Comparative study of proteasome inhibitory, synergistic antibacterial, synergistic anticandidal, and antioxidant activities of gold nanoparticles biosynthesized using fruit waste materials
Identifieur interne : 000226 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000225; suivant : 000227Comparative study of proteasome inhibitory, synergistic antibacterial, synergistic anticandidal, and antioxidant activities of gold nanoparticles biosynthesized using fruit waste materials
Auteurs : Jayanta Kumar Patra ; Kwang-Hyun Baek [Corée du Sud]Source :
- International Journal of Nanomedicine [ 1176-9114 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) generated using the aqueous extracts of outer oriental melon peel (OMP) and peach. The synthesized OMP-AuNPs and peach extract (PE)-AuNPs were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The surface plasmon resonance spectra were obtained at 545 nm and 540 nm for OMP-AuNPs and PE-AuNPs, respectively. The estimated absolute crystallite size of the synthesized AuNPs was calculated to be 78.11 nm for OMP-AuNPs and 39.90 nm for PE-AuNPs based on the Scherer equation of the X-ray powder diffraction peaks. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results revealed the involvement of bioactive compounds present in OMP and peach extracts in the synthesis and stabilization of synthesized AuNPs. Both the OMP-AuNPs and PE-AuNPs showed a strong antibacterial synergistic activity when combined with kanamycin (9.38–20.45 mm inhibition zones) and rifampicin (9.52–25.23 mm inhibition zones), and they also exerted a strong synergistic anticandidal activity (10.09–15.47 mm inhibition zones) when combined with amphotericin B against five pathogenic
Url:
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S108920
PubMed: 27695326
PubMed Central: 5028107
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Comparative study of proteasome inhibitory, synergistic antibacterial, synergistic anticandidal, and antioxidant activities of gold nanoparticles biosynthesized using fruit waste materials</title><author><name sortKey="Patra, Jayanta Kumar" sort="Patra, Jayanta Kumar" uniqKey="Patra J" first="Jayanta Kumar" last="Patra">Jayanta Kumar Patra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijn-11-4691">Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Gyeonggi-do</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Gyeonggi-do</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baek, Kwang Hyun" sort="Baek, Kwang Hyun" uniqKey="Baek K" first="Kwang-Hyun" last="Baek">Kwang-Hyun Baek</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijn-11-4691">Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, South Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gyeongbuk</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27695326</idno><idno type="pmc">5028107</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5028107</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5028107</idno><idno type="doi">10.2147/IJN.S108920</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000F94</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000F93</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000226</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Comparative study of proteasome inhibitory, synergistic antibacterial, synergistic anticandidal, and antioxidant activities of gold nanoparticles biosynthesized using fruit waste materials</title><author><name sortKey="Patra, Jayanta Kumar" sort="Patra, Jayanta Kumar" uniqKey="Patra J" first="Jayanta Kumar" last="Patra">Jayanta Kumar Patra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijn-11-4691">Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Gyeonggi-do</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Gyeonggi-do</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baek, Kwang Hyun" sort="Baek, Kwang Hyun" uniqKey="Baek K" first="Kwang-Hyun" last="Baek">Kwang-Hyun Baek</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijn-11-4691">Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, South Korea</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gyeongbuk</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Nanomedicine</title><idno type="ISSN">1176-9114</idno><idno type="eISSN">1178-2013</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of this study was to compare the biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) generated using the aqueous extracts of outer oriental melon peel (OMP) and peach. The synthesized OMP-AuNPs and peach extract (PE)-AuNPs were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The surface plasmon resonance spectra were obtained at 545 nm and 540 nm for OMP-AuNPs and PE-AuNPs, respectively. The estimated absolute crystallite size of the synthesized AuNPs was calculated to be 78.11 nm for OMP-AuNPs and 39.90 nm for PE-AuNPs based on the Scherer equation of the X-ray powder diffraction peaks. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results revealed the involvement of bioactive compounds present in OMP and peach extracts in the synthesis and stabilization of synthesized AuNPs. Both the OMP-AuNPs and PE-AuNPs showed a strong antibacterial synergistic activity when combined with kanamycin (9.38–20.45 mm inhibition zones) and rifampicin (9.52–25.23 mm inhibition zones), and they also exerted a strong synergistic anticandidal activity (10.09–15.47 mm inhibition zones) when combined with amphotericin B against five pathogenic <italic>Candida</italic> species. Both the OMP-AuNPs and PE-AuNPs exhibited a strong antioxidant potential in terms of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydraxyl radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging, and a reducing power, along with a strong proteasome inhibitory potential that could be useful in cancer drug delivery and cancer treatments. The PE-AuNPs showed comparatively higher activity than OMP-AuNPs, which could be attributed to the presence of rich bioactive compounds in the PE that acted as reducing and capping agents in the synthesis of PE-AuNPs. Overall, the results of the current investigation highlighted a novel green technology for the synthesis of AuNPs using food waste materials and their potential applications in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nanda, A" uniqKey="Nanda A">A Nanda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saravanan, M" uniqKey="Saravanan M">M Saravanan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Daniel, Mc" uniqKey="Daniel M">MC Daniel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Astruc, D" uniqKey="Astruc D">D Astruc</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhan, G" uniqKey="Zhan G">G Zhan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, J" uniqKey="Huang J">J Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, L" uniqKey="Lin L">L Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, W" uniqKey="Lin W">W 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Nanomedicine</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Nanomedicine</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">International Journal of Nanomedicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Nanomedicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1176-9114</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1178-2013</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27695326</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5028107</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/IJN.S108920</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijn-11-4691</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Comparative study of proteasome inhibitory, synergistic antibacterial, synergistic anticandidal, and antioxidant activities of gold nanoparticles biosynthesized using fruit waste materials</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Patra</surname><given-names>Jayanta Kumar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijn-11-4691">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baek</surname><given-names>Kwang-Hyun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijn-11-4691">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ijn-11-4691"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijn-11-4691"><label>1</label>Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Gyeonggi-do</aff><aff id="af2-ijn-11-4691"><label>2</label>Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, South Korea</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijn-11-4691">Correspondence: Kwang-Hyun Baek, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea, Tel +82 53 810 3029, Fax +82 53 810 4769, Email <email>khbaek@ynu.ac.kr</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>9</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><fpage>4691</fpage><lpage>4705</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 Patra and Baek. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license><license-p>The full terms of this license are available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php">https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php</ext-link> and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The aim of this study was to compare the biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) generated using the aqueous extracts of outer oriental melon peel (OMP) and peach. The synthesized OMP-AuNPs and peach extract (PE)-AuNPs were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The surface plasmon resonance spectra were obtained at 545 nm and 540 nm for OMP-AuNPs and PE-AuNPs, respectively. The estimated absolute crystallite size of the synthesized AuNPs was calculated to be 78.11 nm for OMP-AuNPs and 39.90 nm for PE-AuNPs based on the Scherer equation of the X-ray powder diffraction peaks. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results revealed the involvement of bioactive compounds present in OMP and peach extracts in the synthesis and stabilization of synthesized AuNPs. Both the OMP-AuNPs and PE-AuNPs showed a strong antibacterial synergistic activity when combined with kanamycin (9.38–20.45 mm inhibition zones) and rifampicin (9.52–25.23 mm inhibition zones), and they also exerted a strong synergistic anticandidal activity (10.09–15.47 mm inhibition zones) when combined with amphotericin B against five pathogenic <italic>Candida</italic> species. Both the OMP-AuNPs and PE-AuNPs exhibited a strong antioxidant potential in terms of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydraxyl radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging, and a reducing power, along with a strong proteasome inhibitory potential that could be useful in cancer drug delivery and cancer treatments. The PE-AuNPs showed comparatively higher activity than OMP-AuNPs, which could be attributed to the presence of rich bioactive compounds in the PE that acted as reducing and capping agents in the synthesis of PE-AuNPs. Overall, the results of the current investigation highlighted a novel green technology for the synthesis of AuNPs using food waste materials and their potential applications in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.</p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>antibacterial</kwd><kwd>anticandidal</kwd><kwd>antioxidant</kwd><kwd><italic>Cucumis melo</italic></kwd><kwd>gold nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>proteasome inhibitor</kwd><kwd><italic>Prunus persica</italic></kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-ijn-11-4691" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Fruit peels of oriental melon (<italic>Cucumis melo</italic>) (<bold>A</bold>) and peach (<italic>Prunus persica</italic>) (<bold>B</bold>) used for the synthesis of AuNPs.</p><p><bold>Abbreviation:</bold> AuNPs, gold nanoparticles.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-11-4691Fig1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-ijn-11-4691" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>UV–visible spectroscopy and change in color of the reaction mixture at different time intervals of the synthesized OMP-AuNPs and PE-AuNPs.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> (<bold>A</bold>) OMP-AuNPs; (<bold>B</bold>) PE-AuNPs.</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; OMP, oriental melon peel; PE, peach extract; UV, ultraviolet.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-11-4691Fig2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-ijn-11-4691" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>SEM image of synthesized OMP-AuNPs and PE-AuNPs.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> (<bold>A</bold>) OMP-AuNPs; (<bold>B</bold>) PE-AuNPs.</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; OMP, oriental melon peel; PE, peach extract; SEM, scanning electron microscopy.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-11-4691Fig3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-ijn-11-4691" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>EDX analysis of synthesized OMP-AuNPs and PE-AuNPs.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> OMP-AuNPs (<bold>A</bold>–<bold>C</bold>) and PE-AuNPs (<bold>D</bold>–<bold>F</bold>).</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; EDX, energy dispersive X-ray; OMP, oriental melon peel; PE, peach extract.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-11-4691Fig4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5-ijn-11-4691" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>XRD spectra of synthesized OMP-AuNPs and PE-AuNPs.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> (<bold>A</bold>) OMP-AuNPs; (<bold>B</bold>) PE-AuNPs.</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; OMP, oriental melon peel; PE, peach extract; XRD, X-ray powder diffraction.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-11-4691Fig5"></graphic></fig><fig id="f6-ijn-11-4691" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>FT-IR analysis of synthesized OMP-AuNPs and PE-AuNPs.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> (<bold>A</bold>) OMP-AuNPs; (<bold>B</bold>) PE-AuNPs.</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; FT-IR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; OMP, oriental melon peel; PE, peach extract.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-11-4691Fig6"></graphic></fig><fig id="f7-ijn-11-4691" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>TG/DTG analysis of synthesized OMP-AuNPs and PE-AuNPs.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> (<bold>A</bold>) OMP-AuNPs; (<bold>B</bold>) PE-AuNPs.</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; Deriv., derivative; DTG, derivative thermogravimetric; OMP, oriental melon peel; PE, peach extract; TG, thermogravimetric.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-11-4691Fig7"></graphic></fig><fig id="f8-ijn-11-4691" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>Antioxidant potential of synthesized OMP-AuNPs and PE-AuNPs.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> (<bold>A</bold>) DPPH free radical scavenging potential; (<bold>B</bold>) nitric oxide scavenging potential; (<bold>C</bold>) ABTS radical scavenging potential; and (<bold>D</bold>) reducing power potential. Values with different superscript letters are significantly different at <italic>P</italic><0.05.</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid); AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; BHT, butylated hydroxyl toluene; DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydraxyl; OMP, oriental melon peel; PE, peach extract.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-11-4691Fig8"></graphic></fig><fig id="f9-ijn-11-4691" position="float"><label>Figure 9</label><caption><p>Proteasome inhibitory potential of both OMP-AuNPs and PE-AuNPs and standard reference compound, Epox.</p><p><bold>Notes:</bold> 100 μg/mL (OMP-AuNP_100, PE-AuNP_100); 10 μg/mL (OMP-AuNP_10, PE-AuNP_10); 1 μg/mL (OMP-AuNP_1, PE-AuNP_1) and 5.56 μg/mL (Epox_10); 2.78 μg/mL (Epox_5) and 0.56 μg/mL (Epox_1).</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; FU, fluorescence units; Epox, epoxomicin; OMP, oriental melon peel; PE, peach extract.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijn-11-4691Fig9"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-ijn-11-4691" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Comparative synergistic antibacterial activity of OMP-AuNPs (25 μg) and PE-AuNPs (25 μg) with standard antibiotics, kanamycin (5 μg) or rifampicin (5 μg), against foodborne pathogenic bacteria</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="3" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Bacteria</th><th colspan="7" rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left">Antibacterial activity (control samples)
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="4" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Synergistic antibacterial activity
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">AuNPs with kanamycin
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">AuNPs with rifampicin
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OMP extract</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PE</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OMP-AuNPs</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PE-AuNPs</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kanamycin</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rifampicin</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DMSO</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OMP-AuNPs + kanamycin</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PE-AuNPs + kanamycin</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OMP-AuNPs + rifampicin</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PE-AuNPs + rifampicin</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>B. cereus</italic> ATCC 13061</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.42±0.74<sup>c</sup>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-ijn-11-4691">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.47±0.50<sup>c,d</sup></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.04±0.19<sup>c</sup></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.52±0.14<sup>d</sup></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E. coli</italic> ATCC 43890</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.03±0.52<sup>c</sup></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.45±0.51<sup>a</sup></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.78±0.38<sup>c,d</sup></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.01±0.21<sup>c,d</sup></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>L. monocytogenes</italic> ATCC 19115</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.38±0.27<sup>d</sup></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.48±0.56<sup>b</sup></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00±0.00<sup>e</sup></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00±0.00<sup>e</sup></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. aureus</italic> ATCC 49444</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.26±0.90<sup>b</sup></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.98±0.07<sup>b</sup></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.39±0.53<sup>b</sup></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.23±0.90<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. Typhimurium</italic> ATCC 43174</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.23±0.28<sup>c</sup></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.07±0.21<sup>b</sup></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00±0.00<sup>e</sup></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00±0.00<sup>e</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn1-ijn-11-4691"><label>*</label><p>Data are expressed as the mean zone of inhibition in millimeter ± SD. Values with different superscript letters in the columns with kanamycin and in the columns of AuNPs with rifampicin are significantly different at <italic>P</italic><0.05.</p></fn><fn id="tfn2-ijn-11-4691"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; ATCC, American Type Culture Collection; <italic>B. cereus</italic>, <italic>Bacillus cereus</italic>; DMSO, dimethyl sulphoxide; <italic>E. coli</italic>, <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>; <italic>L. monocytogenes</italic>, <italic>Listeria monocytogenes</italic>; OMP, oriental melon peel; PE, peach extract; <italic>S. typhimurium</italic>, <italic>Salmonella typhimurium</italic>; <italic>S. aureus</italic>, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-ijn-11-4691" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Comparative synergistic anticandidal activities of OMP-AuNPs (50 μg) and PE-AuNPs (50 μg) mixed with amphotericin B (5 μg), a standard antifungal agent against pathogenic <italic>Candida</italic> species</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"><italic>Candida</italic> species</th><th colspan="6" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Anticandidal activity (control samples)
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Synergistic anticandidal activity
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OMP extract</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PE</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amphotericin B</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DMSO</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OMP-AuNPs</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PE-AuNPs</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OMP-AuNPs + amphotericin B</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PE-AuNPs + amphotericin B</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Candida albicans</italic> KACC 30003</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.96±0.93<sup>e</sup>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ijn-11-4691">*</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.97±0.41<sup>d,e</sup></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Candida albicans</italic> KACC 30062</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.45±0.53<sup>b</sup></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.47±0.27<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Candida glabrata</italic> KBNO6P00368</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.66±0.47<sup>d,e</sup></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.09±0.66<sup>d</sup></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Candida geochares</italic> KACC 30061</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.27±0.28<sup>c</sup></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.25±0.22<sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Candida saitoana</italic> KACC 41238</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.09±0.30<sup>e</sup></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.08±0.28<sup>d,e</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn3-ijn-11-4691"><label>*</label><p>Data are expressed as the mean zone of inhibition in millimeter ± SD. Values with different superscript letters are significantly different at <italic>P</italic><0.05.</p></fn><fn id="tfn4-ijn-11-4691"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; DMSO, dimethyl sulphoxide; OMP, oriental melon peel; PE, peach extract; SD, standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Corée du Sud</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Patra, Jayanta Kumar" sort="Patra, Jayanta Kumar" uniqKey="Patra J" first="Jayanta Kumar" last="Patra">Jayanta Kumar Patra</name></noCountry><country name="Corée du Sud"><noRegion><name sortKey="Baek, Kwang Hyun" sort="Baek, Kwang Hyun" uniqKey="Baek K" first="Kwang-Hyun" last="Baek">Kwang-Hyun Baek</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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