The In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oil in Combination with Other Aroma-Therapeutic Oils
Identifieur interne : 000973 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000972; suivant : 000974The In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oil in Combination with Other Aroma-Therapeutic Oils
Auteurs : Stephanie De Rapper [Afrique du Sud] ; Guy Kamatou [Afrique du Sud] ; Alvaro Viljoen [Afrique du Sud] ; Sandy Van Vuuren [Afrique du Sud]Source :
- Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM [ 1741-427X ] ; 2013.
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of
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DOI: 10.1155/2013/852049
PubMed: 23737850
PubMed Central: 3666441
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The <italic>In Vitro</italic> Antimicrobial Activity of <italic>Lavandula angustifolia</italic> Essential Oil in Combination with Other Aroma-Therapeutic Oils</title><author><name sortKey="De Rapper, Stephanie" sort="De Rapper, Stephanie" uniqKey="De Rapper S" first="Stephanie" last="De Rapper">Stephanie De Rapper</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Witwatersrand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Johannesburg</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Gauteng</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamatou, Guy" sort="Kamatou, Guy" uniqKey="Kamatou G" first="Guy" last="Kamatou">Guy Kamatou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pretoria 0001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Viljoen, Alvaro" sort="Viljoen, Alvaro" uniqKey="Viljoen A" first="Alvaro" last="Viljoen">Alvaro Viljoen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pretoria 0001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Vuuren, Sandy" sort="Van Vuuren, Sandy" uniqKey="Van Vuuren S" first="Sandy" last="Van Vuuren">Sandy Van Vuuren</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Witwatersrand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Johannesburg</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Gauteng</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23737850</idno><idno type="pmc">3666441</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3666441</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3666441</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2013/852049</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000E93</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000E92</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000973</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The <italic>In Vitro</italic> Antimicrobial Activity of <italic>Lavandula angustifolia</italic> Essential Oil in Combination with Other Aroma-Therapeutic Oils</title><author><name sortKey="De Rapper, Stephanie" sort="De Rapper, Stephanie" uniqKey="De Rapper S" first="Stephanie" last="De Rapper">Stephanie De Rapper</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Witwatersrand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Johannesburg</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Gauteng</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kamatou, Guy" sort="Kamatou, Guy" uniqKey="Kamatou G" first="Guy" last="Kamatou">Guy Kamatou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pretoria 0001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Viljoen, Alvaro" sort="Viljoen, Alvaro" uniqKey="Viljoen A" first="Alvaro" last="Viljoen">Alvaro Viljoen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pretoria 0001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Vuuren, Sandy" sort="Van Vuuren, Sandy" uniqKey="Van Vuuren S" first="Sandy" last="Van Vuuren">Sandy Van Vuuren</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Witwatersrand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Johannesburg</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Gauteng</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</title><idno type="ISSN">1741-427X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1741-4288</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The antimicrobial activity of <italic>Lavandula angustifolia</italic> essential oil was assessed in combination with 45 other oils to establish possible interactive properties. The composition of the selected essential oils was confirmed using GC-MS with a flame ionization detector. The microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay was undertaken, whereby the fractional inhibitory concentration (ΣFIC) was calculated for the oil combinations. When lavender oil was assayed in 1 : 1 ratios with other oils, synergistic (26.7%), additive (48.9%), non-interactive (23.7%), and antagonistic (0.7%) interactions were observed. When investigating different ratios of the two oils in combination, the most favourable interactions were when <italic>L. angustifolia</italic> was combined with <italic>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</italic> or with <italic>Citrus sinensis,</italic> against <italic>C. albicans</italic> and <italic>S. aureus,</italic> respectively. In 1 : 1 ratios, 75.6% of the essential oils investigated showed either synergistic or additive results, lending <italic>in vitro</italic> credibility to the use of essential oil blends in aroma-therapeutic practices. Within the field of aromatherapy, essential oils are commonly employed in mixtures for the treatment of infectious diseases; however, very little evidence exists to support the use in combination. This study lends some credence to the concomitant use of essential oils blended with lavender.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Eveleigh, T" uniqKey="Eveleigh T">T Eveleigh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chu, Cj" uniqKey="Chu C">CJ Chu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kemper, Kj" uniqKey="Kemper K">KJ Kemper</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cavanagh, Hma" uniqKey="Cavanagh H">HMA Cavanagh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilkinson, Jm" uniqKey="Wilkinson J">JM Wilkinson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dunning, T" uniqKey="Dunning T">T Dunning</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawless, J" uniqKey="Lawless J">J Lawless</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ECAM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1741-427X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1741-4288</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23737850</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3666441</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2013/852049</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The <italic>In Vitro</italic> Antimicrobial Activity of <italic>Lavandula angustifolia</italic> Essential Oil in Combination with Other Aroma-Therapeutic Oils</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Rapper</surname><given-names>Stephanie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kamatou</surname><given-names>Guy</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Viljoen</surname><given-names>Alvaro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4859-1845</contrib-id><name><surname>van Vuuren</surname><given-names>Sandy</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Sandy van Vuuren: <email>sandy.vanvuuren@wits.ac.za</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Jenny M. Wilkinson</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>5</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>13</day><month>5</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>2013</volume><elocation-id>852049</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>26</day><month>2</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>8</day><month>4</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013 Stephanie de Rapper et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The antimicrobial activity of <italic>Lavandula angustifolia</italic> essential oil was assessed in combination with 45 other oils to establish possible interactive properties. The composition of the selected essential oils was confirmed using GC-MS with a flame ionization detector. The microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay was undertaken, whereby the fractional inhibitory concentration (ΣFIC) was calculated for the oil combinations. When lavender oil was assayed in 1 : 1 ratios with other oils, synergistic (26.7%), additive (48.9%), non-interactive (23.7%), and antagonistic (0.7%) interactions were observed. When investigating different ratios of the two oils in combination, the most favourable interactions were when <italic>L. angustifolia</italic> was combined with <italic>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</italic> or with <italic>Citrus sinensis,</italic> against <italic>C. albicans</italic> and <italic>S. aureus,</italic> respectively. In 1 : 1 ratios, 75.6% of the essential oils investigated showed either synergistic or additive results, lending <italic>in vitro</italic> credibility to the use of essential oil blends in aroma-therapeutic practices. Within the field of aromatherapy, essential oils are commonly employed in mixtures for the treatment of infectious diseases; however, very little evidence exists to support the use in combination. This study lends some credence to the concomitant use of essential oils blended with lavender.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Isobolograms constructed for the synergistic essential oil combinations against the pathogens <italic>C. albicans</italic> and <italic>S. aureus.</italic> ▲ indicates <italic>L. angustifolia </italic>essential oil in majority concentration, ● indicates other essential oils (<italic>D. carota</italic> or <italic>J. virginiana</italic> or <italic>C. zeylanicum</italic> or <italic>C. sinensis</italic>) in majority concentration, and ∗ indicates equal ratios of essential oil in combination.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2013-852049.001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>The chemical composition (major compounds only) of the essential oils under investigation.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Major constituent</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% Abundance</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Abies balsamea </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>β</italic>-</italic>pinene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bornyl acetate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>δ</italic></italic>-3-carene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="6" colspan="1"><italic>Andropogon muricatus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>-vetirenene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">zizanol </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>λ</italic>-vetivenene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">isoeremophilene </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>-vetispirene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">vetivenic acid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1"><italic>Angelica archangelica</italic> root</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic></italic>-phellandrene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic></italic>-pinene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>β</italic></italic>-phellandrene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>δ</italic></italic>-3-carene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Angelica archangelica</italic> seed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>β</italic></italic>-phellandrene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1"><italic>Anthemis nobilis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-methylbutyl-2-methyl propanoic acid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">limonene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3-methylpentyl-2-butenoic acid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">isobutyl isobutyrate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Artemisia dracunculus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">estragole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Canarium luzonicum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">limonene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">elemol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic></italic>-phellandrene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Cananga odorata </italic>heads</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">benzyl acetate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">linalool</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">methyl benzoate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Cananga odorata </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bicyclosesquiphellandrene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>β</italic>-</italic>farnesene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Carum carvi </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">limonene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">carvone</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cinnamomum zeylanicum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">eugenol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus aurantium </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">linalyl acetate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">linalool</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus grandis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">limonene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sinensis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">limonene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Commiphora myrrha </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">furanoeusdema-1,3-diene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">lindestrene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Cupressus sempervirens </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic></italic>-pinene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>δ</italic></italic>-3-carene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cymbopogon citratus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">geranial</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Cymbopogon nardus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">citronellal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">geraniol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">citronellol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Daucus carota </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">carotol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>β</italic></italic>-caryophyllene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>β</italic></italic>-bisabolene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Eucalyptus globulus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,8-cineole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic>-</italic>terpineol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Foeniculum dulce </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E</italic>-anethole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Hyssopus officinalis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">isopinocamphone</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pinocamphone</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Juniperus virginiana </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">thujopsene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cedrol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic></italic>-cedrene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Juniperus virginiana </italic>berries</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic></italic>-pinene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">myrcene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bicyclosesquiphellandrene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Laurus nobilis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">eugenol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">myrcene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">chavicol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Lavandula angustifolia </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">linalyl acetate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">linalool</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">terpinen-4-ol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Litsea cubeba </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">geranial</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nerol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Matricaria chamomilla </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bisabolene oxide A</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>β</italic>-</italic>farnesene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Melaleuca alternifolia </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">terpinen-4-ol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>γ-</italic>terpinene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Melaleuca viridiflora </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,8-cineole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic>-</italic>terpinene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Mentha piperita </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">menthol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">menthone</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Myrtus communis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">myrtenyl acetate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,8-cineole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic></italic>-pinene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ocimum basilicum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">linalool</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Origanum majorana </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,8-cineole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">linalool</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Pelargonium odoratissimum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">citronellol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">geraniol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus sylvestris </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bornyl acetate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">camphene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic></italic>-pinene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Piper nigrum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>β</italic></italic>-caryophyllene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">limonene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Pogostemon patchouli </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">patchouli alcohol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic>-</italic>bulnesene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic>-</italic>guaiene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rosmarinus officinalis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,8-cineole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Salvia sclarea </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">linalyl acetate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">linalool</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Santalum album </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic>-</italic>santalol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Styrax benzoin </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cinnamyl alcohol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">benzene propanol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Syzygium aromaticum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">eugenol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">eugenol acetate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Tagetes patula </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<italic>E</italic>)-<italic><italic>β</italic></italic>-ocimene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E</italic>-tagetone</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">verbenone</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Thymus vulgaris </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-cymene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">thymol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>γ-</italic>terpinene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.3</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>The antimicrobial effects of <italic>L. angustifolia </italic>essential oil against 14 test pathogens.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microorganism</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference strain no.</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC*</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus </italic>(MRSA)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 43300</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical strain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methicillin-gentamicin resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus </italic>(MGRSA)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 33592</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus aureus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 6538</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus aureus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical strain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 2223</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical strain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vancomycin-resistant<italic> Enterococcus faecalis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 51299</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enterococcus faecalis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical strain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 13883</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 27853</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cryptococcus neoformans </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 11093</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Candida tropicalis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 201380</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Candida albicans </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 10231</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ciprofloxacin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Positive control</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20 × 10<sup>−3 </sup>to 0.60 × 10<sup>−3</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amphotericin B</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Positive control</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60 × 10<sup>−3</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*MIC given in mg/mL.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>The antimicrobial effects of the essential oils studied individually and in combination with <italic>L. angustifolia </italic>essential oil.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Essential oil</th><th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Oils examined individually</th><th align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1">1 : 1 Combinations</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. albicans </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. aureus </italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. aeruginosa </italic></th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><italic>C. albicans </italic></th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><italic>S. aureus </italic></th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><italic>P. aeruginosa </italic></th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(ATCC 10231)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(ATCC 6538)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(ATCC 27858)</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">(ATCC 10231)</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">(ATCC 6538)</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">(ATCC 27858)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ΣFIC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ΣFIC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ΣFIC</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Abies balsamea </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Andropogon muricatus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.45</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Angelica archangelica </italic>(seed)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Angelica archangelica </italic>(root)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthemis nobilis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.33</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Artemisia dracunculus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Canarium luzonicum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.25</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cananga odorata </italic>(heads)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cananga odorata </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carum carvi </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cinnamomum zeylanicum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.40</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.50</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus aurantium </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus grandis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus medica limonum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sinensis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.38</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Commiphora myrrha </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.29</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cupressus sempervirens </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.15</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cymbopogon citratus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cymbopogon nardus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Daucus carota </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.50</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.50</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eucalyptus globulus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.38</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Foeniculum dulce </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.45</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hyssopus officinalis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.33</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Juniperus virginiana </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.50</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.50</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Juniperus virginiana</italic> (berries)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.21</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Laurus nobilis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Litsea cubeba </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.19</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Matricaria chamomilla </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melaleuca viridiflora </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melaleuca alternifolia </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.50</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mentha piperita </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myrtus communis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.50</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ocimum basilicum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Origanum majorana </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pelargonium odoratissimum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus sylvestris </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.50</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Piper nigrum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pogostemon patchouli </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.50</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rosmarinus officinalis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Salvia sclarea </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Santalum album </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Styrax benzoin </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Syzygium aromaticum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tagetes patula </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thymus vulgaris </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.40</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ciprofloxacin control</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45 × 10<sup>−3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45 × 10<sup>−3</sup></td><td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">NR*</td><td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">0.45 × 10<sup>−3</sup></td><td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">0.45 × 10<sup>−3</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amphotericin B control</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60 × 10<sup>−3</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR*</td><td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">0.60 × 10<sup>−3</sup></td><td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">NR*</td><td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">NR*</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*NR indicates not relevant; bold indicates synergy; MIC given in mg/mL.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li></country><region><li>Gauteng</li></region><settlement><li>Johannesburg</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université du Witwatersrand</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Afrique du Sud"><region name="Gauteng"><name sortKey="De Rapper, Stephanie" sort="De Rapper, Stephanie" uniqKey="De Rapper S" first="Stephanie" last="De Rapper">Stephanie De Rapper</name></region><name sortKey="Kamatou, Guy" sort="Kamatou, Guy" uniqKey="Kamatou G" first="Guy" last="Kamatou">Guy Kamatou</name><name sortKey="Van Vuuren, Sandy" sort="Van Vuuren, Sandy" uniqKey="Van Vuuren S" first="Sandy" last="Van Vuuren">Sandy Van Vuuren</name><name sortKey="Viljoen, Alvaro" sort="Viljoen, Alvaro" uniqKey="Viljoen A" first="Alvaro" last="Viljoen">Alvaro 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