Spore development and nuclear inheritance in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
Identifieur interne : 002284 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 002283; suivant : 002285Spore development and nuclear inheritance in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
Auteurs : Julie Marleau [Canada] ; Yolande Dalpé ; Marc St-Arnaud ; Mohamed HijriSource :
- BMC evolutionary biology [ 1471-2148 ] ; 2011.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
- cytologie : Mycorhizes, Spores fongiques.
- génétique : Mycorhizes, Noyau de la cellule, Spores fongiques.
- Facteurs temps, Microscopie confocale, Mitose.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- cytology : Mycorrhizae, Spores, Fungal.
- genetics : Cell Nucleus, Mycorrhizae, Spores, Fungal.
- Microscopy, Confocal, Mitosis, Time Factors.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
A conventional tenet of classical genetics is that progeny inherit half their genome from each parent in sexual reproduction instead of the complete genome transferred to each daughter during asexual reproduction. The transmission of hereditary characteristics from parents to their offspring is therefore predictable, although several exceptions are known. Heredity in microorganisms, however, can be very complex, and even unknown as is the case for coenocytic organisms such as Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF). This group of fungi are plant-root symbionts, ubiquitous in most ecosystems, which reproduce asexually via multinucleate spores for which sexuality has not yet been observed.
RESULTS
We examined the number of nuclei per spore of four AMF taxa using high Z-resolution live confocal microscopy and found that the number of nuclei was correlated with spore diameter. We show that AMF have the ability, through the establishment of new symbioses, to pass hundreds of nuclei to subsequent generations of multinucleated spores. More importantly, we observed surprising heterogeneity in the number of nuclei among sister spores and show that massive nuclear migration and mitosis are the mechanisms by which AMF spores are formed. We followed spore development of Glomus irregulare from hyphal swelling to spore maturity and found that the spores reached mature size within 30 to 60 days, and that the number of nuclei per spores increased over time.
CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that the spores used for dispersal of AMF contain nuclei with two origins, those that migrate into the spore and those that arise by mitosis in the spore. Therefore, these spores do not represent a stage in the life cycle with a single nucleus, raising the possibility that AMF, unlike all other known eukaryotic organisms, lack the genetic bottleneck of a single-nucleus stage.
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-51
PubMed: 21349193
PubMed Central: PMC3060866
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Cell Nucleus (genetics)</term>
<term>Microscopy, Confocal (MeSH)</term>
<term>Mitosis (MeSH)</term>
<term>Mycorrhizae (cytology)</term>
<term>Mycorrhizae (genetics)</term>
<term>Spores, Fungal (cytology)</term>
<term>Spores, Fungal (genetics)</term>
<term>Time Factors (MeSH)</term>
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<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Facteurs temps (MeSH)</term>
<term>Microscopie confocale (MeSH)</term>
<term>Mitose (MeSH)</term>
<term>Mycorhizes (cytologie)</term>
<term>Mycorhizes (génétique)</term>
<term>Noyau de la cellule (génétique)</term>
<term>Spores fongiques (cytologie)</term>
<term>Spores fongiques (génétique)</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="cytologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Mycorhizes</term>
<term>Spores fongiques</term>
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<term>Spores, Fungal</term>
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<term>Mitosis</term>
<term>Time Factors</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b>
</p>
<p>A conventional tenet of classical genetics is that progeny inherit half their genome from each parent in sexual reproduction instead of the complete genome transferred to each daughter during asexual reproduction. The transmission of hereditary characteristics from parents to their offspring is therefore predictable, although several exceptions are known. Heredity in microorganisms, however, can be very complex, and even unknown as is the case for coenocytic organisms such as Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF). This group of fungi are plant-root symbionts, ubiquitous in most ecosystems, which reproduce asexually via multinucleate spores for which sexuality has not yet been observed.</p>
</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b>
</p>
<p>We examined the number of nuclei per spore of four AMF taxa using high Z-resolution live confocal microscopy and found that the number of nuclei was correlated with spore diameter. We show that AMF have the ability, through the establishment of new symbioses, to pass hundreds of nuclei to subsequent generations of multinucleated spores. More importantly, we observed surprising heterogeneity in the number of nuclei among sister spores and show that massive nuclear migration and mitosis are the mechanisms by which AMF spores are formed. We followed spore development of Glomus irregulare from hyphal swelling to spore maturity and found that the spores reached mature size within 30 to 60 days, and that the number of nuclei per spores increased over time.</p>
</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>
</p>
<p>We conclude that the spores used for dispersal of AMF contain nuclei with two origins, those that migrate into the spore and those that arise by mitosis in the spore. Therefore, these spores do not represent a stage in the life cycle with a single nucleus, raising the possibility that AMF, unlike all other known eukaryotic organisms, lack the genetic bottleneck of a single-nucleus stage.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">A conventional tenet of classical genetics is that progeny inherit half their genome from each parent in sexual reproduction instead of the complete genome transferred to each daughter during asexual reproduction. The transmission of hereditary characteristics from parents to their offspring is therefore predictable, although several exceptions are known. Heredity in microorganisms, however, can be very complex, and even unknown as is the case for coenocytic organisms such as Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF). This group of fungi are plant-root symbionts, ubiquitous in most ecosystems, which reproduce asexually via multinucleate spores for which sexuality has not yet been observed.</AbstractText>
<AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">We examined the number of nuclei per spore of four AMF taxa using high Z-resolution live confocal microscopy and found that the number of nuclei was correlated with spore diameter. We show that AMF have the ability, through the establishment of new symbioses, to pass hundreds of nuclei to subsequent generations of multinucleated spores. More importantly, we observed surprising heterogeneity in the number of nuclei among sister spores and show that massive nuclear migration and mitosis are the mechanisms by which AMF spores are formed. We followed spore development of Glomus irregulare from hyphal swelling to spore maturity and found that the spores reached mature size within 30 to 60 days, and that the number of nuclei per spores increased over time.</AbstractText>
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