Mycorrhizal fungi influence global plant biogeography.
Identifieur interne : 000555 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000554; suivant : 000556Mycorrhizal fungi influence global plant biogeography.
Auteurs : Camille S. Delavaux ; Patrick Weigelt ; Wayne Dawson ; Jessica Duchicela ; Franz Essl ; Mark Van Kleunen ; Christian König ; Jan Pergl ; Petr Pyšek ; Anke Stein ; Marten Winter ; Peggy Schultz ; Holger Kreft ; James D. BeverSource :
- Nature ecology & evolution [ 2397-334X ] ; 2019.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- microbiology : Plants.
- physiology : Mycorrhizae.
- Biodiversity, Islands, Plant Dispersal, Symbiosis.
Abstract
Island biogeography has traditionally focused primarily on abiotic drivers of colonization, extinction and speciation. However, establishment on islands could also be limited by biotic drivers, such as the absence of symbionts. Most plants, for example, form symbioses with mycorrhizal fungi, whose limited dispersal to islands could act as a colonization filter for plants. We tested this hypothesis using global-scale analyses of ~1.4 million plant occurrences, including ~200,000 plant species across ~1,100 regions. We find evidence for a mycorrhizal filter (that is, the filtering out of mycorrhizal plants on islands), with mycorrhizal associations less common among native island plants than native mainland plants. Furthermore, the proportion of native mycorrhizal plants in island floras decreased with isolation, possibly as a consequence of a decline in symbiont establishment. We also show that mycorrhizal plants contribute disproportionately to the classic latitudinal gradient of plant species diversity, with the proportion of mycorrhizal plants being highest near the equator and decreasing towards the poles. Anthropogenic pressure and land use alter these plant biogeographical patterns. Naturalized floras show a greater proportion of mycorrhizal plant species on islands than in mainland regions, as expected from the anthropogenic co-introduction of plants with their symbionts to islands and anthropogenic disturbance of symbionts in mainland regions. We identify the mycorrhizal association as an overlooked driver of global plant biogeographical patterns with implications for contemporary island biogeography and our understanding of plant invasions.
DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0823-4
PubMed: 30804519
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pubmed:30804519Le document en format XML
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Delavaux</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA. camille.delavaux@ku.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA. camille.delavaux@ku.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weigelt, Patrick" sort="Weigelt, Patrick" uniqKey="Weigelt P" first="Patrick" last="Weigelt">Patrick Weigelt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dawson, Wayne" sort="Dawson, Wayne" uniqKey="Dawson W" first="Wayne" last="Dawson">Wayne Dawson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duchicela, Jessica" sort="Duchicela, Jessica" uniqKey="Duchicela J" first="Jessica" last="Duchicela">Jessica Duchicela</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Essl, Franz" sort="Essl, Franz" uniqKey="Essl F" first="Franz" last="Essl">Franz Essl</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Kleunen, Mark" sort="Van Kleunen, Mark" uniqKey="Van Kleunen M" first="Mark" last="Van Kleunen">Mark Van Kleunen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Konig, Christian" sort="Konig, Christian" uniqKey="Konig C" first="Christian" last="König">Christian König</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pergl, Jan" sort="Pergl, Jan" uniqKey="Pergl J" first="Jan" last="Pergl">Jan Pergl</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pysek, Petr" sort="Pysek, Petr" uniqKey="Pysek P" first="Petr" last="Pyšek">Petr Pyšek</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stein, Anke" sort="Stein, Anke" uniqKey="Stein A" first="Anke" last="Stein">Anke Stein</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, Marten" sort="Winter, Marten" uniqKey="Winter M" first="Marten" last="Winter">Marten Winter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schultz, Peggy" sort="Schultz, Peggy" uniqKey="Schultz P" first="Peggy" last="Schultz">Peggy Schultz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kreft, Holger" sort="Kreft, Holger" uniqKey="Kreft H" first="Holger" last="Kreft">Holger Kreft</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bever, James D" sort="Bever, James D" uniqKey="Bever J" first="James D" last="Bever">James D. Bever</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2019">2019</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:30804519</idno><idno type="pmid">30804519</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/s41559-019-0823-4</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000555</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000555</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Mycorrhizal fungi influence global plant biogeography.</title><author><name sortKey="Delavaux, Camille S" sort="Delavaux, Camille S" uniqKey="Delavaux C" first="Camille S" last="Delavaux">Camille S. Delavaux</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA. camille.delavaux@ku.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA. camille.delavaux@ku.edu.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weigelt, Patrick" sort="Weigelt, Patrick" uniqKey="Weigelt P" first="Patrick" last="Weigelt">Patrick Weigelt</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dawson, Wayne" sort="Dawson, Wayne" uniqKey="Dawson W" first="Wayne" last="Dawson">Wayne Dawson</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duchicela, Jessica" sort="Duchicela, Jessica" uniqKey="Duchicela J" first="Jessica" last="Duchicela">Jessica Duchicela</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Essl, Franz" sort="Essl, Franz" uniqKey="Essl F" first="Franz" last="Essl">Franz Essl</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Kleunen, Mark" sort="Van Kleunen, Mark" uniqKey="Van Kleunen M" first="Mark" last="Van Kleunen">Mark Van Kleunen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Konig, Christian" sort="Konig, Christian" uniqKey="Konig C" first="Christian" last="König">Christian König</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pergl, Jan" sort="Pergl, Jan" uniqKey="Pergl J" first="Jan" last="Pergl">Jan Pergl</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pysek, Petr" sort="Pysek, Petr" uniqKey="Pysek P" first="Petr" last="Pyšek">Petr Pyšek</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stein, Anke" sort="Stein, Anke" uniqKey="Stein A" first="Anke" last="Stein">Anke Stein</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winter, Marten" sort="Winter, Marten" uniqKey="Winter M" first="Marten" last="Winter">Marten Winter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schultz, Peggy" sort="Schultz, Peggy" uniqKey="Schultz P" first="Peggy" last="Schultz">Peggy Schultz</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kreft, Holger" sort="Kreft, Holger" uniqKey="Kreft H" first="Holger" last="Kreft">Holger Kreft</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bever, James D" sort="Bever, James D" uniqKey="Bever J" first="James D" last="Bever">James D. Bever</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature ecology & evolution</title><idno type="eISSN">2397-334X</idno><imprint><date when="2019" type="published">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Biodiversity (MeSH)</term><term>Islands (MeSH)</term><term>Mycorrhizae (physiology)</term><term>Plant Dispersal (MeSH)</term><term>Plants (microbiology)</term><term>Symbiosis (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="microbiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Plants</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Mycorrhizae</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Biodiversity</term><term>Islands</term><term>Plant Dispersal</term><term>Symbiosis</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Island biogeography has traditionally focused primarily on abiotic drivers of colonization, extinction and speciation. However, establishment on islands could also be limited by biotic drivers, such as the absence of symbionts. Most plants, for example, form symbioses with mycorrhizal fungi, whose limited dispersal to islands could act as a colonization filter for plants. We tested this hypothesis using global-scale analyses of ~1.4 million plant occurrences, including ~200,000 plant species across ~1,100 regions. We find evidence for a mycorrhizal filter (that is, the filtering out of mycorrhizal plants on islands), with mycorrhizal associations less common among native island plants than native mainland plants. Furthermore, the proportion of native mycorrhizal plants in island floras decreased with isolation, possibly as a consequence of a decline in symbiont establishment. We also show that mycorrhizal plants contribute disproportionately to the classic latitudinal gradient of plant species diversity, with the proportion of mycorrhizal plants being highest near the equator and decreasing towards the poles. Anthropogenic pressure and land use alter these plant biogeographical patterns. Naturalized floras show a greater proportion of mycorrhizal plant species on islands than in mainland regions, as expected from the anthropogenic co-introduction of plants with their symbionts to islands and anthropogenic disturbance of symbionts in mainland regions. We identify the mycorrhizal association as an overlooked driver of global plant biogeographical patterns with implications for contemporary island biogeography and our understanding of plant invasions.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">30804519</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2019</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>30</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2019</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>08</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2397-334X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>3</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><PubDate><Year>2019</Year><Month>03</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Nature ecology & evolution</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Nat Ecol Evol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Mycorrhizal fungi influence global plant biogeography.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>424-429</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/s41559-019-0823-4</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Island biogeography has traditionally focused primarily on abiotic drivers of colonization, extinction and speciation. However, establishment on islands could also be limited by biotic drivers, such as the absence of symbionts. Most plants, for example, form symbioses with mycorrhizal fungi, whose limited dispersal to islands could act as a colonization filter for plants. We tested this hypothesis using global-scale analyses of ~1.4 million plant occurrences, including ~200,000 plant species across ~1,100 regions. We find evidence for a mycorrhizal filter (that is, the filtering out of mycorrhizal plants on islands), with mycorrhizal associations less common among native island plants than native mainland plants. Furthermore, the proportion of native mycorrhizal plants in island floras decreased with isolation, possibly as a consequence of a decline in symbiont establishment. We also show that mycorrhizal plants contribute disproportionately to the classic latitudinal gradient of plant species diversity, with the proportion of mycorrhizal plants being highest near the equator and decreasing towards the poles. Anthropogenic pressure and land use alter these plant biogeographical patterns. Naturalized floras show a greater proportion of mycorrhizal plant species on islands than in mainland regions, as expected from the anthropogenic co-introduction of plants with their symbionts to islands and anthropogenic disturbance of symbionts in mainland regions. We identify the mycorrhizal association as an overlooked driver of global plant biogeographical patterns with implications for contemporary island biogeography and our understanding of plant invasions.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Delavaux</LastName><ForeName>Camille S</ForeName><Initials>CS</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8340-2173</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA. camille.delavaux@ku.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA. camille.delavaux@ku.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Weigelt</LastName><ForeName>Patrick</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dawson</LastName><ForeName>Wayne</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Duchicela</LastName><ForeName>Jessica</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Essl</LastName><ForeName>Franz</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>van Kleunen</LastName><ForeName>Mark</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>König</LastName><ForeName>Christian</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0585-5983</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pergl</LastName><ForeName>Jan</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pyšek</LastName><ForeName>Petr</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Stein</LastName><ForeName>Anke</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Winter</LastName><ForeName>Marten</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9593-7300</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Schultz</LastName><ForeName>Peggy</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kreft</LastName><ForeName>Holger</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4471-8236</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bever</LastName><ForeName>James D</ForeName><Initials>JD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013486">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2019</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>25</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Nat Ecol Evol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101698577</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2397-334X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D044822" MajorTopicYN="N">Biodiversity</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D062312" 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