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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Chemical composition of biomass generated in the guava tree pruning</title><author><name sortKey="Camarena Tello, Julio Cesar" sort="Camarena Tello, Julio Cesar" uniqKey="Camarena Tello J" first="Julio César" last="Camarena-Tello">Julio César Camarena-Tello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, Edificio D, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Múgica S/N. Col. Felicitas de Río, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58040, México</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rocha Guzman, Nuria Elizabeth" sort="Rocha Guzman, Nuria Elizabeth" uniqKey="Rocha Guzman N" first="Nuria Elizabeth" last="Rocha-Guzmán">Nuria Elizabeth Rocha-Guzmán</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango, Durango, C.P. 34080, México</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gallegos Infante, Jose Alberto" sort="Gallegos Infante, Jose Alberto" uniqKey="Gallegos Infante J" first="José Alberto" last="Gallegos-Infante">José Alberto Gallegos-Infante</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango, Durango, C.P. 34080, México</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Laredo, Ruben Francisco" sort="Gonzalez Laredo, Ruben Francisco" uniqKey="Gonzalez Laredo R" first="Rubén Francisco" last="González-Laredo">Rubén Francisco González-Laredo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango, Durango, C.P. 34080, México</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pedraza Bucio, Fabiola Eugenia" sort="Pedraza Bucio, Fabiola Eugenia" uniqKey="Pedraza Bucio F" first="Fabiola Eugenia" last="Pedraza-Bucio">Fabiola Eugenia Pedraza-Bucio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, Edificio D, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Múgica S/N. Col. Felicitas de Río, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58040, México</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="L Pez Albarran, Pablo" sort="L Pez Albarran, Pablo" uniqKey="L Pez Albarran P" first="Pablo" last="L Pez-Albarrán">Pablo L Pez-Albarrán</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, Edificio D, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Múgica S/N. Col. Felicitas de Río, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58040, México</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herrera Bucio, Rafael" sort="Herrera Bucio, Rafael" uniqKey="Herrera Bucio R" first="Rafael" last="Herrera-Bucio">Rafael Herrera-Bucio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, Edificio D, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Múgica S/N. Col. Felicitas de Río, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58040, México</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rutiaga Qui Ones, Jose Guadalupe" sort="Rutiaga Qui Ones, Jose Guadalupe" uniqKey="Rutiaga Qui Ones J" first="José Guadalupe" last="Rutiaga-Qui Ones">José Guadalupe Rutiaga-Qui Ones</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, Edificio D, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Múgica S/N. Col. Felicitas de Río, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58040, México</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26417359</idno><idno type="pmc">4553883</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4553883</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4553883</idno><idno type="doi">10.17179/excli2014-467</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000046</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Chemical composition of biomass generated in the guava tree pruning</title><author><name sortKey="Camarena Tello, Julio Cesar" sort="Camarena Tello, Julio Cesar" uniqKey="Camarena Tello J" first="Julio César" last="Camarena-Tello">Julio César Camarena-Tello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, Edificio D, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Múgica S/N. Col. Felicitas de Río, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58040, México</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rocha Guzman, Nuria Elizabeth" sort="Rocha Guzman, Nuria Elizabeth" uniqKey="Rocha Guzman N" first="Nuria Elizabeth" last="Rocha-Guzmán">Nuria Elizabeth Rocha-Guzmán</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango, Durango, C.P. 34080, México</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gallegos Infante, Jose Alberto" sort="Gallegos Infante, Jose Alberto" uniqKey="Gallegos Infante J" first="José Alberto" last="Gallegos-Infante">José Alberto Gallegos-Infante</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango, Durango, C.P. 34080, México</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Laredo, Ruben Francisco" sort="Gonzalez Laredo, Ruben Francisco" uniqKey="Gonzalez Laredo R" first="Rubén Francisco" last="González-Laredo">Rubén Francisco González-Laredo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango, Durango, C.P. 34080, México</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pedraza Bucio, Fabiola Eugenia" sort="Pedraza Bucio, Fabiola Eugenia" uniqKey="Pedraza Bucio F" first="Fabiola Eugenia" last="Pedraza-Bucio">Fabiola Eugenia Pedraza-Bucio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, Edificio D, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Múgica S/N. Col. Felicitas de Río, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58040, México</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="L Pez Albarran, Pablo" sort="L Pez Albarran, Pablo" uniqKey="L Pez Albarran P" first="Pablo" last="L Pez-Albarrán">Pablo L Pez-Albarrán</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, Edificio D, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Múgica S/N. Col. Felicitas de Río, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58040, México</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herrera Bucio, Rafael" sort="Herrera Bucio, Rafael" uniqKey="Herrera Bucio R" first="Rafael" last="Herrera-Bucio">Rafael Herrera-Bucio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, Edificio D, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Múgica S/N. Col. Felicitas de Río, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58040, México</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rutiaga Qui Ones, Jose Guadalupe" sort="Rutiaga Qui Ones, Jose Guadalupe" uniqKey="Rutiaga Qui Ones J" first="José Guadalupe" last="Rutiaga-Qui Ones">José Guadalupe Rutiaga-Qui Ones</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, Edificio D, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Múgica S/N. Col. Felicitas de Río, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58040, México</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">EXCLI Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1611-2156</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Psidium guajava</italic> L. (<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>) is a native plant of Central America and is now widely cultivated in many tropical regions of the world for the fruit production. In Mexico, in the guava orchards common practices to control fruit production are: water stress, defoliation and pruning. In this study, we report the chemical composition of the biomass (branches and leaves) generated in the pruning practices. The results ranged as follows: pH (4.98-5.88), soda solubility (39.01-70.49 %), ash (1.87-8.20 %); potassium and calcium were the major inorganic elements in ash. No heavy metals were detected in the studied samples; total solubility (15.21-46.60 %), Runkel lignin (17.77-35.26 %), holocellulose (26.56 -69.49 %), α-cellulose (15.53-35.36 %), hemicelluloses (11.02-34.12 %), tannins in aqueous extracts (3.81-9.06 %), and tannins in ethanolic extracts (3.42-15.24 %). </p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Akinjogunla, Oj" uniqKey="Akinjogunla O">OJ Akinjogunla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Etok, Ca" uniqKey="Etok C">CA Etok</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oshoma, Ce" uniqKey="Oshoma C">CE Oshoma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Akinjogunla, Oj" uniqKey="Akinjogunla O">OJ Akinjogunla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yah, Cs" uniqKey="Yah C">CS Yah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eghafona, No" uniqKey="Eghafona N">NO Eghafona</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ogbemudia, Fo" uniqKey="Ogbemudia F">FO 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sortKey="Murphy, M" uniqKey="Murphy M">M Murphy</name></author><author><name sortKey="D Addieco, Aa" uniqKey="D Addieco A">AA D´Addieco</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wissing, A" uniqKey="Wissing A">A Wissing</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yazaki, Y" uniqKey="Yazaki Y">Y Yazaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gu, R" uniqKey="Gu R">R Gu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Y" uniqKey="Lin Y">Y Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, W" uniqKey="Chen W">W Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nguyen, K" uniqKey="Nguyen K">K Nguyen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yazaki, Y" uniqKey="Yazaki Y">Y Yazaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hillis, Ew" uniqKey="Hillis E">EW Hillis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yazaki, Y" uniqKey="Yazaki Y">Y 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">EXCLI J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">EXCLI J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">EXCLI J</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>EXCLI Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1611-2156</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26417359</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4553883</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">2014-467</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17179/excli2014-467</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">Doc204</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Chemical composition of biomass generated in the guava tree pruning</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Camarena-Tello</surname><given-names>Julio César</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rocha-Guzmán</surname><given-names>Nuria Elizabeth</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gallegos-Infante</surname><given-names>José Alberto</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>González-Laredo</surname><given-names>Rubén Francisco</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pedraza-Bucio</surname><given-names>Fabiola Eugenia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>López-Albarrán</surname><given-names>Pablo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Herrera-Bucio</surname><given-names>Rafael</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rutiaga-Quiñones</surname><given-names>José Guadalupe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="COR1">*</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, Edificio D, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Múgica S/N. Col. Felicitas de Río, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58040, México</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Bioquímica, Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote., Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango, Durango, C.P. 34080, México</aff><author-notes><corresp id="COR1">*To whom correspondence should be addressed: José Guadalupe Rutiaga-Quiñones, Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, Edificio D, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Múgica S/N. Col. Felicitas de Río, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58040, México, Telephone: +52 (443) 3260379, E-mail: <email>rutiaga@umich.mx</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>2</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><fpage>204</fpage><lpage>212</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>23</day><month>10</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Camarena-Tello et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>) You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.excli.de/vol14/Rutiaga-Quinones_04022015_proof.pdf">This article is available from http://www.excli.de/vol14/Rutiaga-Quinones_04022015_proof.pdf</self-uri><abstract><p><italic>Psidium guajava</italic> L. (<italic>Myrtaceae</italic>) is a native plant of Central America and is now widely cultivated in many tropical regions of the world for the fruit production. In Mexico, in the guava orchards common practices to control fruit production are: water stress, defoliation and pruning. In this study, we report the chemical composition of the biomass (branches and leaves) generated in the pruning practices. The results ranged as follows: pH (4.98-5.88), soda solubility (39.01-70.49 %), ash (1.87-8.20 %); potassium and calcium were the major inorganic elements in ash. No heavy metals were detected in the studied samples; total solubility (15.21-46.60 %), Runkel lignin (17.77-35.26 %), holocellulose (26.56 -69.49 %), α-cellulose (15.53-35.36 %), hemicelluloses (11.02-34.12 %), tannins in aqueous extracts (3.81-9.06 %), and tannins in ethanolic extracts (3.42-15.24 %). </p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Psidium guajava</kwd><kwd>pH</kwd><kwd>ash</kwd><kwd>extractives</kwd><kwd>polysaccharide</kwd><kwd>tannins</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro"><title>Introduction</title><p><italic>Psidium guajava</italic> L. belongs to the <italic>Myrtaceae</italic> family. It is a native of Central America but is now widely cultivated, distributed and the fruits enrich the diets of millions of people in the world tropics (Rathish and Sumitra, 2007[<xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]; El-Mahmood, 2009[<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]). In Mexico, the States with the largest fruit production are Michoacan (42 %), Aguascalientes (35 %) and Zacatecas (15 %), the rest (8 %) belongs to other states (González Gaona et al., 2002[<xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]). In Michoacan, the maximum fruit production falls into three municipalities located in the eastern area of the state: Jungapeo (2,500 hectares), Benito Juárez (1,500 hectares) and Zitácuaro (1,000 hectares) (Mendoza Lopez et al., 2005[<xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]). In these guava orchards common practices to control fruit production are: water stress, defoliation and pruning; pruning is the most used activity. </p><p><italic>P. guajava </italic>is a well known traditional medicinal plant used in some indigenous systems throughout the world. All parts of this tree, including roots, bark, leaves, seeds, and the fruits have been used for treatment gastrointestinal problems. Leaves, pulp and seeds are used as an antispasdomic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diarrheic, to treat respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders, in the treatment of hypertension, obesity and in the control of diabetes mellitus (Barbalho et al., 2012[<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]). It also possesses anticancer properties (Ryu et al., 2012[<xref rid="R33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]). The seeds of <italic>P. guajava</italic> are also used because of their antimicrobial, gastrointestinal, anti-allergic, and anti-carcinogenic activities (Pelegrini et al., 2008[<xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]; Metwally et al., 2010[<xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]; Huang et al., 2011[<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]; Bontempo et al., 2012[<xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]). The leaves are used in the form of poultice or decoction for wounds, ulcers and toothaches, they are also used for treatment bronchitis, asthma attacks, cough, and pulmonary diseases (Shruthi et al., 2013[<xref rid="R35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]). Stem-bark extracts can be used to treat malaria (Nundkumar and Ojewole, 2002[<xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]). The bark is used as an astringent in the treatment of ulcers wounds, diarrhea, dysentery, skin ailments, vaginal hemorrhage wounds, fever, dehydration, and respiratory disturbances; the root is used as a decoction to treat diarrhea, coughs, stomach ache, indigestion, toothaches, and constipation; the whole plant is in general used in the form of decoction, infusion and paste as skin tonic (Gutiérrez et al., 2008[<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]). </p><p>Many biological works have been carried out on different parts of the <italic>P. guajava</italic> tree. Particulary, in this study we report the chemical composition of the biomass (branches and leaves) generated in the pruning, which usually causes problems and promotes proliferation of pests in orchards. In guava orchards in Mexico, a guava tree can produce about 9 kg of foliar biomass in a year (Damián Nava et al., 2004[<xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]) and the density of trees per hectare ranges from 154 to 666 (González Gaona et al., 2002[<xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]) so it can generate 1,386 to 5,994 kg of dry biomass per hectare in a year, which could be exploited. </p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Materials and Methods</title><sec><title>Biomass from pruning</title><p>For this work, four sites in Michoacan, Mexico were chosen because they represent the largest areas of guava tree plantations with the higher volumes of fruit exportation. The four selected sites are located at different elevations above sea level, chosen an orchard from each place. Harvesting of the biomass (branches and leaves) was performed from 14<sup>th</sup> to 16<sup>th</sup> August 2013 at the four sites: 1) “Hichachico”, Municipality of Nuevo Urecho located at 19°12'26.37' Lat. N. and 101°52’35.06’’ Long. W., at 533 meters above sea level (masl); 2) “La Vega”, Municipality of Jungapeo located at 19°27’21.52’’ Lat. N. and 100°30’4.22’’ Long. W., at 1,251 masl; 3) “El Cerrito”, Municipality of Jungapeo located at 19°28’38.51’’ Lat. N. and 100°28’28.43’’ Long. W., at 1,659 masl; 4) “Paraje Guarda Ganado”, Ejido de Zirahuato located at 19°29’59.09’’ Lat. N. and 100°25’5.96’’ Long. W., at 2,030 masl. Thirty trees were sampled randomly in each orchard and every tree pruning biomass was collected. The pruning to collect biomass is usually performed after the guava fruit harvesting is done. Moisture content in branches and leaves was determined immediately after the pruning with the dehydration method at 105 ± 3 °C, according to the Technical Association for Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) standard procedure, T 264 cm-97 (TAPPI, 2000), then the net amount of biomass produced per tree was calculated. The branches and leaves were separated from the biomass collected and allowed to dry in the shade. </p><p>Separately, branches and leaves were milled with a laboratory mill (Mikron K20), and then, sieved with 40-fraction mesh (425 micron pores) for chemical analysis. Subsequently, moisture content was determined with the dehydration method at 105 ± 3 °C, according with the TAPPI standard, T 264 cm-97 (TAPPI, 2000[<xref rid="R36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]). Wood meal 40 mesh is stored in dark sealed containers until use. All determinations were performed in duplicate. </p></sec><sec><title>Chemical analysis</title><p>Determinations of pH were based on a method described by Sandermann and Rothkamm (1959[<xref rid="R34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]). Sosa solubility was determined by TAPPI standard, T 212 om-98 (TAPPI, 2000[<xref rid="R36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]). Mineral content was calculated gravimetrically in accordance with the TAPPI standard, T 211 om-93 (TAPPI, 2000[<xref rid="R36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]). Microanalysis of the ash was carried out with an X-ray spectrometer fitted to a Jeol-brand scanning electron microscope (Model JSM-6400) five times and the operating conditions for the analysis were 20 kV and 8.5 s (Téllez-Sánchez et al., 2010[<xref rid="R37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]). To determine the total content of extractives, sequential extractions were performed with a Soxhlet apparatus using the following solvents: cyclohexane, acetone, methanol, and finally, hot water under reflux (6 h in each case). Solvents were recovered in a rotary evaporator and the respective extracts were stored in a dessicator until the weight was constant. After sequential extractions, wood meal intended as an extractive-free wood meal, was used to determine Runkel lignin (Runkel and Wilke, 1951[<xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]) and holocellulose (Wise et al, 1946[<xref rid="R39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]). The a-cellulose content was based on an American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard, D 1104-57 (ASTM, 2000[<xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]), where chlorine gas was replaced with sodium hypochlorite. Hemicelluloses were determined by difference between holocellulose and α-cellulose. </p></sec><sec><title>Tannins content</title><p>In the original material, tannin content was also determined (Yazaki and Hillis, 1977[<xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]; Waterman and Mole, 1994[<xref rid="R38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]); for this purpose aqueous and ethanol extractions were performed. </p></sec></sec><sec><title>Results and Discussion</title><sec><title>Chemical analysis</title><p>After collection of biomass, the average moisture content in branches was 68 % (± 2.63 %) and in leaves 75 % (± 2.98 %). The average result of biomass generated by the pruning in a tree was 12 kg. This value is slightly higher than that reported for the generation of foliar biomass (Damián Nava et al., 2004[<xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]). </p><p>The average measurements and standard deviations of the chemical components concentrations are presented in Table 1<xref ref-type="fig" rid="T1">(Tab. 1)</xref>. The results from the X-ray microanalysis of ash are shown in Table 2<xref ref-type="fig" rid="T2">(Tab. 2)</xref>. The pH values for the studied material obtained from thirty trees ranged from 4.98 to 5.88 and they were weakly acid (Kollmann, 1959[<xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]). The variation in wood pH is associated to the presence of acid groups, free acid, to the amount and type of extractives and to climatic factors (Fengel and Wegener, 1989[<xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]). The material from the branches (wood and bark) was slightly more acidic (average value of 5.18) than the material from the leaves (average value of 5.54) (Standard deviation in parenthesis, Figure 1<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">(Fig. 1)</xref>). Information about the pH of branches and leaves of <italic>P. guajava</italic> were not available, but the pH values in branches were within the range for woods from temperate zones (Fengel and Wegener, 1989[<xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]). </p><p>The results of one percent sodium hydroxide solubility for the studied material obtained from thirty trees ranged from 39.01 to 70.49 % and the highest values corresponded to branches (Standard deviation in parenthesis, Figure 2<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">(Fig. 2)</xref>) with an average value of 64.76 % compared to the average value of 42.26 % in leaves. The results found here are higher than those reported for some pine woods (17.9-25.4 %) (Bernabé-Santiago et al., 2013[<xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]). It is known that a hot alkali solution can extract low-molecular-weight carbohydrates mainly of hemicellulose and the soda solubility of lignocellulosic materials could indicate its natural durability (T 212 om-98, TAPPI, 2000[<xref rid="R36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]) so it is expected that this biomass from <italic>P. guajava</italic> can be easily damaged by the action of microorganisms, heat and sun light. </p><p>The ash content values ranged from 1.87 to 8.20 % and it was clear that the leaves are richer in minerals than branches. From these results it appears that at a higher altitude is higher the ash content. The mineral contents in branches are higher than the reported 1.21 % by Hindi (2012[<xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]), and 2.5 % by Luiz Adrian et al. (2012[<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]). However, our results are in the range reported for tropical wood species, which are richer in ash than woods of temperate zones (Fengel and Wegener, 1989[<xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]). The ash content values for leaves are higher than the value reported for guava leaves (Okunrobo et al., 2010[<xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]).</p><p>Regarding the microanalysis of ashes, a variation was observed in the number of detected chemical elements: in branches from the orchard located at 1,659 masl six chemical elements were detected, while in the leaves from the trees collected in the orchard located at 533 masl nine chemical elements were found (Table 2<xref ref-type="fig" rid="T2">(Tab. 2)</xref>). The major inorganic compounds in ash were potassium and calcium in all samples. The potassium concentration in the branches was higher than in leaves. Most of the chemical elements detected in the branches have been previously reported in other wood and barks (Cutter et al., 1980[<xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]; Fengel and Wegener, 1989[<xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]). Some chemical elements detected here in leaves have also been reported in leaves of guava (Mubarak et al., 2008[<xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]; Okunrobo et al., 2010[<xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]; Dhiman et al., 2011[<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]). An important fact is that no heavy metals were detected in the studied samples. The pruning biomass from <italic>P. guajava</italic>, which is rich in inorganic substances is attractive to be used as compost, since their minerals are important for plants (Restrepo-Rivera and Pinheiro, 2009[<xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]). </p><p>The results from successive extractions vary with the solvent used and extracted samples (Table 1<xref ref-type="fig" rid="T1">(Tab. 1)</xref>). The total solubility ranged from 15.21 to 46.60 % and it clearly shows that the leaves are richer in the extractive compared to the branches. The lowest extractives content (0.22 %) was observed in branches, using cyclohexane, and the highest (21.3 %) in leaves using hot water. In general, the high amount of extractives in all samples was observed using hot water and methanol as solvents, which could confirm the high polyphenol and carbohydrates content in these samples, as these substances can be extracted with such solvents (Fengel and Wegener, 1989[<xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]). Lipophilic substances are scarce in branches samples, except in leaves (1.97-2.85 %). Hindi (2012[<xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]) found 12.6 % total extractives in branches of<italic> P. guajava</italic> and this value is lower compared with the lowest yield reported here for branches. </p><p>The Runkel lignin content in branches ranged from 17.87 to 19.54 %, lower values compared to that found (48 %) by Avelar Mejía et al. (2003[<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]) and (27.1 %) by Hindi (2012[<xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]). In the case of the leaves, the lignin content ranged from 17.77 to 35.26 % and clearly showed that the leaves are richer in lignin compared to the branches. Because the leaves are rich in lignin, these biomass generated from pruning may be used to make pellets, or possibly enrich any lignocellulosic based material; it is known that lignin has a high calorific value (Kollmann, 1959[<xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]; Browning, 1963[<xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]). </p><p>Regarding to the polysaccharides content of the guava pruning biomass, the holocellulose values ranged from 26.56 to 69.49 % and the cellulose values ranged from 15.53 to 35.36 %, which are within the range of values determined for others lignocellulosic materials: holocellulose in hardwoods (49.2 – 89.2 %), cellulose in hardwoods (37.6 – 56.2 %) (Fengel and Wegener, 1989[<xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]). </p></sec><sec><title>Tannins content</title><p>The results of tannins in biomass of <italic>P. guajava</italic> are summarized in Table 3<xref ref-type="fig" rid="T3">(Tab. 3)</xref> and Table 4<xref ref-type="fig" rid="T4">(Tab. 4)</xref>. The values for total extract using water as solvent ranged from 7.65 % in branches to 20.95 % in leaves and using ethanol from 7.32 % in branches to 22.48 % in leaves. It clearly shows that the total extract content is higher in leaves compared with branches. These values are slightly higher than those reported for other lignocelullosic materials (Rosales Castro and González Gaona, 2003[<xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]; Colín-Urieta et al., 2013[<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]). </p><p>The Stiasny number ranged for water extracts from 36.88 % in leaves to 56.97 % in branches of guava and for the ethanolic extracts from 39.02 % in branches to 67.80 % in leaves. The Stiasny numbers were higher in leaves compared with values obtained in branches. The Stiasny number indicates a relatively high content of proantocyanidins or condensed tannins reagents (Wissing, 1955[<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]), which may be reacted with formaldehyde in acidic medium (Yazaki and Hillis, 1980[<xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]; Yazaki et al., 1993[<xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]). In general, the results of Stiasny number reported for others lignocellulosic materials (Rosales Castro and González Gaona, 2003[<xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]; Colín-Urieta et al., 2013[<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]) are in the range for the values obtained in this work.</p><p>Regarding the tannins content by the water extraction, it ranged from 3.81 % in branches to 9.06 % in leaves, while using ethanol as solvent the values ranged from 3.42 % in branches to 15.24 % in leaves. These results indicate higher concentration of tannins in the leaves compared to the branches. The tannins amount reported for others lignocellulosic materials (Rosales Castro and González Gaona, 2003[<xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]; Pedraza-Bucio and Rutiaga-Quiñones, 2011[<xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]; Colín-Urieta et al., 2013[<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]) are in the range for the values obtained in this work. The presence of tannins in ethanolic extracts of leaves of<italic> P. guajava</italic> has been also reported in others studies (Akinjogunla et al., 2010[<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>], 2011[<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]; Biswas et al., 2013[<xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]). </p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusions</title><p>Branches and leaves as biomass generated in the guava tree pruning collected in four different sites were characterized. The pH values for the studied biomass were weakly acidic. The concentration of inorganic material is high, particularly in the leaves. The major inorganic substances in ash were potassium and calcium in all samples. No heavy metals were found in branches and leaves. The guava tree materials have high solubility in soda, particularly the branches, and high solubility in organic solvents, particularly the leaves. It was found that the lignin and polysaccharide contents are comparable to others lignocellulosic materials. The amount of tannins is higher in leaves compared with branches. It was observed that the chemical composition is not influenced clearly by the altitude of the sites, where the biomass samples were collected. </p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>The authors thank the Coordination of Scientific Research of the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, under project No. CIC-21.3-JGRQ, for the financial support. 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