An In Vitro System Comprising Immortalized Hypothalamic Neuronal Cells (GT1–7 Cells) for Evaluation of the Neuroendocrine Effects of Essential Oils
Identifieur interne : 000617 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000616; suivant : 000618An In Vitro System Comprising Immortalized Hypothalamic Neuronal Cells (GT1–7 Cells) for Evaluation of the Neuroendocrine Effects of Essential Oils
Auteurs : Dai Mizuno [Japon] ; Keiko Konoha-Mizuno [Japon] ; Miwako Mori [Japon] ; Kentaro Yamazaki [Japon] ; Toshihiro Haneda [Japon] ; Hironari Koyama [Japon] ; Masahiro Kawahara [Japon]Source :
- Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM [ 1741-427X ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Aromatherapy and plant-based essential oils are widely used as complementary and alternative therapies for symptoms including anxiety. Furthermore, it was reportedly effective for the care of several diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and depressive illness. To investigate the pharmacological effects of essential oils, we developed an
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2015/343942
PubMed: 26576190
PubMed Central: 4631885
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">An <italic>In Vitro</italic> System Comprising Immortalized Hypothalamic Neuronal Cells (GT1–7 Cells) for Evaluation of the Neuroendocrine Effects of Essential Oils</title><author><name sortKey="Mizuno, Dai" sort="Mizuno, Dai" uniqKey="Mizuno D" first="Dai" last="Mizuno">Dai Mizuno</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-9585</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yamagata 990-9585</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Konoha Mizuno, Keiko" sort="Konoha Mizuno, Keiko" uniqKey="Konoha Mizuno K" first="Keiko" last="Konoha-Mizuno">Keiko Konoha-Mizuno</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shin-machi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shin-machi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mori, Miwako" sort="Mori, Miwako" uniqKey="Mori M" first="Miwako" last="Mori">Miwako Mori</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shin-machi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shin-machi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yamazaki, Kentaro" sort="Yamazaki, Kentaro" uniqKey="Yamazaki K" first="Kentaro" last="Yamazaki">Kentaro Yamazaki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-9585</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yamagata 990-9585</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haneda, Toshihiro" sort="Haneda, Toshihiro" uniqKey="Haneda T" first="Toshihiro" last="Haneda">Toshihiro Haneda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-9585</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yamagata 990-9585</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koyama, Hironari" sort="Koyama, Hironari" uniqKey="Koyama H" first="Hironari" last="Koyama">Hironari Koyama</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, 1714-1 Yoshino-cho, Nobeoka-shi, Miyazaki 882-8508, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, 1714-1 Yoshino-cho, Nobeoka-shi, Miyazaki 882-8508</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Miyazaki 882-8508</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kawahara, Masahiro" sort="Kawahara, Masahiro" uniqKey="Kawahara M" first="Masahiro" last="Kawahara">Masahiro Kawahara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shin-machi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shin-machi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26576190</idno><idno type="pmc">4631885</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4631885</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4631885</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2015/343942</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000055</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000055</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000617</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">An <italic>In Vitro</italic> System Comprising Immortalized Hypothalamic Neuronal Cells (GT1–7 Cells) for Evaluation of the Neuroendocrine Effects of Essential Oils</title><author><name sortKey="Mizuno, Dai" sort="Mizuno, Dai" uniqKey="Mizuno D" first="Dai" last="Mizuno">Dai Mizuno</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-9585</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yamagata 990-9585</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Konoha Mizuno, Keiko" sort="Konoha Mizuno, Keiko" uniqKey="Konoha Mizuno K" first="Keiko" last="Konoha-Mizuno">Keiko Konoha-Mizuno</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shin-machi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shin-machi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mori, Miwako" sort="Mori, Miwako" uniqKey="Mori M" first="Miwako" last="Mori">Miwako Mori</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shin-machi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shin-machi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yamazaki, Kentaro" sort="Yamazaki, Kentaro" uniqKey="Yamazaki K" first="Kentaro" last="Yamazaki">Kentaro Yamazaki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-9585</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yamagata 990-9585</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haneda, Toshihiro" sort="Haneda, Toshihiro" uniqKey="Haneda T" first="Toshihiro" last="Haneda">Toshihiro Haneda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-9585</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yamagata 990-9585</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koyama, Hironari" sort="Koyama, Hironari" uniqKey="Koyama H" first="Hironari" last="Koyama">Hironari Koyama</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, 1714-1 Yoshino-cho, Nobeoka-shi, Miyazaki 882-8508, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, 1714-1 Yoshino-cho, Nobeoka-shi, Miyazaki 882-8508</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Miyazaki 882-8508</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kawahara, Masahiro" sort="Kawahara, Masahiro" uniqKey="Kawahara M" first="Masahiro" last="Kawahara">Masahiro Kawahara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shin-machi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shin-machi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</title><idno type="ISSN">1741-427X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1741-4288</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Aromatherapy and plant-based essential oils are widely used as complementary and alternative therapies for symptoms including anxiety. Furthermore, it was reportedly effective for the care of several diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and depressive illness. To investigate the pharmacological effects of essential oils, we developed an <italic>in vitro</italic> assay system using immortalized hypothalamic neuronal cells (GT1–7 cells). In this study, we evaluated the effects of essential oils on neuronal death induced by hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), aluminum, zinc, or the antagonist of estrogen receptor (tamoxifen). Among tests of various essential oils, we found that H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced neuronal death was attenuated by the essential oils of damask rose, eucalyptus, fennel, geranium, ginger, kabosu, mandarin, myrrh, and neroli. Damask rose oil had protective effects against aluminum-induced neurotoxicity, while geranium and rosemary oil showed protective activity against zinc-induced neurotoxicity. In contrast, geranium oil and ginger oil enhanced the neurotoxicity of tamoxifen. Our <italic>in vitro</italic> assay system could be useful for the neuropharmacological and endocrine pharmacological studies of essential oils.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cooke, B" uniqKey="Cooke B">B. Cooke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ernst, E" uniqKey="Ernst E">E. Ernst</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ohno Sadachi, H" uniqKey="Ohno Sadachi H">H. Ohno-Sadachi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saitoh, J" uniqKey="Saitoh J">J. Saitoh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nagai, M" uniqKey="Nagai M">M. Nagai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bagetta, G" uniqKey="Bagetta G">G. Bagetta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morrone, L A" uniqKey="Morrone L">L. A. Morrone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rombola, L" uniqKey="Rombola L">L. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ECAM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1741-427X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1741-4288</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26576190</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4631885</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/343942</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>An <italic>In Vitro</italic> System Comprising Immortalized Hypothalamic Neuronal Cells (GT1–7 Cells) for Evaluation of the Neuroendocrine Effects of Essential Oils</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mizuno</surname><given-names>Dai</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Konoha-Mizuno</surname><given-names>Keiko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mori</surname><given-names>Miwako</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yamazaki</surname><given-names>Kentaro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Haneda</surname><given-names>Toshihiro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Koyama</surname><given-names>Hironari</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kawahara</surname><given-names>Masahiro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shin-machi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, 1714-1 Yoshino-cho, Nobeoka-shi, Miyazaki 882-8508, Japan</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Dai Mizuno: <email>d_mizuno@med.id.yamagata-u.ac.jp</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Giacinto Bagetta</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>21</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>2015</volume><elocation-id>343942</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>6</day><month>8</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>4</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Dai Mizuno et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Aromatherapy and plant-based essential oils are widely used as complementary and alternative therapies for symptoms including anxiety. Furthermore, it was reportedly effective for the care of several diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and depressive illness. To investigate the pharmacological effects of essential oils, we developed an <italic>in vitro</italic> assay system using immortalized hypothalamic neuronal cells (GT1–7 cells). In this study, we evaluated the effects of essential oils on neuronal death induced by hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), aluminum, zinc, or the antagonist of estrogen receptor (tamoxifen). Among tests of various essential oils, we found that H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced neuronal death was attenuated by the essential oils of damask rose, eucalyptus, fennel, geranium, ginger, kabosu, mandarin, myrrh, and neroli. Damask rose oil had protective effects against aluminum-induced neurotoxicity, while geranium and rosemary oil showed protective activity against zinc-induced neurotoxicity. In contrast, geranium oil and ginger oil enhanced the neurotoxicity of tamoxifen. Our <italic>in vitro</italic> assay system could be useful for the neuropharmacological and endocrine pharmacological studies of essential oils.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>GT1–7 cell viability after exposure to various essential oils. GT1–7 cells were treated with 25 ppm of various essential oils. After 24 h, the viability was analyzed using the WST-1 method. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (<italic>n</italic> = 6). <sup><italic>∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.05, <sup><italic>∗∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.01 versus the control group. The abbreviated names of the essential oils used in the figure are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Table 1</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-343942.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Cytotoxicity of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, Al, Zn, and TMX. GT1–7 cells were treated with 20–50 <italic>μ</italic>M H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (gray), 50–200 <italic>μ</italic>M Al (stripes), 10–50 <italic>μ</italic>M Zn (black), or 0.1–0.5 <italic>μ</italic>M TMX (lattice). After 24 h, the viability was analyzed using the WST-1 method. The white bar shows the viability of GT1–7 cells treated with essential oil alone. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (<italic>n</italic> = 6). <sup><italic>∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.05, <sup><italic>∗∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.01 versus the control group. The abbreviated names of the essential oils used in the figure are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Table 1</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-343942.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>The effect of essential oils on GT1–7 cells exposed with various cytotoxins. GT1–7 cells were treated with 20 <italic>μ</italic>M H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (a), 100 <italic>μ</italic>M Al (b), or 25 <italic>μ</italic>M Zn (c) without (aroma (—) in graph) or with 25 ppm of various essential oils. After 24 h, the viability was analyzed using the WST-1 method. The white bar shows the viability of GT1–7 cells treated with essential oil alone. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (<italic>n</italic> = 6). (d) The dose dependency of the effects of essential oils on GT1–7 cell cytotoxicity. 10–25 ppm of essential oils was treated with 20 <italic>μ</italic>M H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. After 24 h, the viability was analyzed using the WST-1 method. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (<italic>n</italic> = 3). <sup><italic>∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.05, <sup><italic>∗∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.01 versus the aroma (—) group. The abbreviated names of the essential oils used in the figure are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Table 1</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-343942.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>The effect of essential oils on TMX-induced GT1–7 cell cytotoxicity. (a) GT1–7 cells were treated with 0.5 <italic>μ</italic>M TMX without (aroma (—) in graph) or with 25 ppm of various essential oils. After 24 h, the viability was analyzed using the WST-1 method. The white bar shows the viability of GT1–7 cells treated with essential oil alone. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (<italic>n</italic> = 6). (b) The dose dependency of the effects of essential oils on TMX-induced GT1–7 cell cytotoxicity. 10–25 ppm of essential oils was treated with 0.5 <italic>μ</italic>M TMX. After 24 h, the viability was analyzed using the WST-1 method. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (<italic>n</italic> = 3). <sup><italic>∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.05, <sup><italic>∗∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.01 versus the aroma (—) group.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-343942.004"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Characteristics of the essential oils.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Name</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abbreviation in Figures</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Scientific name </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Major component</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Benzoin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Styrax benzoin</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Benzoic acid, benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bergamot </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus bergamia</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linalyl acetate, limonene, linalool</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chamomile</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CH</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Matricaria chamomilla</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chamazulene, <italic>α</italic>-bisabolol, farnesene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clove</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Syzygium aromaticum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eugenol, <italic>β</italic>-caryophyllene, nerol</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Damask rose</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rosa damascena </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citronellol, geraniol, nerol</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eucalyptus</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Eucalyptus globulus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,8-Cineole</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fennel</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anethole, fenchone, limonene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frankincense</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Boswellia carteri</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>α</italic>-Pinene, dipentene, cadinene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Geranium</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pelargonium graveolens</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citronellol, geraniol, limonene, <italic>β</italic>-caryophyllene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ginger</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GI</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Zingiber officinale</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>β</italic>-Phellandrene, gingerol, <italic>α</italic>-zingiberene, <break></break><italic>β</italic>-zingiberene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Grapefruit</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus paradisi</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Limonene, myrcene, <italic>α</italic>-pinene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kabosu</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">KB</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sphaerocarpa</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Limonene, myrcene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lavender</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LA</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Lavandula angustifolia</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linalool, linalyl acetate</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lemon </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus limon</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Limonene, <italic>α</italic>-pinene, <italic>β</italic>-pinene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lime</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LI</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus aurantifolia</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p-</italic>Cymene, <italic>α</italic>-terpineol, terpinolene </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mandarin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus reticulata var. mandarin</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>γ</italic>-Terpinene, <italic>α</italic>-pinene, <italic>β</italic>-pinene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Myrrh</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MI</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Commiphora myrrha</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cuminaldehyde, limonene, <italic>α</italic>-pinene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neroli</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NE</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus aurantium var. amara</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linalool, limonene, trans-ocimene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orange</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Citrus sinensis</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>d-</italic>Limonene, myrcene, octanal</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosalina</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melaleuca ericifolia</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linalool, 1,8 cineol, <italic>d-</italic>limonene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rose</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RO</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rosa</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citronellol, geraniol</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosemary</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RM</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rosmarinus officinalis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Camphene, <italic>α</italic>-pinene, <italic>β</italic>-pinene</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rosewood</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RW</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aniba rosaeodora</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Linalool, <italic>α</italic>-terpineol </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">St. John's wort</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SW</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hypericum perforatum</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>α</italic>-Pinene, <italic>β</italic>-pinene, germacrene D</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ylang Ylang</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YY</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cananga Odorata var. genuina </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germacrene D, <italic>β</italic>-caryophyllene, methyl benzoate, linalool</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Japon</li></country><settlement><li>Tokyo</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="Japon"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mizuno, Dai" sort="Mizuno, Dai" uniqKey="Mizuno D" first="Dai" last="Mizuno">Dai Mizuno</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Haneda, Toshihiro" sort="Haneda, Toshihiro" uniqKey="Haneda T" first="Toshihiro" last="Haneda">Toshihiro Haneda</name><name sortKey="Kawahara, Masahiro" sort="Kawahara, Masahiro" uniqKey="Kawahara M" first="Masahiro" last="Kawahara">Masahiro Kawahara</name><name sortKey="Konoha Mizuno, Keiko" sort="Konoha Mizuno, Keiko" uniqKey="Konoha Mizuno K" first="Keiko" last="Konoha-Mizuno">Keiko Konoha-Mizuno</name><name sortKey="Koyama, Hironari" sort="Koyama, Hironari" uniqKey="Koyama H" first="Hironari" last="Koyama">Hironari Koyama</name><name sortKey="Mori, Miwako" sort="Mori, Miwako" uniqKey="Mori M" first="Miwako" last="Mori">Miwako Mori</name><name sortKey="Yamazaki, Kentaro" sort="Yamazaki, Kentaro" uniqKey="Yamazaki K" first="Kentaro" last="Yamazaki">Kentaro Yamazaki</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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