The In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oil in Combination with Other Aroma-Therapeutic Oils
Identifieur interne : 000973 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000972; suivant : 000974The In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oil in Combination with Other Aroma-Therapeutic Oils
Auteurs : Stephanie De Rapper [Afrique du Sud] ; Guy Kamatou [Afrique du Sud] ; Alvaro Viljoen [Afrique du Sud] ; Sandy Van Vuuren [Afrique du Sud]Source :
- Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM [ 1741-427X ] ; 2013.
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2013/852049
PubMed: 23737850
PubMed Central: 3666441
Affiliations:
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Antimicrobial Activity of <italic>Lavandula angustifolia</italic>
Essential Oil in Combination with Other Aroma-Therapeutic Oils</title>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The <italic>In Vitro</italic>
Antimicrobial Activity of <italic>Lavandula angustifolia</italic>
Essential Oil in Combination with Other Aroma-Therapeutic Oils</title>
<author><name sortKey="De Rapper, Stephanie" sort="De Rapper, Stephanie" uniqKey="De Rapper S" first="Stephanie" last="De Rapper">Stephanie De Rapper</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Kamatou, Guy" sort="Kamatou, Guy" uniqKey="Kamatou G" first="Guy" last="Kamatou">Guy Kamatou</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Viljoen, Alvaro" sort="Viljoen, Alvaro" uniqKey="Viljoen A" first="Alvaro" last="Viljoen">Alvaro Viljoen</name>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The antimicrobial activity of <italic>Lavandula angustifolia</italic>
essential oil was assessed in combination with 45 other oils to establish possible interactive properties. The composition of the selected essential oils was confirmed using GC-MS with a flame ionization detector. The microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay was undertaken, whereby the fractional inhibitory concentration (ΣFIC) was calculated for the oil combinations. When lavender oil was assayed in 1 : 1 ratios with other oils, synergistic (26.7%), additive (48.9%), non-interactive (23.7%), and antagonistic (0.7%) interactions were observed. When investigating different ratios of the two oils in combination, the most favourable interactions were when <italic>L. angustifolia</italic>
was combined with <italic>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</italic>
or with <italic>Citrus sinensis,</italic>
against <italic>C. albicans</italic>
and <italic>S. aureus,</italic>
respectively. In 1 : 1 ratios, 75.6% of the essential oils investigated showed either synergistic or additive results, lending <italic>in vitro</italic>
credibility to the use of essential oil blends in aroma-therapeutic practices. Within the field of aromatherapy, essential oils are commonly employed in mixtures for the treatment of infectious diseases; however, very little evidence exists to support the use in combination. This study lends some credence to the concomitant use of essential oils blended with lavender.</p>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ECAM</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1741-427X</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1741-4288</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23737850</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3666441</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2013/852049</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>The <italic>In Vitro</italic>
Antimicrobial Activity of <italic>Lavandula angustifolia</italic>
Essential Oil in Combination with Other Aroma-Therapeutic Oils</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Rapper</surname>
<given-names>Stephanie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kamatou</surname>
<given-names>Guy</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Viljoen</surname>
<given-names>Alvaro</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4859-1845</contrib-id>
<name><surname>van Vuuren</surname>
<given-names>Sandy</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>
Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa</aff>
<aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Sandy van Vuuren: <email>sandy.vanvuuren@wits.ac.za</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Jenny M. Wilkinson</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>13</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
. </pmc-comment>
<volume>2013</volume>
<elocation-id>852049</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>26</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>8</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013 Stephanie de Rapper et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>The antimicrobial activity of <italic>Lavandula angustifolia</italic>
essential oil was assessed in combination with 45 other oils to establish possible interactive properties. The composition of the selected essential oils was confirmed using GC-MS with a flame ionization detector. The microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay was undertaken, whereby the fractional inhibitory concentration (ΣFIC) was calculated for the oil combinations. When lavender oil was assayed in 1 : 1 ratios with other oils, synergistic (26.7%), additive (48.9%), non-interactive (23.7%), and antagonistic (0.7%) interactions were observed. When investigating different ratios of the two oils in combination, the most favourable interactions were when <italic>L. angustifolia</italic>
was combined with <italic>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</italic>
or with <italic>Citrus sinensis,</italic>
against <italic>C. albicans</italic>
and <italic>S. aureus,</italic>
respectively. In 1 : 1 ratios, 75.6% of the essential oils investigated showed either synergistic or additive results, lending <italic>in vitro</italic>
credibility to the use of essential oil blends in aroma-therapeutic practices. Within the field of aromatherapy, essential oils are commonly employed in mixtures for the treatment of infectious diseases; however, very little evidence exists to support the use in combination. This study lends some credence to the concomitant use of essential oils blended with lavender.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Isobolograms constructed for the synergistic essential oil combinations against the pathogens <italic>C. albicans</italic>
and <italic>S. aureus.</italic>
▲ indicates <italic>L. angustifolia </italic>
essential oil in majority concentration, ● indicates other essential oils (<italic>D. carota</italic>
or <italic>J. virginiana</italic>
or <italic>C. zeylanicum</italic>
or <italic>C. sinensis</italic>
) in majority concentration, and ∗ indicates equal ratios of essential oil in combination.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ECAM2013-852049.001"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>The chemical composition (major compounds only) of the essential oils under investigation.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Major constituent</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% Abundance</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Abies balsamea </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>β</italic>
-</italic>
pinene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bornyl acetate</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>δ</italic>
</italic>
-3-carene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="6" colspan="1"><italic>Andropogon muricatus </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>
-vetirenene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">zizanol </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>λ</italic>
-vetivenene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">isoeremophilene </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>
-vetispirene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">vetivenic acid</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1"><italic>Angelica archangelica</italic>
root</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic>
</italic>
-phellandrene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic>
</italic>
-pinene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>β</italic>
</italic>
-phellandrene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>δ</italic>
</italic>
-3-carene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Angelica archangelica</italic>
seed</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>β</italic>
</italic>
-phellandrene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1"><italic>Anthemis nobilis </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-methylbutyl-2-methyl propanoic acid</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">limonene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3-methylpentyl-2-butenoic acid</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">isobutyl isobutyrate</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Artemisia dracunculus </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">estragole</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Canarium luzonicum </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">limonene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">elemol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic>
</italic>
-phellandrene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Cananga odorata </italic>
heads</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">benzyl acetate</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">linalool</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">methyl benzoate</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Cananga odorata </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bicyclosesquiphellandrene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>β</italic>
-</italic>
farnesene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Carum carvi </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">limonene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">carvone</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cinnamomum zeylanicum </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">eugenol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus aurantium </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">linalyl acetate</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">linalool</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus grandis </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">limonene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sinensis </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">limonene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Commiphora myrrha </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">furanoeusdema-1,3-diene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">lindestrene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Cupressus sempervirens </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic>
</italic>
-pinene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>δ</italic>
</italic>
-3-carene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cymbopogon citratus </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">geranial</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Cymbopogon nardus </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">citronellal</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">geraniol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">citronellol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Daucus carota </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">carotol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>β</italic>
</italic>
-caryophyllene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>β</italic>
</italic>
-bisabolene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Eucalyptus globulus </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,8-cineole</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic>
-</italic>
terpineol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Foeniculum dulce </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E</italic>
-anethole</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Hyssopus officinalis </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">isopinocamphone</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pinocamphone</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Juniperus virginiana </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">thujopsene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cedrol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic>
</italic>
-cedrene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Juniperus virginiana </italic>
berries</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic>
</italic>
-pinene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">myrcene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bicyclosesquiphellandrene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Laurus nobilis </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">eugenol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">myrcene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">chavicol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Lavandula angustifolia </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">linalyl acetate</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">linalool</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">terpinen-4-ol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Litsea cubeba </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">geranial</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">nerol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Matricaria chamomilla </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bisabolene oxide A</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>β</italic>
-</italic>
farnesene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Melaleuca alternifolia </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">terpinen-4-ol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>γ-</italic>
terpinene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Melaleuca viridiflora </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,8-cineole</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic>
-</italic>
terpinene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Mentha piperita </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">menthol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">menthone</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Myrtus communis </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">myrtenyl acetate</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,8-cineole</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic>
</italic>
-pinene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ocimum basilicum </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">linalool</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Origanum majorana </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,8-cineole</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">linalool</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Pelargonium odoratissimum </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">citronellol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">geraniol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus sylvestris </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">bornyl acetate</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">camphene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic>
</italic>
-pinene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Piper nigrum </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>β</italic>
</italic>
-caryophyllene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">limonene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.4</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Pogostemon patchouli </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">patchouli alcohol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic>
-</italic>
bulnesene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic>
-</italic>
guaiene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rosmarinus officinalis </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,8-cineole</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.0</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Salvia sclarea </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">linalyl acetate</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">linalool</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Santalum album </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><italic>α</italic>
-</italic>
santalol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Styrax benzoin </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">cinnamyl alcohol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">benzene propanol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>Syzygium aromaticum </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">eugenol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">eugenol acetate</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Tagetes patula </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<italic>E</italic>
)-<italic><italic>β</italic>
</italic>
-ocimene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.3</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E</italic>
-tagetone</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">verbenone</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="3" colspan="1"><italic>Thymus vulgaris </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>
-cymene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">thymol</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.7</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>γ-</italic>
terpinene</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>The antimicrobial effects of <italic>L. angustifolia </italic>
essential oil against 14 test pathogens.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microorganism</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference strain no.</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC*</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus </italic>
(MRSA)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 43300</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical strain</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methicillin-gentamicin resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus </italic>
(MGRSA)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 33592</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus aureus </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 6538</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus aureus </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical strain</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 2223</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical strain</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vancomycin-resistant<italic> Enterococcus faecalis </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 51299</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enterococcus faecalis </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical strain</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 13883</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 27853</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cryptococcus neoformans </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 11093</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Candida tropicalis </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 201380</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Candida albicans </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ATCC 10231</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ciprofloxacin</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Positive control</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20 × 10<sup>−3 </sup>
to 0.60 × 10<sup>−3</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amphotericin B</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Positive control</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60 × 10<sup>−3</sup>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*MIC given in mg/mL.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>The antimicrobial effects of the essential oils studied individually and in combination with <italic>L. angustifolia </italic>
essential oil.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1">Essential oil</th>
<th align="center" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Oils examined individually</th>
<th align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1">1 : 1 Combinations</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. albicans </italic>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. aureus </italic>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. aeruginosa </italic>
</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><italic>C. albicans </italic>
</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><italic>S. aureus </italic>
</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><italic>P. aeruginosa </italic>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(ATCC 10231)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(ATCC 6538)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(ATCC 27858)</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">(ATCC 10231)</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">(ATCC 6538)</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">(ATCC 27858)</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ΣFIC</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ΣFIC</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MIC</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ΣFIC</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Abies balsamea </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Andropogon muricatus </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.75</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.45</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Angelica archangelica </italic>
(seed)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Angelica archangelica </italic>
(root)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.75</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.07</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthemis nobilis </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.33</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Artemisia dracunculus </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Canarium luzonicum </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.25</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.33</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cananga odorata </italic>
(heads)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.13</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cananga odorata </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carum carvi </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cinnamomum zeylanicum </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.40</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.50</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus aurantium </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.13</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus grandis </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus medica limonum </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sinensis </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.38</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Commiphora myrrha </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.29</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cupressus sempervirens </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.15</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cymbopogon citratus </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.67</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cymbopogon nardus </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Daucus carota </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.50</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.50</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eucalyptus globulus </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.38</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Foeniculum dulce </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.45</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hyssopus officinalis </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.33</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Juniperus virginiana </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.50</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.50</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Juniperus virginiana</italic>
(berries)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.21</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Laurus nobilis </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.67</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.70</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Litsea cubeba </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.19</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Matricaria chamomilla </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melaleuca viridiflora </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.75</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melaleuca alternifolia </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.50</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mentha piperita </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myrtus communis </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.50</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ocimum basilicum </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.67</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Origanum majorana </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pelargonium odoratissimum </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pinus sylvestris </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.50</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Piper nigrum </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pogostemon patchouli </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.50</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rosmarinus officinalis </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Salvia sclarea </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Santalum album </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.25</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.25</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Styrax benzoin </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Syzygium aromaticum </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tagetes patula </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.50</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.42</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thymus vulgaris </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.33</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.40</bold>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ciprofloxacin control</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45 × 10<sup>−3</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45 × 10<sup>−3</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">NR*</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">0.45 × 10<sup>−3</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">0.45 × 10<sup>−3</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amphotericin B control</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60 × 10<sup>−3</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR*</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR*</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">0.60 × 10<sup>−3</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">NR*</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">NR*</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*NR indicates not relevant; bold indicates synergy; MIC given in mg/mL.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li>
</country>
<region><li>Gauteng</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Johannesburg</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Université du Witwatersrand</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><country name="Afrique du Sud"><region name="Gauteng"><name sortKey="De Rapper, Stephanie" sort="De Rapper, Stephanie" uniqKey="De Rapper S" first="Stephanie" last="De Rapper">Stephanie De Rapper</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Kamatou, Guy" sort="Kamatou, Guy" uniqKey="Kamatou G" first="Guy" last="Kamatou">Guy Kamatou</name>
<name sortKey="Van Vuuren, Sandy" sort="Van Vuuren, Sandy" uniqKey="Van Vuuren S" first="Sandy" last="Van Vuuren">Sandy Van Vuuren</name>
<name sortKey="Viljoen, Alvaro" sort="Viljoen, Alvaro" uniqKey="Viljoen A" first="Alvaro" last="Viljoen">Alvaro Viljoen</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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