Ethanolic Extract of Butea monosperma Leaves Elevate Blood Insulin Level in Type 2 Diabetic Rats, Stimulate Insulin Secretion in Isolated Rat Islets, and Enhance Hepatic Glycogen Formation
Identifieur interne : 001698 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001697; suivant : 001699Ethanolic Extract of Butea monosperma Leaves Elevate Blood Insulin Level in Type 2 Diabetic Rats, Stimulate Insulin Secretion in Isolated Rat Islets, and Enhance Hepatic Glycogen Formation
Auteurs : Mehdi Bin Samad [Bangladesh] ; Ashraf Ul Kabir [Bangladesh] ; Ninadh Malrina D'Costa [Bangladesh] ; Farjana Akhter [Bangladesh] ; Arif Ahmed [Bangladesh] ; Mohammad Rajib Jahan [Bangladesh] ; J. M. A. Hannan [Bangladesh]Source :
- Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM [ 1741-427X ] ; 2014.
Abstract
We measured a vast range of parameters, in an attempt to further elucidate previously claimed antihyperglycemic activity of
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2014/356290
PubMed: 24860609
PubMed Central: 3988748
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Ethanolic Extract of <italic>Butea monosperma</italic> Leaves Elevate Blood Insulin Level in Type 2 Diabetic Rats, Stimulate Insulin Secretion in Isolated Rat Islets, and Enhance Hepatic Glycogen Formation</title><author><name sortKey="Samad, Mehdi Bin" sort="Samad, Mehdi Bin" uniqKey="Samad M" first="Mehdi Bin" last="Samad">Mehdi Bin Samad</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dhaka 1229</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kabir, Ashraf Ul" sort="Kabir, Ashraf Ul" uniqKey="Kabir A" first="Ashraf Ul" last="Kabir">Ashraf Ul Kabir</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dhaka 1229</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Costa, Ninadh Malrina" sort="D Costa, Ninadh Malrina" uniqKey="D Costa N" first="Ninadh Malrina" last="D'Costa">Ninadh Malrina D'Costa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dhaka 1229</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akhter, Farjana" sort="Akhter, Farjana" uniqKey="Akhter F" first="Farjana" last="Akhter">Farjana Akhter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dhaka 1229</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Arif" sort="Ahmed, Arif" uniqKey="Ahmed A" first="Arif" last="Ahmed">Arif Ahmed</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dhaka 1229</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jahan, Mohammad Rajib" sort="Jahan, Mohammad Rajib" uniqKey="Jahan M" first="Mohammad Rajib" last="Jahan">Mohammad Rajib Jahan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dhaka 1229</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hannan, J M A" sort="Hannan, J M A" uniqKey="Hannan J" first="J. M. A." last="Hannan">J. M. A. Hannan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dhaka 1229</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24860609</idno><idno type="pmc">3988748</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3988748</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3988748</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2014/356290</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000E97</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000E96</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000837</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001698</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Ethanolic Extract of <italic>Butea monosperma</italic> Leaves Elevate Blood Insulin Level in Type 2 Diabetic Rats, Stimulate Insulin Secretion in Isolated Rat Islets, and Enhance Hepatic Glycogen Formation</title><author><name sortKey="Samad, Mehdi Bin" sort="Samad, Mehdi Bin" uniqKey="Samad M" first="Mehdi Bin" last="Samad">Mehdi Bin Samad</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dhaka 1229</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kabir, Ashraf Ul" sort="Kabir, Ashraf Ul" uniqKey="Kabir A" first="Ashraf Ul" last="Kabir">Ashraf Ul Kabir</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dhaka 1229</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Costa, Ninadh Malrina" sort="D Costa, Ninadh Malrina" uniqKey="D Costa N" first="Ninadh Malrina" last="D'Costa">Ninadh Malrina D'Costa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dhaka 1229</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akhter, Farjana" sort="Akhter, Farjana" uniqKey="Akhter F" first="Farjana" last="Akhter">Farjana Akhter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dhaka 1229</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Arif" sort="Ahmed, Arif" uniqKey="Ahmed A" first="Arif" last="Ahmed">Arif Ahmed</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dhaka 1229</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jahan, Mohammad Rajib" sort="Jahan, Mohammad Rajib" uniqKey="Jahan M" first="Mohammad Rajib" last="Jahan">Mohammad Rajib Jahan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dhaka 1229</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hannan, J M A" sort="Hannan, J M A" uniqKey="Hannan J" first="J. M. A." last="Hannan">J. M. A. Hannan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dhaka 1229</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</title><idno type="ISSN">1741-427X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1741-4288</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>We measured a vast range of parameters, in an attempt to further elucidate previously claimed antihyperglycemic activity of <italic>Butea monosperma</italic>. Our study clearly negates the possibility of antidiabetic activity by inhibited gastrointestinal enzyme action or by reduced glucose absorption. Reduction of fasting and postprandial glucose level was reconfirmed (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05). Improved serum lipid profile via reduced low density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) was also reestablished (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05). Significant insulin secretagogue activity of <italic>B. monosperma</italic> was found in serum insulin assay of <italic>B. monosperma</italic> treated type 2 diabetic rats (<italic>P</italic> < 0.01). This was further ascertained by our study on insulin secretion on isolated rat islets (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05). Improved sensitivity of glucose was shown by the significant increase in hepatic glycogen deposition (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05). Hence, we concluded that antihyperglycemic activity of <italic>B. monosperma</italic> was mediated by enhanced insulin secretion and enhanced glycogen formation in the liver.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cockram, Cs" uniqKey="Cockram C">CS Cockram</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aschner, P" uniqKey="Aschner P">P Aschner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fagot Campagna, A" uniqKey="Fagot Campagna A">A Fagot-Campagna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pettitt, Dj" uniqKey="Pettitt D">DJ Pettitt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Engelgau, Mm" uniqKey="Engelgau M">MM Engelgau</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, Es" uniqKey="Huang E">ES Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Basu, A" uniqKey="Basu A">A 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ECAM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1741-427X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1741-4288</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24860609</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3988748</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2014/356290</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ethanolic Extract of <italic>Butea monosperma</italic> Leaves Elevate Blood Insulin Level in Type 2 Diabetic Rats, Stimulate Insulin Secretion in Isolated Rat Islets, and Enhance Hepatic Glycogen Formation</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Samad</surname><given-names>Mehdi Bin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kabir</surname><given-names>Ashraf Ul</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5369-4673</contrib-id><name><surname>D'Costa</surname><given-names>Ninadh Malrina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5529-3926</contrib-id><name><surname>Akhter</surname><given-names>Farjana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahmed</surname><given-names>Arif</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jahan</surname><given-names>Mohammad Rajib</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hannan</surname><given-names>J. M. A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1">Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Plot 15, Block B, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Mehdi Bin Samad: <email>mehdi827@phr.northsouth.edu</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Siew Hua Gan</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>3</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>31</day><month>3</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>2014</volume><elocation-id>356290</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>20</day><month>10</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>6</day><month>2</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day><month>2</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Mehdi Bin Samad et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>We measured a vast range of parameters, in an attempt to further elucidate previously claimed antihyperglycemic activity of <italic>Butea monosperma</italic>. Our study clearly negates the possibility of antidiabetic activity by inhibited gastrointestinal enzyme action or by reduced glucose absorption. Reduction of fasting and postprandial glucose level was reconfirmed (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05). Improved serum lipid profile via reduced low density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) was also reestablished (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05). Significant insulin secretagogue activity of <italic>B. monosperma</italic> was found in serum insulin assay of <italic>B. monosperma</italic> treated type 2 diabetic rats (<italic>P</italic> < 0.01). This was further ascertained by our study on insulin secretion on isolated rat islets (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05). Improved sensitivity of glucose was shown by the significant increase in hepatic glycogen deposition (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05). Hence, we concluded that antihyperglycemic activity of <italic>B. monosperma</italic> was mediated by enhanced insulin secretion and enhanced glycogen formation in the liver.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Effects of ethanol extract of<italic> Butea monosperma </italic>(BM) on fasting blood glucose (FBG) level in type 2 diabetic rats. Values are means and standard deviations represented by vertical bars (<italic>n</italic> = 10). Fasted rats were given ethanol extract of BM (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg body weight) or Glibenclamide (GC) (0.5 mg/Kg) by oral administration. Mean values marked with an asterisk (∗) were significantly different from those of respective control rats (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) (derived from repeated measures ANOVA and adjusted using Bonferroni correction).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2014-356290.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Effects of ethanol extract of<italic> Butea monosperma</italic> (BM) on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in type 2 diabetic rats. Values are means and standard deviations represented by vertical bars (<italic>n</italic> = 11). Fasted rats were given ethanol extract of BM (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg body weight) or Glibenclamide (GC) (0.5 mg/Kg) by oral administration with glucose (2.5 g/kg body weight). Mean values marked with an asterisk (∗) were significantly different from those of respective control rats (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) (derived from repeated measures ANOVA and adjusted using Bonferroni correction).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2014-356290.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Effects of ethanol extract of<italic> Butea monosperma</italic> (BM) on serum insulin level in fasted type 2 diabetic rats. Values are means and standard deviations represented by vertical bars (<italic>n</italic> = 8). Rats were given ethanol extract of BM (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg body weight) or Glibenclamide (GC) (0.5 mg/Kg) by oral administration. Mean values marked with an asterisk (∗) were significantly different from those of respective control rats (<italic>P</italic> < 0.01) (derived from repeated measures ANOVA and adjusted using Bonferroni correction).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2014-356290.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Effects of ethanol extract of<italic> Butea monosperma</italic> (BM) on fasting serum glucose level in type 2 diabetic rats after 48 days of feeding. Values are means and standard deviations represented by vertical bars (<italic>n</italic> = 10). Fasted rats were given ethanol extract of BM (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg body weight) or Glibenclamide (GC) (0.5 mg/Kg) by oral administration for a period of 48 days. Mean values marked with an asterisk (∗) were significantly different from those of respective control rats (Water control, WC) (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) (derived from repeated measures ANOVA and adjusted using Bonferroni correction).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2014-356290.004"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Effects of ethanol extract of<italic> Butea monosperma</italic> (BM) on serum glucose after the sucrose load in type 2 diabetic rats. Rats were fasted for 20 h and administered orally with a sucrose solution (2.5 g/kg body weight) with or without ethanol extract of BM (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg body weight) or Acarbose (ACB) (200 mg/Kg). Values are means and standard deviations represented by vertical bars (<italic>n</italic> = 8). Mean values marked with an asterisk (∗) were significantly different from those of respective control rats (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) (derived from repeated measures ANOVA and adjusted using Bonferroni correction).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2014-356290.005"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Effects of ethanol extract of<italic> Butea monosperma</italic> (BM) on intestinal glucose absorption in type 2 diabetic rats. Rats were fasted for 36 h and the intestine was perfused with glucose (54 g/L) with or without ethanol extract of BM (5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, and 20 mg/mL; each subject received 15 mL of perfusion). Values are means and standard deviations represented by vertical bars (<italic>n</italic> = 9). Mean values marked with an asterisk (∗) were significantly different from those of respective control rats (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) (derived from repeated measures ANOVA and adjusted using Bonferroni correction).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2014-356290.006"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Effects of ethanol extract of<italic> Butea monosperma</italic> (BM) on gastrointestinal sucrose content after oral sucrose loading in type 2 diabetic rats. Rats were fasted for 20 h before the oral administration of a sucrose solution (2.5 g/kg body weight) with or without ethanol extract of BM (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg body weight). Values are means and standard deviations represented by vertical bars (<italic>n</italic> = 8). Mean values marked with an asterisk (∗) were significantly different from those of control rats (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) (derived from repeated measures ANOVA and adjusted using Bonferroni correction).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2014-356290.007"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig8" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>Effects of ethanol extract of<italic> Butea monosperma</italic> (BM) on (a) intestinal disaccharidase activity and (b) gastrointestinal motility (by BaSO<sub>4</sub> traversed) in type 2 diabetic rats. Rats were fasted for 20 h before the oral administration of ethanol extract of BM (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg body weight). Enzyme activity was determined and BaSO<sub>4</sub> was administered at 60 min. Motility was measured over the following 15 min. Acarbose (200 mg/Kg) and Loperamide (LPM) 5 mg/Kg) and Domperidone (DMP) (10 mg/Kg) were used as reference controls for disaccharidase activity test and gastrointestinal motility test respectively. Values are means and standard deviations represented by vertical bars (<italic>n</italic> = 12). Mean values marked with an asterisk (∗) were significantly different from those of diabetic control rats (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) (derived from repeated measures ANOVA and adjusted using Bonferroni correction).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2014-356290.008"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig9" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 9</label><caption><p>Effects of ethanol extract of<italic> Butea monosperma</italic> (BM) on body weight, average food intake, and average water intake in type 2 diabetic rats after 48 days of feeding. Values are means and standard deviations represented by vertical bars (<italic>n</italic> = 10). Fasted rats were given ethanol extract of BM (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg body weight) or Glibenclamide (GC) (0.5 mg/Kg) by oral administration for a period of 48 days. Mean values marked with an asterisk (∗) were significantly different from those of respective control rats (Water control, WC) (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) (derived from repeated measures ANOVA and adjusted using Bonferroni correction).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2014-356290.009"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig10" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 10</label><caption><p>Effects of ethanol extract of<italic> Butea monosperma</italic> (BM) on liver glycogen, liver weight, and pancreas weight in type 2 diabetic rats after 48 days of feeding. Values are means and standard deviations represented by vertical bars (<italic>n</italic> = 10). Fasted rats were given ethanol extract of BM (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg body weight) or Glibenclamide (GC) (0.5 mg/Kg) by oral administration for a period of 48 days. Mean values marked with an asterisk (∗) were significantly different from those of respective control rats (Water control, WC) (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) (derived from repeated measures ANOVA and adjusted using Bonferroni correction).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2014-356290.010"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig11" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 11</label><caption><p>Effects of ethanol extract of<italic> Butea monosperma</italic> (BM) on serum lipid profile (TG, Cholesterol, HDL, and LDL) in type 2 diabetic rats after 48 days of feeding. Values are means and standard deviations represented by vertical bars (<italic>n</italic> = 10). Fasted rats were given ethanol extract of BM (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg body weight) or Glibenclamide (GC) (0.5 mg/Kg) by oral administration for a period of 48 days. Mean values marked with an asterisk (∗) were significantly different from those of respective control rats (Water control, WC) (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) (derived from repeated measures ANOVA and adjusted using Bonferroni correction).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ECAM2014-356290.011"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Effect of ethanolic extract of BM on insulin secretion from isolated rat islets.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Group</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Insulin secretion (ng/mg islet protein)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glucose: 3 mM</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glucose: 11 mM</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.99 (2.65–4.27)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.41 (4.91–9.27)*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BM 20 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.65 (2.23–3.71)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.19 (4.41–8.72)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BM 40 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.45 (2.67–3.99)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.31 (4.18–7.67)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BM 80 <italic>μ</italic>g/mL</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.28 (3.87–6.09)*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.84 (6.98–9.54)*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glibenclamide (10 <italic>μ</italic>g/L)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.89 (4.34–6.95)*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.92 (7.67–9.86)*</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Isolated rat islets were incubated for 60 min with ethanol extract BM (10, 20, and 30 mg/mL) in the presence of 3 or 11 mM glucose. Data are presented as median (range), <italic>n</italic> = 5. Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic>-test was used to evaluate statistical significance. *<italic>P</italic> < 0.05 compared with control (3 mM glucose without extract).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Retarding effect of insoluble fibre of BM on the glucose movement (glucose dialysis retardation index).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Treatment</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Dialysis for 30 min</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Dialysis for 60 min</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glucose in dialysate (mmol/L)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glucose dialysis retardation index (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glucose in dialysate (mmol/L)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glucose dialysis retardation index (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BM 250 mg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93 ± 0.23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.85</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.55 ± 0.31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.36</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BM 500 mg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83 ± 0.33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.42 ± 0.29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.96</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BM 1000 mg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80 ± 0.12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.77</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.39 ± 0.42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.71</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMC 1000 mg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62 ± 0.11*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.86</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83 ± 0.07*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.46</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.19 ± 0.21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.71 ± 0.14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Data are presented as mean ± SEM (<italic>n</italic> = 7). Glucose dialysis retardation index = control (100%) − fibre (% of control value). Mean values marked with an asterisk (∗) were significantly different from those of respective control groups (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) (derived from repeated measures ANOVA and adjusted using Bonferroni correction).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Glucose adsorption capacity of insoluble fibre of BM in different concentrations of glucose.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Treatment</th><th align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Glucose bound (mmol/g)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 mmol/L</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 mmol/L</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 mmol/L</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 mmol/L</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200 mmol/L</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BM 250 mg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01 ± 0.01<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26 ± 0.05<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.15 ± 0.51<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.71 ± 1.01<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.39 ± 3.81<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BM 500 mg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01 ± 0.01<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71 ± 0.13<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.41 ± 0.87<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.99 ± 1.46<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.10 ± 3.91<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BM 1000 mg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02 ± 0.01<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.95 ± 0.20<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.89 ± 0.99<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.27 ± 2.02<sup>a</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.87 ± 4.07<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMC 1000 mg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08 ± 0.01<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.71 ± 0.45<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.32 ± 2.09<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.81 ± 3.78<sup>b</sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.97 ± 6.88<sup>b</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Data are presented as mean ± SEM (<italic>n</italic> = 4). Data represent the millimoles of glucose bound by each gram of the BM powdert at different glucose concentrations (5–200 mmol/L). Glucose bound = (glucose concentration of original solution − glucose concentration when the adsorption reached equilibrium) × volume of solution ÷ weight of dietary fibre. Mean values in the same column marked with different letters were significantly different (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) (derived from repeated measures ANOVA and adjusted using Bonferroni correction).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Effect of insoluble fibre of BM on starch digestibility.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Treatment</th><th align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Glucose in dialysate (µmol/L)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 min</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 min</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 min</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120 min</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BM 250 mg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.89 ± 0.11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.99 ± 0.17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.78 ± 1.55</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.91 ± 4.73</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BM 500 mg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.86 ± 0.15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.45 ± 0.30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.61 ± 2.81</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.78 ± 6.11</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BM 1000 mg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.91 ± 0.19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.48 ± 0.39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.73 ± 2.73</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.88 ± 5.12</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CMC 1000 mg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.91 ± 0.21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.94 ± 0.34*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.09 ± 2.31*</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.57 ± 5.34*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.52 ± 0.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.87 ± 0.12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.56 ± 1.23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.51 ± 3.73</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Data are presented as mean ± SEM (<italic>n</italic> = 4). Values represent the glucose concentration (µmol) in dialysate. Mean values marked with an asterisk (*) were significantly different from those of respective control groups (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05) (derived from repeated measures ANOVA and adjusted using Bonferroni correction).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Bangladesh</li></country></list><tree><country name="Bangladesh"><noRegion><name sortKey="Samad, Mehdi Bin" sort="Samad, Mehdi Bin" uniqKey="Samad M" first="Mehdi Bin" last="Samad">Mehdi Bin Samad</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Ahmed, Arif" sort="Ahmed, Arif" uniqKey="Ahmed A" first="Arif" last="Ahmed">Arif Ahmed</name><name sortKey="Akhter, Farjana" sort="Akhter, Farjana" uniqKey="Akhter F" first="Farjana" last="Akhter">Farjana Akhter</name><name sortKey="D Costa, Ninadh Malrina" sort="D Costa, Ninadh Malrina" uniqKey="D Costa N" first="Ninadh Malrina" last="D'Costa">Ninadh Malrina D'Costa</name><name sortKey="Hannan, J M A" sort="Hannan, J M A" uniqKey="Hannan J" first="J. M. A." last="Hannan">J. M. A. Hannan</name><name sortKey="Jahan, Mohammad Rajib" sort="Jahan, Mohammad Rajib" uniqKey="Jahan M" first="Mohammad Rajib" last="Jahan">Mohammad Rajib Jahan</name><name sortKey="Kabir, Ashraf Ul" sort="Kabir, Ashraf Ul" uniqKey="Kabir A" first="Ashraf Ul" last="Kabir">Ashraf Ul Kabir</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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