Development of High-Antifouling PPSU Ultrafiltration Membrane by Using Compound Additives: Preparation, Morphologies, and Filtration Resistant Properties
Identifieur interne : 002083 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 002082; suivant : 002084Development of High-Antifouling PPSU Ultrafiltration Membrane by Using Compound Additives: Preparation, Morphologies, and Filtration Resistant Properties
Auteurs : Jie Liu ; Zhencheng Zhong ; Rui Ma ; Weichen Zhang ; Jiding LiSource :
- Membranes [ 2077-0375 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
In this study, flat sheet asymmetric polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) ultrafiltration membranes with enhanced antifouling properties were prepared with a non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method through compound additives containing a polymeric pore-forming agent, a small molecular non-solvent and a surfactant. The formation processes of the porous asymmetric membranes with different kinds of additives were studied in detail, and the microstructure controllable preparation of membrane was achieved by establishing a bridge between the membrane preparation parameters and separation performances. All prepared membranes were characterized by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), contact angle analysis, porosity, maximum pore size, water and BSA solution permeability studies. The performance efficiency of the membrane was evaluated by using BSA as a model foulant in terms of permeability, solute rejection (
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/membranes6020035
PubMed: 27338487
PubMed Central: 4931530
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Development of High-Antifouling PPSU Ultrafiltration Membrane by Using Compound Additives: Preparation, Morphologies, and Filtration Resistant Properties</title><author><name sortKey="Liu, Jie" sort="Liu, Jie" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jie" last="Liu">Jie Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-membranes-06-00035">National Institute of Clean and Low Carbon Energy, Beijing 102209, China;<email>zhongzhencheng@nicenergy.com</email> (Z.Z.);<email>marui@nicenergy.com</email> (R.M.);<email>zhangweichen@nicenergy.com</email> (W.Z.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-membranes-06-00035">The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;<email>lijiding@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhong, Zhencheng" sort="Zhong, Zhencheng" uniqKey="Zhong Z" first="Zhencheng" last="Zhong">Zhencheng Zhong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-membranes-06-00035">National Institute of Clean and Low Carbon Energy, Beijing 102209, China;<email>zhongzhencheng@nicenergy.com</email> (Z.Z.);<email>marui@nicenergy.com</email> (R.M.);<email>zhangweichen@nicenergy.com</email> (W.Z.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Rui" sort="Ma, Rui" uniqKey="Ma R" first="Rui" last="Ma">Rui Ma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-membranes-06-00035">National Institute of Clean and Low Carbon Energy, Beijing 102209, China;<email>zhongzhencheng@nicenergy.com</email> (Z.Z.);<email>marui@nicenergy.com</email> (R.M.);<email>zhangweichen@nicenergy.com</email> (W.Z.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Weichen" sort="Zhang, Weichen" uniqKey="Zhang W" first="Weichen" last="Zhang">Weichen Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-membranes-06-00035">National Institute of Clean and Low Carbon Energy, Beijing 102209, China;<email>zhongzhencheng@nicenergy.com</email> (Z.Z.);<email>marui@nicenergy.com</email> (R.M.);<email>zhangweichen@nicenergy.com</email> (W.Z.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Jiding" sort="Li, Jiding" uniqKey="Li J" first="Jiding" last="Li">Jiding Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-membranes-06-00035">The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;<email>lijiding@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27338487</idno><idno type="pmc">4931530</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4931530</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4931530</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/membranes6020035</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000360</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000359</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000211</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">002083</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Development of High-Antifouling PPSU Ultrafiltration Membrane by Using Compound Additives: Preparation, Morphologies, and Filtration Resistant Properties</title><author><name sortKey="Liu, Jie" sort="Liu, Jie" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jie" last="Liu">Jie Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-membranes-06-00035">National Institute of Clean and Low Carbon Energy, Beijing 102209, China;<email>zhongzhencheng@nicenergy.com</email> (Z.Z.);<email>marui@nicenergy.com</email> (R.M.);<email>zhangweichen@nicenergy.com</email> (W.Z.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-membranes-06-00035">The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;<email>lijiding@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhong, Zhencheng" sort="Zhong, Zhencheng" uniqKey="Zhong Z" first="Zhencheng" last="Zhong">Zhencheng Zhong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-membranes-06-00035">National Institute of Clean and Low Carbon Energy, Beijing 102209, China;<email>zhongzhencheng@nicenergy.com</email> (Z.Z.);<email>marui@nicenergy.com</email> (R.M.);<email>zhangweichen@nicenergy.com</email> (W.Z.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Rui" sort="Ma, Rui" uniqKey="Ma R" first="Rui" last="Ma">Rui Ma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-membranes-06-00035">National Institute of Clean and Low Carbon Energy, Beijing 102209, China;<email>zhongzhencheng@nicenergy.com</email> (Z.Z.);<email>marui@nicenergy.com</email> (R.M.);<email>zhangweichen@nicenergy.com</email> (W.Z.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Weichen" sort="Zhang, Weichen" uniqKey="Zhang W" first="Weichen" last="Zhang">Weichen Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-membranes-06-00035">National Institute of Clean and Low Carbon Energy, Beijing 102209, China;<email>zhongzhencheng@nicenergy.com</email> (Z.Z.);<email>marui@nicenergy.com</email> (R.M.);<email>zhangweichen@nicenergy.com</email> (W.Z.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Jiding" sort="Li, Jiding" uniqKey="Li J" first="Jiding" last="Li">Jiding Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-membranes-06-00035">The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;<email>lijiding@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Membranes</title><idno type="eISSN">2077-0375</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>In this study, flat sheet asymmetric polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) ultrafiltration membranes with enhanced antifouling properties were prepared with a non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method through compound additives containing a polymeric pore-forming agent, a small molecular non-solvent and a surfactant. The formation processes of the porous asymmetric membranes with different kinds of additives were studied in detail, and the microstructure controllable preparation of membrane was achieved by establishing a bridge between the membrane preparation parameters and separation performances. All prepared membranes were characterized by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), contact angle analysis, porosity, maximum pore size, water and BSA solution permeability studies. The performance efficiency of the membrane was evaluated by using BSA as a model foulant in terms of permeability, solute rejection (<italic>R</italic>), <italic>R<sub>m</sub></italic> (membrane inherent resistance), <italic>R<sub>c</sub></italic> (cake layer resistance), and <italic>R<sub>p</sub></italic> (pore plugging resistance). The results showed that when the compound additives were used, the inter-connected pores were observed, maximum pore size, contact angle and membrane filtration resistance decreased, while the porosity increased. When PVP compound additives were added, the water flux increased from 80.4 to 148.1 L/(m<sup>2</sup>·h), the BSA rejection increased from 53.2% to 81.5%. A similar trend was observed for membranes with added PEG compound additives; the water flux and BSA rejection simultaneously increased. The filtration resistance decreased as a result of compound additives. The uniformity of membrane and the number of effective pores could be enhanced by adding compound additives through the cooperation of different additives.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aghigh, A" uniqKey="Aghigh A">A. Aghigh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alizadeh, V" uniqKey="Alizadeh V">V. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Membranes (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Membranes (Basel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">membranes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Membranes</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2077-0375</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27338487</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4931530</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/membranes6020035</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">membranes-06-00035</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Development of High-Antifouling PPSU Ultrafiltration Membrane by Using Compound Additives: Preparation, Morphologies, and Filtration Resistant Properties</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Jie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-membranes-06-00035">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-membranes-06-00035">2</xref><xref rid="c1-membranes-06-00035" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhong</surname><given-names>Zhencheng</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-membranes-06-00035">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Rui</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-membranes-06-00035">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Weichen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-membranes-06-00035">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Jiding</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-membranes-06-00035">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Rheinstadter</surname><given-names>Maikel</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-membranes-06-00035"><label>1</label>National Institute of Clean and Low Carbon Energy, Beijing 102209, China;<email>zhongzhencheng@nicenergy.com</email> (Z.Z.);<email>marui@nicenergy.com</email> (R.M.);<email>zhangweichen@nicenergy.com</email> (W.Z.)</aff><aff id="af2-membranes-06-00035"><label>2</label>The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;<email>lijiding@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn</email></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-membranes-06-00035"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>liujie_pec@nicenergy.com</email>; Tel./Fax: +86-10-5733-7307</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>6</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>2</issue><elocation-id>35</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>16</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license><license-p><pmc-comment>CREATIVE COMMONS</pmc-comment>This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>In this study, flat sheet asymmetric polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) ultrafiltration membranes with enhanced antifouling properties were prepared with a non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method through compound additives containing a polymeric pore-forming agent, a small molecular non-solvent and a surfactant. The formation processes of the porous asymmetric membranes with different kinds of additives were studied in detail, and the microstructure controllable preparation of membrane was achieved by establishing a bridge between the membrane preparation parameters and separation performances. All prepared membranes were characterized by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), contact angle analysis, porosity, maximum pore size, water and BSA solution permeability studies. The performance efficiency of the membrane was evaluated by using BSA as a model foulant in terms of permeability, solute rejection (<italic>R</italic>), <italic>R<sub>m</sub></italic> (membrane inherent resistance), <italic>R<sub>c</sub></italic> (cake layer resistance), and <italic>R<sub>p</sub></italic> (pore plugging resistance). The results showed that when the compound additives were used, the inter-connected pores were observed, maximum pore size, contact angle and membrane filtration resistance decreased, while the porosity increased. When PVP compound additives were added, the water flux increased from 80.4 to 148.1 L/(m<sup>2</sup>·h), the BSA rejection increased from 53.2% to 81.5%. A similar trend was observed for membranes with added PEG compound additives; the water flux and BSA rejection simultaneously increased. The filtration resistance decreased as a result of compound additives. The uniformity of membrane and the number of effective pores could be enhanced by adding compound additives through the cooperation of different additives.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>polyphenylsulfone</kwd><kwd>porous asymmetric membrane</kwd><kwd>compound additives</kwd><kwd>filtration resistance</kwd><kwd>properties and characterization</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="membranes-06-00035-f001" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Molecular structures: (<bold>a</bold>) PSf; (<bold>b</bold>) PES; (<bold>c</bold>) PPSU.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="membranes-06-00035-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="membranes-06-00035-f002" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>SEM photomicrographs of neat PPSU membranes: (<bold>a</bold>) cross-section; (<bold>b</bold>) top surface.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="membranes-06-00035-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="membranes-06-00035-f003" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>SEM photomicrographs of the top surface of PPSU UF membranes prepared by single and compound additives with PVP as a polymeric pore-forming agent: (<bold>a</bold>) PPSU2; (<bold>b</bold>) PPSU3; (<bold>c</bold>) PPSU4.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="membranes-06-00035-g003a"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="membranes-06-00035-g003b"></graphic></fig><fig id="membranes-06-00035-f004" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>SEM photomicrographs of the top surface of PPSU UF membranes prepared by single and compound additives with PEG as polymeric pore-forming agent: (<bold>a</bold>) PPSU5; (<bold>b</bold>) PPSU6.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="membranes-06-00035-g004"></graphic></fig><fig id="membranes-06-00035-f005" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>SEM photomicrographs of cross-section of PPSU UF membranes prepared by single and compound additives with PVP as a polymeric pore-forming agent: (<bold>a</bold>,<bold>b</bold>) PPSU2; (<bold>c</bold>,<bold>d</bold>) PPSU3; (<bold>e</bold>,<bold>f</bold>) PPSU4.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="membranes-06-00035-g005a"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="membranes-06-00035-g005b"></graphic></fig><fig id="membranes-06-00035-f006" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>SEM photomicrographs of cross-section of PPSU UF membranes prepared by single and compound additives with PEG as polymeric pore-forming agent: (<bold>a</bold>,<bold>b</bold>) PPSU5; (<bold>c</bold>,<bold>d</bold>) PPSU6.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="membranes-06-00035-g006a"></graphic><graphic xlink:href="membranes-06-00035-g006b"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="membranes-06-00035-t001" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">membranes-06-00035-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Preparation conditions of PPSU membranes.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preparation Conditions</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parameters</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Solution temperature (°C)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coagulation bath</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pure water</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coagulant temperature (°C)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ambient temperature (°C)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Air humidity (%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40–50</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="membranes-06-00035-t002" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">membranes-06-00035-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Casting solution compositions of PPSU membranes.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Membrane Samples</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Casting Solution Compositions</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU:NMP = 15:85</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU:PVP:NMP = 15:10:75</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU:PVP:Tween-80:PG:NMP = 15:6:3:1:75</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU:PVP:Tween-80:PG:NMP = 15:9:4.5:1.5:70</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU:PEG:NMP = 15:10:75</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU:PEG:Tween-80:PG:NMP = 15:6:3:1:75</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="membranes-06-00035-t003" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">membranes-06-00035-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Structural parameters and separation performances of PPSU UF membranes.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Samples</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum Pore Size (μm)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Porosity (%)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Contact Angle (°)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>J<sub>o</sub></italic> (L/m<sup>2</sup>·h)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>J<sub>t</sub></italic> (L/m<sup>2</sup>·h)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>J<sub>i</sub></italic><break></break>(L/m<sup>2</sup>·h)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BSA Rejection (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31 ± 0.02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.2 ± 3.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.1 ± 1.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.4 ± 3.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.3 ± 1.6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.3 ± 1.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.2 ± 1.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.5 ± 2.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.0 ± 1.2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">148.1 ± 2.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.3 ± 1.1</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.6 ± 0.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.5 ± 1.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26 ± 0.03</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80.6 ± 4.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.4 ± 2.0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">183.4 ± 1.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.6 ± 1.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">117.1 ± 1.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.1 ± 3.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29 ± 0.02</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.2 ± 3.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.3 ± 1.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.3 ± 2.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.3 ± 1.9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.7 ± 1.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.3 ± 2.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18 ± 0.01</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.9 ± 2.4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.5 ± 2.3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129.5 ± 1.7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.9 ± 1.5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.4 ± 0.8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.5 ± 1.7</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="membranes-06-00035-t004" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">membranes-06-00035-t004_Table 4</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Analysis of filtration resistances of PPSU UF membranes.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Samples</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>R<sub>m</sub></italic> × 10<sup>11</sup> (m<sup>−1</sup>)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>R<sub>p</sub></italic> × 10<sup>11</sup> (m<sup>−1</sup>)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>R<sub>c</sub></italic> × 10<sup>11</sup> (m<sup>−1</sup>)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>R<sub>t</sub></italic> × 10<sup>11</sup> (m<sup>−1</sup>)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00 ± 0.31</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.34 ± 0.10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84 ± 0.15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.18 ± 0.76</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU3</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.08 ± 0.23</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.70 ± 0.19</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72 ± 0.14</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.50 ± 0.53</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU4</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88 ± 0.13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50 ± 0.12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.68 ± 0.11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.06 ± 0.41</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU5</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.17 ± 0.27</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.36 ± 0.34</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94 ± 0.19</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.47 ± 0.63</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PPSU6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.24 ± 0.15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90 ± 0.22</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84 ± 0.17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.98 ± 0.35</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Li, Jiding" sort="Li, Jiding" uniqKey="Li J" first="Jiding" last="Li">Jiding Li</name><name sortKey="Liu, Jie" sort="Liu, Jie" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jie" last="Liu">Jie Liu</name><name sortKey="Ma, Rui" sort="Ma, Rui" uniqKey="Ma R" first="Rui" last="Ma">Rui Ma</name><name sortKey="Zhang, Weichen" sort="Zhang, Weichen" uniqKey="Zhang W" first="Weichen" last="Zhang">Weichen Zhang</name><name sortKey="Zhong, Zhencheng" sort="Zhong, Zhencheng" uniqKey="Zhong Z" first="Zhencheng" last="Zhong">Zhencheng Zhong</name></noCountry></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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