Melatonin: Current Status and Future Perspectives in Plant Science
Identifieur interne : 000254 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000253; suivant : 000255Melatonin: Current Status and Future Perspectives in Plant Science
Auteurs : Muhammad A. Nawaz ; Yuan Huang ; Zhilong Bie ; Waqar Ahmed ; Russel J. Reiter ; Mengliang Niu ; Saba HameedSource :
- Frontiers in Plant Science [ 1664-462X ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Melatonin (
Url:
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01230
PubMed: 26793210
PubMed Central: 4707265
Links to Exploration step
PMC:4707265Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Melatonin: Current Status and Future Perspectives in Plant Science</title><author><name sortKey="Nawaz, Muhammad A" sort="Nawaz, Muhammad A" uniqKey="Nawaz M" first="Muhammad A." last="Nawaz">Muhammad A. Nawaz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education</institution><country>Wuhan, China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Department of Horticulture, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha</institution><country>Sargodha, Pakistan</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Yuan" sort="Huang, Yuan" uniqKey="Huang Y" first="Yuan" last="Huang">Yuan Huang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education</institution><country>Wuhan, China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bie, Zhilong" sort="Bie, Zhilong" uniqKey="Bie Z" first="Zhilong" last="Bie">Zhilong Bie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education</institution><country>Wuhan, China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Waqar" sort="Ahmed, Waqar" uniqKey="Ahmed W" first="Waqar" last="Ahmed">Waqar Ahmed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Sector Advisor-Horticulture, USAID-CNFA</institution><country>Lahore, Pakistan</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reiter, Russel J" sort="Reiter, Russel J" uniqKey="Reiter R" first="Russel J." last="Reiter">Russel J. Reiter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio</institution><country>San Antonio, TX, USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Niu, Mengliang" sort="Niu, Mengliang" uniqKey="Niu M" first="Mengliang" last="Niu">Mengliang Niu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education</institution><country>Wuhan, China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hameed, Saba" sort="Hameed, Saba" uniqKey="Hameed S" first="Saba" last="Hameed">Saba Hameed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education</institution><country>Wuhan, China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26793210</idno><idno type="pmc">4707265</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4707265</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4707265</idno><idno type="doi">10.3389/fpls.2015.01230</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000254</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Melatonin: Current Status and Future Perspectives in Plant Science</title><author><name sortKey="Nawaz, Muhammad A" sort="Nawaz, Muhammad A" uniqKey="Nawaz M" first="Muhammad A." last="Nawaz">Muhammad A. Nawaz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education</institution><country>Wuhan, China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Department of Horticulture, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha</institution><country>Sargodha, Pakistan</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Yuan" sort="Huang, Yuan" uniqKey="Huang Y" first="Yuan" last="Huang">Yuan Huang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education</institution><country>Wuhan, China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bie, Zhilong" sort="Bie, Zhilong" uniqKey="Bie Z" first="Zhilong" last="Bie">Zhilong Bie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education</institution><country>Wuhan, China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Waqar" sort="Ahmed, Waqar" uniqKey="Ahmed W" first="Waqar" last="Ahmed">Waqar Ahmed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Sector Advisor-Horticulture, USAID-CNFA</institution><country>Lahore, Pakistan</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reiter, Russel J" sort="Reiter, Russel J" uniqKey="Reiter R" first="Russel J." last="Reiter">Russel J. Reiter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio</institution><country>San Antonio, TX, USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Niu, Mengliang" sort="Niu, Mengliang" uniqKey="Niu M" first="Mengliang" last="Niu">Mengliang Niu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education</institution><country>Wuhan, China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hameed, Saba" sort="Hameed, Saba" uniqKey="Hameed S" first="Saba" last="Hameed">Saba Hameed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education</institution><country>Wuhan, China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Frontiers in Plant Science</title><idno type="eISSN">1664-462X</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Melatonin (<italic>N</italic>-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a ubiquitous molecule with pleiotropic actions in different organisms. It performs many important functions in human, animals, and plants; these range from regulating circadian rhythms in animals to controlling senescence in plants. In this review, we summarize the available information regarding the presence of melatonin in different plant species, along with highlighting its biosynthesis and mechanisms of action. We also collected the available information on the effects of melatonin application on commercially important crops to improve their growth and development. Additionally, we have identified many new aspects where melatonin may have possible roles in plants, for example, its function in improving the storage life and quality of fruits and vegetables, its role in vascular reconnection during the grafting process and nutrient uptake from roots by modifying root architecture. Another potentially important aspect is the production of melatonin-rich food crops (cereals, fruits, and vegetables) through combination of conventional and modern breeding approaches, to increase plant resistance against biotic and abiotic stress, leading to improved crop yields, and the nutraceutical value of produce to solve food security issues.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Acuna Castroviejo, D" uniqKey="Acuna Castroviejo D">D. Acuna-Castroviejo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lopez, L C" uniqKey="Lopez L">L. C. Lopez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Escames, G" uniqKey="Escames G">G. Escames</name></author><author><name sortKey="L Pez, A" uniqKey="L Pez A">A. López</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, J A" uniqKey="Garcia J">J. A. García</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Afreen, F" uniqKey="Afreen F">F. Afreen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zobayed, S M A" uniqKey="Zobayed S">S. M. A. Zobayed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kozai, T" uniqKey="Kozai T">T. Kozai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aguilera, Y" uniqKey="Aguilera Y">Y. Aguilera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Herrera, T" uniqKey="Herrera T">T. Herrera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Benitez, V" uniqKey="Benitez V">V. Benítez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arribas, S M" uniqKey="Arribas S">S. M. Arribas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lopez De Pablo, A L" uniqKey="Lopez De Pablo A">A. L. Lopez De Pablo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Esteban, R M" uniqKey="Esteban R">R. M. Esteban</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Allakhverdiev, S I" uniqKey="Allakhverdiev S">S. I. Allakhverdiev</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sakamoto, A" uniqKey="Sakamoto A">A. Sakamoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nishiyama, Y" uniqKey="Nishiyama Y">Y. Nishiyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Inaba, M" uniqKey="Inaba M">M. Inaba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murata, N" uniqKey="Murata N">N. Murata</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arnao, M B" uniqKey="Arnao M">M. B. Arnao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez Ruiz, J" uniqKey="Hernandez Ruiz J">J. Hernández-Ruiz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arnao, M B" uniqKey="Arnao M">M. B. Arnao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez Ruiz, J" uniqKey="Hernandez Ruiz J">J. Hernández-Ruiz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arnao, M B" uniqKey="Arnao M">M. B. Arnao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez Ruiz, J" uniqKey="Hernandez Ruiz J">J. Hernández-Ruiz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arnao, M B" uniqKey="Arnao M">M. B. Arnao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez Ruiz, J" uniqKey="Hernandez Ruiz J">J. Hernandez-Ruiz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arnao, M" uniqKey="Arnao M">M. Arnao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez Ruiz, J" uniqKey="Hernandez Ruiz J">J. Hernández-Ruiz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Badria, F A" uniqKey="Badria F">F. A. Badria</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bajwa, V S" uniqKey="Bajwa V">V. S. Bajwa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shukla, M R" uniqKey="Shukla M">M. R. Shukla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sherif, S M" uniqKey="Sherif S">S. M. Sherif</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murch, S J" uniqKey="Murch S">S. J. Murch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saxena, P K" uniqKey="Saxena P">P. K. Saxena</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Banerjee, S" uniqKey="Banerjee S">S. Banerjee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Margulis, L" uniqKey="Margulis L">L. Margulis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Behera, K K" uniqKey="Behera K">K. K. Behera</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bonnati Carrion, M A" uniqKey="Bonnati Carrion M">M. A. Bonnati-Carrion</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arguelles Prieto, R" uniqKey="Arguelles Prieto R">R. Arguelles-Prieto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez Madrid, M J" uniqKey="Martinez Madrid M">M. J. Martinez-Madrid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. Reiter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hardeland, R" uniqKey="Hardeland R">R. Hardeland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rol, M A" uniqKey="Rol M">M. A. Rol</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boyer, S" uniqKey="Boyer S">S. Boyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, H" uniqKey="Zhang H">H. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lemperiere, G" uniqKey="Lemperiere G">G. Lempérière</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Burkhardt, S" uniqKey="Burkhardt S">S. Burkhardt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, D X" uniqKey="Tan D">D. X. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manchester, L C" uniqKey="Manchester L">L. C. Manchester</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hardeland, R" uniqKey="Hardeland R">R. Hardeland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Byeon, Y" uniqKey="Byeon Y">Y. Byeon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Back, K" uniqKey="Back K">K. Back</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Byeon, Y" uniqKey="Byeon Y">Y. Byeon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Back, K" uniqKey="Back K">K. Back</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Byeon, Y" uniqKey="Byeon Y">Y. Byeon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, H Y" uniqKey="Lee H">H. Y. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, K" uniqKey="Lee K">K. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, S" uniqKey="Park S">S. Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Back, K" uniqKey="Back K">K. Back</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Byeon, Y" uniqKey="Byeon Y">Y. Byeon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, K" uniqKey="Lee K">K. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Y I" uniqKey="Park Y">Y. I. Park</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Byeon, Y" uniqKey="Byeon Y">Y. Byeon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, D X" uniqKey="Tan D">D. X. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Back, K" uniqKey="Back K">K. Back</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carrillo Vico, A" uniqKey="Carrillo Vico A">A. Carrillo-Vico</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lardone, P J" uniqKey="Lardone P">P. J. Lardone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alvarez Sanchez, N" uniqKey="Alvarez Sanchez N">N. Alvarez-Sánchez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Rodriguez, A" uniqKey="Rodriguez Rodriguez A">A. Rodríguez-Rodríguez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guerrero, J M" uniqKey="Guerrero J">J. M. Guerrero</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chan, Z" uniqKey="Chan Z">Z. Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, H" uniqKey="Shi H">H. Shi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, G" uniqKey="Chen G">G. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huo, Y" uniqKey="Huo Y">Y. Huo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, D X" uniqKey="Tan D">D. X. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liang, Z" uniqKey="Liang Z">Z. Liang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, W" uniqKey="Zhang W">W. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Y" uniqKey="Zhang Y">Y. Zhang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cherian, S" uniqKey="Cherian S">S. Cherian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oliveira, M M" uniqKey="Oliveira M">M. M. Oliveira</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dietz, A C" uniqKey="Dietz A">A. C. Dietz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schnoor, J L" uniqKey="Schnoor J">J. L. Schnoor</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dubbels, R" uniqKey="Dubbels R">R. Dubbels</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klenke, E" uniqKey="Klenke E">E. Klenke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goebel, A" uniqKey="Goebel A">A. Goebel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schnakenberg, E" uniqKey="Schnakenberg E">E. Schnakenberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ehlers, C" uniqKey="Ehlers C">C. Ehlers</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Falc N, J" uniqKey="Falc N J">J. Falcón</name></author><author><name sortKey="Besseau, L" uniqKey="Besseau L">L. Besseau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fuentes, M" uniqKey="Fuentes M">M. Fuentès</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sauzet, S" uniqKey="Sauzet S">S. Sauzet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Magnanou, E" uniqKey="Magnanou E">E. Magnanou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boeuf, G" uniqKey="Boeuf G">G. Boeuf</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Feng, X" uniqKey="Feng X">X. Feng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, M" uniqKey="Wang M">M. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Y" uniqKey="Zhao Y">Y. Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Han, P" uniqKey="Han P">P. Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dai, Y" uniqKey="Dai Y">Y. Dai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Garcia, J J" uniqKey="Garcia J">J. J. García</name></author><author><name sortKey="L Pez Pingarr N, L" uniqKey="L Pez Pingarr N L">L. López-Pingarrón</name></author><author><name sortKey="Almeida Souza, P" uniqKey="Almeida Souza P">P. Almeida-Souza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tres, A" uniqKey="Tres A">A. Tres</name></author><author><name sortKey="Escudero, P" uniqKey="Escudero P">P. Escudero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Gil, F A" uniqKey="Garcia Gil F">F. A. García-Gil</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Gomez, D" uniqKey="Gonzalez Gomez D">D. Gonzalez-Gomez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lozano, M" uniqKey="Lozano M">M. Lozano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fernandez Leon, M F" uniqKey="Fernandez Leon M">M. F. Fernandez-Leon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ayuso, M C" uniqKey="Ayuso M">M. C. Ayuso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bernalte, M J" uniqKey="Bernalte M">M. J. Bernalte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez, A B" uniqKey="Rodriguez A">A. B. Rodriguez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hardeland, R" uniqKey="Hardeland R">R. Hardeland</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hardeland, R" uniqKey="Hardeland R">R. Hardeland</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hardeland, R" uniqKey="Hardeland R">R. Hardeland</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hardeland, R" uniqKey="Hardeland R">R. Hardeland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cardinali, D P" uniqKey="Cardinali D">D. P. Cardinali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Srinivasan, V" uniqKey="Srinivasan V">V. Srinivasan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spence, D W" uniqKey="Spence D">D. W. Spence</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, G M" uniqKey="Brown G">G. M. Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pandi Perumal, S R" uniqKey="Pandi Perumal S">S. R. Pandi-Perumal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hardeland, R" uniqKey="Hardeland R">R. Hardeland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Madrid, J A" uniqKey="Madrid J">J. A. Madrid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, D X" uniqKey="Tan D">D. X. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hattori, A" uniqKey="Hattori A">A. Hattori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Migitaka, H" uniqKey="Migitaka H">H. Migitaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Masayaki, I" uniqKey="Masayaki I">I. Masayaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Itoh, M" uniqKey="Itoh M">M. Itoh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamamoto, K" uniqKey="Yamamoto K">K. Yamamoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ohtani Kaneko, R" uniqKey="Ohtani Kaneko R">R. Ohtani-Kaneko</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hernandez, I G" uniqKey="Hernandez I">I. G. Hernández</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gomez, F J V" uniqKey="Gomez F">F. J. V. Gomez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cerutti, S" uniqKey="Cerutti S">S. Cerutti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arana, M V" uniqKey="Arana M">M. V. Arana</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silva, M F" uniqKey="Silva M">M. F. Silva</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hernandez Ruiz, J" uniqKey="Hernandez Ruiz J">J. Hernández-Ruiz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cano, A" uniqKey="Cano A">A. Cano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arnao, M B" uniqKey="Arnao M">M. B. Arnao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Iriti, M" uniqKey="Iriti M">M. Iriti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rossoni, M" uniqKey="Rossoni M">M. Rossoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Faoro, F" uniqKey="Faoro F">F. Faoro</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ishihara, A" uniqKey="Ishihara A">A. Ishihara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hashimoto, Y" uniqKey="Hashimoto Y">Y. Hashimoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tanaka, C" uniqKey="Tanaka C">C. Tanaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dubouzet, J G" uniqKey="Dubouzet J">J. G. Dubouzet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakao, T" uniqKey="Nakao T">T. Nakao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matsuda, F" uniqKey="Matsuda F">F. Matsuda</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jackson, W T" uniqKey="Jackson W">W. T. Jackson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jiang, F M" uniqKey="Jiang F">F. M. Jiang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Teng, F X" uniqKey="Teng F">F. X. Teng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhi, Z W" uniqKey="Zhi Z">Z. W. Zhi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, L F" uniqKey="Yu L">L. F. Yu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, M X" uniqKey="Zhu M">M. X. Zhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhen, W Z" uniqKey="Zhen W">W. Z. Zhen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Johns, N P" uniqKey="Johns N">N. P. Johns</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johns, J" uniqKey="Johns J">J. Johns</name></author><author><name sortKey="Porasuphatana, S" uniqKey="Porasuphatana S">S. Porasuphatana</name></author><author><name sortKey="Plaimee, P" uniqKey="Plaimee P">P. Plaimee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sae Teaw, M" uniqKey="Sae Teaw M">M. Sae-Teaw</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kang, K" uniqKey="Kang K">K. Kang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, K" uniqKey="Lee K">K. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, S" uniqKey="Park S">S. Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Y S" uniqKey="Kim Y">Y. S. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Back, K" uniqKey="Back K">K. Back</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kirakosyan, A" uniqKey="Kirakosyan A">A. Kirakosyan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seymour, E M" uniqKey="Seymour E">E. M. Seymour</name></author><author><name sortKey="Urcuyo Llanes, D E" uniqKey="Urcuyo Llanes D">D. E. Urcuyo Llanes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaufman, P B" uniqKey="Kaufman P">P. B. Kaufman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bolling, S F" uniqKey="Bolling S">S. F. Bolling</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kolar, J" uniqKey="Kolar J">J. Kolár</name></author><author><name sortKey="Machackova, I" uniqKey="Machackova I">I. Machácková</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kolar, J" uniqKey="Kolar J">J. Kolar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Machackova, I" uniqKey="Machackova I">I. Machackova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eder, J" uniqKey="Eder J">J. Eder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prinsen, E" uniqKey="Prinsen E">E. Prinsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prinsen, E" uniqKey="Prinsen E">E. Prinsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dongen, W V" uniqKey="Dongen W">W. V. Dongen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Krystyna, M J" uniqKey="Krystyna M">M. J. Krystyna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Posmyk, M M" uniqKey="Posmyk M">M. M. Posmyk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Janas, K M" uniqKey="Janas K">K. M. Janas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lal, N" uniqKey="Lal N">N. Lal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Srivastava, N" uniqKey="Srivastava N">N. Srivastava</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, H Y" uniqKey="Lee H">H. Y. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Byeon, Y" uniqKey="Byeon Y">Y. Byeon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Back, K" uniqKey="Back K">K. Back</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, S H" uniqKey="Lee S">S. H. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, H W" uniqKey="Oh H">H. W. Oh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fang, Y" uniqKey="Fang Y">Y. Fang</name></author><author><name sortKey="An, S B" uniqKey="An S">S. B. An</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, D S" uniqKey="Park D">D. S. Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Song, H H" uniqKey="Song H">H. H. Song</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lerner, A B" uniqKey="Lerner A">A. B. Lerner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Case, J D" uniqKey="Case J">J. D. Case</name></author><author><name sortKey="Takahashi, Y" uniqKey="Takahashi Y">Y. Takahashi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, T H" uniqKey="Lee T">T. H. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mori, W" uniqKey="Mori W">W. Mori</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, C" uniqKey="Li C">C. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, P" uniqKey="Wang P">P. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wei, Z" uniqKey="Wei Z">Z. Wei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liang, D" uniqKey="Liang D">D. Liang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, C" uniqKey="Liu C">C. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yin, L" uniqKey="Yin L">L. Yin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lipinski, B" uniqKey="Lipinski B">B. Lipinski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hanson, C" uniqKey="Hanson C">C. Hanson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lomax, J" uniqKey="Lomax J">J. Lomax</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kitinoja, L" uniqKey="Kitinoja L">L. Kitinoja</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waite, R" uniqKey="Waite R">R. Waite</name></author><author><name sortKey="Searchinger, T" uniqKey="Searchinger T">T. Searchinger</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Manchester, L C" uniqKey="Manchester L">L. C. Manchester</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coto Montes, A" uniqKey="Coto Montes A">A. Coto-Montes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boga, J A" uniqKey="Boga J">J. A. Boga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andersen, L P H" uniqKey="Andersen L">L. P. H. Andersen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Z" uniqKey="Zhou Z">Z. Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galano, A" uniqKey="Galano A">A. Galano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Manchester, L C" uniqKey="Manchester L">L. C. Manchester</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, D X" uniqKey="Tan D">D. X. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, W" uniqKey="Park W">W. Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Monis, K" uniqKey="Monis K">K. Monis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qi, W B" uniqKey="Qi W">W. B. Qi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maria, S" uniqKey="Maria S">S. Maria</name></author><author><name sortKey="Witt Enderby, P A" uniqKey="Witt Enderby P">P. A. Witt-Enderby</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maronde, E" uniqKey="Maronde E">E. Maronde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stehle, J" uniqKey="Stehle J">J. Stehle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Melnyk, C W" uniqKey="Melnyk C">C. W. Melnyk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schuster, C" uniqKey="Schuster C">C. Schuster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leyser, O" uniqKey="Leyser O">O. Leyser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meyerowitz, E M" uniqKey="Meyerowitz E">E. M. Meyerowitz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mercolini, L" uniqKey="Mercolini L">L. Mercolini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mandrioli, R" uniqKey="Mandrioli R">R. Mandrioli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raggi, M A" uniqKey="Raggi M">M. A. Raggi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Murch, S" uniqKey="Murch S">S. Murch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, S S B" uniqKey="Campbell S">S. S. B. Campbell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saxena, P K" uniqKey="Saxena P">P. K. Saxena</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Murch, S J" uniqKey="Murch S">S. J. Murch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krishnara, J S" uniqKey="Krishnara J">J. S. Krishnara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saxena, P K" uniqKey="Saxena P">P. K. Saxena</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Murch, S J" uniqKey="Murch S">S. J. Murch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saxena, P K" uniqKey="Saxena P">P. K. Saxena</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oladi, E" uniqKey="Oladi E">E. Oladi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mohamadi, M" uniqKey="Mohamadi M">M. Mohamadi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shamspur, T" uniqKey="Shamspur T">T. Shamspur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mostafavi, A" uniqKey="Mostafavi A">A. Mostafavi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pandi Perumal, S R" uniqKey="Pandi Perumal S">S. R. Pandi-Perumal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Trakht, I" uniqKey="Trakht I">I. Trakht</name></author><author><name sortKey="Srinivasan, V" uniqKey="Srinivasan V">V. Srinivasan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spence, D W" uniqKey="Spence D">D. W. Spence</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maestroni, G J M" uniqKey="Maestroni G">G. J. M. Maestroni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zisapel, N" uniqKey="Zisapel N">N. Zisapel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Parida, A K" uniqKey="Parida A">A. K. Parida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Das, A B" uniqKey="Das A">A. B. Das</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Park, S" uniqKey="Park S">S. Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Back, K" uniqKey="Back K">K. Back</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Park, S" uniqKey="Park S">S. Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, D E" uniqKey="Lee D">D. E. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jang, H" uniqKey="Jang H">H. Jang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Byeon, H" uniqKey="Byeon H">H. Byeon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Y S" uniqKey="Kim Y">Y. S. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Back, K" uniqKey="Back K">K. Back</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Park, S" uniqKey="Park S">S. Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, K" uniqKey="Lee K">K. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Y S" uniqKey="Kim Y">Y. S. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Back, K" uniqKey="Back K">K. Back</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Posmyk, M M" uniqKey="Posmyk M">M. M. Posmyk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuran, H" uniqKey="Kuran H">H. Kuran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marciniak, K" uniqKey="Marciniak K">K. Marciniak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Janas, K M" uniqKey="Janas K">K. M. Janas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manchester, L C" uniqKey="Manchester L">L. C. Manchester</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, D X" uniqKey="Tan D">D. X. Tan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, D X" uniqKey="Tan D">D. X. Tan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, D X" uniqKey="Tan D">D. X. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galano, A" uniqKey="Galano A">A. Galano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, D X" uniqKey="Tan D">D. X. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manchester, L C" uniqKey="Manchester L">L. C. Manchester</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paredes, S D" uniqKey="Paredes S">S. D. Paredes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mayo, J C" uniqKey="Mayo J">J. C. Mayo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sainz, R M" uniqKey="Sainz R">R. M. Sainz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, D X" uniqKey="Tan D">D. X. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Z" uniqKey="Zhou Z">Z. Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cruz, M H C" uniqKey="Cruz M">M. H. C. Cruz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fuentes Broto, L" uniqKey="Fuentes Broto L">L. Fuentes-Broto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galano, A" uniqKey="Galano A">A. Galano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Riga, P" uniqKey="Riga P">P. Riga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Medina, S" uniqKey="Medina S">S. Medina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Flores, L A" uniqKey="Garcia Flores L">L. A. García-Flores</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gil Izquierdo, A" uniqKey="Gil Izquierdo A">A. Gil-Izquierdo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rosales Corral, S A" uniqKey="Rosales Corral S">S. A. Rosales-Corral</name></author><author><name sortKey="Acuna Castroviejo, D" uniqKey="Acuna Castroviejo D">D. Acuna-Castroviejo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coto Montes, A" uniqKey="Coto Montes A">A. Coto-Montes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boga, J A" uniqKey="Boga J">J. A. Boga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manchester, L C" uniqKey="Manchester L">L. C. Manchester</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fuentes Broto, L" uniqKey="Fuentes Broto L">L. Fuentes-Broto</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shi, H" uniqKey="Shi H">H. Shi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, C" uniqKey="Jiang C">C. Jiang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ye, T" uniqKey="Ye T">T. Ye</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, D X" uniqKey="Tan D">D. X. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, H" uniqKey="Zhang H">H. Zhang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shi, H" uniqKey="Shi H">H. Shi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, D X" uniqKey="Tan D">D. X. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Z" uniqKey="Chan Z">Z. Chan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Simopoulos, A" uniqKey="Simopoulos A">A. Simopoulos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, D X" uniqKey="Tan D">D. X. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manchester, L C" uniqKey="Manchester L">L. C. Manchester</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sturtz, M" uniqKey="Sturtz M">M. Sturtz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cerezo, A B" uniqKey="Cerezo A">A. B. Cerezo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cantos Villar, E" uniqKey="Cantos Villar E">E. Cantos-Villar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Parrilla, M C" uniqKey="Garcia Parrilla M">M. C. Garcia-Parrilla</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tal, O" uniqKey="Tal O">O. Tal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haim, A" uniqKey="Haim A">A. Haim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harel, O" uniqKey="Harel O">O. Harel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerchman, Y" uniqKey="Gerchman Y">Y. Gerchman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tan, D X" uniqKey="Tan D">D. X. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hardeland, R" uniqKey="Hardeland R">R. Hardeland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manchestr, L C" uniqKey="Manchestr L">L. C. Manchestr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Korkmaz, A" uniqKey="Korkmaz A">A. Korkmaz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, S" uniqKey="Ma S">S. Ma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosales Corral, S" uniqKey="Rosales Corral S">S. Rosales-Corral</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tan, D X" uniqKey="Tan D">D. X. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manchester, L C" uniqKey="Manchester L">L. C. Manchester</name></author><author><name sortKey="Helton, P" uniqKey="Helton P">P. Helton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tan, D X" uniqKey="Tan D">D. X. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manchester, L C" uniqKey="Manchester L">L. C. Manchester</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mascio, P D" uniqKey="Mascio P">P. D. Mascio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez, G R" uniqKey="Martinez G">G. R. Martinez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prado, F M" uniqKey="Prado F">F. M. Prado</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tiryaki, I" uniqKey="Tiryaki I">I. Tiryaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keles, H" uniqKey="Keles H">H. Keles</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Turk, H" uniqKey="Turk H">H. Turk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erdal, S" uniqKey="Erdal S">S. Erdal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Genisel, M" uniqKey="Genisel M">M. Genisel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Atici, O" uniqKey="Atici O">O. Atici</name></author><author><name sortKey="Demir, Y" uniqKey="Demir Y">Y. Demir</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yanmis, D" uniqKey="Yanmis D">D. Yanmis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Uchendu, E E" uniqKey="Uchendu E">E. E. Uchendu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shukla, M R" uniqKey="Shukla M">M. R. Shukla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reed, B M" uniqKey="Reed B">B. M. Reed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saxena, P K" uniqKey="Saxena P">P. K. Saxena</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ungar, I A" uniqKey="Ungar I">I. A. Ungar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Alstyne, K L" uniqKey="Van Alstyne K">K. L. Van Alstyne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, A V" uniqKey="Nelson A">A. V. Nelson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vyvyan, J R" uniqKey="Vyvyan J">J. R. Vyvyan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cancilla, D A" uniqKey="Cancilla D">D. A. Cancilla</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Tassel, D L" uniqKey="Van Tassel D">D. L. Van-Tassel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, N J" uniqKey="Roberts N">N. J. Roberts</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Neill, S D" uniqKey="O Neill S">S. D. O'Neill</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Tassel, D L" uniqKey="Van Tassel D">D. L. Van-Tassel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, N" uniqKey="Roberts N">N. Roberts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewy, A" uniqKey="Lewy A">A. Lewy</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Neil, S D" uniqKey="O Neil S">S. D. O'Neil</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vielma, J R" uniqKey="Vielma J">J. R. Vielma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bonilla, E" uniqKey="Bonilla E">E. Bonilla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chacin Bonilla, L" uniqKey="Chacin Bonilla L">L. Chacín-Bonilla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mora, M" uniqKey="Mora M">M. Mora</name></author><author><name sortKey="Medina Leendertz, S" uniqKey="Medina Leendertz S">S. Medina-Leendertz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bravo, Y" uniqKey="Bravo Y">Y. Bravo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vriend, J" uniqKey="Vriend J">J. Vriend</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, J" uniqKey="Wang J">J. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liang, C" uniqKey="Liang C">C. Liang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, S" uniqKey="Li S">S. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, J" uniqKey="Zheng J">J. Zheng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, L" uniqKey="Wang L">L. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Y" uniqKey="Zhao Y">Y. Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author><author><name sortKey="He, C" uniqKey="He C">C. He</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, G" uniqKey="Liu G">G. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lei, Q" uniqKey="Lei Q">Q. Lei</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, P" uniqKey="Wang P">P. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, X" uniqKey="Sun X">X. Sun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, C" uniqKey="Chang C">C. Chang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feng, F" uniqKey="Feng F">F. Feng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liang, D" uniqKey="Liang D">D. Liang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, L" uniqKey="Cheng L">L. Cheng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, P" uniqKey="Wang P">P. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, X" uniqKey="Sun X">X. Sun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, C" uniqKey="Li C">C. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wei, Z" uniqKey="Wei Z">Z. Wei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liang, D" uniqKey="Liang D">D. Liang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, F" uniqKey="Ma F">F. Ma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wei, W" uniqKey="Wei W">W. Wei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Q T" uniqKey="Li Q">Q. T. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chu, Y N" uniqKey="Chu Y">Y. N. Chu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reiter, R J" uniqKey="Reiter R">R. J. Reiter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, X M" uniqKey="Yu X">X. M. Yu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhu, D H" uniqKey="Zhu D">D. H. Zhu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yin, L" uniqKey="Yin L">L. Yin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, P" uniqKey="Wang P">P. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, M" uniqKey="Li M">M. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ke, X" uniqKey="Ke X">X. Ke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, C" uniqKey="Li C">C. Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liang, D" uniqKey="Liang D">D. Liang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, H J" uniqKey="Zhang H">H. J. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, N" uniqKey="Zhang N">N. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, R C" uniqKey="Yang R">R. C. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, L" uniqKey="Wang L">L. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, Q Q" uniqKey="Sun Q">Q. Q. Sun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, D B" uniqKey="Li D">D. B. Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, L" uniqKey="Zhang L">L. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jia, J" uniqKey="Jia J">J. Jia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Y" uniqKey="Xu Y">Y. Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hao, J" uniqKey="Hao J">J. Hao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, T" uniqKey="Li T">T. Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, N" uniqKey="Zhang N">N. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, Q Q" uniqKey="Sun Q">Q. Q. Sun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, H J" uniqKey="Zhang H">H. J. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cao, Y Y" uniqKey="Cao Y">Y. Y. Cao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weeda, S" uniqKey="Weeda S">S. Weeda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ren, S X" uniqKey="Ren S">S. X. Ren</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, N" uniqKey="Zhang N">N. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, B" uniqKey="Zhao B">B. Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, H J" uniqKey="Zhang H">H. J. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weeda, S" uniqKey="Weeda S">S. Weeda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, C" uniqKey="Yang C">C. Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Z C" uniqKey="Yang Z">Z. C. Yang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Y" uniqKey="Zhao Y">Y. Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qi, L W" uniqKey="Qi L">L. W. Qi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, W M" uniqKey="Wang W">W. M. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saxena, P K" uniqKey="Saxena P">P. K. Saxena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, C Z" uniqKey="Liu C">C. Z. Liu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Y" uniqKey="Zhao Y">Y. Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, D X" uniqKey="Tan D">D. X. Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lei, Q" uniqKey="Lei Q">Q. Lei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, H" uniqKey="Chen H">H. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, L" uniqKey="Wang L">L. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Q" uniqKey="Li Q">Q. Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Front Plant Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Front Plant Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Front. Plant Sci.</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Frontiers in Plant Science</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1664-462X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Frontiers Media S.A.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26793210</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4707265</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fpls.2015.01230</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Plant Science</subject><subj-group><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Melatonin: Current Status and Future Perspectives in Plant Science</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nawaz</surname><given-names>Muhammad A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn003"><sup>†</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/296632/overview"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>Yuan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn003"><sup>†</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/296636/overview"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bie</surname><given-names>Zhilong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn001"><sup>*</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/274636/overview"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahmed</surname><given-names>Waqar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/296664/overview"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>Russel J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/11459/overview"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Niu</surname><given-names>Mengliang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/296641/overview"></uri></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hameed</surname><given-names>Saba</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/296693/overview"></uri></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><sup>1</sup><institution>Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education</institution><country>Wuhan, China</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>2</sup><institution>Department of Horticulture, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha</institution><country>Sargodha, Pakistan</country></aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>3</sup><institution>Sector Advisor-Horticulture, USAID-CNFA</institution><country>Lahore, Pakistan</country></aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>4</sup><institution>Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio</institution><country>San Antonio, TX, USA</country></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Edited by: Haitao Shi, Hainan University, China</p></fn><fn fn-type="edited-by"><p>Reviewed by: Jie Zhou, Zhejiang University, China; Yong-Zhong Liu, Huazhong Agricultural University, China</p></fn><corresp id="fn001">*Correspondence: Zhilong Bie <email xlink:type="simple">biezhilong@hotmail.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other" id="fn002"><p>This article was submitted to Plant Metabolism and Chemodiversity, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science</p></fn><fn fn-type="other" id="fn003"><p>†These authors have contributed equally to this work.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>1</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><elocation-id>1230</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>30</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 Nawaz, Huang, Bie, Ahmed, Reiter, Niu and Hameed.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Nawaz, Huang, Bie, Ahmed, Reiter, Niu and Hameed</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Melatonin (<italic>N</italic>-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a ubiquitous molecule with pleiotropic actions in different organisms. It performs many important functions in human, animals, and plants; these range from regulating circadian rhythms in animals to controlling senescence in plants. In this review, we summarize the available information regarding the presence of melatonin in different plant species, along with highlighting its biosynthesis and mechanisms of action. We also collected the available information on the effects of melatonin application on commercially important crops to improve their growth and development. Additionally, we have identified many new aspects where melatonin may have possible roles in plants, for example, its function in improving the storage life and quality of fruits and vegetables, its role in vascular reconnection during the grafting process and nutrient uptake from roots by modifying root architecture. Another potentially important aspect is the production of melatonin-rich food crops (cereals, fruits, and vegetables) through combination of conventional and modern breeding approaches, to increase plant resistance against biotic and abiotic stress, leading to improved crop yields, and the nutraceutical value of produce to solve food security issues.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>melatonin</kwd><kwd>biosynthesis</kwd><kwd>physiological functions</kwd><kwd>antioxidants</kwd><kwd>root growth</kwd><kwd>stress tolerance</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source id="cn001">National Natural Science Foundation of China<named-content content-type="fundref-id">10.13039/501100001809</named-content></funding-source><award-id rid="cn001">31201660</award-id><award-id rid="cn001">31471919</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source id="cn002">China Agriculture Research System</funding-source><award-id rid="cn002">CARS-26-16</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source id="cn003">Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities</funding-source><award-id rid="cn003">2013PY086</award-id></award-group></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="2"></fig-count><table-count count="1"></table-count><equation-count count="0"></equation-count><ref-count count="108"></ref-count><page-count count="13"></page-count><word-count count="10192"></word-count></counts></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Melatonin (<italic>N-acetyl</italic>-5-methoxytryptamine) is a widely studied bio-molecule and its function has been investigated in bacteria, mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, fish, and plants. It is a low molecular weight molecule, ubiquitously present with pleiotropic biological activities (Hardeland et al., <xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>). Melatonin was discovered in bovine pineal gland in 1958 (Lerner et al., <xref rid="B53" ref-type="bibr">1958</xref>). After its discovery, for the subsequent four decades it was considered exclusively as an animal hormone, especially a neurohormone (Reiter, <xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">1991</xref>). In 1993, melatonin was possibly identified in the Japanese morning glory (<italic>Pharbitis nil</italic>) but these data were not reported until 1995 (Van-Tassel et al., <xref rid="B93" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>). Also in this year, the presence of melatonin in a number of edible plants was unequivocally demonstrated (Dubbels et al., <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>; Hattori et al., <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>). However, even prior to its identification in plants, melatonin had been shown to have effects on endosperm cells of the amaryllidacean <italic>Scadoxus multiflorus</italic> (syn. <italic>Haemanthu skatherinae</italic>) and on the epidermal cells of <italic>Allium cepa</italic> (Jackson, <xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">1969</xref>; Banerjee and Margulis, <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">1973</xref>). Currently, research on plant melatonin is in an exponential growth phase and its functions in numerous plants have been uncovered; the number of publications related to plant melatonin has rapidly increased within the last decade (Arnao and Hernández-Ruiz, <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>; Reiter et al., <xref rid="B77" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>).</p><p>In animals, melatonin has many physiological roles including regulating circadian rhythms, mood, sleep, body temperature, bone metabolism, seasonal reproduction, locomotor activity, food intake, retina physiology, and immune system regulation (Maronde and Stehle, <xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>; Pandi-Perumal et al., <xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>; Reiter et al., <xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>; Hardeland et al., <xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; Carrillo-Vico et al., <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>; García et al., <xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>; Maria and Witt-Enderby, <xref rid="B58" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>; Manchester et al., <xref rid="B56" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>; Vriend and Reiter, <xref rid="B96" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>). Irrespective of its proven functions in animals, melatonin also has a wide range of functions in plants such as the promotion of seed germination and seedling growth and influencing plant senescence [death (Arnao and Hernandez-Ruiz, <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>)]. In this review, we summarize the currently-available information related to biosynthesis of melatonin, mechanisms of action and occurrence, role and functions in higher plants. We also speculate on new potential aspects where melatonin may have possible functions in plants.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>Biosynthesis</title><p>The biosynthetic pathway of melatonin (<italic>N</italic>-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is well known in vertebrates (Reiter, <xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">1991</xref>; Falcón et al., <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>). In these species, tryptophan (an amino acid) is converted to 5-hydroxytryptophan; tryptophan 5-hydroxylase (T5H) is involved in this conversion. Thereafter, 5-hydroxytryptophan is converted to serotonin (Falcón et al., <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>). In animals, 5-hydroxytryptophan is the exclusive pathway for serotonin production in the pineal gland. In the plant St. John's Wort (<italic>Hyericum perforatum</italic> L.), 5-hydroxytryptophan is also involved in serotonin synthesis (Murch et al., <xref rid="B63" ref-type="bibr">2000</xref>; Murch and Saxena, <xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref>). A recent study on rice, however, documents that the tryptamine pathway (tryptophan to tryptamine to serotonin) is more important in the production of serotonin (Park et al., <xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>); this pathway has subsequently been found to be common to many plant species. Serotonin, in both plants and animals, is converted to N-acetyl serotonin catalyzed by serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT), which is then methylated by hydroxyindole-<italic>O</italic>-methyltransferase (HIOMT; also known as acetyl serotonin methyl transferase, ASMT) resulting in the formation of melatonin. In plants (rice), N-acetyl serotonin is also directly produced from tryptamine and N-acetyltryptamine serves as an intermediate product; this pathway is catalyzed by SNAT and tryptophan 5-hydroxylase. Melatonin can be directly produced from serotonin with 5-methoxytryptamine serving as intermediate product in a process and catalyzed by HIOMT/ASMT and SNAT (Arnao and Hernandez-Ruiz, <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>; Byeon et al., <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>; Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>). Indole acetic acid (IAA) is also produced from tryptamine and indole-3-acetylaldehyde serves as an intermediate product (Krystyna et al., <xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>; Arnao and Hernandez-Ruiz, <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>).</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p><bold>Biosynthesis of melatonin</bold>. The red arrows identify the preferred pathway in plants while the black arrows identify the major pathway in animals. TDC, tryptophan decarboxylase; T5H, tryptophan 5-hydroxylase; SNAT, serotonin N-acetyltransferase; HOMT, hydroxyindole-<italic>O</italic>-methyltransferase [also known as acetyl serotonin methyl transferase (ASMT)]. Modified from Arnao and Hernandez-Ruiz (<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="fpls-06-01230-g0001"></graphic></fig><p>The concentration of melatonin in plants is much higher than levels in animals, and the biosynthesis of melatonin in plants also seems more complicated than in animals (Arnao and Hernandez-Ruiz, <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). Due to more limited availability of information on the biosynthesis of melatonin and related products in plants, the definitive pathways await final definition (Byeon et al., <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>). Recently, transgenic rice has been shown to have genes for all the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of melatonin (Byeon et al., <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>), and it is expected that soon the biosynthetic pathway will be described in detail. As far as the degradation of melatonin is concerned, N<sup>1</sup>-acetyl-N<sup>2</sup>-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK) has been shown to be a secondary metabolite in vascular plants due to its enzymatic or non-enzymatic conversion from melatonin (Tan et al., <xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">2007a</xref>). Recent studies on rice document that other metabolites of melatonin include 2-hydroxymelatonin (99%) and, to a much lesser extent, 4-hydroxymelatonin (0.05%) (Byeon et al., <xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>Melatonin: Presence in higher plants</title><p>Melatonin is found in a large number of plant species (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>). The roots, seeds, leaves, bulbs, and flowers were found to be rich sources of melatonin in most of the plant species examined. The roots of Huang-qin (<italic>Scutellaria biacalensis</italic>), which belongs to the family <italic>Lamiaceae</italic>, are an especially rich source of melatonin (7110 ng/g) (Reiter and Tan, <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref>). Most of the plant species in which the presence of melatonin has been reported belong to the families <italic>Rosaceae, Vitaceae, Poaceae, Apiaceae</italic>, and <italic>Brassicaceae</italic>; however, the plants from some other families have also been shown to possess melatonin in large amounts. There is possibility that yet unstudied plant species may contain even higher concentrations of melatonin than have been reported. The concentration of melatonin in plants is affected by the genotype, environmental factors (photoperiod, temperature), stage of development (Zhao et al., <xref rid="B108" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; Byeon and Back, <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">2014a</xref>; Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>) and method of determination (Feng et al., <xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). This latter factor may be a major issue in the reports of melatonin in plants. The concentration of melatonin can vary among the different cultivars of a same species. Wang et al. (<xref rid="B97" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>) quantified the level of melatonin in 58 and 25 different varieties of corn and rice, respectively, grown at same geographical location (Institute of Rice, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China), and observed huge variations in melatonin concentrations. The values of melatonin ranged from 11 to 2034 ng/g and 11 to 264 ng/g in corn and rice, respectively. These massive differences in concentrations suggest that the melatonin levels are determined, in large part, by the genotype of plants or the method used for melatonin quantitation.</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p><bold>Reported levels of melatonin in plants</bold>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Common name</bold></th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Scientific name</bold></th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Family</bold></th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Concentration (ng/g)</bold></th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>References</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="5" style="background-color:#bbbdc0" rowspan="1"><bold>SEEDS</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Milk thistle</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Silybum marianum</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asteraceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reiter and Tan, <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poppy</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Popaver somniferum</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Papaveraceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reiter and Tan, <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anise</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pimpinela anisum</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apiaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reiter and Tan, <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coriander</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Coriandrum sativum</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apiaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reiter and Tan, <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Celery</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Apium graveolens</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apiaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reiter and Tan, <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flax</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Linum usitatissimum</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reiter and Tan, <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Green cardamom</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Elettaria cardamomum</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zingiberaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reiter and Tan, <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alfalfa</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Medicago sativa</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fabaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reiter and Tan, <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fennel</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reiter and Tan, <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sunflower</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Helianthus annuus</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asteraceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reiter and Tan, <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fenugreek</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Trigonella foenum-graecum</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fabaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reiter and Tan, <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wolf berry</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lycium barbarum</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solanaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reiter and Tan, <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black mustard</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Brassica nigra</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brassicaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reiter and Tan, <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">White mustard</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Brassica hirta</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brassicaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">189</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reiter and Tan, <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Barley</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hordeum vulgare</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4, 0.87</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hattori et al., <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>; Badria, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rice (different varieties)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Oryza sativa</italic> japonica L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1, 1.50, 11–234</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hattori et al., <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>; Badria, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref>; Wang et al., <xref rid="B97" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oat</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Avena sativa</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hattori et al., <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Corn (different varieties)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Zea mays</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2, 1.88, 11–2034</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hattori et al., <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>; Badria, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref>; Wang et al., <xref rid="B97" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tall fescue</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Festuca arundinacea</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hattori et al., <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huang-qin</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scutellaria biacalensis</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lamiaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manchester et al., <xref rid="B57" ref-type="bibr">2000</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Almond</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus amygdalus</italic> Batsch</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manchester et al., <xref rid="B57" ref-type="bibr">2000</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="5" style="background-color:#bbbdc0" rowspan="1"><bold>GERMINATED SEEDS</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alfalfa</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Medicago sativa</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fabaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.133</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aguilera et al., <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lentil</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lens sculenta</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fabaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.217</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aguilera et al., <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mung bean</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vigna radiata</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fabaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.166</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aguilera et al., <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Onion</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Allium cepa</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amaryllidaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.302</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aguilera et al., <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Broccoli</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Brassica oleraceae</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brassicaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.439</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aguilera et al., <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Red cabbage</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Brassica oleraceae capitata rubra</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brassicaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.857</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aguilera et al., <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Radish</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Raphanu ssativus japonicum, rambo, sinicum rosae</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brassicaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.536</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aguilera et al., <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="5" style="background-color:#bbbdc0" rowspan="1"><bold>LEAVES</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">St. John's wort</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hypericum perforatum</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hypericaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1750</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Murch and Saxena, <xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fever few, gold</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tanacetum parthenium</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asteraceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1920</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Murch and Saxena, <xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fever few, green</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tanacetum parthenium</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asteraceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2450</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Murch and Saxena, <xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Morning glory</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pharbitis choisy</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Convolvulaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0005</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Van-Tassel et al., <xref rid="B94" ref-type="bibr">2001</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chine cabbage</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Brassica chinensis</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brassicaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hattori et al., <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cabbage</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Brassica oleracea</italic> L. var. <italic>capitata</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brassicaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10, 0.30</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hattori et al., <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>; Badria, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tomato (Transgenic)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solanaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wang et al., <xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lupin</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lupinus albus</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fabaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.6</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arnao and Hernández-Ruiz, <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="5" style="background-color:#bbbdc0" rowspan="1"><bold>SHOOTS</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Morning glory</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pharbitis choisy</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Convolvulaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Van-Tassel et al., <xref rid="B94" ref-type="bibr">2001</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asparagus</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Asparagus officinalis</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asparagaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hattori et al., <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Red pigweed</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chenopodium rubrum</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chenopodiaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kolar et al., <xref rid="B48" ref-type="bibr">1997</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="5" style="background-color:#bbbdc0" rowspan="1"><bold>FLOWERS</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">St. John's wort</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hypericum perforatum</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hypericaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4390</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Murch and Saxena, <xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="5" style="background-color:#bbbdc0" rowspan="1"><bold>FRUITS</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Banana</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa paradisiaca</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Musaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dubbels et al., <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Banana</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa ensete</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Musaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Badria, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Banana</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Musa sapientum</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Musaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arnao and Hernández-Ruiz, <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cucumber</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cucumis sativus</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cucurbitaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03, 0.59</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hattori et al., <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>; Badria, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pineapple</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ananas comosus</italic> (L.) Meri.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bromeliaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04, 0.28, 0.30</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hattori et al., <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>; Badria, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref>; Arnao and Hernández-Ruiz, <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apple</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Malus domestica</italic> (Borkh)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05, 0.16</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hattori et al., <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>; Badria, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tomato</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solanaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5, 0.30</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dubbels et al., <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>; Badria, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tomato (dry weight basis)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solanaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5–250</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Riga et al., <xref rid="B78" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chilies (dry weight basis)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Capsicum annum</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solanaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31–93</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Riga et al., <xref rid="B78" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cherry</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus cerasus</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Burkhardt et al., <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">2001</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kiwifruit</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Actinidia chinensis</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Actinidiaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hattori et al., <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pomegranate</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Punica granatum</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lythraceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Badria, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Barbera grape (skin)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iriti et al., <xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Croatina grape (skin)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iriti et al., <xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cabernet franc grape (Skin)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iriti et al., <xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cabernet sauvignon grape (Skin)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iriti et al., <xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Marzemino grape (skin)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iriti et al., <xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nebbiolo grape (skin)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iriti et al., <xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sangiovese grape (skin)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iriti et al., <xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Merlot grape (skin)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Iriti et al., <xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sangiovese grape</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mercolini et al., <xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Albana grape</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vitaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mercolini et al., <xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Burlat cherry</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus avium</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.22</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gonzalez-Gomez et al., <xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sweetheart cherry</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus avium</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gonzalez-Gomez et al., <xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pico Negro cherry</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus avium</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gonzalez-Gomez et al., <xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Navalinda cherry</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus avium</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gonzalez-Gomez et al., <xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Van cherry</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus avium</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gonzalez-Gomez et al., <xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pico Colorado cherry</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus avium</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gonzalez-Gomez et al., <xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hongdeng cherry</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus avium</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.6</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Badria, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rainier cherry</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus avium</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124.7</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Badria, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tart cherry (Balaton)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus cerasus</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.90</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Burkhardt et al., <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">2001</xref>; Kirakosyan et al., <xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tart cherry (Montmorency)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus cerasus</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15, 12.30</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Burkhardt et al., <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">2001</xref>; Kirakosyan et al., <xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wild strawberry</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fragaria ananassa</italic> Duch.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hattori et al., <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Camarosa strawberry</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fragaria ananassa</italic> Duch.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.58</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sturtz et al., <xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Candonga strawberry</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fragaria ananassa</italic> Duch.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.50</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sturtz et al., <xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Festival strawberry</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fragaria ananassa</italic> Duch.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.26</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sturtz et al., <xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primoris strawberry</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fragaria ananassa</italic> Duch.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.50</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sturtz et al., <xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orange</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sinensis</italic> Osbeck.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rutaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Johns et al., <xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mango</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mangifera indica</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anacardiaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.70</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Johns et al., <xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Papaya</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carica papaya</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caricaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Johns et al., <xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Walnut</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Juglans regia</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juglandaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reiter et al., <xref rid="B73" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="5" style="background-color:#bbbdc0" rowspan="1"><bold>COLEOPTILES</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canary grass</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phalaris canariensis</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.7</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hernández-Ruiz et al., <xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wheat</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Triticum aestivum</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124.7</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hernández-Ruiz et al., <xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Barley</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hordeum vulgare</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.3</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hernández-Ruiz et al., <xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oat</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Avena sativa</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.6</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hernández-Ruiz et al., <xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="5" style="background-color:#bbbdc0" rowspan="1"><bold>ROOTS</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Beta vulgaris</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amaranthaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dubbels et al., <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carrot</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Daucus carota</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apiaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06, 0.49</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hattori et al., <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>; Badria, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ginger</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Zingiber officinale</italic> (Roscoe)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zingiberaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6, 1.42</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hattori et al., <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>; Badria, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Red radish</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Raphanus sativus</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brassicaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hattori et al., <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Radish</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Raphanus sativus</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brassicaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Badria, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Turnip</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Brassica compestris</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brassicaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7, 0.50</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hattori et al., <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>; Badria, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lupin</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lupinus albus</italic>L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fabaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.6</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arnao and Hernández-Ruiz, <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huang-qin</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scutellaria biacalensis</italic></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lamiaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7110</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reiter and Tan, <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" colspan="5" style="background-color:#bbbdc0" rowspan="1"><bold>BULBS</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Onion</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Allium cepa</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amaryllidaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03, 0.29</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hattori et al., <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>; Badria, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Garlic</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Allium sativum</italic> L.</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amaryllidaceae</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Badria, <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><italic>The plants having more than one value for melatonin concentration are reported from different sources, and references are given in sequence</italic>.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>Melatonin biosynthesis in rice seedlings is enhanced when they are exposed to high temperatures or are maintained under dark conditions. Melatonin concentration was increased from 2.95 to 4.9 ng/g when rice seedlings were exposed to darkness at 55°C. The increase in melatonin level was associated with the enhanced activity of both SNAT and HIOMT/ASMT, both of which are involved in the biosynthetic pathway of melatonin (Byeon and Back, <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">2014a</xref>). Similarly, tomato plants exposed to shade exhibited an increase in the levels of melatonin (135%) (Riga et al., <xref rid="B78" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). In sweet cherry, the endogenous levels of melatonin exhibited two obvious peaks, one at 05:00 h and a second at 14:00 h (Zhao et al., <xref rid="B108" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>); the first peak was attributed to darkness while the second peak may have been related to high temperature or high light intensity (stressful conditions). The enzyme kinetic analyses show that SNAT and HIOMT/ASMT enzymes exhibited thermophilic features (Byeon et al., <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>); purified recombinant SNAT and HIOMT/ASMT have shown optimal activities at 55 and 45°C, respectively (Byeon et al., <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>). Such high temperatures (45–55°C), however, are not typically experienced under natural environmental conditions.</p><p>In many edible fruits the presence of melatonin has also been reported (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>). In these species, endogenous levels of melatonin also vary according to cultivars studied, and with the stage of fruit development (Zhao et al., <xref rid="B108" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; Feng et al., <xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). In sweet cherries, the first stage of fruit development is associated with low melatonin levels in both cultivars (Hongdeng and Rainier) (15 ng/g): during the second stage, these values exhibit large increases (36.6 and 124.7 ng/g, respectively) and in the third stage, the values drop to 10–20 ng/g. In most fruits, during the second stage of fruit development, cell elongation and cell expansion, and embryo and seed development occurs. So a possible role of melatonin in fruit development cannot be precluded; however, this still needs to be verified.</p><p>In a recent study it was reported that seed germination is associated with marked increases in the concentration of melatonin (2–3 fold); this suggested to the authors that the germinated seeds of the edible species may have utility as a food to raise the melatonin levels in plasma (Aguilera et al., <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>). Plants have also been genetically engineered to produce increased levels of melatonin compared to their wild types. Thus, Kang et al. (<xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>) observed that rice transgenic lines overexpressing human SNAT increased the biosynthesis of melatonin when compared with wild type rice plants. Also, in a recent study <italic>oAANAT</italic> and <italic>oHIOMT</italic> genes, encoding key enzymes catalyzing the last two steps in melatonin biosynthesis were introduced into the Micro-Tom tomato from the pineal gland of <italic>Ovis aries</italic> (sheep). The melatonin contents of the Micro-Tom tomato transgenic lines were higher compared to their wild type, indicating the transferred animal genes were functional in the biosynthesis of melatonin in plants (Wang et al., <xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). Similarly, melatonin-rich transgenic rice plants overexpressing sheep SNAT have significantly higher levels of melatonin than in wild type rice (Park and Back, <xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>). Clearly, the biosynthesis of melatonin in plant species can be altered by the introduction of genes from vertebrates; such genetically-altered plants may have utility as food because of their induced resistance against diseases, and to increase the yield, quality and nutritional value of crops.</p><p>In addition to plants listed in Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>, Chen et al. (<xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">2003</xref>) measured melatonin levels in 64 commonly used medicinal herbs; they found concentrations of melatonin ranging from 12 to 3771 ng/g. Also, exceptionally high melatonin concentrations (227–233 μg/g) have been found in four different varieties of Pistachio (<italic>Pistacia vera</italic> L.) (Oladi et al., <xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>); they are the highest values reported for any plant organ to date.</p><p>Melatonin in plants has been detected by several methods including radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GS-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD), fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD), or HPLC-MS. These methods differ in their sensitivity and specificity (Feng et al., <xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). Kolár and Machácková (<xref rid="B47" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>) suggested that RIA is not a reliable method for melatonin detection in plant samples, since the measurements have not been validated by other methods. For each method, different extraction solvents were employed. Oladi et al. (<xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>) measured melatonin using GC-MS, while for melatonin extraction an ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction method was used. They found that the type of solvent, volume of solvent, temperature, sonication time and pH influenced extraction efficacy. Under optimized conditions they found highest ever reported melatonin levels from Pistachio (<italic>Pistacia vera</italic> L.) compared to any other plant in which melatonin was estimated. So the detection method might be the source of variation in melatonin concentrations among plant species. This issue needs to be addressed.</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>Role in plants</title><p>Melatonin has proven to be ubiquitously synthesized in plant organs (Park et al., <xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; Byeon et al., <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>; Byeon and Back, <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">2014a</xref>,<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">b</xref>; Byeon et al., <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>; Wang et al., <xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). Pleiotropic roles ranging from enhancing germination to delaying senescence of plants have been reported (Kolár and Machácková, <xref rid="B47" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>; Arnao and Hernández-Ruiz, <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref>; Krystyna et al., <xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>; Tan et al., <xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; Chan and Shi, <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>; Wei et al., <xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>). While melatonin's role have highlighted the modulation of circadian rhythms in mammals (Bonnati-Carrion et al., <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>; Hardeland, <xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>; Vriend and Reiter, <xref rid="B96" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>), this function has not been thoroughly examined in plants (Kolar et al., <xref rid="B48" ref-type="bibr">1997</xref>). Thus, this subject is not discussed below; rather the data summarized below primarily consider the functions of melatonin in enhancing growth and preserving the integrity of plants under stressful conditions.</p><sec><title>Propagation</title><p><italic>In vitro</italic> germplasm storage via cryopreservation is an effective tool to ensure conservation of tree species, but plant cells and tissues are exposed to multiple stresses including osmotic injury, desiccation and low temperature injury during the cryopreservation process; this contributes to problems during the regrowth of cryopreserved materials (Uchendu et al., <xref rid="B90" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>). Supplementing both preculture and regrowth media with melatonin (0.1–0.5 μM melatonin for 24 h) significantly enhanced regrowth of frozen shoots compared with the untreated shoots (Uchendu et al., <xref rid="B90" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>). Similarly, 0.1 μM melatonin as pre-cryopreservation treatment to callus of <italic>Rhodiola crenulata</italic> (endangered plant species) also improved their recovery (Zhao et al., <xref rid="B107" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>).</p><p>Seed treatment with 100 μM melatonin for 12 h significantly improved the percentage germination of cucumber seeds (Zhang et al., <xref rid="B106" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>). Low concentrations of melatonin (1 μM) enhanced the germination rate of cucumber under salinity stress by regulating the biosynthesis and catabolism of abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA<sub>4</sub>) (Zhang et al., <xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). Cuttings are also used as a means of propagation for many commercially important horticultural crops. The exogenous application of melatonin to roots of grape cuttings improved their growth by enhancing water stress tolerance. It increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the activities of non-enzymatic antioxidants; melatonin treatment also kept the internal lamellar system of chloroplasts well preserved and reduced ultrastructural destruction caused by drought stress (Jiang et al., <xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). A 2–3 fold rise in seed germination rate is common when they are treated with melatonin (Aguilera et al., <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>). While melatonin has been shown consistently to elevate the germination rate of seeds, the mechanisms of this stimulatory action remain to be identified.</p></sec><sec><title>Growth and development</title><p>Several studies have noted that melatonin regulates these physiological functions of plants; melatonin generally improves the growth of roots, shoots and explants (Murch et al., <xref rid="B62" ref-type="bibr">2001</xref>; Hernández-Ruiz et al., <xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>). The initial report of the direct involvement of melatonin in stimulating plant growth was reported in 2005 by Hernández-Ruiz et al. (<xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>); they observed that melatonin extended the coleoptiles (10–55%) of canary grass, wheat, barley and oat (monocots). Later, it was found that 0.5–1 μM application of melatonin enhanced the initial seminal root length, growth and root biomass of transgenic rice plants (Park and Back, <xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>). Melatonin is now known to alter many plant characteristics including germination (Zhang et al., <xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>), seedling growth, alteration of flowering time, grain yields, and senescence (Wang et al., <xref rid="B99" ref-type="bibr">2013a</xref>,<xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">b</xref>; Byeon and Back, <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">2014b</xref>). Somewhat unexpectedly, Byeon and Back (<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">2014b</xref>) found that melatonin increased early seedling growth, but delayed flowering and reduced grain yield in transgenic rice over expressing sheep SNAT.</p><p>In animals, melatonin has also been reported to have anti-aging actions by delaying senescence (Acuna-Castroviejo et al., <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>; Rosales-Corral et al., <xref rid="B79" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; Hardeland, <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>; Reiter et al., <xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). Long term soil application of 100 μM melatonin also altered the metabolic status and delayed protein degradation in the apple plant (<italic>Malus hupehensis</italic> Rehd.), increased the chlorophyll content, the photosynthetic rates, and photosynthetic end products (sucrose, sorbitol, and starch) compared to control plants (Wang et al., <xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">2013b</xref>). These changes were all associated with better protein preservation capacity. Consistent with this, Wang et al. (<xref rid="B99" ref-type="bibr">2013a</xref>), reported that long term application of 100 μM melatonin to “Hanfu” apple (<italic>Malus domestica</italic> Borkh.) delayed drought-induced leaf senescence by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing the up-regulation of <italic>senescence-associated gene 12 (SAG-12)</italic> and <italic>pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO)</italic>. Exogenous melatonin application also delayed natural leaf senescence in <italic>Arabidopsis</italic> (Shi et al., <xref rid="B81" ref-type="bibr">2015a</xref>). Post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables are very high (20–40%); according to estimates of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 32% of the all food produced in 2009 was wasted or lost (Lipinski et al., <xref rid="B55" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>). Considering the delay of aging and senescence due to pre and post-application of melatonin, it is possible that melatonin may play an important role in extending the shelf life of fruits and vegetables, and prove helpful in “on tree storage” (fruit crops), both of which may decrease post-harvest losses of fresh horticultural commodities.</p><p>Zhao et al. (<xref rid="B108" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>) observed that in sweet cherry the concentrations of melatonin are comparatively lower in the first and third stages of fruit development while being much higher during the second stage of fruit development. During the second stage, cell elongation, cell expansion and embryo and seed development occurs, so the possible involvement of melatonin in these processes is clearly likely; however, additional investigations are required to precisely define the mechanisms by which melatonin influences development of fruits and vegetable crops. A recent study provides direct evidence that seed coating with melatonin significantly increased the leaf area, plant height, pods per plant, seeds per plant, and fatty acid contents of soybean plants (Wei et al., <xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>). This study suggests new avenues to enhance crop yields. Seeds coated with melatonin could be potentially used for a large number of commercially important agronomic and horticultural crops. This has the potential to revolutionize the seed industry.</p></sec><sec><title>Stress tolerance</title><sec><title>Salinity</title><p>Salinity is a major environmental factor that limits crop growth and productivity; it leads to huge economic losses worldwide (Allakhverdiev et al., <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">2000</xref>). Salinity not only induces water deficit caused by osmotic stress, it also disturbs key biochemical process (photosynthesis, protein synthesis, energy, and lipid metabolism) in plant cells (Allakhverdiev et al., <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">2000</xref>; Li et al., <xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>). Plants use various strategies to cope with these stressors; these involve the exclusion of selective ions, ion compartmentalization, synthesis of compatible solutes, alterations in the photosynthetic pathway, changes in membrane structure, induction of antioxidant enzymes, stimulation of phytohormones and regulation of gene expression (Parida and Das, <xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>). Recently, Arnao and Hernandez-Ruiz (<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>) reviewed the auxin-independent effects of melatonin as a plant growth regulator in various plant species. Exogenous application of melatonin (0.1 μM) significantly alleviated the growth inhibition caused by elevated salinity; this enabled the plants to maintain their photosynthetic capacity. The application of melatonin also decreased the oxidative damage caused by ROS by directly scavenging H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes including ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and peroxidase (Li et al., <xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>). Salinity exerts its negative impact irrespective of growth stage of the plants, and its effects range from seed germination to plant senescence, and occur throughout the life cycle. Seed germination and plant growth is severely affected by saline stress (Ungar, <xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">1996</xref>; Parida and Das, <xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>; Li et al., <xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>). In every case melatonin proved its importance by ameliorating the effects caused by salt stress and improved germination and plant growth. In cucumber (<italic>Cucumis sativus</italic> L.), pre-sowing seed treatment with melatonin (1 μM) enhanced the rate of germination and subsequent growth under 150 mM NaCl stress; this increase was accompanied by approximately a 5-fold elevation in antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase; Zhang et al., <xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). Melatonin has also been found to be involved in the biosynthesis and catabolism of gibberellic (GA) and abscisic acids (ABA), respectively; it was shown to up-regulate ABA catabolism genes and down-regulate ABA biosynthesis genes resulting to a rapid reduction in ABA. At the same time, it positively up-regulated GA biosynthesis genes during the early stage of germination, which leads to better germination and better plant growth during the initial stages (Zhang et al., <xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). Melatonin application enhanced tolerance to salt and drought stress in soybean, and up-regulated the expression of genes that were inhibited by salt stress (Wei et al., <xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>).</p><p>A recent study conducted using bermudagrass revealed that exogenous melatonin application conferred abiotic stress tolerance and it was observed that 3933 transcripts (2631 were up-regulated and 1572 were down-regulated) were differentially expressed compared to non-treated plants (Shi et al., <xref rid="B80" ref-type="bibr">2015b</xref>). The genes involved in nitrogen metabolism, major carbohydrate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid (TCA)/org transformation, transport, hormone metabolism, metal handling, redox, and secondary metabolism were over expressed, clearly showing the involvement of melatonin in influencing metabolic activity.</p></sec><sec><title>Cold</title><p>Low temperature stress leads to significant damage to agricultural crops; low temperature alters plant physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology (Bajwa et al., <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). Many scientists are working on the development of cold tolerant commercially-important crop cultivars. Recently, melatonin was shown to significantly alleviate cold stress in a number of plants. Melatonin treated (10–30 μM) <italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</italic> plants produced higher fresh weight, root length and plant height compared to untreated plants (Bajwa et al., <xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). Like other plants, low temperature damages wheat plants by reducing leaf area, leaf water content, photosynthetic pigment content, and the accumulation of ROS caused lipid peroxidation of membranes. The application of melatonin (1 mM for 12 h) to wheat seedlings increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase leading to improved plant growth by reducing oxidative damage (Turk et al., <xref rid="B89" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). More recently, it has been found that the exogenous application of melatonin increased salt, drought and cold resistance in bermudagrass (<italic>Cynodon dactylon</italic> L. Pers.). In this study, melatonin activated not only several antioxidants but also induced higher concentration of 54 secondary metabolites including amino acids, organic acids, sugars, and sugar alcohols (Shi et al., <xref rid="B80" ref-type="bibr">2015b</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Heat stress</title><p>Extremes temperatures affect membrane fluidity and enzyme activities (Zhang et al., <xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>) leading to alterations in growth and development patterns and yield losses. In plants under stressful conditions, the genes responsible for melatonin biosynthesis are typically activated resulting in higher levels of melatonin. As an example, under high temperature conditions the level of melatonin is increased in rice (Byeon and Back, <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">2014a</xref>) suggesting a role of melatonin in defense against heat stress. In green micro-algae <italic>Ulva</italic> sp. rise in temperature increases melatonin levels, confirming its ability to improve heat tolerance (Tal et al., <xref rid="B84" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>). Application of melatonin has the potential to reverse the inhibitory effect of light and high temperature on photosensitive and thermosensitive <italic>Phacelia tanacetifolia</italic> Benth seeds (Tiryaki and Keles, <xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>). Melatonin application increased germination percentage of heat stressed <italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</italic> seeds up to 60% compared to control; this effect was likely due to powerful antioxidant activity of melatonin (Hernández et al., <xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>). Similarly in another recent study, Shi et al. (<xref rid="B80" ref-type="bibr">2015b</xref>) reported that application of melatonin activated stress responsive genes in Bermuda grass. <italic>C-REPEATBINDING FACTORS/DEHYDRATION-responsive ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN</italic> (<italic>CBF/DREB</italic>) genes and target genes, heat shock transcription factors (TFs), zinc finger TFs, <italic>WRKY, MYB, bHLH</italic> genes, and hormone-related genes exhibited a 16-fold over expression compared to levels in control plants.</p></sec><sec><title>Drought, ultraviolet radiations, heavy metals, and chemicals stress</title><p>Melatonin has also proven its protective role against drought, ultraviolet radiation, heavy metals and chemicals stress. Transgenic Micro-Tom tomato plants overexpressing the homologous ovine <italic>AANAT</italic> and <italic>HIOMT</italic> genes exhibited loss of apical dominance and enhanced drought tolerance (Wang et al., <xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). Plant species sensitive to ozone damage have lower levels of melatonin compared to ozone resistant species (Dubbels et al., <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">1995</xref>). Similarly, Alpine and Mediterranean plant species growing in high UV-exposed natural habitats have higher levels of melatonin compared to their counterparts growing under low UV exposure areas (Simopoulos et al., <xref rid="B82" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>). Afreen et al. (<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref>) observed higher concentrations of melatonin in roots of <italic>Glycyrrhiza uralensis</italic> when exposed to UV-B radiation; they proposed elevated melatonin levels were protective against plants the augmented oxidative damage. Subsequently, Zhang et al. (<xref rid="B104" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>) confirmed the protective role of melatonin against UV-B. When exposed to UV-B radiation, DNA damage was reduced in transgenic <italic>Nicotiana sylvestris</italic> plants expressing melatonin synthesis genes. Melatonin is also useful to save plants from heavy metals stress, as presowing seed treatment of red cabbage seed (<italic>Brassica oleracea</italic> rubrum) eliminated the toxic effects of copper ions (0.5 and 1 mM) during germination and early seedling growth (Posmyk et al., <xref rid="B71" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>). Similarly, Arnao and Hernández-Ruiz (<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>) observed that application of zinc sulfate (1 mM) increased the concentration of melatonin up to 6-fold in barley (<italic>Hordeum vulgare</italic> L.) roots, suggesting the protective role of melatonin against chemical and other abiotic stressors. Melatonin has also be reported to provide protection against butafenacil (a singlet oxygen-generating herbicide), in the study in question, melatonin-rich transgenic rice plants exhibited lower levels of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide. These plants also exhibited elevated superoxide dismutase and catalase activities compared to control plants (Park et al., <xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Disease resistance/control</title><p>Plant diseases cause major production and economic losses in agriculture worldwide, and both the public and private sectors are working to control the plant diseases through various strategies ranging from forecast and diagnosis of diseases to the production of disease resistant cultivars. In addition to many other positive functions in plants, exogenous application of melatonin (0.05–0.5 mM) improved resistance against one of the most severe diseases, <italic>Marssonina</italic> apple blotch (fungal diseases caused by <italic>Diplocarpon Mali</italic>); this involved modulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes and plant defense related enzymes (Yin et al., <xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">2013</xref>). Also, Ishihara et al. (<xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>) observed that the activation of tryptophan pathway leads to establishment of effective physical defenses by enriching serotonin in rice leaves; serotonin suppresses the growth of fungal hyphae in leaf tissues. Although the authors did not mention the possible involvement of melatonin, this possibility cannot be ignored since serotonin is the precursor of melatonin in the biosynthetic pathway (Reiter, <xref rid="B72" ref-type="bibr">1991</xref>; Falcón et al., <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>; Park et al., <xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; Arnao and Hernandez-Ruiz, <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). In a recent study, the application of 10 μM melatonin on to <italic>Arabidopsis</italic> induced pathogenesis-related genes which further supports the idea that melatonin may be a defense signaling molecule in plants against pathogens (Lee et al., <xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). After compiling a recent review, the authors (Vielma et al., <xref rid="B95" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>) concluded that melatonin is an important therapeutic alternative to fight against bacterial, viral and parasitic infections in vertebrates (human, mammals, equine) as has been observed in plants. Certainly, the possibility that melatonin may help in controlling plant diseases (fungal, bacterial, viral, viroides) should not be overlooked and requires further investigation. Similarly, the potential role of melatonin in defense against insect attacks should be considered, as it has been reported that dopamine (a catecholamine) functions as a antiherbivore defense in temperate green alga <italic>Ulvari aobscura</italic> (Van Alstyne et al., <xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref>). Other secondary metabolites have also been isolated from plants which serve as juvenile hormone antagonists against insects and can be used to kill the insects at the larval stage (Lee et al., <xref rid="B52" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>). Thus, melatonin (an indoleamine) might have a role is defense against insect attack, and could prove to be a potential means to control or reduce insect feeding on commercial crops, as insects cause huge losses (billions of dollars) and substantially reduce crops yields (Boyer et al., <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Phytoremediation</title><p>The water hyacinth grown under bright sunlight (10,000–15,000 μW/cm<sup>2</sup>) produces extremely high concentrations of melatonin and N<sup>1</sup>-acetyl-N<sup>2</sup>-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMFK) as compared to plants grown in artificial light (400–450 μW/cm<sup>2</sup>) (Tan et al., <xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">2007a</xref>). On the basis of these findings and others, the authors proposed that the presence of high concentrations of these molecules save these pollutant-resistant plants from the harsh environmental contaminants. They suggested that plants containing up-regulated melatonin and AMFK levels could be used for soil phytoremediation (Tan et al., <xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">2007a</xref>). They further supported this when they found that soil application (5 μM) of melatonin improved the copper tolerance of pea (<italic>Pisum sativum</italic> L.) plants (Tan et al., <xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">2007b</xref>). Thus, melatonin was found to be effective in preventing the death of pea plants grown in soil contaminated with copper. Moreover, melatonin itself is environmentally friendly. Other studies suggest the use of biotechnology and genetic engineering techniques to increase the phytoremediative potential of already existing plants used for this purpose (Dietz and Schnoor, <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">2001</xref>; Cherian and Oliveira, <xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>; Lal and Srivastava, <xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>; Behera, <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). Thus, an integrated approach toward phytoremediation may lead to the desired results.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="s5"><title>Mechanisms of action</title><p>The mechanisms of action of melatonin is not clearly understood in plants; however, it modifies plant growth and development by acting as an antioxidant, membrane stabilizer, and by up and down regulating gene expression. Some of melatonin actions in plants may be receptor-mediated while others are receptor-independent. Recently, Arnao and Hernandez-Ruiz (<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>) suggested that melatonin performs some of its functions in plants by actions similar to those of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). However, in <italic>Gonyaulax polyedra</italic> (dinoflagellate) the first observable reaction to melatonin is a 90-fold increase in bioluminescence coupled with the release of H<sup>+</sup> into the cytoplasm (Hardeland, <xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">1993</xref>). In plants, this aspect is a missing link in understanding the biological functions of melatonin and it requires the attention of plant scientists.</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>Future perspectives</title><p>Some successful examples of transgenic plants having introduced genes from vertebrates have shown substantially elevated concentrations of melatonin. In the future, additional transgenic crops will likely be produced, and the altered biosynthesis of melatonin in these plants may be used as a tool to induce resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses leading to increased crop yields. Also, considering the importance and therapeutic value of melatonin for humans, the pharmaceutical industry should capitalize on the potential human benefits of related pharmaceutical preparations for humans, animals and plants. Presumably, in the future we will see fruits and vegetables with higher levels of melatonin produced by the combination of conventional and modern breeding approaches. Few reports are available related to the possible role of melatonin in helping to control diseases and insects; this area of research should be aggressively explored with a definition of the specific defense mechanisms. This information could lead to the use of melatonin on a commercial scale. Melatonin enhances the phytoremediative capacity of plants, but further studies are required. Whether melatonin improves the phytoremediative capacity of the hyperaccumulator plant species would be important to document, and if so mechanism involved would require definition.</p><p>It has been widely reported that application of melatonin promotes root growth but the roles of melatonin in nutrient uptake still needs to be investigated; to date no reports have been published clarifying the interactions between melatonin and nutrient uptake and transport. Similarly, very limited information is available on the response of foliar applications of melatonin to its absorption and modification of plant growth and development.</p><p>Although melatonin is ubiquitously distributed in plants, it is not known whether all plant organs synthesize this indoleamine. Its mechanism of transport throughout the plant also must be explored.</p><p>As many scientists have observed the auxin-like activity of melatonin along with its pleiotropic functions (in animals and plants). Further detailed investigations on the possible role of melatonin in <italic>in vitro</italic> plant propagation, propagation through cutting, grafting and vascular reunion, flower development, enhancing male to female ratio in vegetables (cucurbits), improvement of fruit setting, fruit development, parthenocarpy, fruit drop (a major issue in commercially important fruit crops like citrus, mango, guava, etc.), role in breaking seed and tuber dormancy, fruit quality (size, color, nutraceutical value), seed development, fruit ripening and senescence (to improve post-harvest life/shelf life of fruits, vegetables, and cut flowers) needs clarification. Root treatment of melatonin may help to improve the success ratio and initial root development and growth of crops which require nursery transplanting (rice, tomato, chilies, cabbage, cauliflower, eggplant etc.). The role of melatonin in grafted plants also should be investigated; do different scion stock combinations affect the concentration of melatonin in roots and shoots alternatively?</p><p>Recently, scientists have documented an active role of auxin in grafting and vascular connection establishment (Melnyk et al., <xref rid="B60" ref-type="bibr">2015</xref>); since melatonin has been reported to act like an auxin, its involvement with auxin in terms of the vascular reconnection should to be examined. While the physiological and biochemical roles of melatonin in plants are in part clarified, there is not a single study related to melatonin specific synthesis or action inhibitors or the presence or absence of melatonin receptors in plants; this is an area worthy of investigation (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>). Keeping in mind the physiological, biochemical, and genetic and epigenetic actions of melatonin in multiple organisms, it seems melatonin may prove to be an important molecule to influence especially field crops, and may prove helpful in increasing crops yields and the nutraceutical value helping to address the food security issues around the world.</p><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p><bold>Summary of functions of melatonin in plants</bold>. Aspects given at base of figure still need to be explored. ROS, Reactive oxygen species; RNS, Reactive nitrogen species; AsA, Ascorbic acid; GSH, Glutathione; CAT, Catalase; POX, Peroxidase; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; APX, Ascorbate peroxidase; GR, Glutathione reductase; IAA, Indole-3-acetic acid; ABA, Abscisic acid; JA, Jasmonic acid; SA, Salicylic acid; and ETH, Ethylene.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="fpls-06-01230-g0002"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="s7"><title>Author contributions</title><p>MAN, YH, WA, MN, and SH wrote the manuscript, ZB and RR revised, and finally approved the manuscript for publication.</p><sec><title>Conflict of interest statement</title><p>The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer Yong-Zhong Liu declares that, despite being affiliated with the same institute as the authors Muhammad A. Nawaz, Yuan Huang, Zhilong Bie, Mengliang Niu and Saba Hameed, the review process was handled objectively.</p></sec></sec></body><back><ack><p>This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31201660, 31471919) and China Agriculture Research System (CARS-26-16), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2013PY086).</p></ack><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Acuna-Castroviejo</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lopez</surname><given-names>L. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Escames</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>López</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>García</surname><given-names>J. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Melatonin-mitochondrial interplay in health and diseases</article-title>. <source>Curr. Top. Med. Chem.</source><volume>11</volume>, <fpage>221</fpage>–<lpage>240</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/156802611794863517</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21244359</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Afreen</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zobayed</surname><given-names>S. M. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kozai</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>Melatonin in <italic>Glycyrrhiza uralensis</italic>: response of plant roots to spectral quality of light and UV-B radiation</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res</source>. <volume>41</volume>, <fpage>108</fpage>–<lpage>115</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079X.2006.00337.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16879315</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Aguilera</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Herrera</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Benítez</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Arribas</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lopez De Pablo</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Esteban</surname><given-names>R. M.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>2015</year>). <article-title>Estimation of scavenging capacity of melatonin and other antioxidants: contribution and evaluation in germinated seeds</article-title>. <source>Food Chem.</source><volume>170</volume>, <fpage>203</fpage>–<lpage>211</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.071</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25306336</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Allakhverdiev</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sakamoto</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nishiyama</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Inaba</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Murata</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2000</year>). <article-title>Ionic and osmotic effects of NaCl-induced inactivation of photosystems I and II in <italic>Synechococcus sp</italic></article-title>. <source>Plant Physiol.</source><volume>123</volume>, <fpage>1047</fpage>–<lpage>1056</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1104/pp.123.3.1047</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10889254</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Arnao</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hernández-Ruiz</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>The physiological function of melatonin in plants</article-title>. <source>Plant Signal Behav.</source><volume>1</volume>, <fpage>89</fpage>–<lpage>95</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4161/psb.1.3.2640</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19521488</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Arnao</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hernández-Ruiz</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Chemical stress by different agents affects the melatonin content of barley roots</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res</source>. <volume>46</volume>, <fpage>295</fpage>–<lpage>299</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079X.2008.00660.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19196434</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Arnao</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hernández-Ruiz</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Growth conditions determine different melatonin levels in <italic>Lupinus albus</italic> L</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>55</volume>, <fpage>149</fpage>–<lpage>155</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12055</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23600673</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Arnao</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hernandez-Ruiz</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Melatonin: plant growth regulator and/or biostimulator during stress?</article-title><source>Trends Plant Sci.</source><volume>19</volume>, <fpage>789</fpage>–<lpage>797</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tplants.2014.07.006</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25156541</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Arnao</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hernández-Ruiz</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2015</year>). <article-title>Functions of melatonin in plants: a review</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>59</volume>, <fpage>133</fpage>–<lpage>150</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12253</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26094813</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Badria</surname><given-names>F. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2002</year>). <article-title>Melatonin, serotonin, and tryptamine in some Egyptian food and medicinal plants</article-title>. <source>J. Med. Food.</source><volume>5</volume>, <fpage>153</fpage>–<lpage>157</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1089/10966200260398189</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12495587</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bajwa</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shukla</surname><given-names>M. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sherif</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Murch</surname><given-names>S. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Saxena</surname><given-names>P. K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Role of melatonin in alleviating cold stress in <italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</italic></article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>56</volume>, <fpage>238</fpage>–<lpage>245</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12115</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24350934</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Banerjee</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Margulis</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1973</year>). <article-title>Mitotic arrest by melatonin</article-title>. <source>Exp. Cell. Res.</source><volume>78</volume>, <fpage>314</fpage>–<lpage>318</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0014-4827(73)90074-8</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">4633334</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Behera</surname><given-names>K. K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Phytoremediation, transgenic plants and microbes</article-title>, in <source>Sustainable Agriculture Reviews</source>, <volume>Vol. 13</volume>, ed <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Lichtfouse</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></person-group> (<publisher-loc>Cham</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Springer International Publishing</publisher-name>), <fpage>65</fpage>–<lpage>85</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bonnati-Carrion</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Arguelles-Prieto</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Martinez-Madrid</surname><given-names>M. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hardeland</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rol</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Protecting the melatonin rhythm through circadian healthy light exposure</article-title>. <source>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</source><volume>15</volume>, <fpage>23448</fpage>–<lpage>23500</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms151223448</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25526564</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Boyer</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lempérière</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>A review of control methods and resistance mechanisms in stored-product insects</article-title>. <source>Bull. Entomol. Res.</source><volume>102</volume>, <fpage>213</fpage>–<lpage>229</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S0007485311000654</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22126937</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Burkhardt</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>D. X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Manchester</surname><given-names>L. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hardeland</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2001</year>). <article-title>Detection and quantification of the antioxidant melatonin in Montmorency and Balaton tart cherries (<italic>Prunus cerasus</italic>)</article-title>. <source>J. Agric. Food Chem.</source><volume>49</volume>, <fpage>4898</fpage>–<lpage>4902</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/jf010321+</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11600041</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Byeon</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Back</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014a</year>). <article-title>Melatonin synthesis in rice seedlings <italic>in vivo</italic> is enhanced at high temperatures and under dark conditions due to increased serotonin N-acetyltransferase and N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase activities</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>56</volume>, <fpage>189</fpage>–<lpage>195</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12111</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24313332</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Byeon</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Back</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014b</year>). <article-title>An increase in melatonin in transgenic rice causes pleiotropic phenotypes, including enhanced seedling growth, delayed flowering, and low grain yield</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>56</volume>, <fpage>408</fpage>–<lpage>441</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12129</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24571270</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Byeon</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>H. Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Back</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Cellular localization and kinetics of the rice melatonin biosynthetic enzymes SNAT and ASMT</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>56</volume>, <fpage>107</fpage>–<lpage>114</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12103</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24134674</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Byeon</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>Y. I.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Molecular cloning and functional analysis of serotonin N-acetyltransferase from the <italic>Cyanobacterium synechocystis</italic> sp. PCC 6803</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>55</volume>, <fpage>371</fpage>–<lpage>376</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12080</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23952748</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Byeon</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>D. X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Back</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2015</year>). <article-title>Predominance of 2-hydroxymelatonin over melatonin in plants</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>59</volume>, <fpage>448</fpage>–<lpage>454</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12274</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26331804</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Carrillo-Vico</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lardone</surname><given-names>P. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Alvarez-Sánchez</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rodríguez-Rodríguez</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Guerrero</surname><given-names>J. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Melatonin: buffering the immune system</article-title>. <source>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</source><volume>14</volume>, <fpage>8638</fpage>–<lpage>8683</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms14048638</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23609496</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shi</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2015</year>). <article-title>Improved abiotic stress tolerance of bermudagrass by exogenous melatonin</article-title>. <source>Plant Signal. Behav.</source><volume>10</volume>:<fpage>e991577</fpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4161/15592324.2014.991577</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25757363</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Huo</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>D. X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liang</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2003</year>). <article-title>Melatonin in Chinese medicinal herbs</article-title>. <source>Life Sci.</source><volume>73</volume>, <fpage>19</fpage>–<lpage>26</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0024-3205(03)00252-2</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12726883</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cherian</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>Transgenic plants in phytoremediation: recent advances and new possibilities</article-title>. <source>Environ. Sci. Tech.</source><volume>39</volume>, <fpage>9377</fpage>–<lpage>9390</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/es051134l</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16475312</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dietz</surname><given-names>A. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schnoor</surname><given-names>J. L.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2001</year>). <article-title>Advances in phytoremediation</article-title>. <source>Environ. Health Perspect.</source><volume>109</volume>, <fpage>163</fpage>–<lpage>168</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.01109s1163</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11250813</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dubbels</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Klenke</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Goebel</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schnakenberg</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ehlers</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1995</year>). <article-title>Melatonin in edible plants identified by radioimmunoassay and by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>18</volume>, <fpage>28</fpage>–<lpage>31</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079X.1995.tb00136.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7776176</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Falcón</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Besseau</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fuentès</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sauzet</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Magnanou</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Boeuf</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Structural and functional evolution of the pineal melatonin system in vertebrates</article-title>. <source>Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.</source><volume>1163</volume>, <fpage>101</fpage>–<lpage>111</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04435.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19456332</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Feng</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dai</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Melatonin from different fruit sources, functional roles, and analytical methods</article-title>. <source>Trends Food Sci. Tech.</source><volume>37</volume>, <fpage>21</fpage>–<lpage>31</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tifs.2014.02.001</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>García</surname><given-names>J. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>López-Pingarrón</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Almeida-Souza</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tres</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Escudero</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>García-Gil</surname><given-names>F. A.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Protective effects of melatonin in reducing oxidative stress and in preserving the fluidity of membranes</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>56</volume>, <fpage>225</fpage>–<lpage>237</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12128</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24571249</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gonzalez-Gomez</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lozano</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fernandez-Leon</surname><given-names>M. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ayuso</surname><given-names>M. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bernalte</surname><given-names>M. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rodriguez</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Detection and quantification of melatonin and serotonin in eight sweet cherry cultivars (<italic>Prunus avium</italic> L.)</article-title>. <source>Eur. Food Res. Technol.</source><volume>229</volume>, <fpage>223</fpage>–<lpage>229</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00217-009-1042-z</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hardeland</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1993</year>). <article-title>The presence and function of melatonin and structurally-related indoleamines in a dinoflagellate, a hypothesis on the evolutionary significance of these tryptophan metabolites in unicellular</article-title>. <source>Experientia</source><volume>49</volume>, <fpage>614</fpage>–<lpage>622</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/BF01923941</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hardeland</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Melatonin and the theories of aging: a critical appraisal of melatonin's role in antiaging mechanisms</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>55</volume>, <fpage>325</fpage>–<lpage>356</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12090</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24112071</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hardeland</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2015</year>). <article-title>Melatonin and circadian oscillators in aging—a dynamic approach to the multiple connected players</article-title>. <source>Interdisc. Top Gerontol.</source><volume>80</volume>, <fpage>128</fpage>–<lpage>140</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000364975</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hardeland</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cardinali</surname><given-names>D. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Srinivasan</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Spence</surname><given-names>D. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>G. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Pandi-Perumal</surname><given-names>S. R.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Melatonin-a pleiotropic, orchestrating regulator molecule</article-title>. <source>Prog. Neurobiol.</source><volume>93</volume>, <fpage>350</fpage>–<lpage>384</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.12.004</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21193011</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hardeland</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Madrid</surname><given-names>J. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>D. X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Melatonin, the circadian multioscillator system and health: the need for detailed analysis of peripheral melatonin signal</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>52</volume>, <fpage>139</fpage>–<lpage>166</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079X.2011.00934.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22034907</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hattori</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Migitaka</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Masayaki</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Itoh</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yamamoto</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ohtani-Kaneko</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>1995</year>). <article-title>Identification of melatonin in plant seed its effects on plasma melatonin levels and binding to melatonin receptors in vertebrates</article-title>. <source>Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int.</source><volume>35</volume>, <fpage>627</fpage>–<lpage>634</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7773197</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hernández</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gomez</surname><given-names>F. J. V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cerutti</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Arana</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>M. F.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2015</year>). <article-title>Melatonin in <italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</italic> acts as plant growth regulator at low concentrations and preserves seed viability at high concentrations</article-title>. <source>Plant Physiol. Biochem</source>. <volume>94</volume>, <fpage>191</fpage>–<lpage>196</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.06.011</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26113158</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hernández-Ruiz</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cano</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Arnao</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>Melatonin acts as a growth-stimulating compound in some monocot species</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>39</volume>, <fpage>137</fpage>–<lpage>142</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079X.2005.00226.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16098090</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Iriti</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rossoni</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Faoro</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>Melatonin content in grape: myth or panacea?</article-title><source>J. Sci. Food and Agri.</source><volume>86</volume>, <fpage>1432</fpage>–<lpage>1438</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/jsfa.2537</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26707724</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ishihara</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hashimoto</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tanaka</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dubouzet</surname><given-names>J. G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakao</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Matsuda</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>The tryptophan pathway is involved in the defense responses of rice against pathogenic infection via serotonin production</article-title>. <source>Plant J.</source><volume>54</volume>, <fpage>481</fpage>–<lpage>495</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03441.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18266919</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jackson</surname><given-names>W. T.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1969</year>). <article-title>Regulation of mitosis. II. Interaction of isopropyl N-phenylcarbamate and melatonin</article-title>. <source>J. Cell Sci.</source><volume>5</volume>, <fpage>745</fpage>–<lpage>755</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">5361240</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jiang</surname><given-names>F. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Teng</surname><given-names>F. X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhi</surname><given-names>Z. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>L. F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>M. X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhen</surname><given-names>W. Z.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>The ameliorative effects of exogenous melatonin on grape cuttings under water-deficient stress: antioxidant metabolites, leaf anatomy, and chloroplast morphology</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>57</volume>, <fpage>200</fpage>–<lpage>212</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12159</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25039750</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Johns</surname><given-names>N. P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Johns</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Porasuphatana</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Plaimee</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sae-Teaw</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Dietary intake of melatonin from tropical fruit altered urinary excretion of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in healthy volunteers</article-title>. <source>J. Agri. Food Chem.</source><volume>61</volume>, <fpage>913</fpage>–<lpage>919</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/jf300359a</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23252791</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kang</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Y. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Back</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Enhanced production of melatonin by ectopic overexpression of human serotonin N-acetyltransferase plays a role in cold resistance in transgenic rice seedlings</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>49</volume>, <fpage>176</fpage>–<lpage>182</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00783.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20586889</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kirakosyan</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Seymour</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Urcuyo Llanes</surname><given-names>D. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kaufman</surname><given-names>P. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bolling</surname><given-names>S. F.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Chemical profile and antioxidant capacities of tart cherry products</article-title>. <source>Food Chem.</source><volume>115</volume>, <fpage>20</fpage>–<lpage>25</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.11.042</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kolár</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Machácková</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>Melatonin in higher plants: occurrence and possible functions</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>39</volume>, <fpage>333</fpage>–<lpage>341</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079X.2005.00276.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16207287</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kolar</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Machackova</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Eder</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Prinsen</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Prinsen</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Dongen</surname><given-names>W. V.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group> (<year>1997</year>). <article-title>Melatonin: occurrence and daily rhythm in <italic>Chenopodium rubrum</italic></article-title>. <source>Phytochemistry</source><volume>44</volume>, <fpage>1407</fpage>–<lpage>1413</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00568-7</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Krystyna</surname><given-names>M. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Posmyk</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Janas</surname><given-names>K. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Melatonin in plants</article-title>. <source>Acta Physiol. Plant</source>. <volume>31</volume>, <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>11</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11738-008-0213-z</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11484999</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lal</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Srivastava</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Phytoremediation of toxic explosives</article-title>, in <source>Plant Adaptation and Phytoremediation</source>, eds <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Ashraf</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ozturk</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ahmad</surname><given-names>M. S. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<publisher-loc>The Hague</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name>), <fpage>383</fpage>–<lpage>397</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>H. Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Byeon</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Back</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Melatonin as a signal molecule triggering defense responses against pathogen attack in <italic>Arabidopsis</italic> and tobacco</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>57</volume>, <fpage>262</fpage>–<lpage>268</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12165</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25099383</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>S. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Oh</surname><given-names>H. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fang</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>An</surname><given-names>S. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Song</surname><given-names>H. H.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>2015</year>). <article-title>Identification of plant compounds that disrupt the insect juvenile hormone receptor complex</article-title>. <source>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</source><volume>112</volume>, <fpage>1733</fpage>–<lpage>1738</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1424386112</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25624480</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lerner</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Case</surname><given-names>J. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Takahashi</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>T. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mori</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1958</year>). <article-title>Isolation of melatonin, a pineal factor that lightens melanocytes</article-title>. <source>J. Am. Chem. Soc.</source><volume>80</volume>, <fpage>2587</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/ja01543a060</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wei</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liang</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yin</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>The mitigation effects of exogenous melatonin on salinity-induced stress in <italic>Malus hupehensis</italic></article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>53</volume>, <fpage>298</fpage>–<lpage>306</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079X.2012.00999.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22507106</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lipinski</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hanson</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lomax</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kitinoja</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Waite</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Searchinger</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Reducing food loss and waste</article-title>, in <source>Working Paper, Installment 2 of Creating a Sustainable Food Future</source> (<publisher-loc>Washington, DC</publisher-loc>).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Manchester</surname><given-names>L. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Coto-Montes</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Boga</surname><given-names>J. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Andersen</surname><given-names>L. P. H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Galano</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>2015</year>). <article-title>Melatonin: an ancient molecule that makes oxygen metabolically tolerable</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res</source>. <volume>59</volume>, <fpage>403</fpage>–<lpage>419</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12267</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26272235</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Manchester</surname><given-names>L. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>D. X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Monis</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Qi</surname><given-names>W. B.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2000</year>). <article-title>High levels of melatonin in the seeds of edible plants-possible function in germ tissue protection</article-title>. <source>Life Sci.</source><volume>67</volume>, <fpage>3023</fpage>–<lpage>3029</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00896-1</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11125839</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Maria</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Witt-Enderby</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Melatonin effects on bone: potential use for the prevention and treatment for osteopenia, osteoporosis, and periodontal disease and for use in bone grafting procedures</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>56</volume>, <fpage>115</fpage>–<lpage>125</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12116</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24372640</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Maronde</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Stehle</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007</year>). <article-title>The mammalian pineal gland: known facts, unknown facets</article-title>. <source>Trends Endocr. Metabol.</source><volume>18</volume>, <fpage>142</fpage>–<lpage>149</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tem.2007.03.001</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17374488</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Melnyk</surname><given-names>C. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schuster</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Leyser</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Meyerowitz</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2015</year>). <article-title>A developmental framework for graft formation and vascular reconnection in <italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</italic></article-title>. <source>Curr. Biol.</source><volume>25</volume>, <fpage>1306</fpage>–<lpage>1318</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.032</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25891401</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mercolini</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mandrioli</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Raggi</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Content of melatonin and other antioxidants in grape-related foodstuffs: measurement using a MEPS-HPLC-F method</article-title>. <source>J Pineal Res.</source><volume>53</volume>, <fpage>21</fpage>–<lpage>28</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079X.2011.00967.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22017461</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Murch</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Campbell</surname><given-names>S. S. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Saxena</surname><given-names>P. K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2001</year>). <article-title>The role of serotonin and melatonin in plant morphogenesis. Regulation of auxin-induced root organogenesis in <italic>in vitro</italic>-cultured explants of <italic>Hypericum perforatum</italic> L</article-title>. <source>In vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Plant.</source><volume>37</volume>, <fpage>786</fpage>–<lpage>793</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11627-001-0130-y</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Murch</surname><given-names>S. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Krishnara</surname><given-names>J. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Saxena</surname><given-names>P. K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2000</year>). <article-title>Tryptophan is a precursor for melatonin and serotonin biosynthesis in <italic>in vitro</italic> regenerated St. John's wort <italic>(Hypericum perofatum</italic> L. cv. Anthos) plants</article-title>. <source>Plant Cell Rep.</source><volume>19</volume>, <fpage>698</fpage>–<lpage>704</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s002990000206</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Murch</surname><given-names>S. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Saxena</surname><given-names>P. K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>A melatonin-rich germplasm line of St John's wort (<italic>Hypericum perforatum</italic> L.)</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>41</volume>, <fpage>284</fpage>–<lpage>287</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079X.2006.00367.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16948791</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Oladi</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mohamadi</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shamspur</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mostafavi</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Spectrofluorimetric determination of melatonin in kernels of four different pistacia varieties after ultrasound-assisted solid–liquid extraction</article-title>. <source>Spectrochim. Acta Part A</source><volume>132</volume>, <fpage>326</fpage>–<lpage>329</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.saa.2014.05.010</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24878439</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pandi-Perumal</surname><given-names>S. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Trakht</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Srinivasan</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Spence</surname><given-names>D. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Maestroni</surname><given-names>G. J. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zisapel</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Physiological effects of melatonin: role of melatonin receptors and signal transduction pathways</article-title>. <source>Prog. Neurobiol.</source><volume>85</volume>, <fpage>335</fpage>–<lpage>353</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.04.001</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18571301</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Parida</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Das</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review</article-title>. <source>Ecotox. Environ. Safe.</source><volume>60</volume>, <fpage>324</fpage>–<lpage>349</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.06.010</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15590011</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Back</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Melatonin promotes seminal root elongation and root growth in transgenic rice after germination</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>53</volume>, <fpage>385</fpage>–<lpage>389</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079X.2012.01008.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22640001</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>D. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jang</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Byeon</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Y. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Back</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Melatonin-rich transgenic rice plants exhibit resistance to herbicide-induced oxidative stress</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res</source>. <volume>54</volume>, <fpage>258</fpage>–<lpage>263</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079X.2012.01029.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22856683</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Y. S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Back</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Tryptamine 5-hydroxylase-deficient Sekiguchi rice induces synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptophan and N-acetyltryptamine but decreases melatonin biosynthesis during senescence process of detached leaves</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>52</volume>, <fpage>211</fpage>–<lpage>216</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079X.2011.00930.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21884550</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Posmyk</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Kuran</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Marciniak</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Janas</surname><given-names>K. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Presowing seed treatment with melatonin protects red cabbage seedlings against toxic copper ion concentrations</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res</source>. <volume>45</volume>, <fpage>24</fpage>–<lpage>31</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079X.2007.00552.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18205729</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1991</year>). <article-title>Pineal melatonin: cell biology of its synthesis and of its physiological interactions</article-title>. <source>Endocr. Rev.</source><volume>12</volume>, <fpage>151</fpage>–<lpage>180</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1649044</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Manchester</surname><given-names>L. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>D. X.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>Melatonin in walnuts: influence on levels of melatonin and total antioxidant capacity of blood</article-title>. <source>Nutrition</source><volume>21</volume>, <fpage>920</fpage>–<lpage>924</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.nut.2005.02.005</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15979282</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>D. X.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2002</year>). <article-title>Melatonin: an antioxidant in edible plants</article-title>. <source>Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.</source><volume>957</volume>, <fpage>341</fpage>–<lpage>344</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02938.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12074994</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>D. X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Galano</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Melatonin: exceeding expectations</article-title>. <source>Physiology (Bethesda)</source><volume>29</volume>, <fpage>325</fpage>–<lpage>333</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/physiol.00011.2014</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25180262</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>D. X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Manchester</surname><given-names>L. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Paredes</surname><given-names>S. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mayo</surname><given-names>J. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sainz</surname><given-names>R. M.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Melatonin and reproduction revisited</article-title>. <source>Biol. Reprod.</source><volume>81</volume>, <fpage>445</fpage>–<lpage>456</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1095/biolreprod.108.075655</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19439728</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>D. X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cruz</surname><given-names>M. H. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fuentes-Broto</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Galano</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2015</year>). <article-title>Phytomelatonin: assisting plants to survive and thrive</article-title>. <source>Molecules</source><volume>20</volume>, <fpage>7396</fpage>–<lpage>7437</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/molecules20047396</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25911967</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Riga</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Medina</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>García-Flores</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gil-Izquierdo</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Melatonin content of pepper and tomato fruits: effects of cultivar and solar radiation</article-title>. <source>Food Chem.</source><volume>156</volume>, <fpage>347</fpage>–<lpage>352</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.117</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24629979</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rosales-Corral</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Acuna-Castroviejo</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Coto-Montes</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Boga</surname><given-names>J. A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Manchester</surname><given-names>L. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fuentes-Broto</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Alzheimer's diseases: pathological mechanisms and the beneficial role of melatonin</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>52</volume>, <fpage>167</fpage>–<lpage>202</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079X.2011.00937.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22107053</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shi</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jiang</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ye</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>D. X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>2015b</year>). <article-title>Comparative physiological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic analyses reveal mechanisms of improved abiotic stress resistance in bermudagrass [<italic>Cynodon dactylon</italic> (L). Pers.] by exogenous melatonin</article-title>. <source>J. Exp. Bot.</source><volume>66</volume>, <fpage>681</fpage>–<lpage>694</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/jxb/eru373</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25225478</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shi</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>D. X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2015a</year>). <article-title><italic>INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INDUCIBLE 17</italic> positively modulates natural leaf senescence through melatonin-mediated pathway in <italic>Arabidopsis</italic></article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>58</volume>, <fpage>26</fpage>–<lpage>33</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12188</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25324183</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Simopoulos</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>D. X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Manchester</surname><given-names>L. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2005</year>). <article-title>Purslane: a plant source of omega-3 fatty acids and melatonin</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>39</volume>, <fpage>331</fpage>–<lpage>332</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079X.2005.00269.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16150116</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sturtz</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cerezo</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cantos-Villar</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Garcia-Parrilla</surname><given-names>M. C.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Determination of the melatonin content of different varieties of tomatoes (<italic>Lycopersicon esculentum</italic>) and strawberries (<italic>Fragaria ananassa</italic>)</article-title>. <source>Food Chem.</source><volume>127</volume>, <fpage>1329</fpage>–<lpage>1334</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.01.093</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25214134</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tal</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Haim</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Harel</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Gerchman</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Melatonin as an antioxidant and its semi-lunar rhythm in green macroalga <italic>Ulva</italic> sp</article-title>. <source>J. Exp. Bot.</source><volume>62</volume>, <fpage>1903</fpage>–<lpage>1910</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/jxb/erq378</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21220782</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>D. X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hardeland</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Manchestr</surname><given-names>L. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Korkmaz</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Rosales-Corral</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Functional roles of melatonin in plants, and perspectives in nutritional and agricultural science</article-title>. <source>J. Exp. Bot.</source><volume>63</volume>, <fpage>577</fpage>–<lpage>597</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/jxb/err256</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22016420</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>D. X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Manchester</surname><given-names>L. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Helton</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007b</year>). <article-title>Phytoremediative capacity of plants enriched with melatonin</article-title>. <source>Plant Signal. Behav.</source><volume>2</volume>, <fpage>514</fpage>–<lpage>516</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4161/psb.2.6.4639</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19704544</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>D. X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Manchester</surname><given-names>L. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mascio</surname><given-names>P. D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Martinez</surname><given-names>G. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Prado</surname><given-names>F. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2007a</year>). <article-title>Novel rhythms of N<sup>1</sup>-acetyl-N<sup>2</sup>-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine and its precursor melatonin in water hyacinth: importance for phytoremediation</article-title>. <source>FASEB J.</source><volume>21</volume>, <fpage>1724</fpage>–<lpage>1729</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1096/fj.06-7745com</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17314136</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tiryaki</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Keles</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Reversal of the inhibitory effect of light and high temperature on germination of <italic>Phacelia tanacetifolia</italic> seeds by melatonin</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>52</volume>, <fpage>332</fpage>–<lpage>339</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079X.2011.00947.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22225610</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B89"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Turk</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Erdal</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Genisel</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Atici</surname><given-names>O.</given-names></name><name><surname>Demir</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yanmis</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>The regulatory effect of melatonin on physiological, biochemical and molecular parameters in cold-stressed wheat seedlings</article-title>. <source>Plant Growth Regul.</source><volume>74</volume>, <fpage>139</fpage>–<lpage>152</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10725-014-9905-0</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B90"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Uchendu</surname><given-names>E. E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Shukla</surname><given-names>M. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reed</surname><given-names>B. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Saxena</surname><given-names>P. K.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Melatonin enhances the recovery of cryopreserved shoot tips of American elm (<italic>Ulmus americana</italic> L.)</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>55</volume>, <fpage>435</fpage>–<lpage>442</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12094</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24117864</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B91"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ungar</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1996</year>). <article-title>Effect of salinity of seed germination, growth and ion accumulation of <italic>Artiplex patula</italic> (<italic>Chenopodeaceae</italic>)</article-title>. <source>American J. Bot.</source><volume>83</volume>, <fpage>604</fpage>–<lpage>607</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2307/2445919</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B92"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Van Alstyne</surname><given-names>K. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Nelson</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name><surname>Vyvyan</surname><given-names>J. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cancilla</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>Dopamine functions as an antiherbivore defense in the temperate green alga <italic>Ulvaria obscura</italic></article-title>. <source>Oecologia</source><volume>148</volume>, <fpage>304</fpage>–<lpage>311</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00442-006-0378-3</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16489461</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B93"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Van-Tassel</surname><given-names>D. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Roberts</surname><given-names>N. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>O'Neill</surname><given-names>S. D.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>1995</year>). <article-title>Melatonin from higher plants: isolation and identification of N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine</article-title>. <source>Plant Physiol.</source><volume>108</volume>, <fpage>101</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B94"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Van-Tassel</surname><given-names>D. L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Roberts</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lewy</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name><surname>O'Neil</surname><given-names>S. D.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2001</year>). <article-title>Melatonin in plant organs</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>31</volume>, <fpage>8</fpage>–<lpage>15</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1034/j.1600-079X.2001.310102.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11485009</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B95"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vielma</surname><given-names>J. R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bonilla</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chacín-Bonilla</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Mora</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Medina-Leendertz</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bravo</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Effects of melatonin on oxidative stress, and resistance to bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections: a review</article-title>. <source>Acta Tropica.</source><volume>137</volume>, <fpage>31</fpage>–<lpage>38</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.04.021</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24811367</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B96"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vriend</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2015</year>). <article-title>Melatonin feedback on clock genes: a theory involving the proteasome</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>58</volume>, <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>11</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12189</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25369242</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B97"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liang</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zheng</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Study on analysis method of melatonin and melatonin content in corn and rice seeds</article-title>. <source>Chin. Agri. Sci. Bull</source>. <volume>25</volume>, <fpage>20</fpage>–<lpage>24</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B98"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>He</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lei</surname><given-names>Q.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Changes in melatonin levels in transgenic ‘Micro-Tom’ tomato overexpressing ovine AANAT and ovine HIOMT genes</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>56</volume>, <fpage>134</fpage>–<lpage>142</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12105</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24138427</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B99"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chang</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Feng</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liang</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cheng</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>2013a</year>). <article-title>Delay in leaf senescence of <italic>Malus hupehensis</italic> by long-term melatonin application is associated with its regulation of metabolic status and protein degradation</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>55</volume>, <fpage>424</fpage>–<lpage>434</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12091</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24103092</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B100"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wei</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liang</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2013b</year>). <article-title>Long-term exogenous application of melatonin delays drought-induced leaf senescence in apple</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>54</volume>, <fpage>292</fpage>–<lpage>302</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12017x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23106234</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B101"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wei</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Q. T.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chu</surname><given-names>Y. N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>R. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>X. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>D. H.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>2015</year>). <article-title>Melatonin enhances plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance in soybean plants</article-title>. <source>J. Exp. Bot.</source><volume>66</volume>, <fpage>695</fpage>–<lpage>707</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/jxb/eru392</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25297548</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B102"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yin</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ke</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liang</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Exogenous melatonin improves <italic>Malus</italic> resistance to <italic>Marssonina</italic> apple blotch</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>54</volume>, <fpage>426</fpage>–<lpage>434</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12038</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23356947</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B103"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>H. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>R. C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>Q. Q.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>D. B.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>Melatonin promotes seed germination under high salinity by regulating antioxidant systems, ABA and GA<sub>4</sub> interaction in cucumber (<italic>Cucumis sativus</italic> L.)</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>57</volume>, <fpage>269</fpage>–<lpage>279</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12167</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25112973</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B104"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Jia</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hao</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Production of transgenic <italic>Nicotiana sylvestris</italic> plants expressing melatonin synthetase genes and their effect on UV-B-induced DNA damage</article-title>. <source>In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant.</source><volume>48</volume>, <fpage>275</fpage>–<lpage>282</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11627-011-9413-0</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B105"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>Q. Q.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>H. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Cao</surname><given-names>Y. Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Weeda</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ren</surname><given-names>S. X.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>2015</year>). <article-title>Roles of melatonin in abiotic stress resistance in plants</article-title>. <source>J. Exp. Bot.</source><volume>66</volume>, <fpage>647</fpage>–<lpage>656</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/jxb/eru336</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25124318</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B106"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>H. J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Weeda</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Z. C.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>2013</year>). <article-title>Melatonin promotes water-stress tolerance, lateral root formation, and seed germination in cucumber (<italic>Cucumis sativus</italic> L.)</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>54</volume>, <fpage>15</fpage>–<lpage>23</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079X.2012.01015.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22747917</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B107"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Qi</surname><given-names>L. W.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>W. M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Saxena</surname><given-names>P. K.</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>C. Z.</given-names></name></person-group> (<year>2011</year>). <article-title>Melatonin improves the survival of cryopreserved callus of <italic>Rhodiola crenulata</italic></article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>50</volume>, <fpage>83</fpage>–<lpage>88</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1600-079X.2010.00817.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21073518</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B108"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>D. X.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lei</surname><given-names>Q.</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Q.</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group>. (<year>2012</year>). <article-title>Melatonin and its potential biological functions in the fruits of sweet cherry</article-title>. <source>J. Pineal Res.</source><volume>55</volume>, <fpage>79</fpage>–<lpage>88</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpi.12044</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23480341</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Bois/explor/OrangerV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000254 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000254 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Bois
|area= OrangerV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:4707265
|texte= Melatonin: Current Status and Future Perspectives in Plant Science
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:26793210" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a OrangerV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.25. |  |