Impact of the Stem Extract of Thevetia neriifolia on the Feeding Potential and Histological Architecture of the Midgut Epithelial Tissue of Early Fourth Instars of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner
Identifieur interne : 001E81 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001E80; suivant : 001E82Impact of the Stem Extract of Thevetia neriifolia on the Feeding Potential and Histological Architecture of the Midgut Epithelial Tissue of Early Fourth Instars of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner
Auteurs : Monika Mishra [Inde] ; Kamal Kumar Gupta [Inde] ; Sarita Kumar [Inde]Source :
- International Journal of Insect Science [ 1179-5433 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
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DOI: 10.4137/IJIS.S29127
PubMed: 26813920
PubMed Central: 4722878
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Impact of the Stem Extract of <italic>Thevetia neriifolia</italic> on the Feeding Potential and Histological Architecture of the Midgut Epithelial Tissue of Early Fourth Instars of <italic>Helicoverpa armigera</italic> Hübner</title><author><name sortKey="Mishra, Monika" sort="Mishra, Monika" uniqKey="Mishra M" first="Monika" last="Mishra">Monika Mishra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijis-7-2015-053">Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, India.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New Delhi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, Kamal Kumar" sort="Gupta, Kamal Kumar" uniqKey="Gupta K" first="Kamal Kumar" last="Gupta">Kamal Kumar Gupta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijis-7-2015-053">Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, India.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New Delhi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Sarita" sort="Kumar, Sarita" uniqKey="Kumar S" first="Sarita" last="Kumar">Sarita Kumar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijis-7-2015-053">Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, India.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New Delhi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26813920</idno><idno type="pmc">4722878</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4722878</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4722878</idno><idno type="doi">10.4137/IJIS.S29127</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000343</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000342</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000461</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001E81</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Impact of the Stem Extract of <italic>Thevetia neriifolia</italic> on the Feeding Potential and Histological Architecture of the Midgut Epithelial Tissue of Early Fourth Instars of <italic>Helicoverpa armigera</italic> Hübner</title><author><name sortKey="Mishra, Monika" sort="Mishra, Monika" uniqKey="Mishra M" first="Monika" last="Mishra">Monika Mishra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijis-7-2015-053">Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, India.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New Delhi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, Kamal Kumar" sort="Gupta, Kamal Kumar" uniqKey="Gupta K" first="Kamal Kumar" last="Gupta">Kamal Kumar Gupta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijis-7-2015-053">Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, India.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New Delhi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Sarita" sort="Kumar, Sarita" uniqKey="Kumar S" first="Sarita" last="Kumar">Sarita Kumar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijis-7-2015-053">Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, India.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New Delhi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Insect Science</title><idno type="eISSN">1179-5433</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Helicoverpa armigera</italic> Hübner is one of the most important agricultural crop pests in the world causing heavy crop yield losses. The continued and indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides in agriculture for their control has received wide public apprehension because of multifarious problems, including insecticide resistance, resurgence of pest species, environmental pollution, and toxic hazards to humans and nontarget organisms. These problems have necessitated the need to explore and develop alternative strategies using eco-friendly and biodegradable plant products. In view of this, the efficacy of <italic>Thevetia neriifolia</italic> methanol stem extract was evaluated against the early fourth instars of <italic>H. armigera</italic> as an antifeedant and stomach poison agent. Feeding of larvae with the diet containing 0.005%–5.0% extract resulted in 2.06%–37.35% antifeedant index; the diet with 5.0% extract caused 54.3% reduced consumption. The negative impact of extract on larval feeding resulted in 37.5%–77.7% starvation, causing adverse effects on the larval weight. Choice between control and experimental diet resulted in feeding preference of larvae for the control diet, leading to 7.3%–42.9% reduced consumption of extract-containing diet. The only exception was the diet with 0.005% extract, which could not cause any deterrence. The midgut histological architecture of <italic>H. armigera</italic> larvae fed with 0.005%–0.05% extract-containing diet with negligible antifeedant potential showed significant damage, shrinkage, and distortion and vacuolization of gut tissues and peritrophic membrane, causing the disintegration of epithelial, goblet, and regenerative cells; the damage increased with the increase in concentration. These changes in the gut caused negative impact on the digestion and absorption of food and thus nutritional deficiency in the larvae, which could probably affect their growth and development. This study reveal the appreciable stomach poison potential of <italic>T. neriifolia</italic> stem methanol extract against <italic>H. armigera</italic> larvae, which can be explored as an eco-friendly pest control strategy.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kranthi, Kr" uniqKey="Kranthi K">KR Kranthi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kranthi, Nr" uniqKey="Kranthi N">NR Kranthi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kranthi, Kr" uniqKey="Kranthi K">KR Kranthi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jadhav, Dr" uniqKey="Jadhav D">DR Jadhav</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kranthi, S" uniqKey="Kranthi S">S Kranthi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wanjari, Rr" uniqKey="Wanjari R">RR Wanjari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, S" uniqKey="Ali S">S Ali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Russell, D" uniqKey="Russell D">D 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Insect Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Insect Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">International Journal of Insect Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Insect Science</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1179-5433</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Libertas Academica</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26813920</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4722878</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4137/IJIS.S29127</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijis-7-2015-053</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Impact of the Stem Extract of <italic>Thevetia neriifolia</italic> on the Feeding Potential and Histological Architecture of the Midgut Epithelial Tissue of Early Fourth Instars of <italic>Helicoverpa armigera</italic> Hübner</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mishra</surname><given-names>Monika</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijis-7-2015-053">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gupta</surname><given-names>Kamal Kumar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijis-7-2015-053">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>Sarita</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijis-7-2015-053">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ijis-7-2015-053"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijis-7-2015-053"><label>1</label>Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, India.</aff><aff id="af2-ijis-7-2015-053"><label>2</label>Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi, India.</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijis-7-2015-053">CORRESPONDENCE: <email>saritakumar@andc.du.ac.in</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><fpage>53</fpage><lpage>60</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>01</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>07</day><month>9</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>07</day><month>9</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2015 the author(s), publisher and licensee Libertas Academica Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC 3.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Helicoverpa armigera</italic> Hübner is one of the most important agricultural crop pests in the world causing heavy crop yield losses. The continued and indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides in agriculture for their control has received wide public apprehension because of multifarious problems, including insecticide resistance, resurgence of pest species, environmental pollution, and toxic hazards to humans and nontarget organisms. These problems have necessitated the need to explore and develop alternative strategies using eco-friendly and biodegradable plant products. In view of this, the efficacy of <italic>Thevetia neriifolia</italic> methanol stem extract was evaluated against the early fourth instars of <italic>H. armigera</italic> as an antifeedant and stomach poison agent. Feeding of larvae with the diet containing 0.005%–5.0% extract resulted in 2.06%–37.35% antifeedant index; the diet with 5.0% extract caused 54.3% reduced consumption. The negative impact of extract on larval feeding resulted in 37.5%–77.7% starvation, causing adverse effects on the larval weight. Choice between control and experimental diet resulted in feeding preference of larvae for the control diet, leading to 7.3%–42.9% reduced consumption of extract-containing diet. The only exception was the diet with 0.005% extract, which could not cause any deterrence. The midgut histological architecture of <italic>H. armigera</italic> larvae fed with 0.005%–0.05% extract-containing diet with negligible antifeedant potential showed significant damage, shrinkage, and distortion and vacuolization of gut tissues and peritrophic membrane, causing the disintegration of epithelial, goblet, and regenerative cells; the damage increased with the increase in concentration. These changes in the gut caused negative impact on the digestion and absorption of food and thus nutritional deficiency in the larvae, which could probably affect their growth and development. This study reveal the appreciable stomach poison potential of <italic>T. neriifolia</italic> stem methanol extract against <italic>H. armigera</italic> larvae, which can be explored as an eco-friendly pest control strategy.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd><italic>Thevetia neriifolia</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Helicoverpa armigera</italic></kwd><kwd>antifeedant</kwd><kwd>starvation</kwd><kwd>histopathology</kwd><kwd>midgut epithelium</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-ijis-7-2015-053" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>(<bold>A</bold>) T.S. of the midgut of IV instars of <italic>Helicoverpa armigera</italic> fed on control diet (40X); (<bold>B</bold>) Enlarged view of the midgut section.</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> BM, Basement membrane; EC, Epithelial cell; GC, Goblet cell; GL, Gut lumen; MV, Microvilli; NU, Nucleus; PM, Peritrophic membrane; RC, Regenerative cell.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijis-7-2015-053f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-ijis-7-2015-053" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>T.S. of the midgut of IV instars of <italic>Helicoverpa armigera</italic> fed on the diet treated with <italic>Thevetia neriifolia</italic> stem methanol extract (40X) at (<bold>A</bold>) 0.005%; (<bold>B</bold>) 0.008%; (<bold>C</bold>) 0.01%; (<bold>D</bold>) 0.02% and (<bold>E</bold>) 0.05%; (<bold>F</bold>) Enlarged view of the midgut section of the larva fed on 0.05% <italic>Thevetia neriifolia</italic> stem methanol extract.</p><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> BM, Basement membrane; DA, Detached area; DBL, Disappeared boundary lines; DEC, Disintegrated epithelial cell; EC, Epithelial cell; GC, Goblet cell; GL, Gut lumen; PM, Peritrophic membrane.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijis-7-2015-053f2"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-ijis-7-2015-053" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Antifeedant no-choice assay against early IV instars of <italic>Helicoverpa armigera</italic> when fed on 1 g artificial diet containing stem methanol extract of <italic>Thevetia neriifolia.</italic></p></caption><table frame="box" rules="rows"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CONCENTRATION OF EXTRACT (%)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FINAL WEIGHT OF DIET (g) MEAN ± SE</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DIET INGESTED (g) MEAN ± SE</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ANTIFEEDENT INDEX</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.578 ± 0.025a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.421 ± 0.0246a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.596 ± 0.011a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.404 ± 0.011a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20 ± 0.26a</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.624 ± 0.002a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.376 ± 0.002a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.06 ± 0.89a,b</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.664 ± 0.042a,b</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.336 ± 0.042a,b</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.64 ± 1.04a,b</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.666 ± 0.009b</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.334 ± 0.009b</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.37 ± 1.36b</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.667 ± 0.017b</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.333 ± 0.017b</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.54 ± 2.48b</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.677 ± 0.010b</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.323 ± 0.010b</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.81 ± 1.15b</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.808 ± 0.008b</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.192 ± 0.008c</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.17 ± 2.06b</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-ijis-7-2015-053"><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Mean ± SE, calculated for five replicates, each replicate with 10 larvae. Figures in each column followed by different letters are significantly different (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05, one way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s all pair wise multiple comparison test).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-ijis-7-2015-053" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Food preference (choice) assay against early IV instars of <italic>Helicoverpa armigera</italic> when fed on 1 g artificial diet containing stem methanol extract of <italic>Thevetia neriifolia</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="rows"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CONCENTRATION OF EXTRACT (%)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ASSAY</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FINAL DIET WEIGHT (g) MEAN ± SE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ijis-7-2015-053">*</xref></th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DIET INGESTED (g) MEAN ± SE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ijis-7-2015-053">*</xref></th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% RELATIVE CONSUMPTION</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CHOICE/PREFERENCE INDEX</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ANTIFEEDENT INDEX<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ijis-7-2015-053">#</xref></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">0.005</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treated</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.567 ± 0.0454a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.433 ± 0.0454a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.92</td><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">1.03</td><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">−1.80 ± 0.57a</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.583 ± 0.0407a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.417 ± 0.0407a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.05</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">0.01</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treated</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.682 ± 0.0312a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.318 ± 0.0312b</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.25</td><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">0.93</td><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">3.49 ± 0.92a</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.659 ± 0.0378a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.341 ± 0.0378b</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.75</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">0.05</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treated</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.809 ± 0.0370c</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.191 ± 0.0370c</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.35</td><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">0.86</td><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">7.28 ± 1.16a</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.779 ± 0.0130c</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.221 ± 0.0130c</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.64</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">0.1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treated</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.733 ± 0.0261d</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.267 ± 0.0261d</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.11</td><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">0.86</td><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">7.77 ± 1.23a,b</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.688 ± 0.0158d</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.312 ± 0.0158d</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.88</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">0.5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treated</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.821 ± 0.0165e</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.179 ± 0.0165e</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.52</td><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">0.80</td><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">10.94 ± 1.09b</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.777 ± 0.0146e<sub>1</sub></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.223 ± 0.0146e<sub>1</sub></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.47</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">1.0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treated</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.703 ± 0.0147f</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.297 ± 0.0147f</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.17</td><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">0.62</td><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">23.65 ± 2.36c</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.519 ± 0.0086f<sub>1</sub></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.481 ± 0.0086f<sub>1</sub></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.82</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">5.0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treated</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.909 ± 0.0041g</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.091 ± 0.004g</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.52</td><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">0.40</td><td rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">42.94 ± 2.14d</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.772 ± 0.0166g<sub>1</sub></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.228 ± 0.0166g<sub>1</sub></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.47</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn2-ijis-7-2015-053"><p>Mean ± SE, calculated for five replicates, each replicate with 10 larvae.</p></fn><fn id="tfn3-ijis-7-2015-053"><label>*</label><p>Means followed by the same letter for a specific concentration regimen are not significantly different (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05, Student’s t-test).</p></fn><fn id="tfn4-ijis-7-2015-053"><label>#</label><p>Figure in each column followed by different letters are significantly different (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05, one way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s all pair wise multiple comparison test).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-ijis-7-2015-053" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Starvation Index of early IV instars of <italic>Helicoverpa armigera</italic> when fed on 1 g artificial diet containing stem methanol extract of <italic>Thevetia neriifolia</italic>.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="rows"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CONCENTRATION OF EXTRACT (%)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">INITIAL WEIGHT (g/LARVA) MEAN ± SE</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FINAL WEIGHT (g/LARVA) MEAN ± SE</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DIFFERENCE IN MEAN WEIGHT (g/LARVA)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% CHANGE IN WEIGHT</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">STARVATION INDEX</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0625 ± 0.0018a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2834 ± 0.0036a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2209 ± 0.0036a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(++) 353.52</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Starved</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0634 ± 0.0043a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0538 ± 0.0041b</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0096 ± 0.0027b</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(−) 13.07</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.67 ± 3.74a</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0689 ± 0.0030a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2033 ± 0.0090c</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1344 ± 0.0103c</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(++) 194.92</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.52 ± 2.04b</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0672 ± 0.0065a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1957 ± 0.0088c,d</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1285 ± 0.0235c,d</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(+) 191.22</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.08 ± 5.89b,c</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0664 ± 0.0018a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1899 ± 0.0107d</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1234 ± 0.0105d</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(++) 185.78</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.29 ± 1.85c</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0696 ± 0.0025a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1692 ± 0.0064e</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0933 ± 0.0062e</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(++) 134.05</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.35 ± 4.32d</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0647 ± 0.0061a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1388 ± 0.0112f</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0741 ± 0.0049f</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(+) 114.52</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.68 ± 2.94e</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0622 ± 0.0025a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1080 ± 0.0035g</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0458 ± 0.0028g</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(++) 73.63</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75.96 ± 5.85f</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0671 ± 0.0028a</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1089 ± 0.0023g</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0418 ± 0.0033g</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(++) 62.32</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.70 ± 1.38f</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn5-ijis-7-2015-053"><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Mean ± SE, calculated for five replicates, each replicate with 10 larvae. Figures in each column followed by different letters are significantly different (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05, one way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s all pair wise multiple comparison test).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Inde</li></country></list><tree><country name="Inde"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mishra, Monika" sort="Mishra, Monika" uniqKey="Mishra M" first="Monika" last="Mishra">Monika Mishra</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Gupta, Kamal Kumar" sort="Gupta, Kamal Kumar" uniqKey="Gupta K" first="Kamal Kumar" last="Gupta">Kamal Kumar Gupta</name><name sortKey="Kumar, Sarita" sort="Kumar, Sarita" uniqKey="Kumar S" first="Sarita" last="Kumar">Sarita Kumar</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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