Carotenoid metabolism and regulation in horticultural crops
Identifieur interne : 001D74 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001D73; suivant : 001D75Carotenoid metabolism and regulation in horticultural crops
Auteurs : Hui Yuan [États-Unis] ; Junxiang Zhang [République populaire de Chine] ; Divyashree Nageswaran [États-Unis] ; Li Li [États-Unis]Source :
- Horticulture Research [ 2052-7276 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Carotenoids are a diverse group of pigments widely distributed in nature. The vivid yellow, orange, and red colors of many horticultural crops are attributed to the overaccumulation of carotenoids, which contribute to a critical agronomic trait for flowers and an important quality trait for fruits and vegetables. Not only do carotenoids give horticultural crops their visual appeal, they also enhance nutritional value and health benefits for humans. As a result, carotenoid research in horticultural crops has grown exponentially over the last decade. These investigations have advanced our fundamental understanding of carotenoid metabolism and regulation in plants. In this review, we provide an overview of carotenoid biosynthesis, degradation, and accumulation in horticultural crops and highlight recent achievements in our understanding of carotenoid metabolic regulation in vegetables, fruits, and flowers.
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DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2015.36
PubMed: 26504578
PubMed Central: 4591682
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Carotenoid metabolism and regulation in horticultural crops</title><author><name sortKey="Yuan, Hui" sort="Yuan, Hui" uniqKey="Yuan H" first="Hui" last="Yuan">Hui Yuan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University</institution>, Ithaca, NY 14853,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Junxiang" sort="Zhang, Junxiang" uniqKey="Zhang J" first="Junxiang" last="Zhang">Junxiang Zhang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University</institution>, Shenyang 110866,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nageswaran, Divyashree" sort="Nageswaran, Divyashree" uniqKey="Nageswaran D" first="Divyashree" last="Nageswaran">Divyashree Nageswaran</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University</institution>, Ithaca, NY 14853,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Li" sort="Li, Li" uniqKey="Li L" first="Li" last="Li">Li Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University</institution>, Ithaca, NY 14853,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University</institution>, Ithaca, NY 14853,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26504578</idno><idno type="pmc">4591682</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4591682</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4591682</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/hortres.2015.36</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000487</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000486</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000584</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001D74</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Carotenoid metabolism and regulation in horticultural crops</title><author><name sortKey="Yuan, Hui" sort="Yuan, Hui" uniqKey="Yuan H" first="Hui" last="Yuan">Hui Yuan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University</institution>, Ithaca, NY 14853,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Junxiang" sort="Zhang, Junxiang" uniqKey="Zhang J" first="Junxiang" last="Zhang">Junxiang Zhang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University</institution>, Shenyang 110866,<country>China</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nageswaran, Divyashree" sort="Nageswaran, Divyashree" uniqKey="Nageswaran D" first="Divyashree" last="Nageswaran">Divyashree Nageswaran</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University</institution>, Ithaca, NY 14853,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Li" sort="Li, Li" uniqKey="Li L" first="Li" last="Li">Li Li</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University</institution>, Ithaca, NY 14853,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University</institution>, Ithaca, NY 14853,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Horticulture Research</title><idno type="eISSN">2052-7276</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Carotenoids are a diverse group of pigments widely distributed in nature. The vivid yellow, orange, and red colors of many horticultural crops are attributed to the overaccumulation of carotenoids, which contribute to a critical agronomic trait for flowers and an important quality trait for fruits and vegetables. Not only do carotenoids give horticultural crops their visual appeal, they also enhance nutritional value and health benefits for humans. As a result, carotenoid research in horticultural crops has grown exponentially over the last decade. These investigations have advanced our fundamental understanding of carotenoid metabolism and regulation in plants. In this review, we provide an overview of carotenoid biosynthesis, degradation, and accumulation in horticultural crops and highlight recent achievements in our understanding of carotenoid metabolic regulation in vegetables, fruits, and flowers.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Hortic Res</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Hortic Res</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Horticulture Research</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2052-7276</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26504578</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4591682</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">hortres201536</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/hortres.2015.36</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Carotenoid metabolism and regulation in horticultural crops</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yuan</surname><given-names>Hui</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="note1">#</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Junxiang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="note1">#</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nageswaran</surname><given-names>Divyashree</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Li</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="caf1">*</xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution>Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University</institution>, Ithaca, NY 14853,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><institution>College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University</institution>, Shenyang 110866,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><institution>Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University</institution>, Ithaca, NY 14853,<country>USA</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="caf1"><label>*</label> (<email>ll37@cornell.edu</email>)</corresp><fn fn-type="present-address" id="note1"><label>#</label><p>Both Hui Yuan and Junxiang Zhang contributed equally to this work</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>08</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><fpage>15036</fpage><lpage></lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>16</day><month>06</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>07</day><month>07</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>11</day><month>07</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Nanjing Agricultural University</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Nanjing Agricultural University</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 Unported License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Carotenoids are a diverse group of pigments widely distributed in nature. The vivid yellow, orange, and red colors of many horticultural crops are attributed to the overaccumulation of carotenoids, which contribute to a critical agronomic trait for flowers and an important quality trait for fruits and vegetables. Not only do carotenoids give horticultural crops their visual appeal, they also enhance nutritional value and health benefits for humans. As a result, carotenoid research in horticultural crops has grown exponentially over the last decade. These investigations have advanced our fundamental understanding of carotenoid metabolism and regulation in plants. In this review, we provide an overview of carotenoid biosynthesis, degradation, and accumulation in horticultural crops and highlight recent achievements in our understanding of carotenoid metabolic regulation in vegetables, fruits, and flowers.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>General carotenoid metabolic pathway in horticultural crops. PSY catalyzes the first committed condensation step from GGPP to produce the first C40 carotene, phytoene. Following several desaturation and isomerization steps, lycopene is produced. The next cyclization yields the α-carotene and β-carotene branches. A wide range of carotenoids are degraded by CCDs or NCEDs to produce apocarotenoids. IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate; DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate; GGPP, geranylgeranyl diphosphate; IPI, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase; GGPPS, GGPP synthase; PSY, phytoene synthase; PDS, phytoene desaturase; Z-ISO, ζ-carotene isomerase; ZDS, ζ-carotene desaturase; CRTISO, carotenoid isomerase; LCYE, lycopene ε-cyclase; LCYB, lycopene β-cyclase; CHYB, β-carotene hydroxylase; CYP97C, cytochrome P450-type monooxygenase 97C; ZEP, zeaxanthin epoxidase; VDE, violaxanthin de-epoxidase; CCS, capsanthin-capsorubin synthase; NXS, neoxanthin synthase; CCD, carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase; NCED, 9-<italic>cis</italic>-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase. Metabolites are bolded and colored according to their compound colors, whereas black indicates no color. Enzymes and regulators are not bolded. Solid arrows indicate biosynthesis and dashed arrows indicate degradation PSY regulators are colored in blue. Dotted rectangles separate different groups of carotenoids.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="hortres201536-f1"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tbl1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Carotenoids accumulated in some major carotenoid-enriched horticultural crops</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col><col align="left"></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Common name</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Variety</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Color</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Major carotenoid</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Minor carotenoid</th><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Vegetable</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Tomato</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Wild type</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Red</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lycopene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β-carotene, phytoene, ζ-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib41">41</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Delta</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Orange/red</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">δ-carotene, lycopene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lutein, α-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib44">44</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Beta</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Orange</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β-carotene, lycopene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">phytoene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib23">23</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Old-gold</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Golden</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lycopene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β-carotene, phytoene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib41">41</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib23">23</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Pepper</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Red</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Capsanthin</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, β-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib45">45</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Orange</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Zeaxanthin, capsanthin, lutein</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β-carotene, cryptoxanthin</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib45">45</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Yellow</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lutein, β-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Zeaxanthin, α-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib46">46</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Carrot</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Orange</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">α-carotene, lutein</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib14">14</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Red</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lycopene, β-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lutein</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib14">14</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Yellow</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lutein</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib14">14</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Sweet potato</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Orange</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">α-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cauliflower</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><italic>Or</italic></td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Orange</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib52">52</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Dark green vegetables</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Green</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lutein, β-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">α-carotene, zeaxanthin</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Fruit</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Melon</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cantaloupe</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Orange</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib54">54</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Citrus</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Orange</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Orange</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Violaxanthin</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β- cryptoxanthin, phytoene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib15">15</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Mandarin</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Orange</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β- cryptoxanthin</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Phytoene, violaxanthin, β-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib15">15</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Grapefruit</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Red</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β-carotene or lycopene, phytoene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Phytofluene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Watermelon</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Red</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lycopene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β, ζ-carotene, Violaxanthin</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib41">41</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Yellow</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Violaxanthin or Neoxanthin</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lutein</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib21">21</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Orange</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Phytoene, lycopene, ζ-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib41">41</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Peach</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Redhaven</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Yellow</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Antheraxanthin, luteoxanthin, zeaxanthin</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib59">59</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Papaya</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Red</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lycopene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib58">58</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Yellow</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lycopene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib58">58</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Flower</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Marigold</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Yellow to orange</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lutein</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib94">94</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Chrysanthemum</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Yellow to orange</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lutein and its epoxide</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Violaxanthin, β-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib65">65</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Oncidium</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Gower Ramsey</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Yellow</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Violaxanthin</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lutein</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib66">66</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Sunkist</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Orange</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Violaxanthin, β-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lutein</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Osmanthus</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Zi Yingui</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Butter yellow</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib67">67</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Jingui</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Golden yellow</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β-carotene, lutein</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">α-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib67">67</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Chenghong Dangui</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Orange-red</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">α-carotene, β-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lutein</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib67">67</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Lily</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Connecticut king</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Yellow</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Antheraxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β-carotene</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib68">68</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Saija and tiger lily</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Red</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Capsanthin</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Antheraxanthin</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib68">68</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Adonis</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Red</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Astaxanthin, adonirubin</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">β-carotene, Astaxanthin</td><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="bib69">69</xref></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>République populaire de Chine</li><li>États-Unis</li></country></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Yuan, Hui" sort="Yuan, Hui" uniqKey="Yuan H" first="Hui" last="Yuan">Hui Yuan</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Li, Li" sort="Li, Li" uniqKey="Li L" first="Li" last="Li">Li Li</name><name sortKey="Li, Li" sort="Li, Li" uniqKey="Li L" first="Li" last="Li">Li Li</name><name sortKey="Nageswaran, Divyashree" sort="Nageswaran, Divyashree" uniqKey="Nageswaran D" first="Divyashree" last="Nageswaran">Divyashree Nageswaran</name></country><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Zhang, Junxiang" sort="Zhang, Junxiang" uniqKey="Zhang J" first="Junxiang" last="Zhang">Junxiang Zhang</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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