Antioxidant Capacities, Phenolic Profile and Cytotoxic Effects of Saxicolous Lichens from Trans-Himalayan Cold Desert of Ladakh
Identifieur interne : 000908 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000907; suivant : 000909Antioxidant Capacities, Phenolic Profile and Cytotoxic Effects of Saxicolous Lichens from Trans-Himalayan Cold Desert of Ladakh
Auteurs : Jatinder Kumar [Inde] ; Priyanka Dhar [Inde] ; Amol B. Tayade [Inde] ; Damodar Gupta [Inde] ; Om P. Chaurasia [Inde] ; Dalip K. Upreti [Inde] ; Rajesh Arora [Inde] ; Ravi B. Srivastava [Inde]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Fourteen saxicolous lichens from trans-Himalayan Ladakh region were identified by morpho-anatomical and chemical characteristics. The n-hexane, methanol and water extracts of the lichens were evaluated for their antioxidant capacities. The lichen extracts showing high antioxidant capacities and rich phenolic content were further investigated to determine their cytotoxic activity on human HepG2 and RKO carcinoma cell lines. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging capacities and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching property exhibited analogous results where the lichen extracts showed high antioxidant action. The lichen extracts were also found to possess good amount of total proanthocyanidin, flavonoid and polyphenol. The methanolic extract of
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DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098696
PubMed: 24937759
PubMed Central: 4061001
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Antioxidant Capacities, Phenolic Profile and Cytotoxic Effects of Saxicolous Lichens from Trans-Himalayan Cold Desert of Ladakh</title><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Jatinder" sort="Kumar, Jatinder" uniqKey="Kumar J" first="Jatinder" last="Kumar">Jatinder Kumar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dhar, Priyanka" sort="Dhar, Priyanka" uniqKey="Dhar P" first="Priyanka" last="Dhar">Priyanka Dhar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tayade, Amol B" sort="Tayade, Amol B" uniqKey="Tayade A" first="Amol B." last="Tayade">Amol B. Tayade</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, Damodar" sort="Gupta, Damodar" uniqKey="Gupta D" first="Damodar" last="Gupta">Damodar Gupta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Laboratory, Radiation Biotechnology Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Delhi, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Laboratory, Radiation Biotechnology Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Delhi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Delhi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chaurasia, Om P" sort="Chaurasia, Om P" uniqKey="Chaurasia O" first="Om P." last="Chaurasia">Om P. Chaurasia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Upreti, Dalip K" sort="Upreti, Dalip K" uniqKey="Upreti D" first="Dalip K." last="Upreti">Dalip K. Upreti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Lichenology Laboratory, Plant Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Division, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Lichenology Laboratory, Plant Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Division, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Uttar Pradesh</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arora, Rajesh" sort="Arora, Rajesh" uniqKey="Arora R" first="Rajesh" last="Arora">Rajesh Arora</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Laboratory, Radiation Biotechnology Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Delhi, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Laboratory, Radiation Biotechnology Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Delhi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Delhi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Office of the Director General-Life Sciences, DRDO Bhawan, New Delhi, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Office of the Director General-Life Sciences, DRDO Bhawan, New Delhi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New Delhi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Srivastava, Ravi B" sort="Srivastava, Ravi B" uniqKey="Srivastava R" first="Ravi B." last="Srivastava">Ravi B. Srivastava</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24937759</idno><idno type="pmc">4061001</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4061001</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4061001</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0098696</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001205</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001204</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000908</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Antioxidant Capacities, Phenolic Profile and Cytotoxic Effects of Saxicolous Lichens from Trans-Himalayan Cold Desert of Ladakh</title><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Jatinder" sort="Kumar, Jatinder" uniqKey="Kumar J" first="Jatinder" last="Kumar">Jatinder Kumar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dhar, Priyanka" sort="Dhar, Priyanka" uniqKey="Dhar P" first="Priyanka" last="Dhar">Priyanka Dhar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tayade, Amol B" sort="Tayade, Amol B" uniqKey="Tayade A" first="Amol B." last="Tayade">Amol B. Tayade</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, Damodar" sort="Gupta, Damodar" uniqKey="Gupta D" first="Damodar" last="Gupta">Damodar Gupta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Laboratory, Radiation Biotechnology Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Delhi, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Laboratory, Radiation Biotechnology Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Delhi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Delhi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chaurasia, Om P" sort="Chaurasia, Om P" uniqKey="Chaurasia O" first="Om P." last="Chaurasia">Om P. Chaurasia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Upreti, Dalip K" sort="Upreti, Dalip K" uniqKey="Upreti D" first="Dalip K." last="Upreti">Dalip K. Upreti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Lichenology Laboratory, Plant Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Division, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Lichenology Laboratory, Plant Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Division, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Uttar Pradesh</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arora, Rajesh" sort="Arora, Rajesh" uniqKey="Arora R" first="Rajesh" last="Arora">Rajesh Arora</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Laboratory, Radiation Biotechnology Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Delhi, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Laboratory, Radiation Biotechnology Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Delhi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Delhi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Office of the Director General-Life Sciences, DRDO Bhawan, New Delhi, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Office of the Director General-Life Sciences, DRDO Bhawan, New Delhi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New Delhi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Srivastava, Ravi B" sort="Srivastava, Ravi B" uniqKey="Srivastava R" first="Ravi B." last="Srivastava">Ravi B. Srivastava</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jammu & Kashmir</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Fourteen saxicolous lichens from trans-Himalayan Ladakh region were identified by morpho-anatomical and chemical characteristics. The n-hexane, methanol and water extracts of the lichens were evaluated for their antioxidant capacities. The lichen extracts showing high antioxidant capacities and rich phenolic content were further investigated to determine their cytotoxic activity on human HepG2 and RKO carcinoma cell lines. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging capacities and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching property exhibited analogous results where the lichen extracts showed high antioxidant action. The lichen extracts were also found to possess good amount of total proanthocyanidin, flavonoid and polyphenol. The methanolic extract of <italic>Lobothallia alphoplaca</italic> exhibited highest FRAP value. Methanolic extract of <italic>Xanthoparmelia stenophylla</italic> showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging capacity. The n-hexane extract of <italic>Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca</italic> exhibited highest DPPH radical scavenging capacity. Highest antioxidant capacity in terms of β-carotene linoleic acid bleaching property was observed in the water extract of <italic>Xanthoria elegans</italic>. Similarly, <italic>Melanelia disjuncta</italic> water extract showed highest NO scavenging capacity. Among n-hexane, methanol and water extracts of all lichens, the methanolic extract of <italic>Xanthoparmelia mexicana</italic> showed highest total proanthocyanidin, flavonoid and polyphenol content. From cytotoxic assay, it was observed that the methanolic extracts of <italic>L. alphoplaca</italic> and <italic>M. disjuncta</italic> were exhibiting high cytotoxic effects against cancer cell growth. Similarly, the water extract of <italic>Dermatocarpon vellereum</italic>, <italic>Umbilicaria vellea</italic>, <italic>X. elegans</italic> and <italic>M. disjuncta</italic> and the methanolic extract of <italic>M. disjuncta</italic> and <italic>X. stenophylla</italic> were found to possess high antioxidant capacities and were non-toxic and may be used as natural antioxidants for stress related problems. Our studies go on to prove that the unique trans-Himalayan lichens are a hitherto untapped bioresource with immense potential for discovery of new chemical entities, and this biodiversity needs to be tapped sustainably.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Halliwell, B" uniqKey="Halliwell B">B Halliwell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Halliwell, B" uniqKey="Halliwell B">B Halliwell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Halliwell, B" uniqKey="Halliwell B">B Halliwell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gutteridge, Jm" uniqKey="Gutteridge J">JM Gutteridge</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gulcin, I" uniqKey="Gulcin I">I Gulcin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buyukokuroglu, Me" uniqKey="Buyukokuroglu M">ME Buyukokuroglu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oktay, M" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24937759</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4061001</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-13-48944</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0098696</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Chemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Phytochemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Phytopharmacology</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Plants</subject><subj-group><subject>Algae</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Microbiology</subject></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Plant Biochemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Phytochemicals</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Chemical Biology</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Mycology</subject><subj-group><subject>Fungal Biochemistry</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Plant Science</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Antioxidant Capacities, Phenolic Profile and Cytotoxic Effects of Saxicolous Lichens from Trans-Himalayan Cold Desert of Ladakh</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Antioxidant Capacities and Cytotoxic Activity of Himalayan Lichens</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>Jatinder</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dhar</surname><given-names>Priyanka</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tayade</surname><given-names>Amol B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gupta</surname><given-names>Damodar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chaurasia</surname><given-names>Om P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Upreti</surname><given-names>Dalip K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arora</surname><given-names>Rajesh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Srivastava</surname><given-names>Ravi B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Defence Research & Development Organisation, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Laboratory, Radiation Biotechnology Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Delhi, India</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Office of the Director General-Life Sciences, DRDO Bhawan, New Delhi, India</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><addr-line>Lichenology Laboratory, Plant Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Division, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Pintus</surname><given-names>Gianfranco</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>University of Sassari, Italy</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>dropchaurasiadihardrdo@gmail.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: JK PD ABT DG OPC RA DKU RBS. Performed the experiments: JK PD ABT DG. Analyzed the data: JK PD ABT DG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JK PD ABT DG. Wrote the paper: PD JK ABT. Concise review of manuscript and laboratory facility provided by: OPC DKU RA RBS.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>6</issue><elocation-id>e98696</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>6</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Kumar et al</copyright-holder><license><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Fourteen saxicolous lichens from trans-Himalayan Ladakh region were identified by morpho-anatomical and chemical characteristics. The n-hexane, methanol and water extracts of the lichens were evaluated for their antioxidant capacities. The lichen extracts showing high antioxidant capacities and rich phenolic content were further investigated to determine their cytotoxic activity on human HepG2 and RKO carcinoma cell lines. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging capacities and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching property exhibited analogous results where the lichen extracts showed high antioxidant action. The lichen extracts were also found to possess good amount of total proanthocyanidin, flavonoid and polyphenol. The methanolic extract of <italic>Lobothallia alphoplaca</italic> exhibited highest FRAP value. Methanolic extract of <italic>Xanthoparmelia stenophylla</italic> showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging capacity. The n-hexane extract of <italic>Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca</italic> exhibited highest DPPH radical scavenging capacity. Highest antioxidant capacity in terms of β-carotene linoleic acid bleaching property was observed in the water extract of <italic>Xanthoria elegans</italic>. Similarly, <italic>Melanelia disjuncta</italic> water extract showed highest NO scavenging capacity. Among n-hexane, methanol and water extracts of all lichens, the methanolic extract of <italic>Xanthoparmelia mexicana</italic> showed highest total proanthocyanidin, flavonoid and polyphenol content. From cytotoxic assay, it was observed that the methanolic extracts of <italic>L. alphoplaca</italic> and <italic>M. disjuncta</italic> were exhibiting high cytotoxic effects against cancer cell growth. Similarly, the water extract of <italic>Dermatocarpon vellereum</italic>, <italic>Umbilicaria vellea</italic>, <italic>X. elegans</italic> and <italic>M. disjuncta</italic> and the methanolic extract of <italic>M. disjuncta</italic> and <italic>X. stenophylla</italic> were found to possess high antioxidant capacities and were non-toxic and may be used as natural antioxidants for stress related problems. Our studies go on to prove that the unique trans-Himalayan lichens are a hitherto untapped bioresource with immense potential for discovery of new chemical entities, and this biodiversity needs to be tapped sustainably.</p></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>The study was entirely supported by Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Government of India. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><page-count count="19"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Inde</li></country></list><tree><country name="Inde"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kumar, Jatinder" sort="Kumar, Jatinder" uniqKey="Kumar J" first="Jatinder" last="Kumar">Jatinder Kumar</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Arora, Rajesh" sort="Arora, Rajesh" uniqKey="Arora R" first="Rajesh" last="Arora">Rajesh Arora</name><name sortKey="Arora, Rajesh" sort="Arora, Rajesh" uniqKey="Arora R" first="Rajesh" last="Arora">Rajesh Arora</name><name sortKey="Chaurasia, Om P" sort="Chaurasia, Om P" uniqKey="Chaurasia O" first="Om P." last="Chaurasia">Om P. Chaurasia</name><name sortKey="Dhar, Priyanka" sort="Dhar, Priyanka" uniqKey="Dhar P" first="Priyanka" last="Dhar">Priyanka Dhar</name><name sortKey="Gupta, Damodar" sort="Gupta, Damodar" uniqKey="Gupta D" first="Damodar" last="Gupta">Damodar Gupta</name><name sortKey="Srivastava, Ravi B" sort="Srivastava, Ravi B" uniqKey="Srivastava R" first="Ravi B." last="Srivastava">Ravi B. Srivastava</name><name sortKey="Tayade, Amol B" sort="Tayade, Amol B" uniqKey="Tayade A" first="Amol B." last="Tayade">Amol B. Tayade</name><name sortKey="Upreti, Dalip K" sort="Upreti, Dalip K" uniqKey="Upreti D" first="Dalip K." last="Upreti">Dalip K. Upreti</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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