Flavonoid Fraction of Orange and Bergamot Juices Protect Human Lung Epithelial Cells from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress
Identifieur interne : 001C45 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001C44; suivant : 001C46Flavonoid Fraction of Orange and Bergamot Juices Protect Human Lung Epithelial Cells from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress
Auteurs : Nadia Ferlazzo [Italie] ; Giuseppa Visalli [Italie] ; Antonella Smeriglio [Italie] ; Santa Cirmi [Italie] ; Giovanni Enrico Lombardo [Italie] ; Pietro Campiglia [Italie] ; Angela Di Pietro [Italie] ; Michele Navarra [Italie]Source :
- Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM [ 1741-427X ] ; 2015.
Abstract
It has been reported that oxidant/antioxidant imbalance triggers cell damage that in turn causes a number of lung diseases. Flavonoids are known for their health benefits, and
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2015/957031
PubMed: 26221182
PubMed Central: 4499611
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Flavonoid Fraction of Orange and Bergamot Juices Protect Human Lung Epithelial Cells from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress</title><author><name sortKey="Ferlazzo, Nadia" sort="Ferlazzo, Nadia" uniqKey="Ferlazzo N" first="Nadia" last="Ferlazzo">Nadia Ferlazzo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>98168 Messina</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Visalli, Giuseppa" sort="Visalli, Giuseppa" uniqKey="Visalli G" first="Giuseppa" last="Visalli">Giuseppa Visalli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>98100 Messina</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smeriglio, Antonella" sort="Smeriglio, Antonella" uniqKey="Smeriglio A" first="Antonella" last="Smeriglio">Antonella Smeriglio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>98168 Messina</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cirmi, Santa" sort="Cirmi, Santa" uniqKey="Cirmi S" first="Santa" last="Cirmi">Santa Cirmi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>98168 Messina</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lombardo, Giovanni Enrico" sort="Lombardo, Giovanni Enrico" uniqKey="Lombardo G" first="Giovanni Enrico" last="Lombardo">Giovanni Enrico Lombardo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>98168 Messina</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Campiglia, Pietro" sort="Campiglia, Pietro" uniqKey="Campiglia P" first="Pietro" last="Campiglia">Pietro Campiglia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>84084 Salerno</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Pietro, Angela" sort="Di Pietro, Angela" uniqKey="Di Pietro A" first="Angela" last="Di Pietro">Angela Di Pietro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>98100 Messina</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navarra, Michele" sort="Navarra, Michele" uniqKey="Navarra M" first="Michele" last="Navarra">Michele Navarra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>98168 Messina</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26221182</idno><idno type="pmc">4499611</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4499611</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4499611</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2015/957031</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000053</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000053</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000507</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001C45</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Flavonoid Fraction of Orange and Bergamot Juices Protect Human Lung Epithelial Cells from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress</title><author><name sortKey="Ferlazzo, Nadia" sort="Ferlazzo, Nadia" uniqKey="Ferlazzo N" first="Nadia" last="Ferlazzo">Nadia Ferlazzo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>98168 Messina</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Visalli, Giuseppa" sort="Visalli, Giuseppa" uniqKey="Visalli G" first="Giuseppa" last="Visalli">Giuseppa Visalli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>98100 Messina</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smeriglio, Antonella" sort="Smeriglio, Antonella" uniqKey="Smeriglio A" first="Antonella" last="Smeriglio">Antonella Smeriglio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>98168 Messina</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cirmi, Santa" sort="Cirmi, Santa" uniqKey="Cirmi S" first="Santa" last="Cirmi">Santa Cirmi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>98168 Messina</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lombardo, Giovanni Enrico" sort="Lombardo, Giovanni Enrico" uniqKey="Lombardo G" first="Giovanni Enrico" last="Lombardo">Giovanni Enrico Lombardo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>98168 Messina</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Campiglia, Pietro" sort="Campiglia, Pietro" uniqKey="Campiglia P" first="Pietro" last="Campiglia">Pietro Campiglia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>84084 Salerno</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Pietro, Angela" sort="Di Pietro, Angela" uniqKey="Di Pietro A" first="Angela" last="Di Pietro">Angela Di Pietro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>98100 Messina</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navarra, Michele" sort="Navarra, Michele" uniqKey="Navarra M" first="Michele" last="Navarra">Michele Navarra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>98168 Messina</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</title><idno type="ISSN">1741-427X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1741-4288</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>It has been reported that oxidant/antioxidant imbalance triggers cell damage that in turn causes a number of lung diseases. Flavonoids are known for their health benefits, and <italic>Citrus</italic> fruits juices are one of the main food sources of these secondary plant metabolites. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of the flavonoid fraction of bergamot and orange juices, on H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced oxidative stress in human lung epithelial A549 cells. First we tested the antioxidant properties of both extracts in cell-free experimental models and then we assayed their capability to prevent the cytotoxic effects induced by H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Our results demonstrated that both <italic>Citrus</italic> juice extracts reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species and membrane lipid peroxidation, improve mitochondrial functionality, and prevent DNA-oxidative damage in A549 cells incubated with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Our data indicate that the mix of flavonoids present in both bergamot and orange juices may be of use in preventing oxidative cell injury and pave the way for further research into a novel healthy approach to avoid lung disorders.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zuo, L" uniqKey="Zuo L">L. Zuo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Otenbaker, N P" uniqKey="Otenbaker N">N. P. Otenbaker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rose, B A" uniqKey="Rose B">B. A. Rose</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salisbury, K S" uniqKey="Salisbury K">K. S. Salisbury</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Macnee, W" uniqKey="Macnee W">W. MacNee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bousquet, J" uniqKey="Bousquet J">J. Bousquet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khaltaev, N G" uniqKey="Khaltaev N">N. G. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ECAM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1741-427X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1741-4288</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26221182</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4499611</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/957031</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Flavonoid Fraction of Orange and Bergamot Juices Protect Human Lung Epithelial Cells from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ferlazzo</surname><given-names>Nadia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Visalli</surname><given-names>Giuseppa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Smeriglio</surname><given-names>Antonella</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cirmi</surname><given-names>Santa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lombardo</surname><given-names>Giovanni Enrico</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Campiglia</surname><given-names>Pietro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Di Pietro</surname><given-names>Angela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Navarra</surname><given-names>Michele</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Drug Sciences and Products for Health, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98100 Messina, Italy</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano, 84084 Salerno, Italy</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Michele Navarra: <email>mnavarra@unime.it</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Siyaram Pandey</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>6</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>21</day><month>6</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>2015</volume><elocation-id>957031</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>7</day><month>4</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>21</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>26</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Nadia Ferlazzo et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>It has been reported that oxidant/antioxidant imbalance triggers cell damage that in turn causes a number of lung diseases. Flavonoids are known for their health benefits, and <italic>Citrus</italic> fruits juices are one of the main food sources of these secondary plant metabolites. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of the flavonoid fraction of bergamot and orange juices, on H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced oxidative stress in human lung epithelial A549 cells. First we tested the antioxidant properties of both extracts in cell-free experimental models and then we assayed their capability to prevent the cytotoxic effects induced by H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Our results demonstrated that both <italic>Citrus</italic> juice extracts reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species and membrane lipid peroxidation, improve mitochondrial functionality, and prevent DNA-oxidative damage in A549 cells incubated with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Our data indicate that the mix of flavonoids present in both bergamot and orange juices may be of use in preventing oxidative cell injury and pave the way for further research into a novel healthy approach to avoid lung disorders.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Chemical structures of flavonoids found in FFBJ and FFOJ. <sup>a</sup>Rutinose (Ru). <sup>b</sup>Neohesperidose (Nh). Methyl group (Me). Glucoside (Glu).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-957031.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Cytofluorimetric evaluation of intracellular ROS. A549 cells treated for 18 h with FFBJ or FFOJ were oxidatively stressed by H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> 200 <italic>μ</italic>M for additional 2 h. Results from FFBJ (a) or FFOJ (b) treatments. The curves shifted rightward to higher emission values indicate the increase of ROS production. Data from (a) and (b) are expressed as percentage of reduction (%Δ) of DCF-DA emission values in FFBJ or FFOJ-pretreated cells and then exposed to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>compared to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-stressed cells (c). The experiments were repeated at least three times. <sup><italic>∗∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.01<italic> versus</italic> H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-treated cells.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-957031.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Effect of FFBJ or FFOJ on cell death induced by H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. The cells were treated for 18 h with FFBJ or FFOJ followed by incubation with 200 <italic>μ</italic>M H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> for additional 2 h. PI-positive cells were determined by flow cytometry collecting the emission signal in the FL-3 channel. Data represent means ± SEM of three separate experiments. <sup><italic>∗∗∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.001<italic> versus</italic> control cells and <sup>#</sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.05<italic> versus</italic> H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-treated cells.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-957031.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Confocal laser scanning microscope images of DCF-DA-stained cells. A549 cells grown on cell slides were preincubated with FFBJ or FFOJ and after 18 h exposed to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> 200 <italic>μ</italic>M. Green fluorescence represented the amounts of ROS. Images shown are representative of three independent experiments. 400x magnification.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-957031.004"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Cytofluorimetric evaluation of lipid hydroperoxides. The A549 cells incubated for 18 h with FFBJ or FFOJ were oxidatively stressed with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> 200 <italic>μ</italic>M for 2 h and then loaded by DPPP probe. The graph reports the mean of fluorescence expressed in arbitrary fluorescence units (AFU) of three independent experiments. Data represent the mean ± SEM of at least three separate experiments. <sup><italic>∗∗∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.001<italic> versus</italic> control cells and <sup>##</sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.01<italic> versus</italic> H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-treated cells.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-957031.005"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Pearson's correlation. Plot of DCF-DA<italic> versus</italic> DPPP emission values in A549 cells pretreated or not with FFBJ or FFOJ for 18 h and then incubated with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> 200 <italic>μ</italic>M for additional 2 h. <italic>r</italic> = 0.96; <italic>P</italic> < 0.001.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-957031.006"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Effect of FFBJ or FFOJ on mitochondrial membrane potential in H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-treated cells. The cells treated with FFBJ or FFOJ and then exposed to 200 <italic>μ</italic>M H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> for 2 h were loaded with R123 probe. Fluorescence was followed by flow cytometry. The shift of the curves to the left of the graph indicates the reduction of Δ<italic>ψ</italic><sub>m</sub>. Results from FFBJ (a) or FFOJ (b) exposure. In (c) are reported data from (a) and (b) expressed as percentage of increase (%Δ) of R123 emission values in FFBJ- or FFOJ-pretreated cells subsequently exposed to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>compared to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-stressed cells. <sup><italic>∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.05 and <sup><italic>∗∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.01<italic> versus</italic> H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-treated cells.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-957031.007"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig8" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>CLSM analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential. A549 cells were grown on cell slides and after treatment with FFBJ or FFOJ were incubated with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by R123 staining. Red fluorescence indicates functional mitochondria. Images captured at 400x magnification are shown as representative from three independent experiments.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-957031.008"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig9" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 9</label><caption><p>Protective effects of FFBJ and FFOJ on DNA damage induced by H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. (a) Levels of 8-oxo-dG are measured as emission signals of fluorochrome FITC-labeled avidin collected in the FL-1 channel. The graph reports the mean of fluorescence expressed in arbitrary fluorescence units (AFU) of three independent experiments. <sup><italic>∗∗∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.001<italic> versus</italic> control cultures and <sup>##</sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.01<italic> versus</italic> H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-treated cells. (b) Images of comet assay captured by fluorescence microscopy at a magnification of 400x. A representative experiment that was replicated three times with similar results is shown. Percentages of tail DNA (TDNA) are indicated.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2015-957031.009"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Concentration of flavonoids identified in both FFBJ and FFOJ, expressed in mg/g of dried extract.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">FFBJ</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">FFOJ</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compound</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mg/g</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Compound</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mg/g</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vicenin-2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.61 ± 0.38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vicenin-2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.34 ± 0.50</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lucenin-2 4′-methyl ether</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.29 ± 1.24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lucenin-2 4′-methyl ether</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.20 ± 1.10</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eriocitrin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.89 ± 0.49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neohesperidin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.95 ± 0.98</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neoeriocitrin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.73 ± 2.33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eriocitrin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.20 ± 0.70</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poncirin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.41 ± 0.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Narirutin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.55 ± 4.11</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orientin 4′-methylether</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.85 ± 2.10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neodiosmin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.18 ± 2.14</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naringin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.90 ± 1.82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hesperidin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">231.98 ± 6.65</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rhoifolin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.96 ± 0.74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Didymin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.97 ± 3.14</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hesperidin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.49 ± 0.31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sinensetin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.28 ± 0.49</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isoquercitrin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.55 ± 0.34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tangeretin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.03 ± 0.37</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neohesperidin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.33 ± 2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nobiletin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.09 ± 1.31</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neodiosmin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.39 ± 2.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Narirutin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.97 ± 0.89</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Melitidin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.47 ± 1.15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brutieridin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.73 ± 1.38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naringenin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.48 ± 0.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hesperetin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.84 ± 0.27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diosmetin</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.36 ± 2.09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Antioxidant activity of FFBJ and FFOJ evaluated by chemical tests. Results are reported as mean ± SEM of three experiments performed in triplicate and expressed in standard equivalent/g of dried extract. Data were analyzed by Student's <italic>t</italic>-test for unpaired data. <sup><italic>∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.05, <sup><italic>∗∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.01, and <sup><italic>∗∗∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> < 0.001.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFBJ</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFOJ</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ORAC <break></break><italic>μ</italic>mol TE/g</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8054.17 ± 606.11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5166.05 ± 205.68<sup><bold>∗</bold><bold>∗</bold></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DPPH <break></break>mg TE/g</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.5 ± 10.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.3 ± 4.05</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Folin-Ciocalteu <break></break>mg GAE/g</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129.17 ± 2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">122.8 ± 3.3<sup><bold>∗</bold></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reducing power <break></break>mg AAE/g</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.05 ± 2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.6 ± 3.1<sup><bold>∗</bold><bold>∗</bold><bold>∗</bold></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Italie</li></country></list><tree><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ferlazzo, Nadia" sort="Ferlazzo, Nadia" uniqKey="Ferlazzo N" first="Nadia" last="Ferlazzo">Nadia Ferlazzo</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Campiglia, Pietro" sort="Campiglia, Pietro" uniqKey="Campiglia P" first="Pietro" last="Campiglia">Pietro Campiglia</name><name sortKey="Cirmi, Santa" sort="Cirmi, Santa" uniqKey="Cirmi S" first="Santa" last="Cirmi">Santa Cirmi</name><name sortKey="Di Pietro, Angela" sort="Di Pietro, Angela" uniqKey="Di Pietro A" first="Angela" last="Di Pietro">Angela Di Pietro</name><name sortKey="Lombardo, Giovanni Enrico" sort="Lombardo, Giovanni Enrico" uniqKey="Lombardo G" first="Giovanni Enrico" last="Lombardo">Giovanni Enrico Lombardo</name><name sortKey="Navarra, Michele" sort="Navarra, Michele" uniqKey="Navarra M" first="Michele" last="Navarra">Michele Navarra</name><name sortKey="Smeriglio, Antonella" sort="Smeriglio, Antonella" uniqKey="Smeriglio A" first="Antonella" last="Smeriglio">Antonella Smeriglio</name><name sortKey="Visalli, Giuseppa" sort="Visalli, Giuseppa" uniqKey="Visalli G" first="Giuseppa" last="Visalli">Giuseppa Visalli</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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