Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Cola nitida Bark
Identifieur interne : 000388 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000387; suivant : 000389Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Cola nitida Bark
Auteurs : Durand Dah-Nouvlessounon [Bénin] ; Hubert Adoukonou-Sagbadja [Bénin] ; Nafan Diarrassouba [Côte d'Ivoire] ; Haziz Sina [Bénin] ; Adolphe Adjanohoun [Bénin] ; Mariam Inoussa [Bénin] ; Donald Akakpo [Bénin] ; Joachim D. Gbenou [Bénin] ; Simeon O. Kotchoni [États-Unis] ; Mamoudou H. Dicko [Burkina Faso] ; Lamine Baba-Moussa [Bénin]Source :
- Biochemistry Research International [ 2090-2247 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Kola nut is chewed in many West African cultures and is used ceremonially.
The aim of this study is to investigate some biological effects of
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2015/493879
PubMed: 25767723
PubMed Central: 4341853
Affiliations:
- Burkina Faso, Bénin, Côte d'Ivoire, États-Unis
- New Jersey
- New Brunswick (New Jersey)
- Université Rutgers
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of <italic>Cola nitida</italic> Bark</title><author><name sortKey="Dah Nouvlessounon, Durand" sort="Dah Nouvlessounon, Durand" uniqKey="Dah Nouvlessounon D" first="Durand" last="Dah-Nouvlessounon">Durand Dah-Nouvlessounon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adoukonou Sagbadja, Hubert" sort="Adoukonou Sagbadja, Hubert" uniqKey="Adoukonou Sagbadja H" first="Hubert" last="Adoukonou-Sagbadja">Hubert Adoukonou-Sagbadja</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Laboratoire des Ressources Génétiques et d'Amélioration des Espèces, Département de Génétique et des Biotechnologies, FAST, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, BP 526 Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire des Ressources Génétiques et d'Amélioration des Espèces, Département de Génétique et des Biotechnologies, FAST, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, BP 526 Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>BP 526 Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diarrassouba, Nafan" sort="Diarrassouba, Nafan" uniqKey="Diarrassouba N" first="Nafan" last="Diarrassouba">Nafan Diarrassouba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Université Péléforo Gon Coulibaly de Korhogo UFR des Sciences Biologiques, BP 1328 Korhogo, Cote d'Ivoire</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Côte d'Ivoire</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Péléforo Gon Coulibaly de Korhogo UFR des Sciences Biologiques, BP 1328 Korhogo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>BP 1328 Korhogo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sina, Haziz" sort="Sina, Haziz" uniqKey="Sina H" first="Haziz" last="Sina">Haziz Sina</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adjanohoun, Adolphe" sort="Adjanohoun, Adolphe" uniqKey="Adjanohoun A" first="Adolphe" last="Adjanohoun">Adolphe Adjanohoun</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Centre de Recherches Agricoles Sud, Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin, Attogon, BP 884 Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherches Agricoles Sud, Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin, Attogon, BP 884 Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>BP 884 Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Inoussa, Mariam" sort="Inoussa, Mariam" uniqKey="Inoussa M" first="Mariam" last="Inoussa">Mariam Inoussa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akakpo, Donald" sort="Akakpo, Donald" uniqKey="Akakpo D" first="Donald" last="Akakpo">Donald Akakpo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gbenou, Joachim D" sort="Gbenou, Joachim D" uniqKey="Gbenou J" first="Joachim D." last="Gbenou">Joachim D. Gbenou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et des Huiles Essentielles, FSS/UAC, 01 BP 4521 Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et des Huiles Essentielles, FSS/UAC, 01 BP 4521 Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>01 BP 4521 Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kotchoni, Simeon O" sort="Kotchoni, Simeon O" uniqKey="Kotchoni S" first="Simeon O." last="Kotchoni">Simeon O. Kotchoni</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I6">Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, 315 Penn Street, Camden, NJ 08102, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, 315 Penn Street, Camden, NJ 08102</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université Rutgers</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">New Brunswick (New Jersey)</settlement><region type="state">New Jersey</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dicko, Mamoudou H" sort="Dicko, Mamoudou H" uniqKey="Dicko M" first="Mamoudou H." last="Dicko">Mamoudou H. Dicko</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I7">Laboratoire de Biochimie Alimentaire, Enzymologie, Biotechnologie Industrielle et Bioinformatique, UFR/SVT Université de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Burkina Faso</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Biochimie Alimentaire, Enzymologie, Biotechnologie Industrielle et Bioinformatique, UFR/SVT Université de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baba Moussa, Lamine" sort="Baba Moussa, Lamine" uniqKey="Baba Moussa L" first="Lamine" last="Baba-Moussa">Lamine Baba-Moussa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25767723</idno><idno type="pmc">4341853</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4341853</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4341853</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2015/493879</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000E38</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000E37</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000388</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of <italic>Cola nitida</italic> Bark</title><author><name sortKey="Dah Nouvlessounon, Durand" sort="Dah Nouvlessounon, Durand" uniqKey="Dah Nouvlessounon D" first="Durand" last="Dah-Nouvlessounon">Durand Dah-Nouvlessounon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adoukonou Sagbadja, Hubert" sort="Adoukonou Sagbadja, Hubert" uniqKey="Adoukonou Sagbadja H" first="Hubert" last="Adoukonou-Sagbadja">Hubert Adoukonou-Sagbadja</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Laboratoire des Ressources Génétiques et d'Amélioration des Espèces, Département de Génétique et des Biotechnologies, FAST, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, BP 526 Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire des Ressources Génétiques et d'Amélioration des Espèces, Département de Génétique et des Biotechnologies, FAST, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, BP 526 Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>BP 526 Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diarrassouba, Nafan" sort="Diarrassouba, Nafan" uniqKey="Diarrassouba N" first="Nafan" last="Diarrassouba">Nafan Diarrassouba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Université Péléforo Gon Coulibaly de Korhogo UFR des Sciences Biologiques, BP 1328 Korhogo, Cote d'Ivoire</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Côte d'Ivoire</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Péléforo Gon Coulibaly de Korhogo UFR des Sciences Biologiques, BP 1328 Korhogo</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>BP 1328 Korhogo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sina, Haziz" sort="Sina, Haziz" uniqKey="Sina H" first="Haziz" last="Sina">Haziz Sina</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adjanohoun, Adolphe" sort="Adjanohoun, Adolphe" uniqKey="Adjanohoun A" first="Adolphe" last="Adjanohoun">Adolphe Adjanohoun</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Centre de Recherches Agricoles Sud, Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin, Attogon, BP 884 Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Recherches Agricoles Sud, Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin, Attogon, BP 884 Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>BP 884 Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Inoussa, Mariam" sort="Inoussa, Mariam" uniqKey="Inoussa M" first="Mariam" last="Inoussa">Mariam Inoussa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akakpo, Donald" sort="Akakpo, Donald" uniqKey="Akakpo D" first="Donald" last="Akakpo">Donald Akakpo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gbenou, Joachim D" sort="Gbenou, Joachim D" uniqKey="Gbenou J" first="Joachim D." last="Gbenou">Joachim D. Gbenou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et des Huiles Essentielles, FSS/UAC, 01 BP 4521 Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et des Huiles Essentielles, FSS/UAC, 01 BP 4521 Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>01 BP 4521 Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kotchoni, Simeon O" sort="Kotchoni, Simeon O" uniqKey="Kotchoni S" first="Simeon O." last="Kotchoni">Simeon O. Kotchoni</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I6">Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, 315 Penn Street, Camden, NJ 08102, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, 315 Penn Street, Camden, NJ 08102</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université Rutgers</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">New Brunswick (New Jersey)</settlement><region type="state">New Jersey</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dicko, Mamoudou H" sort="Dicko, Mamoudou H" uniqKey="Dicko M" first="Mamoudou H." last="Dicko">Mamoudou H. Dicko</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I7">Laboratoire de Biochimie Alimentaire, Enzymologie, Biotechnologie Industrielle et Bioinformatique, UFR/SVT Université de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Burkina Faso</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Biochimie Alimentaire, Enzymologie, Biotechnologie Industrielle et Bioinformatique, UFR/SVT Université de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baba Moussa, Lamine" sort="Baba Moussa, Lamine" uniqKey="Baba Moussa L" first="Lamine" last="Baba-Moussa">Lamine Baba-Moussa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou, Benin</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bénin</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>05 BP 1604 Cotonou</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Biochemistry Research International</title><idno type="ISSN">2090-2247</idno><idno type="eISSN">2090-2255</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Kola nut is chewed in many West African cultures and is used ceremonially.
The aim of this study is to investigate some biological effects of <italic>Cola nitida</italic>'s
bark after phytochemical screening. The bark was collected, dried, and then powdered for the phytochemical screening and extractions.
Ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of <italic>C. nitida</italic> were used in this study.
The antibacterial activity was tested on ten reference strains and 28 meat isolated
<italic>Staphylococcus</italic> strains by disc diffusion method. The antifungal activity of three fungal strains was determined on the
Potato-Dextrose Agar medium mixed with the appropriate extract. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH and ABTS methods.
Our data revealed the presence of various potent phytochemicals. For the reference and meat isolated strains, the inhibitory diameter zone
was from 17.5 ± 0.7 mm (<italic>C. albicans</italic>) to 9.5 ± 0.7 mm (<italic>P. vulgaris</italic>). The MIC ranged from 0.312 mg/mL to 5.000 mg/mL and the MBC from 0.625 mg/mL to >20 mg/mL. The highest antifungal activity was observed with
<italic>F. verticillioides</italic> and the lowest one with <italic>P. citrinum</italic>.
The two extracts have an excellent reducing free radical activity. The killing effect of <italic>A. salina</italic>larvae was perceptible at 1.04 mg/mL. The purified extracts of <italic>Cola nitida</italic>'s bark can be used
to hold meat products and also like phytomedicine.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sofowora, A" uniqKey="Sofowora A">A. Sofowora</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Iniaghe, O M" uniqKey="Iniaghe O">O. M. Iniaghe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malomo, S O" uniqKey="Malomo S">S. O. Malomo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adebayo, J O" uniqKey="Adebayo J">J. O. Adebayo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Diallo, A M" uniqKey="Diallo A">A. M. Diallo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Akoegninou, A" uniqKey="Akoegninou A">A. Akoegninou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Burg, W J" uniqKey="Van Der Burg W">W. J. van der Burg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Maesen, L J G" uniqKey="Van Der Maesen L">L. J. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biochem Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biochem Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BRI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Biochemistry Research International</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2090-2247</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2090-2255</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25767723</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4341853</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/493879</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of <italic>Cola nitida</italic> Bark</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dah-Nouvlessounon</surname><given-names>Durand</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Adoukonou-Sagbadja</surname><given-names>Hubert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Diarrassouba</surname><given-names>Nafan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sina</surname><given-names>Haziz</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Adjanohoun</surname><given-names>Adolphe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Inoussa</surname><given-names>Mariam</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Akakpo</surname><given-names>Donald</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gbenou</surname><given-names>Joachim D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kotchoni</surname><given-names>Simeon O.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I6"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dicko</surname><given-names>Mamoudou H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I7"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baba-Moussa</surname><given-names>Lamine</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 05 BP 1604 Cotonou, Benin</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Laboratoire des Ressources Génétiques et d'Amélioration des Espèces, Département de Génétique et des Biotechnologies, FAST, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, BP 526 Cotonou, Benin</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Université Péléforo Gon Coulibaly de Korhogo UFR des Sciences Biologiques, BP 1328 Korhogo, Cote d'Ivoire</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>Centre de Recherches Agricoles Sud, Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin, Attogon, BP 884 Cotonou, Benin</aff><aff id="I5"><sup>5</sup>Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et des Huiles Essentielles, FSS/UAC, 01 BP 4521 Cotonou, Benin</aff><aff id="I6"><sup>6</sup>Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, 315 Penn Street, Camden, NJ 08102, USA</aff><aff id="I7"><sup>7</sup>Laboratoire de Biochimie Alimentaire, Enzymologie, Biotechnologie Industrielle et Bioinformatique, UFR/SVT Université de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Lamine Baba-Moussa: <email>laminesaid@yahoo.fr</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Tzi Bun Ng</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>2</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>2015</volume><elocation-id>493879</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>11</day><month>1</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>11</day><month>1</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Durand Dah-Nouvlessounon et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Kola nut is chewed in many West African cultures and is used ceremonially.
The aim of this study is to investigate some biological effects of <italic>Cola nitida</italic>'s
bark after phytochemical screening. The bark was collected, dried, and then powdered for the phytochemical screening and extractions.
Ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of <italic>C. nitida</italic> were used in this study.
The antibacterial activity was tested on ten reference strains and 28 meat isolated
<italic>Staphylococcus</italic> strains by disc diffusion method. The antifungal activity of three fungal strains was determined on the
Potato-Dextrose Agar medium mixed with the appropriate extract. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH and ABTS methods.
Our data revealed the presence of various potent phytochemicals. For the reference and meat isolated strains, the inhibitory diameter zone
was from 17.5 ± 0.7 mm (<italic>C. albicans</italic>) to 9.5 ± 0.7 mm (<italic>P. vulgaris</italic>). The MIC ranged from 0.312 mg/mL to 5.000 mg/mL and the MBC from 0.625 mg/mL to >20 mg/mL. The highest antifungal activity was observed with
<italic>F. verticillioides</italic> and the lowest one with <italic>P. citrinum</italic>.
The two extracts have an excellent reducing free radical activity. The killing effect of <italic>A. salina</italic>larvae was perceptible at 1.04 mg/mL. The purified extracts of <italic>Cola nitida</italic>'s bark can be used
to hold meat products and also like phytomedicine.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Antimicrobial effect of<italic> C. nitida</italic> extracts on<italic> Staphylococcus</italic> strains isolated from meat.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BRI2015-493879.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Medium inhibitory diameter zone of<italic> C. nitida</italic> extracts on reference and meat isolated<italic> Staphylococcus</italic> strains after 24 h and 48 h of incubation. Reference strains are the following:<italic> S. aur.</italic>:<italic> Staphylococcus aureus</italic>,<italic> M. lut.</italic>:<italic> Micrococcus luteus</italic>,<italic> S. epi.</italic>:<italic> Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic>,<italic> S. ora.</italic>:<italic> Streptococcus oralis</italic>,<italic> Ps. aer.</italic>:<italic> Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>,<italic> E. foe.</italic>:<italic> Enterococcus faecalis</italic>,<italic> P. vul.</italic>:<italic> Proteus vulgaris</italic>,<italic> E. coli</italic>:<italic> Escherichia coli</italic>,<italic> C. alb.</italic>:<italic> Candida albicans</italic>,<italic> P. mir.</italic>:<italic> Proteus mirabilis</italic>; meat isolated strains are the following:<italic> S. sci.</italic>:<italic> S. sciuri</italic>,<italic> S. aur.</italic>:<italic> S. aureus</italic>,<italic> S. sim.</italic>:<italic> S. simulans, S. xyl.</italic>:<italic> S. xylosus, S. coh.</italic>:<italic> S. cohnii</italic>,<italic> S. equ.</italic>:<italic> S. equorum</italic>,<italic> S. sap.</italic>:<italic> S. saprophyticus</italic>,<italic> S. hae.</italic>:<italic> S. haemolyticus</italic>, and<italic> S. len.</italic>:<italic> S. lentus</italic>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BRI2015-493879.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Comparison of medium inhibitory diameter of<italic> C. nitida</italic>'s ethyl acetate extract and ethanol extract on reference strains and meat isolated<italic> Staphylococcus</italic> strains. Reference strains are the following:<italic> S. aur.</italic>:<italic> Staphylococcus aureus</italic>,<italic> M. lut.</italic>:<italic> Micrococcus luteus</italic>,<italic> S. epi.</italic>:<italic> Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic>,<italic> S. ora.</italic>:<italic> Streptococcus oralis</italic>,<italic> Ps. aer.</italic>:<italic> Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>,<italic> P. vul.</italic>:<italic> Proteus vulgaris</italic>,<italic> E. coli</italic>:<italic> Escherichia coli</italic>,<italic> C. alb.</italic>:<italic> Candida albicans</italic>,<italic> P. mir.</italic>:<italic> Proteus mirabilis</italic>; meat isolated strains are the following:<italic> S. sci.</italic>:<italic> S. sciuri</italic>,<italic> S. aur.</italic>:<italic> S. aureus</italic>,<italic> S. sim.</italic>:<italic> S. simulans</italic>,<italic> S. xyl.</italic>:<italic> S. xylosus</italic>,<italic> S. coh.</italic>:<italic> S. cohnii</italic>,<italic> S. equ.</italic>:<italic> S. equorum</italic>,<italic> S. sap.</italic>:<italic> S. saprophyticus</italic>,<italic> S. hae.</italic>:<italic> S. haemolyticus</italic>, and<italic> S. len.</italic>:<italic> S. lentus. </italic><sup>*</sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.05; <sup>**</sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.01.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BRI2015-493879.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Inhibition rate of<italic> Cola nitida</italic>'s extracts in the fungal growth.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BRI2015-493879.004"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Variation of<italic> A. salina</italic> larval mortality according to<italic> C. nitida</italic> extracts concentration.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BRI2015-493879.005"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Phytochemical composition of <italic>Cola nitida</italic>'s bark powder.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chemical compound</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cola nitida</italic>'s bark</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alkaloids </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>−</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tannins </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>+</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saponosides (MI)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>+ (167)</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anthocyanins</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>+</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Flavonoids </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>+</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Steroids </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>−</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Triterpenes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>−</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coumarin </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>−</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reducing compound </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>−</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glycosides </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>+</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cyanogenic derivate </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>−</bold></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>+ = presence; − = absence; MI: Moss Index.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Results of agar disc diffusion assays showing the antibacterial activity of some tested microorganisms in the presence of extracts.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Reference strains</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="BRI2015-493879.tab2.i001.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="BRI2015-493879.tab2.i002.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="BRI2015-493879.tab2.i003.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="BRI2015-493879.tab2.i004.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="BRI2015-493879.tab2.i005.jpg"></inline-graphic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus aureus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Streptococcus oralis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Escherichia coli </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </italic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Meat isolated <italic>Staphylococcus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="BRI2015-493879.tab2.i006.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="BRI2015-493879.tab2.i007.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="BRI2015-493879.tab2.i008.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="BRI2015-493879.tab2.i009.jpg"></inline-graphic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><inline-graphic xlink:href="BRI2015-493879.tab2.i010.jpg"></inline-graphic></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus saprophyticus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus lentus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus haemolyticus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus equorum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Staphylococcus simulans </italic></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>1′: control, <bold>2</bold>: ethanol extracts, and 2′: ethyl acetate extracts.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Minimum inhibitory concentrations of <italic>C. nitida</italic>'s bark extract on reference strains and meat isolated
<italic>Staphylococcus</italic> strains.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Strains</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Minimum inhibitory concentrations (mg/ml)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethanol extract</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethyl acetate extract</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference strains</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus aureus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.312</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.625</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Proteus mirabilis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Micrococcus luteus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.625</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Proteus vulgaris </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Streptococcus oralis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.312</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.625</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Enterococcus faecalis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.312</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Escherichia coli </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Candida albicans </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.625</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.312</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Meat isolated <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> strains</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. sciuri </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.625</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.312</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. aureus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.312</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. simulans </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.312</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.152</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. cohnii </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.625</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.312</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. xylosus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.312</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. equorum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.156</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.078</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. saprophyticus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.312</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.078</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. haemolyticus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.078</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.625</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. lentus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.156</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.078</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Minimum bactericidal concentrations of <italic>C. nitida</italic>'s bark extract on reference strains and meat isolated
<italic>Staphylococcus</italic> strains. </p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Strains</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Minimum bactericidal concentrations (mg/ml)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethanol extract</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethyl acetate extract</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference strains</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus aureus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Proteus mirabilis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">05</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Micrococcus luteus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>></italic>20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>20</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Proteus vulgaris </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">05</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Streptococcus oralis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Enterococcus faecalis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Escherichia coli </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Candida albicans </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Meat isolated <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> strains</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. sciuri </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.625</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. aureus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. simulans </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. cohnii </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. xylosus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">05</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. equorum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.625</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.625</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. saprophyticus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.625</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. haemolyticus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. lentus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.625</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of <italic>Cola nitida</italic> extracts on reference strains and meat isolated strains.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Strains</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">CMB/CMI</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethanol extract</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethyl acetate extract</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference strains</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus aureus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1<sup>*</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2<sup>*</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Proteus mirabilis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Micrococcus luteus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>></italic>4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2<sup>*</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2<sup>*</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Proteus vulgaris </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Streptococcus oralis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Enterococcus faecalis </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1<sup>*</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Escherichia coli </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>Candida albicans </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Meat isolated <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> strains</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. sciuri </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2<sup>*</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. aureus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2<sup>*</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. simulans </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.44</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. cohnii </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. xylosus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. equorum </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. saprophyticus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. haemolyticus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <italic>S. lentus </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.01</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>With ∗ = bactericidal effects; without ∗ = bacteriostatic effects.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Parameters of free radical scavenging activity by DPPH radical and ABTS methods. </p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">DPPH</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ABTS</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IC<sub>50</sub></th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">AAI </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C</italic></th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<italic>μ</italic>g·<italic>μ</italic>l<sup>−1</sup>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<italic>μ</italic>molEqAA·g<sup>−1</sup>)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethanol extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.00 ± 1.73</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.71 ± 1.23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.72 ± 0.35</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethyl acetate extract</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.53 ± 0.98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.02 ± 1.49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.39 ± 0.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quercetin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.51 ± 0.35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.11 ± 0.85</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gallic acid</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73 ± 0.12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.74 ± 5.54 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascorbic acid </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.02 ± 0.73</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Burkina Faso</li><li>Bénin</li><li>Côte d'Ivoire</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>New Jersey</li></region><settlement><li>New Brunswick (New Jersey)</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université Rutgers</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Bénin"><noRegion><name sortKey="Dah Nouvlessounon, Durand" sort="Dah Nouvlessounon, Durand" uniqKey="Dah Nouvlessounon D" first="Durand" last="Dah-Nouvlessounon">Durand Dah-Nouvlessounon</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Adjanohoun, Adolphe" sort="Adjanohoun, Adolphe" uniqKey="Adjanohoun A" first="Adolphe" last="Adjanohoun">Adolphe Adjanohoun</name><name sortKey="Adoukonou Sagbadja, Hubert" sort="Adoukonou Sagbadja, Hubert" uniqKey="Adoukonou Sagbadja H" first="Hubert" last="Adoukonou-Sagbadja">Hubert Adoukonou-Sagbadja</name><name sortKey="Akakpo, Donald" sort="Akakpo, Donald" uniqKey="Akakpo D" first="Donald" last="Akakpo">Donald Akakpo</name><name sortKey="Baba Moussa, Lamine" sort="Baba Moussa, Lamine" uniqKey="Baba Moussa L" first="Lamine" last="Baba-Moussa">Lamine Baba-Moussa</name><name sortKey="Gbenou, Joachim D" sort="Gbenou, Joachim D" uniqKey="Gbenou J" first="Joachim D." last="Gbenou">Joachim D. Gbenou</name><name sortKey="Inoussa, Mariam" sort="Inoussa, Mariam" uniqKey="Inoussa M" first="Mariam" last="Inoussa">Mariam Inoussa</name><name sortKey="Sina, Haziz" sort="Sina, Haziz" uniqKey="Sina H" first="Haziz" last="Sina">Haziz Sina</name></country><country name="Côte d'Ivoire"><noRegion><name sortKey="Diarrassouba, Nafan" sort="Diarrassouba, Nafan" uniqKey="Diarrassouba N" first="Nafan" last="Diarrassouba">Nafan Diarrassouba</name></noRegion></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="New Jersey"><name sortKey="Kotchoni, Simeon O" sort="Kotchoni, Simeon O" uniqKey="Kotchoni S" first="Simeon O." last="Kotchoni">Simeon O. Kotchoni</name></region></country><country name="Burkina Faso"><noRegion><name sortKey="Dicko, Mamoudou H" sort="Dicko, Mamoudou H" uniqKey="Dicko M" first="Mamoudou H." last="Dicko">Mamoudou H. Dicko</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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