysis and identification of compounds</title><p>GC-MS analysis of acetone and chloroform solvent extracts of <italic>G</italic>. <italic>pentaphylla</italic> extracts showed 40 peaks which indicating the presence of 20 phytochemical compounds (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone.0158088.g002">2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone.0158088.g003">3</xref>). On the comparison of the mass spectra of the constituents with the NIST library, the 20 compounds were characterized and identified (Tables <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0158088.t003">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0158088.t004">4</xref>). The major chemical compounds which were identified in acetone solvent extracts based on the 5 highest peaks were 4h-1-Benzopyran-4-one 2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-3,5,6,7-Tetramethoxy (36.061%), Cyclopropane carboxylic Acid, 2-Methyl-, 2,6-Di-T-Butyl-4-Methylphenyl Ester (17.035%), 2h-1-Benzopyran-2-One, 6-(1-Hydroxy-3-Methylbutyl)-7-Methoxy(6.314%),4,4'-ethylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) (4.775%), Hexane,3-(1,5-dimethyl-4-heanyl)-6-metheline-,(s-(R,S) (4.650%). For the chloroform solvent extracts based on the 5 highest peaks, the identified compounds were 4h-1-Benzopyran-4-One, 2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-3,5,6,7-Tetramethoxy (20.326%), Glaucyl Alcohol (15.876%), Cyclopropanecarboxylic Acid, 2-Methyl-, 2,6-Di-T-Butyl-4-Methylphenyl Ester (11.695%), 3-methyl-2-(2-oxopropyl)furan (9.511%), 2r-acetoxymethyl-1,3,3-trimethyl-4t-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-1t-cyclohexanol (5.923%).</p><fig id="pone.0158088.g002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0158088.g002</object-id><label>Fig 2</label><caption><title>Chromatogram from GC-MS analysis of acetone extracts of <italic>Glycosmis pentaphylla</italic> (ACQUISITION PARAMETERS; Oven: Initial temp 60°C for 2min, ramp 10°C/minto 300°C, hold 6min, Inj Aauto = 250°C, Volume = 0μL,Split = 10:1,Carrier Gas = He, Solvent Delay = 2.00min, Transfer Temp = 240°C, Source Temp = 240°C,Scan:50to 600Da,Column 30.0mx250μm).</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="pone.0158088.g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="pone.0158088.g003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0158088.g003</object-id><label>Fig 3</label><caption><title>Chromatogram from of GC-MS analysis of chloroform extracts of <italic>Glycosmis pentaphylla</italic> (ACQUISITION PARAMETERS; Oven:Initial temp 60°C for 2min, ramp 10°C/min to 300°C, hold 6min,Inj Aauto = 250°C,Volume = 0μL,Split = 10:1,Carrier Gas = He, Solvent Delay = 2.00min, Transfer Temp = 240°C, Source Temp = 240°C,Scan:50to 600Da, Column 30.0mx250μm).</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="pone.0158088.g003"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="pone.0158088.t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0158088.t004</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><title>Chemical composition of chloroform leaf extract from <italic>Glycosmis pentaphylla</italic>.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone.0158088.t004g" xlink:href="pone.0158088.t004"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col><col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S/N</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Area</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Area%</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compound name</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Activity</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.869</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">49,491,564.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.326</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4h-1-Benzopyran-4-One, 2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-3,5,6,7-Tetramethoxy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unknown</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.096</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">38,656,132.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.876</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glaucyl Alcohol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antibacterial, antioxidant activity</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.947</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">28,475,728.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.695</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cyclopropanecarboxylic Acid, 2-Methyl-, 2,6-Di-T-Butyl-4-Methylphenyl Ester</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">insecticidal activity</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.475</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">23,157,604.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.511</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3-methyl-2-(2-oxopropyl)furan</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antifungal and phytochemical activity</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.666</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,421,752.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.923</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2r-acetoxymethyl-1,3,3-trimethyl-4t-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-1t-cyclohexanol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">insecticidal activity</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.587</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">12,575,728.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.165</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Benzene, 1-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methyl</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antidermatophytic activity</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.211</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,736,138.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.177</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5-(2,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-2h-pyrazol-3-ol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.418</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,192,260.5</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.132</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cyclohexene, 1,5,5-Trimethyl-6-(2-Propenylidene)-</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antimicrobial activity</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.691</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,786,916.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.555</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,1'-Biphenyl, 2-Formyl-4',5',6'-Trimethoxy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.075</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,677,789.0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.510</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Z,Z-6,28-Heptatriactontadien-2-One</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vasodilator, carcinogenic and Antioxidant activity</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions" id="sec017"><title>Discussion</title><p>The findings of this study have shown that phytochemical compounds extracted from <italic>G</italic>. <italic>pentaphylla</italic> might be innovative, alternative to synthetic insecticides in the future as these are safe for non-target organisms. Chemical compounds extracted from different parts of plant have different active ingredients with different activity against larvae and adult mosquitoes. Plant crude extracts might be more effective than individual active compound due to active ingredients synergisms which can be effective in managing resistant population of mosquitoes. Our results show that the crude acetone, methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate solvent leaf extracts of <italic>G pentaphylla</italic> were effective against the larvae of three important vector mosquitoes, <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic>, <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic> and <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic>. These results are similar to previous reported study findings [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref014" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref015" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] who observed the larvicidal activity of <italic>C</italic>. <italic>dentata</italic> plant extract against vector mosquitoes, namely, <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic> (LC<sub>50</sub> = 0.169 mg/ml) <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic> (LC<sub>50</sub> = 0.150 mg/ml) and <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic> (LC<sub>50</sub> = 0.046 mg/ml). Previous studies have shown that, petroleum ether of <italic>R</italic>. <italic>nasutus</italic> have stronger larvicidal effect with LC<sub>50</sub> values ranging from 3.9 to11.5 mg/l, while <italic>Derris elliptica</italic> had LC<sub>50</sub> values varying from 11.2 to18.84 mg/l against <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic>, <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic>, <italic>An</italic>. <italic>dirus</italic>, and <italic>Mansonia uniformis</italic> [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]. Khanna and others found that, crude leaf extracts of <italic>Gymnema sylvestre</italic> had the highest mortalities at the concentration of 1000 ppm against the larvae of <italic>An</italic>. <italic>subpictus</italic> (LC<sub>50</sub> = 166.28 ppm) and <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic> (LC<sub>50</sub> = 186.55 ppm). Among its active ingredients, gymnemagenol compound isolated from petroleum ether had LC<sub>50</sub> of 22.99 ppm for larvae of <italic>An</italic>. <italic>subpictus</italic> and 15.92 ppm for <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic> [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>].</p><p>In other studies, the limonoids extracted from neem seeds evaluated for larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, and anti-ovipositional activity against <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic> using different solvent had larval mortality which was dose dependent[<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]. Ethanol extract induced mortality to <italic>C</italic>. <italic>sinensis</italic> at a concentration of 272.19 ppm (LC<sub>50</sub>) and 457.14 ppm (LC<sub>90</sub>) while for <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic> LC<sub>50</sub> was 289.62 and LC<sub>90</sub> was 494.88 ppm. In <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic> LC<sub>50</sub> was 320.38ppm and LC<sub>90</sub> was 524.57 ppm [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>,<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]. In the present study, the adulticidal results had the LC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>90</sub> values were 205.78 and 459.51 ppm for <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic>, 242.52 ppm and 523.73 ppm for <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic> respectively which was similar to study by Murugan and others with the extracts from <italic>Citrus</italic> peals [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>].</p><p>The adulticidal activity results of acetone, methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate solvent leaf extracts of <italic>G</italic>. <italic>pentaphylla</italic> against adult vector mosquitoes, <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic>, <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic> and <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic> showed to have dose-dependent mortality. At higher concentrations, the adult showed restless movement for some times with abnormal wagging and then died. Among the extracts tested, the highest adulticidal activity was observed in chloroform extract against <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic>, <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic> and <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic>. The lethal dose to kill 50% and 90% (LC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>90)</sub> values of <italic>G</italic>. <italic>pentaphylla</italic> leaf extracts against adulticidal activity of (acetone, methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate), <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic>, <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic> and <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic> were 2.957and 5.458; 2.708 and 4.777;3.449 and 6.676 mg/ml. Rajkumar and others found that, the leaf extract of <italic>C</italic>. <italic>asiatica</italic> has larvicidal and an inhibitory properties for the emergence adults against <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic> [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref032" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]. The reported results in this study in adult emergence inhibitory and mosquitocidal effects are by far greater that those reported by other studies using different plant extracts. The above findings support the results observed in this study that, plant <italic>G</italic>. <italic>pentaphylla</italic> act as potent larvicide and adulticide as well as disrupting the growth of larvae of <italic>Cx</italic>. <italic>quinquefasciatus</italic>, <italic>An</italic>. <italic>stephensi</italic> and <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>aegypti</italic>.</p><p>The isolation of compounds from leaf extracts of <italic>G pentaphylla</italic>, as described here, could lead to the development of natural mosquitocidal products to replace the synthetic insecticides. The use of natural plant based products by individuals and communities can enhance their better diseases vector control, plant species protection and propagations hence become source of income to community to eradicate poverty[<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]. For example, our previous study provides the active ingredients of <italic>C</italic>. <italic>dentata</italic> plant extracts of acetone solvent against mosquito vectors [<xref rid="pone.0158088.ref015" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. Our study shows that besides mosquito larval and adult control efficacy, the compounds in the extracts which may be useful as further studies are needed to identify structure of the bioactive molecules.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions" id="sec018"><title>Conclusion</title><p>In conclusion, the findings of this study have shown a great effectiveness of <italic>Glycosmis pentaphylla</italic> extracts by different solvents against the three major mosquito species in aquatic stages and adults. Our findings showed that leaf extract of <italic>G pentaphylla</italic> bioactive molecules to be an effective and can be developed as an eco-friendly larvicides and adulticides for mosquito vector control. 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