The Inhibitory Effects of Curcuma longa L. Essential Oil and Curcumin on Aspergillus flavus Link Growth and Morphology
Identifieur interne : 000968 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000967; suivant : 000969The Inhibitory Effects of Curcuma longa L. Essential Oil and Curcumin on Aspergillus flavus Link Growth and Morphology
Auteurs : Flávio Dias Ferreira [Brésil] ; Simone Aparecida Galerani Mossini [Brésil] ; Francine Maery Dias Ferreira [Brésil] ; Carla Cristina Arrotéia [Brésil] ; Christiane Luciana Da Costa [Brésil] ; Celso Vataru Nakamura [Brésil] ; Miguel Machinski Junior [Brésil]Source :
- The Scientific World Journal [ 1537-744X ] ; 2013.
Abstract
The essential oil from
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2013/343804
PubMed: 24367241
PubMed Central: 3866717
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The Inhibitory Effects of <italic>Curcuma longa</italic> L. Essential Oil and Curcumin on <italic>Aspergillus flavus</italic> Link Growth and Morphology</title><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, Flavio Dias" sort="Ferreira, Flavio Dias" uniqKey="Ferreira F" first="Flávio Dias" last="Ferreira">Flávio Dias Ferreira</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Paraná (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mossini, Simone Aparecida Galerani" sort="Mossini, Simone Aparecida Galerani" uniqKey="Mossini S" first="Simone Aparecida Galerani" last="Mossini">Simone Aparecida Galerani Mossini</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Paraná (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, Francine Maery Dias" sort="Ferreira, Francine Maery Dias" uniqKey="Ferreira F" first="Francine Maery Dias" last="Ferreira">Francine Maery Dias Ferreira</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Paraná (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arroteia, Carla Cristina" sort="Arroteia, Carla Cristina" uniqKey="Arroteia C" first="Carla Cristina" last="Arrotéia">Carla Cristina Arrotéia</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Paraná (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Da Costa, Christiane Luciana" sort="Da Costa, Christiane Luciana" uniqKey="Da Costa C" first="Christiane Luciana" last="Da Costa">Christiane Luciana Da Costa</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Paraná (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nakamura, Celso Vataru" sort="Nakamura, Celso Vataru" uniqKey="Nakamura C" first="Celso Vataru" last="Nakamura">Celso Vataru Nakamura</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Paraná (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Machinski Junior, Miguel" sort="Machinski Junior, Miguel" uniqKey="Machinski Junior M" first="Miguel" last="Machinski Junior">Miguel Machinski Junior</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Paraná (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24367241</idno><idno type="pmc">3866717</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3866717</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3866717</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2013/343804</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001279</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001277</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000968</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The Inhibitory Effects of <italic>Curcuma longa</italic> L. Essential Oil and Curcumin on <italic>Aspergillus flavus</italic> Link Growth and Morphology</title><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, Flavio Dias" sort="Ferreira, Flavio Dias" uniqKey="Ferreira F" first="Flávio Dias" last="Ferreira">Flávio Dias Ferreira</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Paraná (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mossini, Simone Aparecida Galerani" sort="Mossini, Simone Aparecida Galerani" uniqKey="Mossini S" first="Simone Aparecida Galerani" last="Mossini">Simone Aparecida Galerani Mossini</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Paraná (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, Francine Maery Dias" sort="Ferreira, Francine Maery Dias" uniqKey="Ferreira F" first="Francine Maery Dias" last="Ferreira">Francine Maery Dias Ferreira</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Paraná (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arroteia, Carla Cristina" sort="Arroteia, Carla Cristina" uniqKey="Arroteia C" first="Carla Cristina" last="Arrotéia">Carla Cristina Arrotéia</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Paraná (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Da Costa, Christiane Luciana" sort="Da Costa, Christiane Luciana" uniqKey="Da Costa C" first="Christiane Luciana" last="Da Costa">Christiane Luciana Da Costa</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Paraná (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nakamura, Celso Vataru" sort="Nakamura, Celso Vataru" uniqKey="Nakamura C" first="Celso Vataru" last="Nakamura">Celso Vataru Nakamura</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Paraná (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Machinski Junior, Miguel" sort="Machinski Junior, Miguel" uniqKey="Machinski Junior M" first="Miguel" last="Machinski Junior">Miguel Machinski Junior</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Paraná (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Scientific World Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1537-744X</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The essential oil from <italic>Curcuma longa</italic> L. was analysed by GC/MS. The major components of the oil were ar-turmerone (33.2%), <italic><italic>α</italic></italic>-turmerone (23.5%) and <italic><italic>β</italic></italic>-turmerone (22.7%). The antifungal activities of the oil were studied with regard to <italic>Aspergillus flavus</italic> growth inhibition and altered morphology, as preliminary studies indicated that the essential oil from <italic>C. longa</italic> inhibited <italic>Aspergillus flavus</italic> Link aflatoxin production. The concentration of essential oil in the culture media ranged from 0.01% to 5.0% v/v, and the concentration of curcumin was 0.01–0.5% v/v. The effects on sporulation, spore viability, and fungal morphology were determined. The essential oil exhibited stronger antifungal activity than curcumin on <italic>A. flavus</italic>. The essential oil reduced the fungal growth in a concentration-dependent manner. <italic>A. flavus</italic> growth rate was reduced by <italic>C. longa</italic> essential oil at 0.10%, and this inhibition effect was more efficient in concentrations above 0.50%. Germination and sporulation were 100% inhibited in 0.5% oil. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of <italic>A. flavus</italic> exposed to oil showed damage to hyphae membranes and conidiophores. Because the fungus is a plant pathogen and aflatoxin producer, <italic>C. longa</italic> essential oil may be used in the management of host plants.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pitt, Ji" uniqKey="Pitt J">JI Pitt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hocking, Ad" uniqKey="Hocking A">AD Hocking</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lazzari, Fa" uniqKey="Lazzari F">FA Lazzari</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chao, Sc" uniqKey="Chao S">SC Chao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Young, Dg" uniqKey="Young D">DG Young</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oberg, Cj" uniqKey="Oberg C">CJ Oberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cakir, A" uniqKey="Cakir A">A Cakir</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kordali, S" uniqKey="Kordali S">S 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">ScientificWorldJournal</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">ScientificWorldJournal</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">TSWJ</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Scientific World Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1537-744X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24367241</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3866717</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2013/343804</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The Inhibitory Effects of <italic>Curcuma longa</italic> L. Essential Oil and Curcumin on <italic>Aspergillus flavus</italic> Link Growth and Morphology</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9203-6128</contrib-id><name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>Flávio Dias</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mossini</surname><given-names>Simone Aparecida Galerani</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>Francine Maery Dias</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arrotéia</surname><given-names>Carla Cristina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>da Costa</surname><given-names>Christiane Luciana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nakamura</surname><given-names>Celso Vataru</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Machinski Junior</surname><given-names>Miguel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringa, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Miguel Machinski Junior: <email>mmjunior@uem.br</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editors: N. Dumais and Z. Shi</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>3</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>2013</volume><elocation-id>343804</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>25</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>6</day><month>11</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013 Flávio Dias Ferreira et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The essential oil from <italic>Curcuma longa</italic> L. was analysed by GC/MS. The major components of the oil were ar-turmerone (33.2%), <italic><italic>α</italic></italic>-turmerone (23.5%) and <italic><italic>β</italic></italic>-turmerone (22.7%). The antifungal activities of the oil were studied with regard to <italic>Aspergillus flavus</italic> growth inhibition and altered morphology, as preliminary studies indicated that the essential oil from <italic>C. longa</italic> inhibited <italic>Aspergillus flavus</italic> Link aflatoxin production. The concentration of essential oil in the culture media ranged from 0.01% to 5.0% v/v, and the concentration of curcumin was 0.01–0.5% v/v. The effects on sporulation, spore viability, and fungal morphology were determined. The essential oil exhibited stronger antifungal activity than curcumin on <italic>A. flavus</italic>. The essential oil reduced the fungal growth in a concentration-dependent manner. <italic>A. flavus</italic> growth rate was reduced by <italic>C. longa</italic> essential oil at 0.10%, and this inhibition effect was more efficient in concentrations above 0.50%. Germination and sporulation were 100% inhibited in 0.5% oil. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of <italic>A. flavus</italic> exposed to oil showed damage to hyphae membranes and conidiophores. Because the fungus is a plant pathogen and aflatoxin producer, <italic>C. longa</italic> essential oil may be used in the management of host plants.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Effect of essential oil from <italic>C. longa</italic> on <italic>A. flavus</italic> mycelial growth in YES medium ((a) positive control, (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), and (g) treatments with essential oil from <italic>C. longa</italic> at 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0%, resp.).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2013-343804.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Scanning electron microscopy illustrates the effect of essential oil from <italic>C. longa</italic> on <italic>A. flavus</italic> morphology ((a), (c) positive control, (b), (d) fungi cultivated with 2.5% <italic>C. longa</italic> essential oil).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2013-343804.002"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Constituents of the essential oil from <italic>Curcuma longa</italic> L, as identified by GC/MS and RMN.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compound</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Retention index (RI)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Percentage (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>α</italic>-Pinene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.96</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vinyl propionate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">P-Cymene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8-Cineole</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Camphor</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.93</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>α</italic>-Terpineol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.88</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>-Caryophyllene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>γ</italic>-Curcumene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ar-Curcumene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>α</italic>-Zingiberene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.76</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>-Sesquiphellandrene</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ar-Turmerol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>α</italic>-Cadinol</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ar-Turmerone</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>α</italic>-Turmerone</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>-Turmerone</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<italic>6R</italic>, <italic>7R</italic>)-Bisabolone</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(E)-<italic>α</italic>-Atlantone</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.7</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>%: Percentage of each constituent in total essential oil.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Inhibitory effect of <italic>Curcuma longa</italic> L. essential oil and curcumin on <italic>Aspergillus flavus</italic> Link growth, viability of spores, and sporulation <italic>in vitro</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"> </th><th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Mycelial growth</th><th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Viability of spores</th><th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Sporulation</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibition (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diameter (mm)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibition (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germination (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inhibition (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spores* (×10<sup>4</sup>/mm<sup>2</sup>) </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (control)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">900</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">539.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Essential oil (%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">800<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.5<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(—)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">653.00<sup>e</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">563<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.0<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">449.50<sup>e</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">455<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0<sup>ac</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.88</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">308.00<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">367<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0<sup>ac</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.78</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.75<sup>ac</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">231<sup>ac</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0<sup>ac</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.25<sup>ac</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 5.00 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.78</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200<sup>ac</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0<sup>ac</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.75<sup>ac</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Curcumin (%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(—)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">900<sup>d</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.0<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(—)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">578.50<sup>d</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(—)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">900<sup>d</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.0<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(—)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">691.00<sup>d</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(—)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">900<sup>d</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0.50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">835<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NR</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Details of the experiment are described in the Experimental Section section. *Number of spores × 10<sup>4</sup>/mm<sup>2</sup> colony. <sup>a,b</sup>Values are significantly different from the control, and <sup>c,d,e</sup>values do not differ among themselves, according to the multiple comparison test for nonparametric pairs of treatments at 5% significance. NR: not realized. (—) not inhibition.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Brésil</li></country><region><li>Paraná (État)</li></region></list><tree><country name="Brésil"><region name="Paraná (État)"><name sortKey="Ferreira, Flavio Dias" sort="Ferreira, Flavio Dias" uniqKey="Ferreira F" first="Flávio Dias" last="Ferreira">Flávio Dias Ferreira</name></region><name sortKey="Arroteia, Carla Cristina" sort="Arroteia, Carla Cristina" uniqKey="Arroteia C" first="Carla Cristina" last="Arrotéia">Carla Cristina Arrotéia</name><name sortKey="Da Costa, Christiane Luciana" sort="Da Costa, Christiane Luciana" uniqKey="Da Costa C" first="Christiane Luciana" last="Da Costa">Christiane Luciana Da Costa</name><name sortKey="Ferreira, Francine Maery Dias" sort="Ferreira, Francine Maery Dias" uniqKey="Ferreira F" first="Francine Maery Dias" last="Ferreira">Francine Maery Dias Ferreira</name><name sortKey="Machinski Junior, Miguel" sort="Machinski Junior, Miguel" uniqKey="Machinski Junior M" first="Miguel" last="Machinski Junior">Miguel Machinski Junior</name><name sortKey="Mossini, Simone Aparecida Galerani" sort="Mossini, Simone Aparecida Galerani" uniqKey="Mossini S" first="Simone Aparecida Galerani" last="Mossini">Simone Aparecida Galerani Mossini</name><name sortKey="Nakamura, Celso Vataru" sort="Nakamura, Celso Vataru" uniqKey="Nakamura C" first="Celso Vataru" last="Nakamura">Celso Vataru Nakamura</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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