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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Pest categorisation of the non‐<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> phytoplasmas of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.</title><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonthier, Paolo" sort="Gonthier, Paolo" uniqKey="Gonthier P" first="Paolo" last="Gonthier">Paolo Gonthier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" sort="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" uniqKey="Jaques Miret J" first="Josep Anton" last="Jaques Miret">Josep Anton Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Justesen, Annemarie Fejer" sort="Justesen, Annemarie Fejer" uniqKey="Justesen A" first="Annemarie Fejer" last="Justesen">Annemarie Fejer Justesen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Magnusson, Christer Sven" sort="Magnusson, Christer Sven" uniqKey="Magnusson C" first="Christer Sven" last="Magnusson">Christer Sven Magnusson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Milonas, Panagiotis" sort="Milonas, Panagiotis" uniqKey="Milonas P" first="Panagiotis" last="Milonas">Panagiotis Milonas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navas Ortes, Juan A" sort="Navas Ortes, Juan A" uniqKey="Navas Ortes J" first="Juan A." last="Navas-Cortes">Juan A. Navas-Cortes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reignault, Philippe Lucien" sort="Reignault, Philippe Lucien" uniqKey="Reignault P" first="Philippe Lucien" last="Reignault">Philippe Lucien Reignault</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thulke, Hans Ermann" sort="Thulke, Hans Ermann" uniqKey="Thulke H" first="Hans-Hermann" last="Thulke">Hans-Hermann Thulke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Wopke" sort="Van Der Werf, Wopke" uniqKey="Van Der Werf W" first="Wopke" last="Van Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Civera, Antonio Vicent" sort="Civera, Antonio Vicent" uniqKey="Civera A" first="Antonio Vicent" last="Civera">Antonio Vicent Civera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yuen, Jonathan" sort="Yuen, Jonathan" uniqKey="Yuen J" first="Jonathan" last="Yuen">Jonathan Yuen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zappala, Lucia" sort="Zappala, Lucia" uniqKey="Zappala L" first="Lucia" last="Zappalà">Lucia Zappalà</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bosco, Domenico" sort="Bosco, Domenico" uniqKey="Bosco D" first="Domenico" last="Bosco">Domenico Bosco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chiumenti, Michela" sort="Chiumenti, Michela" uniqKey="Chiumenti M" first="Michela" last="Chiumenti">Michela Chiumenti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Di Serio, Francesco" sort="Di Serio, Francesco" uniqKey="Di Serio F" first="Francesco" last="Di Serio">Francesco Di Serio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galetto, Luciana" sort="Galetto, Luciana" uniqKey="Galetto L" first="Luciana" last="Galetto">Luciana Galetto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marzachi, Cristina" sort="Marzachi, Cristina" uniqKey="Marzachi C" first="Cristina" last="Marzachì">Cristina Marzachì</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pautasso, Marco" sort="Pautasso, Marco" uniqKey="Pautasso M" first="Marco" last="Pautasso">Marco Pautasso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacques, Marie Gnes" sort="Jacques, Marie Gnes" uniqKey="Jacques M" first="Marie-Agnès" last="Jacques">Marie-Agnès Jacques</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32626484</idno><idno type="pmc">7008834</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7008834</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7008834</idno><idno type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5929</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000724</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000724</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Pest categorisation of the non‐<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> phytoplasmas of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.</title><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonthier, Paolo" sort="Gonthier, Paolo" uniqKey="Gonthier P" first="Paolo" last="Gonthier">Paolo Gonthier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" sort="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" uniqKey="Jaques Miret J" first="Josep Anton" last="Jaques Miret">Josep Anton Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Justesen, Annemarie Fejer" sort="Justesen, Annemarie Fejer" uniqKey="Justesen A" first="Annemarie Fejer" last="Justesen">Annemarie Fejer Justesen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Magnusson, Christer Sven" sort="Magnusson, Christer Sven" uniqKey="Magnusson C" first="Christer Sven" last="Magnusson">Christer Sven Magnusson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Milonas, Panagiotis" sort="Milonas, Panagiotis" uniqKey="Milonas P" first="Panagiotis" last="Milonas">Panagiotis Milonas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navas Ortes, Juan A" sort="Navas Ortes, Juan A" uniqKey="Navas Ortes J" first="Juan A." last="Navas-Cortes">Juan A. Navas-Cortes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reignault, Philippe Lucien" sort="Reignault, Philippe Lucien" uniqKey="Reignault P" first="Philippe Lucien" last="Reignault">Philippe Lucien Reignault</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thulke, Hans Ermann" sort="Thulke, Hans Ermann" uniqKey="Thulke H" first="Hans-Hermann" last="Thulke">Hans-Hermann Thulke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Wopke" sort="Van Der Werf, Wopke" uniqKey="Van Der Werf W" first="Wopke" last="Van Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Civera, Antonio Vicent" sort="Civera, Antonio Vicent" uniqKey="Civera A" first="Antonio Vicent" last="Civera">Antonio Vicent Civera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yuen, Jonathan" sort="Yuen, Jonathan" uniqKey="Yuen J" first="Jonathan" last="Yuen">Jonathan Yuen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zappala, Lucia" sort="Zappala, Lucia" uniqKey="Zappala L" first="Lucia" last="Zappalà">Lucia Zappalà</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bosco, Domenico" sort="Bosco, Domenico" uniqKey="Bosco D" first="Domenico" last="Bosco">Domenico Bosco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chiumenti, Michela" sort="Chiumenti, Michela" uniqKey="Chiumenti M" first="Michela" last="Chiumenti">Michela Chiumenti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Di Serio, Francesco" sort="Di Serio, Francesco" uniqKey="Di Serio F" first="Francesco" last="Di Serio">Francesco Di Serio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galetto, Luciana" sort="Galetto, Luciana" uniqKey="Galetto L" first="Luciana" last="Galetto">Luciana Galetto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marzachi, Cristina" sort="Marzachi, Cristina" uniqKey="Marzachi C" first="Cristina" last="Marzachì">Cristina Marzachì</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pautasso, Marco" sort="Pautasso, Marco" uniqKey="Pautasso M" first="Marco" last="Pautasso">Marco Pautasso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacques, Marie Gnes" sort="Jacques, Marie Gnes" uniqKey="Jacques M" first="Marie-Agnès" last="Jacques">Marie-Agnès Jacques</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">EFSA Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1831-4732</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Abstract</title><p>Following a request from the European Commission, the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of nine phytoplasmas of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill.<italic>, Fragaria</italic> L<italic>., Malus</italic> Mill<italic>., Prunus</italic> L<italic>., Pyrus</italic> L<italic>., Ribes</italic> L<italic>., Rubus</italic> L<italic>. and Vitis</italic> L. (hereafter “host plants”) known to occur only outside the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> or having a limited presence in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>. This opinion covers the (i) reference strains of ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma australiense’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’, (ii) related strains infecting the host plants of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pruni’, and ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pyri’, and (iii) an unclassified phytoplasma causing Buckland valley grapevine yellows. Phytoplasmas can be detected by available methods and are efficiently transmitted by vegetative propagation, with plants for planting acting as a major entry pathway and a long‐distance spread mechanism. Phytoplasmas are also transmitted in a persistent and propagative manner by some insect families of the Fulgoromorpha, Cicadomorpha and Sternorrhyncha (order Hemiptera). No transovarial, pollen or seed transmission has been reported. The natural host range of the categorised phytoplasmas varies from one to more than 90 plant species, thus increasing the possible entry pathways. The host plants are widely cultivated in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>. All the categorised phytoplasmas can enter and spread through the trade of host plants for planting, and by vectors. Establishment of these phytoplasmas is not expected to be limited by <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> environmental conditions. The introduction of these phytoplasmas in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> would have an economic impact. There are measures to reduce the risk of entry, establishment, spread and impact. Uncertainties result from limited information on distribution, biology and epidemiology. All the phytoplasmas categorised here meet the criteria evaluated by <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> to qualify as potential Union quarantine pests, and they do not qualify as potential regulated non‐quarantine pests, because they are non‐<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> phytoplasmas.</p></div></front><back><div1 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1002/(ISSN)1831-4732</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">EFS2</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>EFSA Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1831-4732</issn><publisher><publisher-name>John Wiley and Sons Inc.</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Hoboken</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32626484</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7008834</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5929</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">EFS25929</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="overline"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Pest categorisation of the non‐<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> phytoplasmas of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0001" contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)</collab><address><email>alpha@efsa.europa.eu</email></address></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0002" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>Claude</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0003" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>Katharina</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0004" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gonthier</surname><given-names>Paolo</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0005" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>Josep Anton</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0006" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Justesen</surname><given-names>Annemarie Fejer</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0007" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>Alan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0008" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Magnusson</surname><given-names>Christer Sven</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0009" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Milonas</surname><given-names>Panagiotis</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0010" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Navas‐Cortes</surname><given-names>Juan A.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0011" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>Stephen</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0012" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>Roel</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0013" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reignault</surname><given-names>Philippe Lucien</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0014" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thulke</surname><given-names>Hans‐Hermann</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0015" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>Wopke</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0016" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Civera</surname><given-names>Antonio Vicent</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0017" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yuen</surname><given-names>Jonathan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0018" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zappalà</surname><given-names>Lucia</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0019" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bosco</surname><given-names>Domenico</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0020" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chiumenti</surname><given-names>Michela</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0021" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Di Serio</surname><given-names>Francesco</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0022" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Galetto</surname><given-names>Luciana</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0023" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Marzachì</surname><given-names>Cristina</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0024" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pautasso</surname><given-names>Marco</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25929-cr-0025" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jacques</surname><given-names>Marie‐Agnès</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="correspondenceTo"><label>*</label><bold>Correspondence: </bold><email>alpha@efsa.europa.eu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>1</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>1</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/efs2.v18.1</issue-id><elocation-id>e05929</elocation-id><permissions><pmc-comment> © European Food Safety Authority </pmc-comment>
<copyright-statement content-type="article-copyright">© 2020 European Food Safety Authority. <italic>EFSA Journal</italic> published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.</copyright-statement><license license-type="creativeCommonsBy-nd"><license-p>This is an open access article under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/</ext-link> License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="file:EFS2-18-e05929.pdf"></self-uri><abstract id="efs25929-abs-0001"><title>Abstract</title><p>Following a request from the European Commission, the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of nine phytoplasmas of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill.<italic>, Fragaria</italic> L<italic>., Malus</italic> Mill<italic>., Prunus</italic> L<italic>., Pyrus</italic> L<italic>., Ribes</italic> L<italic>., Rubus</italic> L<italic>. and Vitis</italic> L. (hereafter “host plants”) known to occur only outside the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> or having a limited presence in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>. This opinion covers the (i) reference strains of ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma australiense’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’, (ii) related strains infecting the host plants of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pruni’, and ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pyri’, and (iii) an unclassified phytoplasma causing Buckland valley grapevine yellows. Phytoplasmas can be detected by available methods and are efficiently transmitted by vegetative propagation, with plants for planting acting as a major entry pathway and a long‐distance spread mechanism. Phytoplasmas are also transmitted in a persistent and propagative manner by some insect families of the Fulgoromorpha, Cicadomorpha and Sternorrhyncha (order Hemiptera). No transovarial, pollen or seed transmission has been reported. The natural host range of the categorised phytoplasmas varies from one to more than 90 plant species, thus increasing the possible entry pathways. The host plants are widely cultivated in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>. All the categorised phytoplasmas can enter and spread through the trade of host plants for planting, and by vectors. Establishment of these phytoplasmas is not expected to be limited by <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> environmental conditions. The introduction of these phytoplasmas in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> would have an economic impact. There are measures to reduce the risk of entry, establishment, spread and impact. Uncertainties result from limited information on distribution, biology and epidemiology. All the phytoplasmas categorised here meet the criteria evaluated by <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> to qualify as potential Union quarantine pests, and they do not qualify as potential regulated non‐quarantine pests, because they are non‐<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> phytoplasmas.</p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated"><kwd id="efs25929-kwd-0001">Crotalaria witches’ broom phytoplasma</kwd><kwd id="efs25929-kwd-0002">North American grapevine yellows</kwd><kwd id="efs25929-kwd-0003">peach yellow leaf roll</kwd><kwd id="efs25929-kwd-0004">pear decline</kwd><kwd id="efs25929-kwd-0005">pest risk</kwd><kwd id="efs25929-kwd-0006">plant health</kwd><kwd id="efs25929-kwd-0007">plant pest</kwd><kwd id="efs25929-kwd-0008">quarantine</kwd><kwd id="efs25929-kwd-0009">sweet potato little leaf</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="3"></fig-count><table-count count="29"></table-count><page-count count="97"></page-count><word-count count="50408"></word-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>source-schema-version-number</meta-name><meta-value>2.0</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>cover-date</meta-name><meta-value>January 2020</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>details-of-publishers-convertor</meta-name><meta-value>Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.7.5 mode:remove_FC converted:21.01.2020</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><p content-type="self-citation"><mixed-citation publication-type="self-citation" id="efs25929-cit-1001"><bold>Suggested citation: </bold><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA PLH Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Health)</collab>, <string-name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gonthier</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Justesen</surname><given-names>AF</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Magnusson</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Milonas</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Navas‐Cortes</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Reignault</surname><given-names>PL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Thulke</surname><given-names>H‐H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Vicent Civera</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Yuen</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Zappalà</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bosco</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chiumenti</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Di Serio</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Galetto</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Marzachì</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pautasso</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Jacques</surname><given-names>M‐A</given-names></string-name>, <year>2020</year><article-title>Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of the non‐EU phytoplasmas of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.</article-title><source xml:lang="en">EFSA Journal</source> 2020;18(1):5929, 97 pp. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5929</pub-id></mixed-citation></p><fn-group id="efs25929-ntgp-0001"><fn id="efs25929-note-1001"><p><bold>Requestor:</bold> European Commission</p></fn><fn id="efs25929-note-1002"><p><bold>Question numbers:</bold> EFSA‐Q‐2019‐00134, EFSA‐Q‐2019‐00135, EFSA‐Q‐2019‐00136, EFSA‐Q‐2019‐00137, EFSA‐Q‐2019‐00138, EFSA‐Q‐2019‐00139, EFSA‐Q‐2019‐00140, EFSA‐Q‐2019‐00141</p></fn><fn id="efs25929-note-1003"><p><bold>Panel members:</bold> Claude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen‐Schmutz, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie‐Agnès Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod, Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A. Navas‐Cortes, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe L. Reignault, Hans‐Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent Civera, Jonathan Yuen, Lucia Zappalà.</p></fn><fn id="efs25929-note-1004"><p><bold>Acknowledgments:</bold> This document was prepared in cooperation with the Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italy) under the tasking grant (GP/EFSA/ALPHA/2017/02). The Panel thanks for the information provided to this scientific output: Franco Finelli (Phytosanitary Service, Italy). The Panel acknowledges all European competent institutions, Member State bodies and other organisations that provided data for this scientific output.</p></fn><fn id="efs25929-note-1005"><p><bold>Competing interests:</bold> In line with EFSA's policy on declarations of interest, Panel member Francesco Di Serio did not participate in the adoption of this scientific output.</p></fn><fn id="efs25929-note-2006"><p>Adopted: 21 November 2019</p></fn><fn id="efs25929-note-1006"><p>Reproduction of the images listed below is prohibited and permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder:</p><p>Figures 1–3: © EPPO</p></fn></fn-group></notes></front><body id="efs25929-body-0001"><sec id="efs25929-sec-0002"><label>1</label><title>Introduction</title><sec id="efs25929-sec-0003"><label>1.1</label><title>Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor</title><sec id="efs25929-sec-0004"><label>1.1.1</label><title>Background</title><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25929-note-1007">1</xref> on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community establishes the present European Union plant health regime. The Directive lays down the phytosanitary provisions and the control checks to be carried out at the place of origin on plants and plant products destined for the Union or to be moved within the Union. In the Directive's 2000/29/EC annexes, the list of harmful organisms (pests) whose introduction into or spread within the Union is prohibited, is detailed together with specific requirements for import or internal movement.</p><p>Following the evaluation of the plant health regime, the new basic plant health law, Regulation (EU) 2016/2031<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25929-note-1008">2</xref> on protective measures against pests of plants, was adopted on 26 October 2016 and will apply from 14 December 2019 onwards, repealing Directive 2000/29/EC. In line with the principles of the above mentioned legislation and the follow‐up work of the secondary legislation for the listing of EU regulated pests, EFSA is requested to provide pest categorisations of the harmful organisms included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC, in the cases where recent pest risk assessment/ pest categorisation is not available.</p></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0005"><label>1.1.2</label><title>Terms of Reference</title><p>EFSA is requested, pursuant to Article 22(5.b) and Article 29(1) of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25929-note-1009">3</xref>, to provide scientific opinion in the field of plant health.</p><p>EFSA is requested to prepare and deliver a pest categorisation (step 1 analysis) for each of the regulated pests included in the appendices of the annex to this mandate. The methodology and template of pest categorisation have already been developed in past mandates for the organisms listed in Annex II Part A Section II of Directive 2000/29/EC. The same methodology and outcome is expected for this work as well.</p><p>The list of the harmful organisms included in the annex to this mandate comprises 133 harmful organisms or groups. A pest categorisation is expected for these 133 pests or groups and the delivery of the work would be stepwise at regular intervals through the year as detailed below. First priority covers the harmful organisms included in Appendix <xref rid="efs25929-sec-0006" ref-type="sec">1</xref>, comprising pests from Annex II Part A Section I and Annex II Part B of Directive 2000/29/EC. The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix <xref rid="efs25929-sec-0006" ref-type="sec">1</xref> is June 2018. The second priority is the pests included in Appendix <xref rid="efs25929-sec-0007" ref-type="sec">2</xref>, comprising the group of <italic>Cicadellidae</italic> (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), the group of <italic>Tephritidae</italic> (non‐EU), the group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms, the group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L. and the group of <italic>Margarodes</italic> (non‐EU species). The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix <xref rid="efs25929-sec-0007" ref-type="sec">2</xref> is end 2019. The pests included in Appendix <xref rid="efs25929-sec-0008" ref-type="sec">3</xref> cover pests of Annex I part A section I and all pests categorisations should be delivered by end 2020.</p><p>For the above‐mentioned groups, each covering a large number of pests, the pest categorisation will be performed for the group and not the individual harmful organisms listed under “such as” notation in the Annexes of the Directive 2000/29/EC. The criteria to be taken particularly under consideration for these cases, is the analysis of host pest combination, investigation of pathways, the damages occurring and the relevant impact.</p><p>Finally, as indicated in the text above, all references to ‘non‐European’ should be avoided and replaced by ‘non‐EU’ and refer to all territories with exception of the Union territories as defined in Article 1 point 3 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031.</p><sec id="efs25929-sec-0006"><label>1.1.2.1</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 1</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-1" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aleurocanthus</italic> spp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Numonia pyrivorella</italic> (Matsumura)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus bisignifer</italic> (Schenkling)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Oligonychus perditus</italic> Pritchard and Baker</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus signatus</italic> (Say)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pissodes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic> Inouye</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips aurantii</italic> Faure</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carposina niponensis</italic> Walsingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips</italic> citri (Moultex)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia packardi</italic> (Zeller)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scolytidae</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia prunivora</italic> Walsh</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scrobipalpopsis solanivora</italic> Povolny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Grapholita inopinata</italic> Heinrich</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tachypterellus quadrigibbus</italic> Say</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hishomonus phycitis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> Kirk.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leucaspis japonica</italic> Ckll.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Unaspis citri</italic> Comstock</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Listronotus bonariensis</italic> (Kuschel)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus variegated chlorosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xanthomonas campestris</italic> pv. <italic>oryzae</italic> (Ishiyama) Dye and pv. <italic>oryzicola</italic> (Fang. et al.) Dye</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Erwinia stewartii</italic> (Smith) Dye</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Alternaria alternata</italic> (Fr.) Keissler (non‐EU pathogenic isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Elsinoe</italic> spp. Bitanc. and Jenk. Mendes</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anisogramma anomala</italic> (Peck) E. Müller</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp<italic>. albedinis</italic> (Kilian and Maire) Gordon</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Apiosporina morbosa</italic> (Schwein.) v. Arx</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia piricola</italic> (Nosa) Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis virescens</italic> (Davidson) Moreau</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Puccinia pittieriana</italic> Hennings</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercoseptoria pini‐densiflorae</italic> (Hori and Nambu) Deighton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stegophora ulmea</italic> (Schweinitz: Fries) Sydow & Sydow</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercospora angolensis</italic> Carv. and Mendes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Venturia nashicola</italic> Tanaka and Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(d) Virus and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet curly top virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Little cherry pathogen (non‐ EU isolates)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black raspberry latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naturally spreading psorosis</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blight and blight‐like</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palm lethal yellowing mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cadang‐Cadang viroid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Satsuma dwarf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus tristeza virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tatter leaf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leprosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Witches’ broom (MLO)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIB</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insect mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus grandis</italic> (Boh.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips cembrae</italic> Heer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cephalcia lariciphila</italic> (Klug)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips duplicatus</italic> Sahlberg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendroctonus micans</italic> Kugelan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips sexdentatus</italic> Börner</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gilphinia hercyniae</italic> (Hartig)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips typographus</italic> Heer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gonipterus scutellatus</italic> Gyll.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sternochetus mangiferae</italic> Fabricius</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips amitinus</italic> Eichhof</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens</italic> (Hedges) Collins and Jones</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Glomerella gossypii</italic> Edgerton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hypoxylon mammatum</italic> (Wahl.) J. Miller</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gremmeniella abietina</italic> (Lag.) Morelet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0007"><label>1.1.2.2</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 2</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested per group. The list below follows the categorisation included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-2" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of Cicadellidae (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Carneocephala fulgida</italic> Nottingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Graphocephala atropunctata</italic> (Signoret)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Draeculacephala minerva</italic> Ball</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of Tephritidae (non‐EU) such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Anastrepha fraterculus</italic> (Wiedemann)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) <italic>Pardalaspis cyanescens</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Anastrepha ludens</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13) <italic>Pardalaspis quinaria</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Anastrepha obliqua</italic> Macquart</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14) <italic>Pterandrus rosa</italic> (Karsch)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) <italic>Anastrepha suspensa</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15) <italic>Rhacochlaena japonica</italic> Ito</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) <italic>Dacus ciliatus</italic> Loew</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16) <italic>Rhagoletis completa</italic> Cresson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) <italic>Dacus curcurbitae</italic> Coquillet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17) <italic>Rhagoletis fausta</italic> (Osten‐Sacken)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) <italic>Dacus dorsalis</italic> Hendel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18) <italic>Rhagoletis indifferens</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) <italic>Dacus tryoni</italic> (Froggatt)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19) <italic>Rhagoletis mendax</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) <italic>Dacus tsuneonis</italic> Miyake</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20) <italic>Rhagoletis pomonella</italic> Walsh</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) <italic>Dacus zonatus</italic> Saund.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21) <italic>Rhagoletis suavis</italic> (Loew)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) <italic>Epochra canadensis</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Andean potato latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Potato black ringspot virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Andean potato mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Potato virus T</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Arracacha virus B, oca strain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) non‐EU isolates of potato viruses A, M, S, V, X and Y (including Yo, Yn and Yc) and Potato leafroll virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L., such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Blueberry leaf mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) Peach yellows mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Cherry rasp leaf virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) Plum line pattern virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Peach mosaic virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) Raspberry leaf curl virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Peach phony rickettsia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) Strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Peach rosette mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) Non‐EU viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) Peach rosette mycoplasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) Peach X‐disease mycoplasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><italic><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group of <italic>Margarodes</italic> (non‐EU species) such as:</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Margarodes vitis</italic> (Phillipi)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Margarodes prieskaensis</italic> Jakubski</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Margarodes vredendalensis</italic> de Klerk</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0008"><label>1.1.2.3</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 3</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-3" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acleris</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Longidorus diadecturus</italic> Eveleigh and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Amauromyza maculosa</italic> (Malloch)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Monochamus</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anomala orientalis</italic> Waterhouse</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myndus crudus</italic> Van Duzee</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arrhenodes minutus</italic> Drury</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nacobbus aberrans</italic> (Thorne) Thorne and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Choristoneura</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Naupactus leucoloma</italic> Boheman</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Conotrachelus nenuphar</italic> (Herbst)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Premnotrypes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendrolimus sibiricus</italic> Tschetverikov</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus</italic> (Zimmermann)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica barberi</italic> Smith and Lawrence</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus pruinosus</italic> (Eichhoff)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi</italic> Barber</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scaphoideus luteolus</italic> (Van Duzee)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata</italic> Mannerheim</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera eridania</italic> (Cramer)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica virgifera zeae</italic> Krysan & Smith</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera frugiperda</italic> (Smith)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diaphorina citri</italic> Kuway</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera litura</italic> (Fabricus)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Heliothis zea</italic> (Boddie)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thrips palmi</italic> Karny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hirschmanniella</italic> spp., other than <italic>Hirschmanniella gracilis</italic> (de Man) Luc and Goodey</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema americanum</italic> Cobb <italic>sensu</italic> lato (non‐EU populations)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza sativae</italic> Blanchard</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> Lamberti and Bleve‐Zacheo</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis fagacearum</italic> (Bretz) Hunt</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella larici‐leptolepis</italic> Ito et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli</italic> Dietel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella populorum</italic> G. E. Thompson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phoma andina</italic> Turkensteen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Endocronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta solitaria</italic> Ell. and Ev.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia laricina</italic> (Saw.) Yamamoto and Ito</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Septoria lycopersici</italic> Speg. var. <italic>malagutii</italic> Ciccarone and Boerema</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thecaphora solani</italic> Barrus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Inonotus weirii</italic> (Murril) Kotlaba and Pouzar</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Trechispora brinkmannii</italic> (Bresad.) Rogers</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora farlowii</italic> (Arthur) Davis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tobacco ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pepper mild tigré virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tomato ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Squash leaf curl virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bean golden mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Euphorbia mosaic virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cowpea mild mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Florida tomato virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lettuce infectious yellows virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(d) Parasitic plants</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arceuthobium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAII</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Meloidogyne fallax</italic> Karssen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhizoecus hibisci</italic> Kawai and Takagi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Popillia japonica</italic> Newman</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Clavibacter michiganensis</italic> (Smith) Davis et al. ssp. <italic>sepedonicus</italic> (Spieckermann and Kotthoff) Davis et al.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ralstonia solanacearum</italic> (Smith) Yabuuchi et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora medusae</italic> Thümen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Synchytrium endobioticum</italic> (Schilbersky) Percival</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex I B</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</italic> Say</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza bryoniae</italic> (Kaltenbach)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet necrotic yellow vein virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0009"><label>1.1.3</label><title>Interpretation of the Terms of Reference</title><p>Non‐EU phytoplasmas of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L. (from now on: “the host plants”) are pests listed in the Appendices to the Terms of Reference (ToR) to be subject to pest categorisation to determine whether they fulfil the criteria of quarantine pests or those of regulated non‐quarantine pests (RNQPs) for the area of the EU excluding Ceuta, Melilla and the outermost regions of Member States (MS) referred to in Article 355(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), other than Madeira and the Azores.</p><p>The EFSA PLH Panel decided to address the pest categorisation of this group of infectious agents in two steps: first, a list of the non‐EU phytoplasmas of the host plants (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0065" ref-type="ref">2020</xref>) and second, the present pest categorisation.</p><p>The process is described in EFSA PLH Panel (<xref rid="efs25929-bib-0065" ref-type="ref">2020</xref>), in which a systematic approach identified 27 phytoplasmas reported to naturally infect one or more of host plants. “Among these phytoplasmas, based on information on distribution and prevalence both inside and outside the EU, the Panel identified 10 non‐EU phytoplasmas, known to occur only outside the EU or having only a limited presence in the EU. The remaining 17 phytoplasmas, non‐EU phytoplasmas known to occur only outside the EU or having only a limited presence in the EU, whose ability to infect host species is not fully confirmed by available literature (3 phytoplasmas), or phytoplasmas which have a substantial presence in the EU or are so far reported from the EU only (14 phytoplasmas), will not be categorised within the current mandate.” One non‐EU phytoplasma (‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma phoenicium’, PHYPPH) was excluded from further categorisation, as a recent pest risk assessment is available (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0069" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). The same statements and definitions reported above also apply to the current opinion.</p><p>This opinion provides the pest categorisation of the 9 non‐EU phytoplasmas with confirmed presence in at least one of the host plants, that have been listed in EFSA PLH Panel (<xref rid="efs25929-bib-0065" ref-type="ref">2020</xref>). Although phytoplasmas have not yet been cultivated <italic>in vitro</italic>, phylogenetic analyses based on various conserved genes have shown that they represent a distinct, monophyletic clade within the class Mollicutes. Phytoplasmas are therefore accommodated within the ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma’ genus. Within this genus, several sub‐taxa have been described to accommodate organisms sharing less than 97.5% similarity among their 16S rRNA gene sequences. Additional species are described to accommodate organisms that, despite their 16S rRNA gene sequence being > 97·5 % similar to those of other ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma’ species, are characterized by distinctive biological, phytopathological and genetic properties. Conversely, some organisms, despite their 16S rRNA gene sequence being < 97·5 % similar to that of any other ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma’ species, are not presently described as <italic>Candidatus</italic> species, due to their poor overall characterization (IRPCM, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0120" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>). The current opinion covers only phytoplasma strains infecting at least one of the host plants within their officially described ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. species’. To this purpose, pathogens were identified according to the list of strains/‐related strains within the original ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. species’ description, when available. Otherwise, affiliation to a ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. species’‐related strain was based on the identity of the 16S rRNA subgroup. In one case, in the absence of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. species’ description, the pathogen strain is addressed as ‘unclassified’.</p><p>The current opinion covers the following entities:
<list list-type="bullet" id="efs25929-list-0001"><list-item><p>‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains (pear decline Taiwan II, PDTWII; Crotalaria witches’ broom phytoplasma, CrWB; sweet potato little leaf, SPLL),</p></list-item><list-item><p>‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ (reference strain),</p></list-item><list-item><p>‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ (reference strain),</p></list-item><list-item><p>‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ (reference strain),</p></list-item><list-item><p>‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pruni’‐related strain (North American grapevine yellows, NAGYIII),</p></list-item><list-item><p>‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pyri’‐related strain (peach yellow leaf roll, PYLR),</p></list-item><list-item><p>‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ (reference strain),</p></list-item><list-item><p>‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ (reference strain),</p></list-item><list-item><p>An unclassified phytoplasma causing Buckland valley grapevine yellows.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Viruses, virus‐like diseases of unknown aetiology or diseases caused by other graft‐transmissible bacteria of the host plants are not addressed in this opinion.</p><p>The new Plant Health Regulation (EU) 2016/2031<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25929-note-1010">4</xref>, on the protective measures against pests of plants, will be applying from December 2019. The regulatory status sections (3.3.) of the present opinion are still based on Council Directive 2000/29/EC, as the document was adopted in November 2019.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0010"><label>2</label><title>Data and methodologies</title><sec id="efs25929-sec-0011"><label>2.1</label><title>Data</title><sec id="efs25929-sec-0012"><label>2.1.1</label><title>Literature search</title><p>A literature search on non‐EU phytoplasmas infecting the host plants was conducted at the beginning of the categorisation in the Web of Science (WoS) database, using the scientific name of the pests as search term. Relevant papers were reviewed and further references and data were obtained from experts, as well as from citations within the references and grey literature.</p></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0013"><label>2.1.2</label><title>Database search</title><p>Pest information, on host(s) and distribution, was retrieved from the EPPO Global Database (EPPO GD) (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>) and relevant publications. Data kindly provided by National Plant Protection Organisations of the EU MS were also considered.</p><p>Information on pest vectors was retrieved from the Hemiptera‐Phytoplasma‐Plant biological interaction database (Trivellone, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0246" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>). Data on the EU distribution of pest vectors were retrieved from the Fauna Europaea database (de Jong et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0125" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>), and the Catalogue of Life 2019 checklist (Roskov et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0197" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>). To ensure appropriate screening of the literature on the EU distribution of the species/genera, a WoS search was performed using the species name as a search string. All results were individually checked. When more than 300 items were retrieved, the search was refined by including ‘Europe’ as search string.</p><p>Data about the area of hosts grown in the EU were obtained from EUROSTAT (Statistical Office of the European Communities).</p><p>The Europhyt database was consulted for pest‐specific notifications on interceptions and outbreaks. Europhyt is a web‐based network run by the Directorate General for Health and Food Safety (DG SANTÉ) of the European Commission, and is a subproject of PHYSAN (Phyto‐Sanitary Controls) specifically concerned with plant health information. The Europhyt database manages notifications of interceptions of plants or plant products that do not comply with EU legislation, as well as notifications of plant pests detected in the territory of the EU MS and the phytosanitary measures taken to eradicate or avoid their spread.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0014"><label>2.2</label><title>Methodologies</title><p>The Panel performed the pest categorisation for the non‐EU phytoplasmas of the host plants following guiding principles and steps presented in the EFSA guidance on quantitative pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0067" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>) and in the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) No 11 (FAO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0079" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>) and No 21 (FAO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0078" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>).</p><p>This work was started following an evaluation of the EU plant health regime. Therefore, to facilitate the decision‐making process, in the conclusions of the pest categorisation, the Panel addresses explicitly each criterion for a Union quarantine pest and for a Union RNQP in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants, and includes additional information required in accordance with the specific terms of reference received by the European Commission. In addition, for each conclusion, the Panel provides a short description of its associated uncertainty.</p><p>Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0001" ref-type="table">1</xref> presents the Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 pest categorisation criteria on which the Panel bases its conclusions. All relevant criteria have to be met for the pest to potentially qualify either as a quarantine pest or as a RNQP. If one of the criteria is not met, the pest will not qualify. A pest that does not qualify as a quarantine pest may still qualify as a RNQP that needs to be addressed in the opinion. For the pests regulated in the protected zones only, the scope of the categorisation is the territory of the protected zone; thus, the criteria refer to the protected zone instead of the EU territory.</p><p>It should be noted that the Panel's conclusions are formulated respecting its remit and particularly with regard to the principle of separation between risk assessment and risk management (EFSA founding regulation (EU) No 178/2002); therefore, instead of determining whether the pest is likely to have an unacceptable impact, the Panel will present a summary of the observed pest impacts. Economic impacts are expressed in terms of yield and quality losses and not in monetary terms, whereas addressing social impacts is outside the remit of the Panel.</p><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0001" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Pest categorisation criteria under evaluation, as defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding protected zone quarantine pest (articles 32‐35)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Identity of the pest (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0016" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.1</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Absence/ presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0023" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.2</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest present in the EU territory?</p><p>If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU? Describe the pest distribution briefly!</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a protected zone quarantine organism </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a RNQP. (A RNQP must be present in the risk assessment area)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0027" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.3</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">If the pest is present in the EU but not widely distributed in the risk assessment area, it should be under official control or expected to be under official control in the near future</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The protected zone system aligns with the pest free area system under the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)</p><p>The pest satisfies the IPPC definition of a quarantine pest that is not present in the risk assessment area (i.e. protected zone)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest regulated as a quarantine pest? If currently regulated as a quarantine pest, are there grounds to consider its status could be revoked?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0031" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the EU territory? If yes, briefly list the pathways!</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the protected zone areas?</p><p>Is entry by natural spread from EU areas where the pest is present possible?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is spread mainly via specific plants for planting, rather than via natural spread or via movement of plant products or other objects?</p><p>Clearly state if plants for planting is the main pathway!</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0042" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.5</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the protected zone areas?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Available measures (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0044" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.6</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated? </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the protected zone areas such that the risk becomes mitigated?</p><p>Is it possible to eradicate the pest in a restricted area within 24 months (or a period longer than 24 months where the biology of the organism so justifies) after the presence of the pest was confirmed in the protected zone?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated? </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conclusion of pest categorisation (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0052" ref-type="sec"><bold>4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential quarantine pest were met and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as potential protected zone quarantine pest were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential RNQP were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap><p>The Panel will not indicate in its conclusions of the pest categorisation whether to continue the risk assessment process, but following the agreed two‐step approach, will continue only if requested by the risk managers. However, during the categorisation process, experts may identify key elements and knowledge gaps that could contribute significant uncertainty to a future assessment of risk. It would be useful to identify and highlight such gaps so that potential future requests can specifically target the major elements of uncertainty, perhaps suggesting specific scenarios to examine.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0015"><label>3</label><title>Pest categorisation</title><sec id="efs25929-sec-0016"><label>3.1</label><title>Identity and biology of the pest</title><sec id="efs25929-sec-0017"><label>3.1.1</label><title>Identity and taxonomy</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25929-blkfxd-0101" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</italic></p><p><bold>YES</bold>, the identity of the non‐EU phytoplasmas of the host plants is clear.</p></boxed-text></p><p>Phytoplasmas are accommodated within the ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma’ genus. Within this genus, several species have been described based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences. Within the species, strains officially included in the species description share a common signature at this locus. For each species, a reference strain is described, and its 16S rRNA sequence determined. Strains with minimal differences in the 16S rRNA gene (≥ 97.5% identity) are considered as related strains. In the presence of minimal differences of the 16S rRNA gene, if the two phytoplasmas are transmitted by different vectors, have a different natural plant host (or, at least, their behaviour is significantly different in the same plant host), and there is evidence of significant molecular diversity, the description of a new species is recommended (IRPCM, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0120" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>). The current opinion covers pathogens at the strain level, infecting at least one of the host plants within their officially described ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. species’. In one case (Buckland valley grapevine yellows) the phytoplasma has not yet been assigned to a ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P.’ species.</p><p>Key information on the identity of the phytoplasmas categorised in the present opinion is reported in Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0002" ref-type="table">2</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0002" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Justification for establishing identity of the phytoplasmas categorised here</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytoplasma name, reference strain/related strain name</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Justification</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>‘</bold><italic><bold>Ca</bold></italic><bold>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains (pear decline Taiwan II, PDTWII; Crotalaria witches’ broom phytoplasma, CrWB; sweet potato little leaf, SPLL)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A categorisation of the ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’ reference strain is already available (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0066" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>), under the name Witches’ broom disease of lime phytoplasma. The disease has only been reported in <italic>Citrus</italic> spp. (Zreik et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0287" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>). The phytoplasma belongs to the 16SrII ribosomal group (IRPCM, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0120" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>). Many other diseases have been associated with phytoplasmas within the 16SrII group, and those infecting the host plants are categorised here, including ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australasia’ [PHYPAA], as this species is not officially accepted (IRPCM, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0120" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>). Phytoplasmas of the 16Sr‐II group are the causal agents of sweet potato little leaf (SPLL) [PHYP39], crotalaria witches’‐broom phytoplasma (CrWB), pear decline Taiwan II (PDTWII), papaya mosaic, peanut witches’ broom phytoplasma, sunn hemp witches’ broom phytoplasma, Australian big bud of tomato, dieback of papaya, mosaic of papaya, yellow crinkle of papaya, tomato big bud (TBB) [PHYP01], dwarf disease of sweet potato, little leaf of sweet potato. Inclusion of 16Sr‐II phytoplasma strains papaya yellow crinkle (PpYC), papaya mosaic (PpM), and tomato big bud (TBB) into the ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australasia’ taxon (White et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0261" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>) has not been further supported (IRPCM, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0120" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. australiense’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ species includes different phytoplasma genetic lineages. They are the causal agents of: Australian grapevine yellows (AUSGY; AGY); Strawberry lethal yellows; papaya dieback (PpDB); phormium yellow leaf (PYL), Australian lucerne yellows. Within the species (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0048" ref-type="ref">1997a</xref>), three distinct subgroups are proposed based on sequence analyses of the tuf gene: tuf 1, tuf 2, and tuf 3 (Andersen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0012" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>). A related strain is reported in Australia (Getachew et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0093" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>). The phytoplasma is listed as PHYPAU in the EPPO GD</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. fraxini’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ species (Griffiths et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0102" ref-type="ref">1999</xref>) includes members of the AshY phytoplasma group (16SrVII‐A). They are the causal agents of Ash yellows (AshY) and lilac witches’ broom (LWB) diseases in North America (Sinclair et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0229" ref-type="ref">1996</xref>). Phytoplasmas of the same 16Sr group (subgroup ‐C) have been reported to infect <italic>Fragaria</italic> (Fernandez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0081" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>) in Argentina, although their status within the ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ is uncertain. The phytoplasma is listed as PHYPFR in the EPPO GD</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. hispanicum’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ species includes different phytoplasma genetic lineages. They are the causal agents of: Mexican periwinkle virescence (MPV) which was indicated as reference strain, strawberry multiplier (STRAWB1), Mexican potato purple top (MPPT‐SINPV), papaya apical curl necrosis (PACN‐Br04) and strawberry red leaf (StrawRL‐Tc1) (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0051" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). Other diseases recently described and associated with this phytoplasma species are: broccoli stunt in Brazil (Perez‐Lopez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0183" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>), strawberry green petal disease in Mexico (Perez‐Lopez and Dumonceaux, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0182" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>), and strawberry fruit phyllody (SFP‐Br02)) in Brazil (Melo et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0158" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>). The Strawberry multiplier disease phytoplasma is listed as PHYP75 in the EPPO GD. The phytoplasma listed as Strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasm (SYWB00) in Annex IAI was detected before the development of molecular identification tools, therefore its designation as related strain of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ is uncertain. Phytoplasmas identified in <italic>Melia azedarach</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0051" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>) are now included in ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. meliae’ (Fernandez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0082" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). The ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ is listed as PHYP07 in the EPPO GD</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pruni’‐related strain (North American grapevine yellows, NAGYIII)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16SrIII NAGY phytoplasma strains are closely related to, but distinct from, strains of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni’, cause of Prunus X‐disease, based on deduced 3‐ dimensional structure of SecY proteins, and SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in 16S rRNA, secY, and ribosomal protein (rp) genes. They differ from ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni’ in regions of the 16S rRNA gene corresponding to three segments described as species‐unique for ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni’ (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0049" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pyri’‐related strain (peach yellow leaf roll, PYLR)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This disease peach yellow leaf roll (PYLR) was first observed in 1948 in the Sacramento Valley, California, USA. The incidence of PYLR remained relatively low until an epidemic outbreak in the late 1970s and early 1980s (Marcone et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0153" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). A disease named Almond brown line and decline (ABLD) may also be caused by PYLR phytoplasma (Uyemoto et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0249" ref-type="ref">1992</xref>). The PYLR phytoplasma is phylogenetically closely related to, but not identical to, the ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pyri’ reference strain agent of the pear decline disease, PD. In most molecular analyses based on ribosomal and non‐ribosomal DNA sequences, PYLR is indistinguishable from the PD phytoplasma (Seemuller and Schneider, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0215" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>). Comparison of genes coding the immunodominant membrane protein (IMP) clearly indicates that PYLR and PD are different (Morton et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0162" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>). For this reason, the PYLR is considered as a related strain of the ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pyri’ (Seemuller and Schneider, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0215" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. trifolii’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ phytoplasma includes Clover proliferation (CPR) as the reference strain, and alfalfa witches’‐broom (AWB), brinjal little leaf (BLL), beet leafhopper‐transmitted virescence (BLTV), Illinois elm yellows (ILEY), potato witches’‐broom (PWB), potato yellows (PY), tomato big bud in California (TBBc) and phytoplasmas from <italic>Fragaria multicipita</italic> (FM) (Hiruki and Wang, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0112" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>). The latter is an invalid taxon, as <italic>F. multicipita</italic>, thought to be a rare plant with unusual vegetative morphology, is actually a phytoplasma‐diseased aberrant growth form of <italic>F. virginiana</italic> (Jomantiene et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0122" ref-type="ref">1998a</xref>). The vegetative morphology of <italic>F. multicipita</italic> is typical of strawberry plants affected by multiplier disease found in winter production strawberry fields in Florida, as also confirmed by molecular analyses (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0052" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>). The phytoplasma is listed as PHYPTR in the EPPO GD, together with the following other names: Lucerne witches’ broom phytoplasma, Potato witches’ broom phytoplasma and proliferation of clover. Other microorganisms are listed in the EPPO GD as PHYP61 (Willow witches’ broom phytoplasma) and PHYP62 (Brinjal little leaf phytoplasma and Eggplant little leaf phytoplasma). These can be assigned to ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ in agreement with the species description (Hiruki and Wang, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0112" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. ziziphi’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ species includes the causal agents of Jujube witches’ broom phytoplasma (or witches’ broom of jujube), the sweet cherry virescence (SCV), a stem fasciation disease of persimmon trees, the cherry lethal yellows (CLY5) in China, the peach yellows in India (PY‐In), and the Euonimus witches' broom in China, among others. These phytoplasmas form a homogenous ecological lineage (within the 16SrV‐B) based on analysis of genetic loci that encode important phytoplasma cellular components, including an array of ribosomal proteins and preprotein translocase subunit SecY (Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0254" ref-type="ref">2018b</xref>), although minor RFLP patterns are predicted by in silico restriction digestion of their 16s rRNA sequences (Ren et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0195" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). Sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA gene of several Chinese isolates of JWB confirm that the pathogen causes consistent symptoms from different regions and cultivars (Bu et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0034" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). The genome of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ has been recently sequenced (Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0252" ref-type="ref">2018a</xref>). PHYPZI is the EPPO code for ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">This phytoplasma shows about 97,0% sequence identity to ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma asteris’ (16SrI), its closest relative, therefore it fulfills the requisite for being classified as a different species, although this has not been done so far (Fiona Constable, Microbiology, Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, AgriBio, 30/01/2019, personal communication). The Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma has been assigned as reference isolate of the 16SrXXIII group (Zhao and Davis, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0280" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). No variation was detected between isolates of the phytoplasma when Heteroduplex Mobility Assay of the tuf gene was done and it is possible that this phytoplasma lacks molecular diversity (Constable and Symons, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0042" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>)</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0019"><label>3.1.2</label><title>Biology of the pest</title><p>All the phytoplasmas considered in the present pest categorisation are efficiently transmitted by grafting of infected scions on healthy plants, as well as by phloem feeder insect vectors. Phytoplasmas are transmitted by insects in the order Hemiptera. However, vector species are restricted to only a few families of the Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha (most of the vector species belong to Cicadellidae and Cixiidae), and of Sternorrhyncha (Psyllidae) (Weintraub and Beanland, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0260" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>)). Within a family, some species are known to be phytoplasma vectors, while others are not. Transmission is persistent and propagative, and insects are infective for life. No transovarial transmission has been reported for the phytoplasmas categorised here.</p><p>The phytoplasma transmission process consists of:
<list list-type="roman-lower" id="efs25929-list-0002"><list-item><p>acquisition of the pathogen during feeding on an infected plant,</p></list-item><list-item><p>a latent period in the insect, during which the phytoplasma crosses the midgut barrier, multiplies within the insect body and colonizes its salivary glands, and</p></list-item><list-item><p>inoculation of the bacterium during feeding on a healthy plant.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Details on the symptoms on the host plants, incubation period and epidemiology are listed in Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0003" ref-type="table">3</xref>. Symptoms on other plants are listed in Appendix <xref rid="efs25929-sec-2001" ref-type="sec">A</xref>. The known vector species are listed in Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0004" ref-type="table">4</xref>. Phytoplasma infection is often due to a single phytoplasma strain/species, and insect vectors can acquire this phytoplasma and transmit it to other plants of the same species or other susceptible species. Therefore, the epidemiological cycle is simple, since a single phytoplasma is transmitted among susceptible plants of one or more botanical species. It appears that vectors can act in closed or open epidemiological cycles. A closed cycle is represented by a phytoplasma that circulates between the main, if not exclusive, host plant and the main, if not exclusive, vector species (Bosco and D'Amelio, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>). No pollen and seed transmissions have been reported for the phytoplasmas considered in this opinion.</p><p>For this pest categorisation, two vector categories were identified (Trivellone, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0246" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>):
<list list-type="order" id="efs25929-list-0003"><list-item><p>An insect species is considered a competent vector if the phytoplasma capability to overcome the barriers of gut and salivary glands has been proven using classical acquisition/inoculation experiments in the laboratory, or inoculation trials with caged infected specimens collected from the field.</p></list-item><list-item><p>An insect species is considered a potential vector if the phytoplasma has been detected in the insect body using standard molecular methods, or inoculated to artificial medium under laboratory conditions. The status as a potential vector does not prove the ability to transmit the phytoplasma from plant to plant.</p></list-item></list></p><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0003" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Symptoms on the target host plants, incubation period and epidemiological details of the phytoplasmas categorised here. For symptoms on other plants, see Appendix <xref rid="efs25929-sec-2001" ref-type="sec">A</xref></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytoplasma name, reference strain/ related strain name</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Symptoms</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incubation period</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Epidemiological details</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>‘</bold><italic><bold>Ca</bold></italic><bold>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains (pear decline Taiwan II, PDTWII; Crotalaria witches’ broom phytoplasma, CrWB; sweet potato little leaf, SPLL)’</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Fragaria</italic>: strawberry leaves from fruit (Streten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0237" ref-type="ref">2005c</xref>).</p><p><italic>Prunus</italic>: symptoms of chlorotic leafroll on one branch or on the whole crown with scattered dieback of several branches (Rasoulpour et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0193" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>), (plum) little leaf, leaf rolling, rosetting, yellowing and shoot proliferation (Zirak et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0285" ref-type="ref">2009b</xref>), bronzing of foliage and tattered and shot‐holed leaves (Zirak et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0286" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>).</p><p><italic>Pyrus</italic>: leaf redness and curling followed by progressive weakening and wilt (Liu et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0149" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>); general dieback, poor terminal growth, and poorly developed root systems (Schneider and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0212" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>).</p><p><italic>Vitis</italic>: decline, leaf yellowing and shortening of internodes (Ghayeb Zamharir et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0095" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>), late season leaf curl, LSLC (Gibb et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0096" ref-type="ref">1999</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>In <italic>Prunus</italic> (apricot), the minimum time between inoculation and symptom expression is of 21 months (Rasoulpour et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0193" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>).</p><p>In <italic>Pyrus</italic>, diseased seedlings begin to exhibit the characteristic upward leaf curling symptoms of pear decline (PDTWII) three to six months after transmission (Liu et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0149" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>).</p><p>In <italic>Carica papaya</italic>: the mean time from symptom appearance to plant death is about 4 months (Padovan and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0176" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>), while bunchy top symptoms appear 3 months after inoculation to papaya by <italic>Empoasca papayae</italic> (Perez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0184" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>). The infectious period (incubation period plus the period from postincubation to time‐to‐death period) of infected papaya ranges from 6 to 9 months (Esker et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0071" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Disease transmission rates by <italic>Orosius occidentalis</italic> and <italic>O. albicinctus</italic> leafhoppers are above 60% when leafhoppers are allowed to acquire the phytoplasma on infected plants and about 20% when field‐captured leafhoppers are used for the transmission (Akhtar et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. australiense’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Fragaria</italic>: plants growing flatter to the ground, purpling of older leaves, reduced leaf size, yellowing of younger leaves, and sometimes plant death (Liefting et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0146" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>).</p><p><italic>Prunus</italic>: yellowing of leaf margins and rolling, drying and necrosis (leaves), proliferation of shoots along branches (Jones et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0124" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In infected papaya, plant apical death occurs within 2 weeks of first visible external symptom expression, and 3 weeks of first detection of phytoplasma in host tissue (Guthrie et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0104" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>); plants survive less than 3 months (Padovan and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0176" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No information was found</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. fraxini’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Fragaria</italic>: phyllody (Fernandez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0081" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>).</p><p><italic>Prunus</italic> spp: decline, leaf reddening, yellowing, shortening of internodes, witches’ broom and reduced fruit size (Zunnoon‐Khan et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0288" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>).</p><p><italic>Vitis</italic>: severe yellows, decline, reduced internode size and leaf with lack of lignification (Ghayeb Zamharir et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0095" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>; Zambon et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0277" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>) </p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mortality of infected trees occurs within 2 years in young ash trees and up to 10 years after infection of old trees (reviewed in (Olivier et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0168" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>)). Mortality (30%) over an 8‐year study period is reported for <italic>Fraxinus velutina</italic> adult trees in Arizona, with a lag time between ash infection and symptom development of about 2 years (Bricker and Stutz, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0032" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>). Symptom incubation up to 4 years has been reported in 20% of the ash trees of a US population (Sinclair and Griffiths, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0227" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No information was found</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. hispanicum’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fragaria</italic>: fruit phyllody, achenes’ hypertrophy and leaf reddening (Cui et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0046" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>), slow growth (Melo et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0158" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>), deformation of fruits, large, elongated purple leaves and green petals (Avendano‐Benequen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0020" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>), stunting, young leaves with yellowing at the edges, mature leaves with curling and a reddish colouration at the abaxial face, death (Fernandez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0083" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fragaria</italic> in Mexico: symptoms observed in strawberry planted between 30 and 60 days after transplanting and during crop development (Avendano‐Benequen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0020" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). In late ‘90s, symptoms of strawberry disease in Florida were observed as soon as the plants were removed from shipping containers in autumn (Jomantiene et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0123" ref-type="ref">1998b</xref>) </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Strawberry disease occurred in commercial fields in west central Florida during the 1995 to 1996 winter growing season, with transplant originating from Canadian nurseries (Harrison et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0107" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>). Plants shipped from Canada and transplanted in Florida for fruit production displayed disease symptoms suggesting possible infection by phytoplasma (Jomantiene et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0123" ref-type="ref">1998b</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pruni’‐related strain (North American grapevine yellows, NAGYIII)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitis</italic>: Symptoms of NAGYIII are similar to those of other grapevine yellows diseases that occur globally, and include leaf reddening in red‐fruited cultivars (cvs.), leaf chlorosis in white‐fruited cvs., downward rolling of leaf margins, dieback of shoot tips, abortion of fruit clusters, and nonuniform maturation of shoot stem periderm (Wolf, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0267" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NAGYIII affected vines often die within 2 or 3 years of symptom onset (Wolf, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0267" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Infected plants may show symptoms the same year of the infection, but usually severe symptoms are expressed a year after the infection. Plants usually die within 4 years since infection. The highest incidence of NAGYIII diseased plants is found in vineyards bordered by woods with deciduous trees, especially <italic>Prunus</italic> and <italic>Vitis</italic> spp. (Wolf, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0267" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pyri’‐related strain (peach yellow leaf roll, PYLR)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus</italic>: PYLR causes chlorosis, downward curling of leaf tips and rolling of leaf margins in mid‐summer due to a cork layer deposition, while leaves remain normal in size</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">One year (Uyemoto et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0248" ref-type="ref">1999</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Disease incidence did not differ among peach cvs., but was significantly lower in 4 year old or younger peach trees than in older plants. PYLR incidence was higher in peach orchards adjacent to commercial pear orchards and the incidence decreased with distance from pears (Purcell et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0189" ref-type="ref">1981</xref>). Furthermore, since there is no evidence that PYLR spreads from peach to peach, pear trees are regarded as the primary pathogen reservoir (Marcone et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0153" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. trifolii’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Fragaria</italic>: stunting, small leaves, multiple crowns and no runners (Jomantiene et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0122" ref-type="ref">1998a</xref>).</p><p><italic>Prunus persica</italic>: leaf rolling, little leaf, rosetting, yellowing, bronzing of foliage and tattered and shot‐holed leaves (Zirak et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0286" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>).</p><p><italic>Prunus dulcis</italic>: little leaf, leaf rolling, dieback of branches, rosette and yellowing (Zirak et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0284" ref-type="ref">2009a</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No information was found</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In Iran, 80% of winter‐collected date palm showing streak yellows symptoms were positive, but only 20% of spring samples were positive (Ghayeb Zamharir and Eslahi, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0094" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>). Phytoplasmas were detected in celery (<italic>Apium graveolens</italic>) from six plots in Spain, only in the late cultivation cycle (November), while no phytoplasma was detected at the end of the previous cultivation cycles (June and August). The same phytoplasma strain was detected in two weed species (<italic>Amaranthus blitoides</italic> and <italic>Setaria adhaerens</italic>) growing nearby celery plots (Alfaro‐Fernandez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. ziziphi’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Prunus</italic> spp: the diseased trees develop flowers having white petals with green veins or abnormal floral structures having cupped, green petals; the affected flowers fail to set fruit (Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0253" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). Leaf symptoms start in early summer with upward leaf curling followed by yellowing, reddening and premature fall and stunting (Paltrinieri et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0179" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>).</p><p><italic>Malus</italic>: little leaf, leaf margin involute and yellows (Li et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0142" ref-type="ref">2014b</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upon grafting of symptomatic shoots on healthy jujube plants symptoms appear after 48 weeks (Ye et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0276" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ phytoplasma can survive in branches during winter and roots are not necessary for the multiplication of phytoplasma and the development of phytoplasma symptom (Zhao et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0279" ref-type="ref">2009a</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Two year old apples may show ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma ziziphi’‐like symptoms, but the phytoplasma does not infect adult trees (Li et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0142" ref-type="ref">2014b</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitis:</italic> Yellowing, downward curling of leaves, stunted shoots that do not harden off, but remain rubbery, shoot tips dye and bunches shrivel and fall</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No information was found</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Up to about 30% incidence was reported in Chardonnay plots (Constable et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0041" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>). This phytoplasma affects many grapevines and is characterized by remission of symptoms, some recurrence and occurrences in previously unaffected grapevines (Constable et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>)</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0004" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Competent and potential insect vector species of the non‐EU phytoplasmas of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L. with the associated uncertainty</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytoplasma name, reference strain/related strain name</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Competent vectors</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Potential vectors</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>‘</bold><italic><bold>Ca</bold></italic><bold>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains (pear decline Taiwan II, PDTWII; Crotalaria witches’ broom phytoplasma, CrWB; sweet potato little leaf, SPLL)’</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Orosius albicinctus</italic> adults collected by sweep net in <italic>Medicago sativa</italic> fields showing FBP symptoms associated to 16SrII‐C and ‐D phytoplasmas were able to transmit the phytoplasma to healthy <italic>M</italic>. <italic>sativa</italic>,<italic> Vigna radiata, Pisum sativum</italic>,<italic> Daucus carota</italic> (Salehi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0203" ref-type="ref">2016a</xref>), and <italic>Sesamum indicum</italic> (Ikten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0118" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). The leafhoppers were also able to acquire the phytoplasma on infected sesame plants (Esmailzadeh‐Hosseini et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0072" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>);</p><p><italic>Orosius argentatus</italic> is a vector of the TBB phytoplasma to tomato, several legume species, and lucerne (Padovan and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0176" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>).</p><p><italic>Orosius cellulosa</italic> is the vector of cotton virescence phytoplasma (Desmidts et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0060" ref-type="ref">1973</xref>), which is now known to be a 16SrII‐C subgroup member (Marzachì et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0154" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>)</p><p><italic>Orosius lotophagorum</italic> is also a vector of sweet potato little leaf disease (Padovan and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0176" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>).</p><p><italic>Orosius orientalis</italic> transmits phytoplasmas from infected to healthy chickpea plants (Akhtar et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>).</p><p><italic>Empoasca papayae</italic> transmitted the Bunchy Top Symptoms to inoculated papaya plants (Perez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0184" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cacopsylla chinensis</italic> was able to transmit PDTWII phytoplasma to <italic>Pyrus serotina</italic> (Liu et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0149" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hishimonus phycitis</italic> (Gopala and Rao, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0100" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)<italic>, Neoaliturus haematoceps</italic> (Ozdemir, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0174" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)<italic>, Empoasca decipiens</italic> (Parrella et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0180" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>)<italic>, Empoasca</italic> spp<italic>., Amrasca bigutula, Circulifer</italic> spp<italic>., and Nisia</italic> spp. (Sharif et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0221" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>)<italic>; Orosius spp</italic>. (Al‐Subhi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>‘</bold><italic><bold>Ca</bold></italic><bold>. P. australiense’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Zeoliarus oppositus</italic> polyphagous insects are able to vector ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ to <italic>Coprosma robusta</italic> and <italic>Cordyline australis;</italic> (Winks et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0266" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>), <italic>Z. atkinsoni</italic> transmitted <italic>Phormium</italic> yellow leaf phytoplasma to healthy New Zealand flax <italic>(Phormium tenax)</italic> as detected by symptomatology and PCR. Accordingly, the phytoplasma was detected in the vector salivary glands (Liefting et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0147" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arawa variegata</italic> and <italic>Recilia hospes</italic> (Charles et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">2002</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>‘</bold><italic><bold>Ca</bold></italic><bold>. P. fraxini’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Field‐collected <italic>Amplicephalus funzaensis</italic> and <italic>Exitianus atratus</italic> are able to transmit 16SrVII phytoplasmas to healthy <italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic> plants, as plants showed symptoms 5 weeks after inoculation and were PCR‐positive (Perilla‐Henao et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0185" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scaphoideus titanus</italic>,<italic> Orientus ishidae</italic> (Zambon et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0277" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>), <italic>Colladonus clitellarius</italic> (Hill and Sinclair, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0111" ref-type="ref">2000</xref>), <italic>Graminella nigrifrons</italic> (Arocha‐Rosete et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0016" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>‘</bold><italic><bold>Ca</bold></italic><bold>. P. hispanicum’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytoplasmas of the 16SrXIII ribosomal group (<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum) have been detected in the psyllid <italic>Bactericera cockerelli</italic> collected from potato and pepper plants in Mexico, and these phytoplasmas were transmitted by this psyllid to potato, pepper, and tomato plants (Negroe, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0165" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Homalodisca liturata</italic> (Servin‐Villegas et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0218" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The vector role of <italic>B. cockerelli</italic> is uncertain, as information was retrieved from a Master thesis, but not supported by a peer‐reviewed publication</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>‘</bold><italic><bold>Ca</bold></italic><bold>. P. pruni’‐related strain (North American grapevine yellows, NAGYIII)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None reported</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Jikradia olitoria</italic> insects collected in vineyards with NAGYIII history are potential vectors of NAGYIIIβ sequevar in artificial feeding experiments (Lenzi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0138" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>‘</bold><italic><bold>Ca</bold></italic><bold>. P. pyri’‐related strain (peach yellow leaf roll, PYLR)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cacopsylla pyricola</italic>. Field transmissions to peach trees occur when psyllids migrate in late autumn from pear orchards to neighboring peach orchards to overwinter there (Purcell and Suslow, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0190" ref-type="ref">1984</xref>; Blomquist and Kirkpatrick, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0029" ref-type="ref">2002</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Paraphlepsius</italic> spp. (Blomquist and Kirkpatrick, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0029" ref-type="ref">2002</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>‘</bold><italic><bold>Ca</bold></italic><bold>. P. trifolii’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adults of <italic>Ceratagallia nitidula</italic> and <italic>Empoasca abrupta,</italic> fed on chili peppers <italic>(Capsicum annuum)</italic> infected with a Mexican isolate of <italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’, re‐transmit the phytoplasma to healthy peppers (Salas‐Munoz et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0201" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)<italic>. Circulifer tenellus</italic> transmits the beet leafhopper‐transmitted virescence agent (BLTVA) to potato and tomato in California (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0064" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>)<italic>. Circulifer haematoceps</italic> transmits an Iranian isolate of <italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ to healthy cabbage (<italic>Brassica oleracea</italic>), following acquisition on infected cabbage plants <italic>(Salehi et al.,</italic><xref rid="efs25929-bib-0204" ref-type="ref"><italic>2007</italic></xref><italic>)</italic>. Specimens of <italic>Orosius albicinctus</italic> collected in Iranian fields of phytoplasma‐infested herbaceous wild plants as well as nearby potato, alfalfa and sesame plots, transmit ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma trifolii’ to <italic>Catharanthus roseus</italic> (Omidi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0173" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>). The CP reference strain of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ is transmitted by <italic>Macrosteles fascifrons</italic> from <italic>Trifolium hybridum</italic> to <italic>Callistephus chinensis, C. roseus, Daucus carota</italic> and <italic>Nicotiana rustica</italic> (Hiruki and Wang, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0112" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>)<italic>. Batracomorphus punctatus</italic> and <italic>Orosius argentatus</italic> are reported as competent vectors of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ strains in Australia and <italic>O. orientalis</italic> in Iran (Trivellone, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0246" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hishimonus phycitis</italic> (Gopala et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0099" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>), (Kumar et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0134" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>); <italic>Neoaliturus pulcher</italic> (Seyahooei et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0219" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>); <italic>Anaceratagallia laevis</italic> and <italic>Balclutha</italic> spp. (Choueiri et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>); <italic>Ceratagallia</italic> spp. (Crosslin et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0044" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>); <italic>Macrosteles sexnotatus</italic> (Girsova et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0098" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>‘</bold><italic><bold>Ca</bold></italic><bold>. P. ziziphi’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The disease is transmitted experimentally by the leafhopper <italic>Hishimonus sellatus</italic> (Jung et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0126" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>). <italic>Hishimonoides chinensis</italic> inoculated with phytoplasmas from infected <italic>Ziziphus mauritiana</italic> can transmit the disease, especially where <italic>Paulownia</italic> and <italic>Z. mauritiana</italic> are mixed or close together (Jin and Gao, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0121" ref-type="ref">1984</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Erythroneura sudra</italic> (Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0254" ref-type="ref">2018b</xref>); <italic>Hishimonus lamellatus</italic> (Trivellone, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0246" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None reported</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None reported</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0020"><label>3.1.3</label><title>Intraspecific diversity</title><p>Taking into account the reasoning of Section <xref rid="efs25929-sec-0017" ref-type="sec">3.1.1</xref>, intraspecific diversity is addressed up to the related strain level. Nevertheless, in most cases (with the exception of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pyri’‐related strain (peach yellow leaf roll, PYLR) and Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma), sequevars (groups of strains characterised by a specific DNA sequence for one or several genes) have been reported, and these are listed in Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0005" ref-type="table">5</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0005" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Intraspecific variation of the phytoplasmas categorised here</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytoplasma name, reference strain/related strain name</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Justification</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains (pear decline Taiwan II, PDTWII; Crotalaria witches’ broom phytoplasma, CrWB; sweet potato little leaf, SPLL)’</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The peanut witches’ broom phytoplasma group (16SrII) includes several strains with a worldwide distribution. Twenty‐one 16SrII subgroups (A–U) have been described (Annex A). The Crotalaria witches’ broom isolate from Oman belongs to a new lineage (16SrII‐W) (Al‐Subhi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). Multilocus sequence analysis protocols indicate that 16SrII‐C and ‐D isolates infecting vegetable crops and periwinkle from China (Cai et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>) and Egypt (El‐Sisi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0068" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>) are identical and cluster together, according to their country of origin, within the subgroup. Also, phytoplasmas of different 16SrII subgroups (‐C and ‐D) may infect the same host, as shown for <italic>Medicago sativa</italic> in Iran (Esmailzadeh Hosseini et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0075" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ (reference strain)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Some evolutionary divergence in the 16SrXII‐B group has been suggested. Analyses of genes (tuf, and rp operon) that are less conserved than the 16S rRNA gene can distinguish four subgroups (16SrXII‐B (<italic>tuf</italic>‐Australia I; <italic>rp</italic>‐A), 16SrXII‐B (<italic>tuf</italic>‐New Zealand I; <italic>rp</italic>‐B), 16SrXII‐B (<italic>tuf</italic>‐New Zealand II) and 16SrXII‐B (<italic>rp</italic>‐C). Strawberry lethal yellows 1, strawberry green petal, Australian grapevine yellows, pumpkin yellow leaf curl and cottonbush witches'broom phytoplasmas are members of the 16SrXII‐B (tuf ‐Australia I; rp‐A) subgroup. The strawberry lethal yellows 2 and cottonbush reduced yellow leaves phytoplasmas are assigned to the 16SrXII‐B (tuf‐New Zealand II; rp‐B), subgroup. No relationship is present between these phytoplasma subgroups and collection date, location or host plant (Streten and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0234" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ (reference strain)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Based on sequence homology, similarity coefficients derived from RFLP of the 16S rDNA and phylogenetic analysis, six 16S rRNA subgroups have been described (16SrVII‐A to ‐F) (da Silva Fugita et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0225" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). The subgroup 16SrVII‐A incorporates North American isolates (Griffiths et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0102" ref-type="ref">1999</xref>). There is uncertainty on whether 16S rRNA other than ‐A should be included in the ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ species (Conci et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0039" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>). Among these subgroups, erigeron witches' broom from Brazil and Argentina (EriWB) phytoplasmas are included in VII‐B subgroup (Barros et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0024" ref-type="ref">2002</xref>; Meneguzzi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0159" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>), alfalfa witches'broom from Argentina (ArAWB) phytoplasma in VII‐C subgroup (Conci et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0039" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>), together with the causal agent of <italic>Crotalaria juncea</italic> shoot proliferation in Brazil (Flores et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0086" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>). Within 16SrVII‐D, a phytoplasma is reported in erigeron plants from Brazil (Flores et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0085" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>), and a Chilean isolate from grapevine, previously classified as belonging to subgroup 16SrVII‐A (Gajardo et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0089" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>), was tentatively reclassified as a representative of subgroup 16Sr‐E (Perez‐Lopez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0183" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). Finally, a 16SrVII phytoplasma identified in <italic>Vernonia brasiliana</italic> in Brazil has been assigned to ‐F subgroup (da Silva Fugita et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0225" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). Strain variation in aggressiveness has been reported both in ash trees and in an experimental host (<italic>Catharanthus roseus</italic>) (Sinclair and Griffiths, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0228" ref-type="ref">2000</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ (reference strain)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intraspecific variation exists within the ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ species, as several different 16SrXIII subgroups have been described within this species: 16SrXIII‐A (Mexican periwinkle virescence), 16SrXIII‐B (strawberry multiplier), 16SrXIII‐D (potato purple top disease), 16SrXIII‐E (papaya apical curl necrosis), 16SrXIII‐F (strawberry red leaf) (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0051" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>), 16SrXIII‐H (broccoli stunt) (Perez‐Lopez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0183" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>), 16SrXIII‐I (strawberry green petal) (Perez‐Lopez and Dumonceaux, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0182" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>), 16SrXIII‐J (strawberry fruit phyllody) (Melo et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0158" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>), and a novel subgroup detected in strawberry in Chile (Cui et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0046" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>). Phytoplasma isolates from <italic>Melia azedarach</italic> collected in Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay, formerly included in ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ species (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0051" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>), were then described as strains of the ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. meliae’ species (Fernandez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0082" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. pruni’‐related strain (North American grapevine yellows, NAGYIII)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Based on their 16SrRNA gene sequence, the NAGYIII strains belong to two sequevars (NAGYIIIα and β), and they can be differentiated from ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pruni’ by the presence of a <italic>Mse</italic>I restriction site that is absent from the ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. species’ reference strain. Because NAGYIII sequevars have not been reported in X‐disease, there is uncertainty about whether NAGYIII and Prunus X‐disease are caused by different phytoplasma genotypes (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0050" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ (reference strain)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Three subgroups have been classified on the basis of sequence homology and the collective RFLP patterns of amplified 16S rRNA genes. CP, AWB, BLTV, PWB and TBBc are assigned to taxonomic subgroup CP‐A, <italic>Fragaria multicipita</italic> belongs to subgroup CP‐B and ILEY isolates are assigned to subgroup CP‐C (Hiruki and Wang, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0112" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>). Additional variants have been described. Isolates BLL, <italic>Centaurea solstitialis</italic> virescence (CSV1), <italic>Catharanthus</italic> phyllody (CPS), and PLL are assigned to subgroups VI‐D, ‐E, ‐F, and ‐H respectively (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0054" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>). Heterogeneity of the 16S rRNA has been reported for the ‘<italic>Fragaria multicipita</italic>’, leading to assignation to ‐B or ‐G 16SrVI subgroups, depending on the sequence used for classification (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0053" ref-type="ref">2003a</xref>, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0054" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>). Sequence alignment of the ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma trifolii’ isolates from <italic>Capsicum annum</italic> revealed a low level of genetic diversity within subgroup 16SrVI‐A in Turkey (Oksal et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0167" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>) and Mexico, although in Mexico a second isolate was classified into a new subgroup (16SrVI‐J) (Mauricio‐Castillo et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0156" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>).</p><p>Group/subgroup assignation of the two 16SrVI‐related strains described in <italic>Araucaria heterophylla</italic> (Gupta et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0103" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>) and in <italic>Datura inoxia</italic> (Raj et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0191" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>) is uncertain, as these strains share less than 97.5% sequence homology with <italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii, respectively</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ (reference strain)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ species includes strains from a homogenous ecological lineage (Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0252" ref-type="ref">2018a</xref>), although isolates with less than 99.7% variation on their 16S rRNA sequence have been associated to similar stem fasciation of persimmon trees in China (Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0251" ref-type="ref">2015a</xref>). Also, Indian16SrV‐B isolates infecting peach differ from ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. zyzyphi’ reference isolates upon sequence analyses of other genomic regions (eg. ribosomal protein rpl22 and rps3 and at the secY genes) (Marcone et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0153" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). A JWB disease in northeastern China is associated with JWB‐DL strain representing a new, distinct ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’‐related strain (Wei et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0259" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>)</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0021"><label>3.1.4</label><title>Detection and identification of the pest</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25929-blkfxd-0102" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Are detection and identification methods available for the pest?</italic></p><p><bold>YES</bold>, the non‐EU phytoplasmas categorised here can be detected by molecular methods.</p></boxed-text></p><p>For all the categorised phytoplasmas, molecular detection methods are available. Phytoplasmas are routinely detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Universal and specific primers are available, and nested PCR protocols have been developed to overcome low pathogen titre in certain hosts and/or in the case of asymptomatic infection. However, there is a potential lack of specificity in the case of the design of nested PCR with universal primers. Diagnostics in woody host plants is sometimes difficult because of the uneven pathogen distribution, low phytoplasma loads or presence of inhibitors in the extracts to be tested. Several robust diagnostic protocols have also become available based on Real Time PCR and LAMP (loop mediated isothermal amplification) approaches. Identification of phytoplasmas is routinely achieved by sequencing of a specific 16S rRNA fragment followed by virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses according to an available online tool (Zhao et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0281" ref-type="ref">2009b</xref>; iPhyClassifier, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0119" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>). Phytoplasma‐specific symptoms may indicate phytoplasma infection, but cannot be used to identify the infecting ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. species’.</p><p>In Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0006" ref-type="table">6</xref>, the detection and identification methods for each categorised phytoplasma is summarized together with the associated uncertainty.</p><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0006" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Available detection and identification methods of the phytoplasmas categorised here</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytoplasma name, reference strain/ related strain name</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Available detection and identification methods</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains (pear decline Taiwan II, PDTWII; Crotalaria witches’ broom phytoplasma, CrWB; sweet potato little leaf, SPLL)’</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In the case of papaya, that can be infected by several phytoplasma species, ribosomal primers are available for the specific amplification of 16SrII phytoplasmas (P1/rSPLLS SUNH, (Schneider and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0212" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>)).</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ (reference strain)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) Probes are available to detect ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ in potatoes (Palmano et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0177" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>).</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ (reference strain)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytoplasma‐specific primers (PI and Tint) and AshY specific primers (fBl/rASHYS) are available to amplify a portion of the phytoplasma16S rDNA (Smart et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0231" ref-type="ref">1996</xref>). Amplicon sequencing may be required to confirm the identification (Feeley et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0981" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ (reference strain)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Molecular characterization has been successfully performed using chaperonin‐60 (cpn60) and DNA‐dependent RNA polymerase b‐subunit (rpoB) genes (Perez‐Lopez and Dumonceaux, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0182" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. pruni’‐related strain (North American grapevine yellows, NAGYIII)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NAGYIII strains can be differentiated from ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pruni’ by the presence of a <italic>Mse</italic>I restriction site on the 16S rRNA gene that is absent from that of the ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. species’ reference strain (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0050" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. pyri’‐related strain (peach yellow leaf roll, PYLR)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nested PCR with universal primers was applied in the certification of dormant <italic>Prunus</italic> buds in the US (Waterworth and Mock, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0257" ref-type="ref">1999</xref>). A Real Time PCR system has also been reported (Sudarshana et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0239" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No details of the Real Time PCR protocol are provided in the reference (conference abstract only) (Sudarshana et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0239" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ (reference strain)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitive and quantitative diagnostic tools to investigate mixed infections of two phytoplasma isolates of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ are available, based on PCR‐RFLP and micro‐channel capillary electrophoresis (Wei et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0258" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). A qPCR protocol based on ribosomal 16 gene was developed to detect Columbia Basin potato purple top in in plants and beet leafhoppers (Crosslin et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0045" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>). A specific nested PCR protocol is also available (Smart et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0231" ref-type="ref">1996</xref>).</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">There are shortcomings in the qPCR assay, since it also detected aster yellows (group 16SrI) and pigeon pea witches’‐broom (group 16SrIX) phytoplasmas in infected periwinkle plants (Crosslin et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0045" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ (reference strain)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Direct and nested PCRs were performed to target amplifications of three phytoplasma genomic loci, namely, a partial ribosomal rRNA operon (rrn), a ribosomal protein gene cluster rpsS‐rplV‐rpsC, and an extended secY locus that encodes ribosomal protein L15, preprotein translocation subunit secY, and methionine aminopeptidase (rplO‐secYmap) (Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0254" ref-type="ref">2018b</xref>)).</p><p>Primers F1/M23SR1804r (=F1/B6), and R16(CJ)F1/R1 are also available for specific diagnosis (Zhu et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0282" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nested PCR with universal primers followed by RFLP was applied for pathogen detection and characterisation (Constable et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0043" ref-type="ref">2002</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0023"><label>3.2</label><title>Pest distribution</title><sec id="efs25929-sec-0024"><label>3.2.1</label><title>Pest distribution outside the EU</title><p>The distribution outside the EU of the phytoplasmas categorised here is reported in Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0007" ref-type="table">7</xref>, based on data from the EPPO GD and/or the CABI Crop Protection Compendium (CPC) (CABI, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>), and, when not available in these sources, from extensive literature searches.</p><p>The available distribution maps from the EPPO GD (for <italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense (reference strain), <italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini (reference strain) and <italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii (reference strain)) are provided in Appendix <xref rid="efs25929-sec-2002" ref-type="sec">B</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0007" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 7</label><caption><p>Distribution outside the EU of the phytoplasmas categorised here</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytoplasma name, reference strain/related strain name</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Distribution based on the EPPO GD and/or CABI CPC</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Additional information</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>‘</bold><italic><bold>Ca</bold></italic><bold>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains (pear decline Taiwan II, PDTWII; Crotalaria witches’ broom phytoplasma, CrWB; sweet potato little leaf, SPLL)’</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>ASIA: Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan</p><p>OCEANIA: Australia, Micronesia, New Caledonia, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>AFRICA: Burkina Faso (Schneider et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0213" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>); Egypt (Omar and Foissac, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0172" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>; El‐Sisi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0068" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>); Ethiopia (Bekele et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>); Uganda (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2009a</xref>); Tanzania (Testen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0241" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>)</p><p>AMERICA: Brazil (Silva et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0226" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>); Cuba (Acosta et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0002" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>); Peru (Hodgetts et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0114" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>)</p><p>ASIA: Israel (Gera et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0092" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>); Myanmar (Win et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0265" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>); Pakistan (Akhtar et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>); Saudi Arabia (Omar, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0169" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>); Turkey (Ikten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0118" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>; Ozdemir and Cagirgan, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0175" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>)</p><p>OCEANIA: Wallis and Futuna Islands (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0055" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>)</p><p>EUROPE (non‐EU): Serbia (Mitrovic et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0161" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Serbia: reported in six <italic>Picris hieracioides</italic> asymptomatic samples collected in vineyards (Mitrovic et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0161" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>).</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. australiense’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>ASIA: Israel</p><p>OCEANIA: Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. fraxini’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>AMERICA: Canada, Chile, Colombia, US</p><p>ASIA: Iran</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AMERICA: Argentina (Conci et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0039" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>), Brazil (da Silva Fugita et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0225" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>), ASIA: China, only one report in <italic>Prunus</italic> (cherry) (Li et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0139" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The report from China needs to be confirmed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. hispanicum’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>AMERICA: Canada, US</p><p>ASIA: Japan</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil, Mexico (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0051" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>); Chile (Cui et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0046" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)</p><p>OCEANIA: New Caledonia (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0057" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The Strawberry witches'broom mycoplasm (SYWB00) reported in Canada and Japan by the EPPO GD was detected before the development of molecular identification tools.</p><p>The strains identified in <italic>Melia azedarach</italic> in Bolivia (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0051" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>) and Paraguay (Arneodo et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0015" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>) were then included in ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. meliae’ (Fernandez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0082" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>)</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pruni’‐related strain (North American grapevine yellows, NAGYIII)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AMERICA: US (North‐East) (Wolf, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0267" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>).</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pyri’‐related strain (peach yellow leaf roll, PYLR)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AMERICA: US (California) (Marcone et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0153" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A disease named ‘peach yellow leaf roll’ was reported in peach orchards from Iran, but the causal agent was identified as ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. solani’ (Allahverdi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0010" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). Therefore, the phytoplasma reported in Iran was not PYLR</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. trifolii’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>AMERICA: Canada, Mexico, US;</p><p>ASIA: Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Korea, Uzbekistan, Syria, Turkey;</p><p>EUROPE (non EU): Russia</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ASIA: Jordan (Anfoka et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>); Lebanon (Choueiri et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>); </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. ziziphi’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>AMERICA: Colombia (Franco‐Lara et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0088" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p><p>ASIA: China (Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0254" ref-type="ref">2018b</xref>); India (Khan et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0132" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>); Japan (Jung et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0126" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>); Korea (Jung et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0127" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OCEANIA: Australia (Victoria) (Gibb et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0096" ref-type="ref">1999</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0025"><label>3.2.2</label><title>Pest distribution in the EU</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25929-blkfxd-0103" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest present in the EU territory? If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU?</italic></p></boxed-text><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25929-blkfxd-1103" orientation="portrait"><p><bold>YES</bold>, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains (pear decline Taiwan II, PDTWII; Crotalaria witches’ broom phytoplasma, CrWB; sweet potato little leaf, SPLL;), ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ (reference strain), ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ (reference strain), ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ (reference strain) are reported to be present in the EU, but none of them is reported to be widely distributed. </p></boxed-text><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25929-blkfxd-3103" orientation="portrait"><p><bold>NO</bold>, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ (reference strain), ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ (reference strain), ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pruni’‐related strain (North American grapevine yellows, NAGYIII), ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pyri’‐related strain (peach yellow leaf roll, PYLR), and the unclassified Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma are not known to be present in the EU.</p></boxed-text></p><p>Four of the phytoplasmas categorised here were reported in the EU (Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0008" ref-type="table">8</xref>), where they can be considered to have a restricted distribution, as all of them were reported only in few plants, in up to four EU MS and mostly by a single research group. In addition, in some cases (‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’), reports from the EPPO GD are presented with ‘no details’.</p><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0008" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 8</label><caption><p>EU distribution of the non‐EU phytoplasmas categorised here</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytoplasma name, reference strain/related strain name</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU MSs from which the pest is reported</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>‘</bold><italic><bold>Ca</bold></italic><bold>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains (pear decline Taiwan II, PDTWII; Crotalaria witches’ broom phytoplasma, CrWB; sweet potato little leaf, SPLL)’</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Greece, Portugal (EPPO GD: Present, no details), Italy (Tolu et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0242" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>; Davino et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0047" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>; Paltrinieri and Bertaccini, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0178" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>; Parrella et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0180" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>), UK (Reeder et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0194" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reports from the EPPO GD in Greece and Portugal have no further details. The pest was reported i) in few batches of symptom‐less potato plantlets obtained from two lots of seeds from different undescribed Italian locations and from unknown origins (Paltrinieri and Bertaccini, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0178" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>); ii) in one batch (10 insects) out of 3 of field‐collected <italic>Empoasca decipiens</italic> in Italy (Parrella et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0180" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>); iii) in 3 field‐collected <italic>Calendula arvensis</italic> plants, one <italic>Solanum nigrum</italic> plant, and one <italic>Chenopodium</italic> species (Tolu et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0242" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>); iv) in the UK, where 50 (57%) of 88 plants showed obvious symptoms, at one location (Reeder et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0194" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. australiense’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">none</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. fraxini’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy (Bruni et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>; Zambon et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0277" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The reports from Italy were published by the same group but not confirmed. <italic>Vitis</italic>: there is only one report concerning 9 plants detected by nested PCR out of 171 tested ones (Zambon et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0277" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>). <italic>Hypericum perforatum</italic>: it is not known on how many plants the phytoplasma was identified (Bruni et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. hispanicum’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">none</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pruni’‐related strain (North American grapevine yellows, NAGYIII)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">none</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pyri’‐related strain (peach yellow leaf roll, PYLR)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A disease named ‘peach yellow leaf roll’ was reported in peach orchards from Spain, but the identified causal agent was ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pyri’, isolate PD, based on sequence analyses of 16S rRNA, <italic>pnp</italic>,<italic> sec</italic>Y, <italic>imp, ace</italic>F genes (Sabate et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0198" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>; Sabate et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0199" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>). Therefore, the phytoplasma reported in Spain was not PYLR</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. trifolii’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy, Spain (EPPO GD: Present, no details), Austria (Borroto Fernandez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0030" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>), Czech Republic (Pribylova et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0186" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>EPPO GD:</p><p>Reports from EU MS refer to few infected plants (ranging from 1 to 28). Therefore, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ is not considered to be widely present in the EU</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. ziziphi’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy (Pasquini et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0181" ref-type="ref">2000</xref>; Paltrinieri et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0179" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Only a conference report from one plant from Italy with no details beside PCR‐RFLP detection of mixed infections with ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. solani’ and ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. asteris’ (Paltrinieri et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0179" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>). Only one full report from Italy (Pasquini et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0181" ref-type="ref">2000</xref>), in the absence of any further characterization beside PCR and RFLP analyses</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0027"><label>3.3</label><title>Regulatory status</title><sec id="efs25929-sec-0028"><label>3.3.1</label><title>Council Directive 2000/29/EC</title><p>Non‐EU phytoplasmas of the host plants are listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC. All phytoplasma categorised here are listed in Annex IAI, under the generic definition ‘Non‐European viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.’. Details are presented in Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0009" ref-type="table">9</xref>.</p><p>Annex IAI also mentions peach rosette (Annex IAI 5(f)), Peach X‐disease (Annex IAI 5(g)) and Peach yellows (Annex IAI 5(h)) mycoplasmas. These are all strains of the ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pruni’ (reference strain), which has been reported several times in the EU (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0065" ref-type="ref">2020</xref>). However, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pruni’‐related strain (NAGYIII) is closely related to, but distinct from, the above‐mentioned strains of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni’. Therefore, it cannot be considered regulated as Peach rosette, Peach X‐disease and Peach yellows mycoplasmas.</p><p>Annex IAI also includes strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasm (SYWB00), which is probably a strain of the ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’.</p><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0009" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 9</label><caption><p>Non‐EU phytoplasmas of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L. in the Council Directive 2000/29</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex I, Part A</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Harmful organisms whose introduction into, and spread within, all Member States shall be banned</bold></td></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section I</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Harmful organisms not known to occur in any part of the community and relevant for the entire community</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>(d)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L., such as:</p><p>(f) Peach rosette mycoplasma</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(g) Peach X‐disease mycoplasma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(h) Peach yellows mycoplasma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(m) Strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(n) Non‐European viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0029"><label>3.3.2</label><title>Legislation addressing the hosts of the non‐EU phytoplasmas of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. <italic>and Vitis</italic> L</title><p>Hosts and commodities that may involve the phytoplasmas categorised here are regulated in the Directive 2000/29/EC, and reported in Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0010" ref-type="table">10</xref>. Two derogations to this directive, 2003/248 and 2003/249, allow importing <italic>Fragaria</italic> plants from Argentina and Chile, respectively, with the requirements to check the imported plants during the growing season and send a final report to the Commission.</p><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0010" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 10</label><caption><p>Regulations applying to <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L. hosts and commodities that may involve the phytoplamas categorised in the present opinion in Annexes III, IV and V of Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annex III, Part A</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects the introduction of which shall be prohibited in all Member States</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Description</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country of origin</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Chaenomeles</italic> Ldl., <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Crateagus</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., and <italic>Rosa</italic> L., intended for planting, other than dormant plants free from leaves, flowers and fruit</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non‐European countries</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Vitis</italic> L., other than fruits</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Third countries other than Switzerland</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L. and <italic>Pyrus</italic> L. and their hybrids, and <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., intended for planting, other than seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Without prejudice to the prohibitions applicable to the plants listed in Annex III A (9), where appropriate, non‐European countries, other than Mediterranean countries, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the continental states of the USA</td></tr></tbody></table><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annex III, Part B</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects the introduction of which shall be prohibited in certain protected zones</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Description</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protected zone(s)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the prohibitions applicable to the plants listed in Annex IIIA(9), (9.1), (18), where appropriate, plants and live pollen for pollination</p><p>of: <italic>Amelanchier</italic> Med., <italic>Chaenomeles</italic> Lindl., <italic>Crataegus</italic> L., <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Eriobotrya</italic> Lindl., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Mespilus</italic> L., <italic>Pyracantha</italic> Roem., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L. and <italic>Sorbus</italic> L., other than fruit and seeds, originating in third countries other than Switzerland and other than those recognised as being free from <italic>Erwinia amylovora</italic> (Burr.) Winsl. et al. in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 18(2), or in which pest free areas have been established in relation to</p><p><italic>Erwinia amylovora</italic> (Burr.) Winsl. et al. in accordance with the relevant International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures and recognised as such in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 18(2)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>E (except the autonomous communities of Andalucia, Aragón, Castilla la Mancha, Castilla y León, Extremadura, the autonomous community of Madrid, Murcia, Navarra and La Rioja, the province of Guipuzcoa (Basque Country), the Comarcas of Garrigues, Noguera, Pla d'Urgell, Segrià and Urgell in the province of Lleida (Communidad autonoma de Catalunya), the Comarcas de L'Alt Vinalopó and El Vinalopó Mitjà in the province of Alicante and the municipalities of Alborache and Turís in the province of Valencia (Comunidad Valenciana)), EE, F (Corsica), IRL (except Galway city), I (Abruzzo, Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia‐Romagna (the provinces of Parma and Piacenza), Lazio, Liguria, Lombardy (except the provinces of Mantua, Milano, Sondrio and Varese), Marche, Molise, Piedmont (except the communes of Busca,</p><p>Centallo and Tarantasca in the province of Cuneo), Sardinia, Sicily, Tuscany, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta, Veneto (except the provinces of Rovigo and Venice, the communes of Barbona, Boara Pisani, Castelbaldo, Masi, Piacenza d'Adige, S. Urbano and, Vescovana in the province of Padova and the area situated to the south of highway A4 in the province of Verona)), LV, LT (except the municipalities of Babtai and K≐dainiai (region of Kaunas)), P, SI (except the regions Gorenjska, Koroška, Maribor and Notranjska, and the communes of Lendava and Renče‐Vogrsko (south from the highway H4)), SK (except the county of Dunajská Streda, Hronovce and Hronské Kľačany (Levice County), Dvory nad Žitavou (Nové Zámky County), Málinec (Poltár County), Hrhov (Rožňava County), Veľké Ripňany (Topoľčany County), Kazimír, Luhyňa, Malý Horeš, Svätuše and Zatín (Trebišov County)), FI, UK (Northern Ireland: excluding the townlands of Ballinran Upper, Carrigenagh Upper, Ballinran, and Carrigenagh in County Down, and the Electoral Area of Dunmurry Cross in Belfast, County Antrim;</p><p>Isle of Man and Channel Islands)</p></td></tr></tbody></table><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annex IV, Part A</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Special requirements which must be laid down by all Member States for which the introduction and movement of plants, plant products and other objects into and within all Member States</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section I</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects originating from outside the community </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Whether or not listed among the CN codes in Part B of Annex V, wood of <italic>Amelanchier</italic> Medik., <italic>Aronia</italic> Medik., <italic>Cotoneaster</italic> Medik., <italic>Crataegus</italic> L., <italic>Cydonia</italic></p><p>Mill., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyracantha</italic> M. Roem., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L. and <italic>Sorbus</italic> L., other than in the form of:</p><p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0100"><list-item><label>–</label><p> chips, sawdust and shavings, obtained in whole or part from these plants,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p> wood packaging material, in the form of packing cases, boxes, crates, drums and similar packings, pallets, box pallets and other load boards, pallet collars, dunnage, whether or not actually in use in the transport of objects of all kinds, except dunnage supporting consignments of wood, which is constructed from wood of the same type and quality as the wood in the consignments and which meets the same Union phytosanitary requirements as the wood in the consignment, but including that which has not kept its natural round surface, originating in Canada and the USA</p></list-item></list></p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Official statement that the wood:</p><p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0200"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p>originates in an area free from <italic>Saperda candida</italic> Fabricius, established by the national plant protection organisation in the country of origin, in accordance with the relevant International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, which is mentioned on the certificates referred to in Article 13(1)(ii) under the rubric ‘Additional declaration’,</p><p>or</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0300"><list-item><label>(b)</label><p>has undergone an appropriate heat treatment to achieve a minimum temperature of 56 °C for a minimum duration of 30 continuous minutes throughout the entire profile of the wood, which is to be indicated on the certificates referred to in Article 13(1)(ii), </p><p>or</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0400"><list-item><label>(c) </label><p>has undergone an appropriate ionising radiation to achieve a minimum absorbed dose of 1 kGy throughout the wood, to be indicated on the certificates referred to in Article 13(1)(ii)</p></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whether or not listed among the CN codes in Part B of Annex V, wood in the form of chips obtained in whole or part from <italic>Amelanchier</italic> Medik., <italic>Aronia</italic> Medik., <italic>Cotoneaster</italic> Medik., <italic>Crataegus</italic> L., <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyracantha</italic> M. Roem., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L. and <italic>Sorbus</italic> L., originating in Canada and the USA.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Official statement that the wood:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0500"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p>originates in an area established by the national plant protection organisation in the country of origin as being free from Saperda candida Fabricius in accordance with the relevant International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, which is mentioned on the certificates referred to in Article 13(1)(ii) under the rubric ‘Additional declaration’, </p><p>or</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0600"><list-item><label>(b)</label><p>has been processed into pieces of not more than 2,5 cm thickness and width, </p><p>or</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0700"><list-item><label>(c)</label><p> has undergone an appropriate heat treatment to achieve a minimum temperature of 56 °C for a minimum duration of 30 minutes throughout the entire profile of the chips, which is to be indicated on the certificates referred to in Article 13(1)(ii)</p></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants intended for planting, other than scions, cuttings, plants in tissue culture, pollen and seeds, of <italic>Amelanchier</italic> Medik., <italic>Aronia</italic> Medik., <italic>Cotoneaster</italic> Medik., <italic>Crataegus</italic> L., <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyracantha</italic> M. Roem., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L. and <italic>Sorbus</italic> L. originating in Canada and the USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the provisions applicable to the plants in Annex III(A)(9) and (18), Annex III(B)(1), (2) or Annex IV(A)(I), (17), (19.1), (19.2), (20), (22.1), (22.2), (23.1) and (23.2) where appropriate, official statement that the plants:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0800"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p>have been grown throughout their life in an area free from <italic>Saperda candida</italic> Fabricius, established by the national plant protection organisation in the country of origin, in accordance with relevant International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, which is mentioned on the certificates referred to in Article 13(1)(ii), under the rubric ‘Additional declaration’, </p><p>or</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0900"><list-item><label>(b)</label><p> have been grown during a period of at least two years prior to export, or in the case of plants which are younger than two years have been grown throughout their life, in a place of production established as free from <italic>Saperda candida</italic> Fabricius in accordance with relevant International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures:
</p><list list-type="roman-lower" id="efs25929-list-1000"><list-item><p>which is registered and supervised by the national plant protection organisation in the country of origin, </p><p>and</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0110"><list-item><p>which has been subjected annually to two official inspections for any signs of <italic>Saperda candida</italic> Fabricius carried out at appropriate times,</p><p>and</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0120"><list-item><p>where the plants have been grown in a site:
</p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0013"><list-item><label>–</label><p>with complete physical protection against the introduction of <italic>Saperda candida</italic> Fabricius,</p><p>or</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0014"><list-item><label>–</label><p>with the application of appropriate preventive treatments and surrounded by a buffer zone with a width of at least 500 m where the absence of <italic>Saperda candida</italic> Fabricius was confirmed by official surveys carried out annually at appropriate times,</p><p>and</p></list-item></list></list-item></list><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0015"><list-item><p> immediately prior to export the plants have been subjected to a meticulous inspection for thepresence of <italic>Saperda candida</italic> Fabricius, in particular in the stems of the plant, including, where appropriate, destructive sampling</p></list-item></list></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits of <italic>Capsicum</italic> (L.), <italic>Citrus</italic> L., other than <italic>Citrus limon</italic> (L.) Osbeck. and <italic>Citrus aurantiifolia</italic> (Christm.) Swingle, <italic>Prunus persica</italic> (L.) Batsch and <italic>Punica granatum</italic> L. originating in countries of the African continent, Cape Verde, Saint Helena, Madagascar, La Reunion, Mauritius and Israel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the provisions applicable to the fruits in Annex IV(A)(I)(16.1), (16.2), (16.3), (16.4), (16.5) and (36.3), official statement that the fruits:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0016"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p>originate in a country recognised as being free of <italic>Thaumatotibia leucotreta</italic> (Meyrick) in accordance with relevant International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures,</p><p>or</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0017"><list-item><label>(b)</label><p>originate in an area established by the national plant protection organisation in the country of origin as being free from <italic>Thaumatotibia leucotreta</italic> (Meyrick), in accordance with the relevant International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, which is mentioned on the certificates referred to in Article 13(1)(ii) under the rubric ‘Additional declaration’,</p><p>or</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0018"><list-item><label>(c)</label><p>originate in a place of production established by the national plant protection organisation in the country of origin as being free from Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) in accordance with relevant International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures and information on traceability is included in the certificates referred to in the Article 13(1)(ii), and official inspections have been carried out in the place of production at appropriate times during the growing season, including a visual examination on representative samples of fruit, shown to be free from <italic>Thaumatotibia leucotreta</italic> (Meyrick),</p><p>or</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0019"><list-item><label>(d)</label><p> have been subjected to an effective cold treatment to ensure freedom from <italic>Thaumatotibia leucotreta</italic> (Meyrick) or another effective treatment to ensure freedom from <italic>Thaumatotibia leucotreta</italic> (Meyrick) and the treatment data should be indicated on the certificates referred to in Article 13(1)(ii), provided that the treatment method has been communicated in advance in writing by the national plant protection organisation of the third country concerned to the Commission.</p></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Amelanchier</italic> Med., <italic>Chaenomeles</italic> Lindl., <italic>Cotoneaster</italic> Ehrh., <italic>Crataegus</italic> L., <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Eriobotrya</italic> Lindl., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., Mespilus L., <italic>Photinia davidiana</italic> (Dcne.) Cardot, <italic>Pyracantha</italic> Roem., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L. and <italic>Sorbus</italic> L., intended for planting, other than seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the provisions applicable to the plants listed in Annex III(A)(9), (9.1), (18), Annex III(B)(1) or Annex IV(A)(I)(15), where appropriate, official statement:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0020"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p>that the plants originate in countries recognised as being free from <italic>Erwinia amylovora</italic> (Burr.) Winsl. et al. in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 18(2),</p><p>or</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0021"><list-item><label>(b)</label><p>that the plants originate in pest free areas which have been established in relation to <italic>Erwinia amylovora</italic> (Burr.) Winsl. et al. in accordance with the relevant International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures and recognised as such in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 18(2),</p><p>or</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0022"><list-item><label>(c)</label><p> that the plants in the field of production and in its immediate vicinity, which have shown symptoms of <italic>Erwinia amylovora</italic> (Burr.) Winsl. et al., have been removed</p></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Plants of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. intended for planting, other than seeds, originating in countries where the relevant harmful organisms are known to occur on the genera</p><p>Concerned </p><p>The relevant harmful organisms are:— on Fragaria L.:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0023"><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Phytophtora fragariae</italic> Hickman, var. <italic>fragariae</italic>,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Arabis mosaic virus,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Raspberry ringspot virus,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Strawberry crinkle virus,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Strawberry latent ringspot virus,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Strawberry mild yellow edge virus,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Tomato black ring virus,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Xanthomonas fragariae</italic> Kennedy et King</p></list-item></list></p><p>— on <italic>Malus</italic> Mill.:</p><p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0024"><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Phyllosticta solitaria</italic> Ell. and Ev.;</p></list-item></list></p><p>— on <italic>Prunus</italic> L.:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0025"><list-item><label>–</label><p>Apricot chlorotic leafroll mycoplasm,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Xanthomonas arboricola</italic> pv. <italic>pruni</italic> (Smith) Vauterin et al.</p></list-item></list></p><p>— on <italic>Prunus persica</italic> (L.) Batsch:</p><p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0026"><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Pseudomonas syringae</italic> pv. <italic>persicae</italic> (Prunier et al.) Young et al.;</p></list-item></list>— on <italic>Pyrus</italic> L.:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0027"><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Phyllosticta solitaria</italic> Ell. and Ev.;</p></list-item></list></p><p>— on <italic>Rubus</italic> L.:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0028"><list-item><label>–</label><p>Arabis mosaic virus,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Raspberry ringspot virus,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Strawberry latent ringspot virus,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Tomato black ring virus,</p></list-item></list>— on all species:
<list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>non‐European viruses and viruslike organisms</p></list-item></list></p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Without prejudice to the provisions applicable to the plants where appropriate listed in Annex III(A)(9) and (18), and Annex IV(A)(I)(15) and (17), official statement that no symptoms of diseases caused by the relevant harmful organisms have been observed on the plants at the place of production since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill. And <italic>Pyrus</italic> L. intended for planting, other than seeds, originating in countries where Pear decline mycoplasm is known to occur</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the provisions applicable to the plants listed in Annex III(A)(9) and (18), and</p><p>Annex IV(A)(I)(15), (17) and (19.2) official statement that plants at the place of production and in its immediate vicinity, which have shown symptoms giving rise to the suspicion of contamination by Pear decline mycoplasm, have been rogued out at that place within the last three complete cycles of vegetation.</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.1.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Plants of <italic>Fragaria</italic> L. intended for planting, other than seeds, originating in countries where the relevant harmful organisms are known to occur</p><p>The relevant harmful organisms are:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0030"><list-item><label>–</label><p>Strawberry latent ‘C’ virus,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Strawberry vein banding</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>virus,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Strawberry witches’ broom</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>mycoplasm</p></list-item></list></p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the provisions applicable to the plants listed in Annex III(A)(18), and Annex IV(A)(I)(19.2), official statement that:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0031"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p> the plants, other than those raised from seed, have been:
</p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0032"><list-item><label>–</label><p>either officially certified under a certification scheme requiring them to be derived in direct line from material which has been maintained under appropriate conditions and subjected to official testing for at least the relevant harmful organisms using appropriate indicators or equivalent methods and has been found free, in these tests, from those harmful organisms,</p><p>or</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0033"><list-item><label>–</label><p>derived in direct line from material which is maintained under appropriate conditions and has been subjected, within the last three complete cycles of vegetation, at least once, to official testing for at least the relevant harmful organisms using appropriate indicators </p><p>or</p><p>equivalent methods and has been found free, in these tests, from those farmful organisms,</p></list-item></list></list-item></list><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0034"><list-item><label>(b)</label><p> no symptoms of diseases caused by the relevant harmful organisms have been observed on plants at the place of production, or on susceptible plants in its immediate vicinity, since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation.</p></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.2.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Fragaria</italic> L. intended for planting, other than seeds, originating in countries where <italic>Aphelenchoides besseyi</italic> Christie is known to occur</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the provisions applicable to the plants listed in Annex III(A)(18), and Annex IV(A)(I)(19.2) and (21.1), official statement that:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0035"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p>either no symptoms of Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie have been observed on plants at the place of production since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation</p><p>or</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0036"><list-item><label>(b)</label><p> in the case of plants in tissue culture the plants have been derived from plants which complied with section (a) of this item or have been officially tested by appropriate nematological methods and have been found free from <italic>Aphelenchoides besseyi</italic> Christie</p></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.3.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Plants of <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., intended</p><p>for planting, other than seeds</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Without prejudice to the provisions applicable to the plants listed in Annex III(A)(18), and Annex IV(A)(I)(19.2), (21.1) and (21.2), official statement that the plants originate in an area known to be free from <italic>Anthonomus signatus</italic> Say and <italic>Anthonomus bisignifer</italic> (Schenkling)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Plants of <italic>Malus</italic> Mill. Intended for planting, other than seeds, originating in countries where the relevant harmful organisms are known to occur on <italic>Malus</italic> Mill.</p><p>The relevant harmful organisms are:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0037"><list-item><label>–</label><p>Cherry rasp leaf virus (American),</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Tomato ringspot virus,</p></list-item></list></p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the provisions applicable to the plants, listed in Annex III(A)(9) and (18), Annex III(B)(1) and Annex IV(A)(I)(15), (17) and (19.2), official statement that:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0038"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p> the plants have been:
</p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0039"><list-item><label>–</label><p>either officially certified under a certification scheme requiring them to be derived in direct line from material which has been maintained under appropriate conditions and subjected to official testing for at least the relevant harmful organisms using appropriate indicatos or equivalent methods and has been found free, in these thests, from those harmful organisms, </p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>derived in direct line from material which is maintained under appropriate conditions and subjected, within the last three complete cycles of vegetation, at least once, to official testing for at least the relevant harmful organisms using appropriate indicators or equivalent methods and has been found free, in these tests, from those harmful organisms;</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><label>(b)</label><p> no symptoms of diseases caused by the relevant harmful organisms have been observed on plants at the place of production, or on susceptible plants in its immediate vicinity, since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation</p></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., intended for planting, other than seeds, originating in countries where apple proliferation mycoplasma is known to occur</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the provisions applicable to the plants, listed in Annex III(A)(9) and (18), Annex III(B)(1) and Annex IV(A)(I)(15), (17), (19.2) and (22.1), official statement that
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0040"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p>the plants originate in areas known to be free from apple proliferation mycoplasm;</p><p>or</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0041"><list-item><label>(b)</label><p> (aa) the plants, other than those raised from seeds, have been:
</p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0042"><list-item><label>–</label><p>either officially certified under a certification scheme requiring them to be derived in direct line from material which has been maintained under appropriate conditions and subjected to official testing for at least Apple proliferation mycoplasm using appropriate indicators or equivalent methods and has been found free, in these tests, from that harmful organism,</p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>derived in direct line from material which is maintained under appropriate conditions and subjected, within the last six complete cycles of vegetation, at least once, to official testing for at least Apple proliferation mycoplasm using appropriate indicators or equivalent methods and has been found free, in these tests, from the harmful organism, </p><p>(bb) no symptoms of diseases caused by Apple proliferation mycoplasm have been observed on plants at the place of production, or on susceptible plants in its immediative vicinity, since the beginning of the last complete three cycles of vegetation</p></list-item></list></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of following species of <italic>Prunu</italic>s L., intended for planting, other than seeds, originating in countries where Plum pox virus is known to occur:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0043"><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus amygdalus</italic> Batsch,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus armeniaca</italic> L.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus blireiana</italic> Andre,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus brigantina</italic> Vill.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus cerasifera</italic> Ehrh.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus cistena</italic> Hansen,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus curdica</italic> Fenzl and Fritsch.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus domestica</italic> ssp. <italic>domestica</italic> L.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus domestica</italic> ssp. <italic>insititia</italic> (L.) C.K. Schneid.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus domestica</italic> ssp. <italic>italica</italic> (Borkh.) Hegi.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus glandulosa</italic> Thunb.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus holosericea</italic> Batal.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus hortulana</italic> Bailey,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus japonica</italic> Thunb.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus mandshurica</italic> (Maxim.) Koehne,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus maritima</italic> Marsh.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus mume</italic> Sieb and Zucc.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus nigra</italic> Ait.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus persica</italic> (L.) Batsch,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus salicina</italic> L.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus sibirica</italic> L.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus simonii</italic> Carr.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus spinosa</italic> L.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus tomentosa</italic> Thunb.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus triloba</italic> Lindl.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>other species of <italic>Prunu</italic>s L. susceptible to Plux pox virus.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the provisions applicable to the plants, listed in Annex III(A)(9) and (18), and Annex IV(A)(I)(15) and (19.2), official statement that:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0044"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p> the plants, other than those raised from seed, have been:
</p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0045"><list-item><label>–</label><p>either officially certified under a certification scheme requiring them to be derived in direct line from material which has been maintained under appropriate conditions and subjected to official testing for, at least, Plum pox virus using appropriate indicators or equivalent methods and has been found free, in these tests, from that harmful organism, </p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>derived in direct line from material which is maintained under appropriate conditions and has been subjected, within the last three complete cycles of vegetation, at least once, to official testing for at least Plum pox virus using appropriate indicators or equivalent methods and has been found free, in these tests, from that harmful organism;</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><label>(b)</label><p> no symptoms of disease caused by Plum pox virus have been observed on plants at the place of production or on susceptible plants in its immediate vicinity, since the beginning of the last three complete cycles of vegetation;</p></list-item><list-item><label>(c)</label><p> plants at the place of production which have shown symptoms of disease caused by other viruses or virus‐like pathogens, have been rogued out</p></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Plants of Prunus L., intended for planting
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0046"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p> originating in countries where the relevant harmful organisms are known to occur on <italic>Prunus</italic> L.</p></list-item><list-item><label>(b)</label><p> other than seeds, originating in countries where the relevant harmful organisms are known to occur</p></list-item><list-item><label>(c)</label><p> other than seeds, originating in non‐European countries where the relevant harmful organisms are known to occur</p></list-item></list>The relevant harmful organisms are:</p><p>— for the case under (a):
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0047"><list-item><label>–</label><p>Tomato ringspot virus;</p></list-item></list>— or the case under (b):
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0048"><list-item><label>–</label><p>Cherry rasp leaf virus (American),</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Peach mosaic virus (American),</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Peach phony rickettsia,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Peach rosette mycoplasm,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Peach yellows mycoplasm,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Plum line pattern virus (American),</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Peach X‐disease mycoplasm;</p></list-item></list>— or the case under (c):
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0049"><list-item><label>–</label><p>Little cherry pathogen</p></list-item></list></p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the provisions applicable to the plants, where appropriate listed in Annex III(A)(9) and (18) or Annex IV(A)(I)(15), (19.2) and (23.1), official statement that
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0050"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p> the plants have been:
</p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0051"><list-item><label>–</label><p>either officially certified under a certification scheme requiring them to be derived in direct line from material which has been maintained under appropriate conditions and subjected to official testing for at least the relevant harmful organisms using appropriate indicators or equivalent methods and has been found free, in these tests, from those harmful organisms,</p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>derived in direct line from material which is maintained under appropriate conditions and has been subjected, within the last three complete cycles of vegetation, at least once, to official testing for at least the relevant harmful organisms using appropriate indicators or equivalent methods and has been found free, in these tests, from those harmful organisms,</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><label>(b)</label><p> no symptoms of diseases caused by the relevant harmful organisms have been observed on plants at the place of production or on susceptible plants in its immediate vicinity, since the beginning of the last three complete cycles of vegetation</p></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Plants of <italic>Rubus</italic> L., intended for</p><p>planting:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0052"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p> originating in countries where harmful organisms are known to occur on <italic>Rubus</italic> L.</p></list-item><list-item><label>(b) </label><p>other than seeds, originating in countries where the relevant harmful organisms are known to occur</p></list-item></list>Tc— in the case of (a):
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0053"><list-item><label>–</label><p>Tomato ringspot virus,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Black raspberry latent virus,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Cherry leafroll virus,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Prunus necrotic ringspot virus,</p></list-item></list>— in the case of (b):
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0054"><list-item><label>–</label><p>Raspberry leaf curl virus (American)</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Cherry rasp leaf virus (American)</p></list-item></list></p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the requirements applicable to the plants, listed in Annex IV(A)(I)(19.2),
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0055"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p> the plants shall be free from aphids, including their eggs</p></list-item><list-item><label>(b)</label><p> official statement that:</p></list-item></list><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>(aa) the plants have been:
</p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0057"><list-item><label>–</label><p>either officially certified under a certification scheme requiring them to be derived in direct line from material which has been maintained under appropriate conditions and subjected to official testing for at least the relevant harmful organisms using appropriate indicators or equivalent methods and has been found free, in these tests, from those harmful organism, </p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>derived in direct line from material which is maintained under appropriate conditions and has been subjected, within the last three complete cycles of vegetation, at least once, to official testing for at least relevant harmful organisms using appropriate indicators for equivalent methods and has been found free, in these tests, from those harmful organism</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>(bb) no symptoms of diseases caused by the relevant harmful organisms have been observed on plants at the place of production, or on susceptible plants in its immediate vicinity, since the beginning of the last complete cycles of vegetation</p></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herbaceous perennial plants, intended for planting, other than seeds, of the families Caryophyllaceae (except <italic>Dianthus</italic> L.), Compositae (except <italic>Dendranthema</italic> (DC.) Des Moul.), Cruciferae, Leguminosae and Rosaceae (except <italic>Fragaria</italic> L.), originating in third countries, other than European and Mediterranean countries</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the requirements applicable to plants, where appropriate, listed in Annex IV(A)(I)(32.1), (32.2), (32.3), (33) and (34) official statement that the plants:</p><p>— have been grown in nurseries, and</p><p>— are free from plant debris, flowers and fruits, and</p><p>— have been inspected at appropriate times and prior to export, and</p><p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0058"><list-item><label>‐</label><p> found free from symptoms of harmful bacteria, viruses and virus‐like organisms, and</p></list-item><list-item><label>‐</label><p> either found free from signs or symptoms of harmful nematodes, insects, mites and fungi, or have been subjected to appropriate treatment to eliminate such organisms</p></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Section II</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects originating in the Community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Plants of <italic>Amelanchier</italic> Med., <italic>Chaenomeles</italic> Lindl., <italic>Cotoneaster</italic></p><p>Ehrh., <italic>Crataegus</italic> L., <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Eriobotrya</italic> Lindl., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Mespilus</italic> L., <italic>Photinia davidiana</italic> (Dcne.) Cardot, <italic>Pyracantha</italic> Roem., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L. and <italic>Sorbus</italic> L., intended for planting, other than seeds</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Official statement:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0059"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p>the plants originate in zones recognised as being free from <italic>Erwinia amylovora</italic> (Burr.) Winsl. et al. in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 18(2); </p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><label>(b)</label><p> that the plants in the field of production and its immediate vicinity, which have shown symptoms of <italic>d'Erwinia amylovora</italic> (Burr.) Winsl. et al., have beend rogued out</p></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Prunus</italic> L. and <italic>Rubus</italic> L., intended for planting, other than seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Official statement that:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0060"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p> the plants originate in areas known to be free from the relevant harmful organisms; or</p></list-item><list-item><label>(b)</label><p> no symptoms of diseases caused by the relevant harmful organisms have been observed on plants at the place of production since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation.</p></list-item></list>The relevant harmful organisms are:</p><p>— on <italic>Fragaria</italic> L.:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0061"><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Phytophthora fragariae</italic> Hickman var.</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>fragariae</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Arabis mosaic virus</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Raspberry ringspot virus</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Strawberry crinkle virus</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Strawberry latent ringspot virus</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Strawberry mild yellow edge virus</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Tomato black ring virus</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Xanthomonas fragariae Kennedy and King</p></list-item></list>— on <italic>Prunus</italic> L.:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0062"><list-item><label>–</label><p>Apricot chlorotic leafroll mycoplasm</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Xanthomonas arboricola</italic> pv. <italic>pruni</italic> (Smith) Vauterin et al. </p></list-item></list>— on <italic>Prunus persica</italic> (L.) Batsch:
<list list-type="simple"><list-item><p><italic>Pseudomonas syringae</italic> pv. <italic>persicae</italic></p></list-item><list-item><p>(Prunier et al.) Young et al.,</p></list-item></list>— on <italic>Rubus</italic> L.:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0064"><list-item><label>–</label><p>Arabis mosaic virus</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Raspberry ringspot virus</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Strawberry latent ringspot virus</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Tomato black ring virus</p></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., and <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., intended for planting, other than seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the requirements applicable to plants listed in Annex IV(A)(II)(9), official statement that:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0065"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p>the plants originate in areas known to be free from Pear decline mycoplasm; </p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><label>(b)</label><p> the plants at the place of production and in its immediate vicinity, which have shown symptoms giving rise to the suspicion of contamination by Pear decline mycoplasm, have been rogued out at that place within the last three complete cycles of vegetation</p></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., intended for planting, other than seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the requirements applicable to the plants listed in Annex IV(A)(II)(12) official statement that:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0066"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p>the plants originate in areas known to be free from Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie;</p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><label>(b)</label><p>no symptoms of <italic>Aphelenchoides besseyi</italic> Christie have been observed on the plants at the place of production since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation;</p><p>or </p></list-item><list-item><label>(c)</label><p>in the case of plants in tissue culture, the plants have been derived from plants complying with section (b) of this item or have been officially tested by appropriate nematological methods and have been found free from <italic>Aphelenchoides besseyi</italic> Christie</p></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., intended for planting, other than seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the requirements applicable to the plants listed in Annex IV(A)(II)(9), official statement that:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0067"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p>the plants originate in areas known to be free from Apple proliferation mycoplasm; </p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><label>(b)</label><p> (aa) the plants, other than those raised from seed, have been:
</p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0068"><list-item><label>–</label><p>either officially certified under a certification scheme requiring them to be derived in direct line from material which has been maintained under appropriate conditions and subjected to official testing for at least Apple proliferation mycoplasm using appropriate indicators or equivalent methods and has been found, in these tests, free from that harmful organism,</p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>derived in direct line from material which is maintained under appropriate conditions and has been subjected, within the last six complete cycles of vegetation, at least once, to official testing for, at least, Apple proliferation mycoplasm using appropriate indicators or equivalent methods and has been found, in these tests, free from that harmful organism;</p><p>(bb) no symptoms of diseases caused by Apple proliferation mycoplasm have been observed on the plants at the place of production, or on the susceptible plants in its immediate vicinity, since the beginning of the last three complete cycles of vegetation</p></list-item></list></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Plants of the following species of <italic>Prunus</italic> L., intended for planting, other than seeds:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0069"><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus amygdalus</italic> Batsch,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus armeniaca</italic> L.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus blireiana</italic> Andre,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus brigantina</italic> Vill.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus cerasifera</italic> Ehrh.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus cistena</italic> Hansen,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus curdica</italic> Fenzl and Fritsch.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus domestica</italic> ssp. <italic>domestica</italic> L.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus domestica</italic> ssp. <italic>Insititia</italic> (L.) C.K. Schneid,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus domestica</italic> ssp. <italic>italica</italic></p><p>(Borkh.) Hegi.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus glandulosa</italic> Thunb.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus holosericea</italic> Batal.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus hortulana</italic> Bailey,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus japonica</italic> Thunb.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus mandshurica</italic> (Maxim.) Koehne,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus maritima</italic> Marsh.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus mume</italic> Sieb. And Zucc.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus nigra</italic> Ait.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus persica</italic> (L.) Batsch,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus salicina</italic> L.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus sibirica</italic> L.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus simonii</italic> Carr.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus spinosa</italic> L.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus tomentosa</italic> Thunb.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus triloba</italic> Lindl. Other species of <italic>Prunus</italic> L. susceptible to Plum pox virus</p></list-item></list></p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the requrements applicable to the plants listed in Annex IV(A)(II)(12), official statement that:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0070"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p>the plants originate in areas known to be free from Plum pox virus;</p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><label>(b)</label><p> (aa) the plants, other than those raised from seed, have been:
</p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0071"><list-item><label>–</label><p>either officially certified under a certification scheme requiring them to be derived in direct line from material which has been maintained under appropriate conditions and subjected to official testing for, at least, plum pox virus using appropriate indicators or equivalent methods and has been found, in these tests, free from that harmful organism,</p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>derived in direct line from material which is maintained under appropriate conditions and has been subjected within the last three complete cycles of vegetation, at least once, to official testing for at least Plum pox virus using appropriate indicators for equivalent methods and has been found, in these tests, free from that harmful organism;</p><p>bb) no symptoms of disease caused by Plum pox virus have been observed on plants at the place of production or on the susceptible plants in its immediate vicinity, since the beginning of the last three complete cycles of vegetation;</p><p>cc) plants at the place of production which have shown symptoms of disease caused by other viruses or virus‐like pathogens, have been rogued out</p></list-item></list></list-item></list></p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Vitis</italic> L., other than fruit and seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Official statement that no symptoms of Grapevine Flavescence dorée MLO and <italic>Xylophilus ampelinu</italic>s (Panagopoulos) Willems et al. have been observed on the mother‐stock plants at the place of production since the beginning of the last two complete cycles of vegetation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.1.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants with roots, intended for planting, grown in the open air, of <italic>Allium porrum</italic> L., <italic>Asparagus officinalis</italic> L., <italic>Beta vulgaris</italic> L., <italic>Brassica</italic> spp. and <italic>Fragaria</italic> L. and bulbs, tubers and rhizomes, grown in the open air, of <italic>Allium ascalonicum</italic> L., <italic>Allium cepa</italic> L., <italic>Dahlia</italic> spp., <italic>Gladiolus</italic> Tourn. ex L., <italic>Hyacinthus</italic> spp., <italic>Iris</italic> spp., <italic>Lilium</italic> spp., <italic>Narcissus</italic> L. and <italic>Tulipa</italic> L., other than those plants, bulbs, tubers and rhizomes to be planted in accordance with Article 4.4(a) or (c) of Council Directive 2007/33/EC</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Without prejudice to the requirements applicable to the plants in Annex IV, Part A, Section II (24) there shall be evidence that the Union provisions to combat <italic>Globodera pallida</italic> (Stone) Behrens and <italic>Globodera rostochiensis</italic> (Wollenweber) Behrens are complied with</td></tr></tbody></table><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annex IV, Part B</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Special requirements which shall be laid down by all Member States for the introduction and movement of plants, plant products and other objects into and within certain protected zones</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plant, plant products and other objects</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Special requirements</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protected zone(s)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.5 Plants of <italic>Prunus</italic> L. intended for planting, other than seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the provisions applicable to the plants listed in</p><p>Annex III(A)(9) and (18) or Annex IV(A)(I)(19.2), (23.1) and (23.2) or</p><p>Annex IV(A)(II)(12) and (16), official statement that:</p><p>(a) the plants have been grown throughout their life in places of production in countries where <italic>Xanthomonas arboricola</italic> pv. <italic>pruni</italic> (Smith) Vauterin et al. is not known to occur,</p><p>or</p><p>(b) the plants have been grown throughout their life in an area free from <italic>Xanthomonas arboricola</italic> pv. <italic>pruni</italic> (Smith) Vauterin et al. established by the national plant protection organisation in accordance with relevant International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures,</p><p>or</p><p>(c) the plants have been derived in direct line from mother plants which have shown no symptoms of <italic>Xanthomonas arboricola</italic> pv. <italic>pruni</italic> (Smith) Vauterin et al. during the last complete cycle of vegetation,</p><p>and</p><p>no symptoms of <italic>Xanthomonas arboricola</italic> pv. <italic>pruni</italic> (Smith) Vauterin et al. have been observed on the plants at the place of production since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation,</p><p>or</p><p>(d) for plants of <italic>Prunus laurocerasus</italic> L. and <italic>Prunus lusitanica</italic> L. for which there shall be evidence by their packing or by other means that they are intended for sale to final consumers not involved in professional plant production no symptoms of <italic>Xanthomonas arboricola</italic> pv. <italic>pruni</italic> (Smith) Vauterin et al. have been observed on plants at the place of production since the beginning of the last complete growing season</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UK</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>21. Plants and live pollen for pollination of:</p><p><italic>Amelanchier</italic> Med., <italic>Chaenomeles</italic> Lindl., <italic>Cotoneaster</italic> Ehrh., <italic>Crataegus</italic> L., <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Eriobotrya</italic> Lindl., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., Mespilus L., <italic>Photinia davidiana</italic> (Dcne.) Cardot, <italic>Pyracantha</italic> Roem., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L. and <italic>Sorbus</italic> L., other than fruit and seeds</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the prohibitions applicable to the plants listed in Annex IIIA(9), (9.1), (18) and IIIB(1), where appropriate, official statement that:</p><p>a) the plants originate in third countries recognised as being free from <italic>Erwinia amylovora</italic> (Burr.) Winsl. et al. in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 18(2),</p><p>or</p><p>b) the plants originate in pest free areas in third countries which have been established in relation to <italic>Erwinia amylovora</italic> (Burr.) Winsl. Et al. in accordance with the relevant International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures and recognised as such in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 18(2),</p><p>or</p><p>c) the plants originate in the Canton of Valais in Switzerland,</p><p>or </p><p>d) the plants originate in the protected zones listed in the right‐hand column,</p><p>or</p><p>e) the plants have been produced, or, if moved into a ‘buffer zone’, kept and maintained for a period of at least 7 months including the period 1 April to 31 October of the last complete cycle of vegetation, on a field:</p><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>aa) located at least 1 km inside the border of an officially designated ‘buffer zone’ of at least 50 km<sup>2</sup> where host plants are subject to an officially approved and supervised control regime established at the latest before the beginning of the complete cycle of vegetation preceding the last complete cycle of vegetation, with the object of minimising the risk of <italic>Erwinia amylovora</italic> (Burr.) Winsl. et al. being spread from the plants grown there. Details of the description of this vegetation, with the object of minimising the risk of <italic>Erwinia amylovora</italic> (Burr.) →</p></list-item></list></p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>E (except the autonomous communities of Andalucia, Aragón, Castilla la Mancha, Castilla y León, Extremadura, the autonomous community of Madrid, Murcia, Navarra and La Rioja, the province of Guipuzcoa (Basque Country), the Comarcas of Garrigues, Noguera, Pla d'Urgell, Segrià and Urgell in the province of Lleida (Communidad autonoma de Catalunya), the Comarcas de L'Alt Vinalopó and El Vinalopó Mitjà in the province of Alicante and the municipalities of Alborache and Turís in the province of Valencia (Comunidad Valenciana)), EE, F (Corsica), IRL (except Galway city), I (Abruzzo, Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia‐Romagna (the provinces of Parma and Piacenza), Lazio, Liguria, Lombardy (except the provinces of Mantua, Milano, Sondrio and Varese), Marche, Molise, Piedmont (except the communes of Busca, Centallo and Tarantasca in the province of Cuneo), Sardinia, Sicily, Tuscany, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta, Veneto (except the provinces of Rovigo and Venice, the communes of Barbona, Boara Pisani, Castelbaldo, Masi, Piacenza d'Adige, S. Urbano and, Vescovana in the province of Padova and the area situated to the south of highway A4 in the province of Verona)), LV, LT (except the</p><p>municipalities of Babtai and K≐dainiai (region of Kaunas)), P, SI (except the regions Gorenjska, Koroška, Maribor and Notranjska, and the communes of Lendava and Renče‐Vogrsko (south from the highway H4)), SK (except the county of Dunajská Streda, Hronovce and Hronské Kľačany (Levice County), Dvory nad Žitavou (Nové Zámky County), Málinec (Poltár County), Hrhov (Rožňava County), Veľké →</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>→ Winsl. et al. being spread from the plants grown there. Details of the description of this ‘buffer zone’ shall be kept available to the Commission and to other Member States. Once the ‘buffer zone’ is established, official inspections shall be carried out in the zone not comprising the field and its surrounding zone of 500 m width, at least once since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation at the most appropriate time, and all host plants showing</p><p>symptoms of <italic>Erwinia amylovora</italic> (Burr.) Winsl. et al. should be removed immediately. The results of these inspections shall be supplied by 1 May each year to the Commission and to other Member States, and</p><p>bb) which has been officially approved, as well as the ‘buffer zone’, before the beginning of the complete cycle of vegetation preceding the last complete cycle of vegetation, for the cultivation of plants under the requirements laid down in this point, and</p><p>cc) which, as well as the surrounding zone of a width of at least 500 m, has been found free from <italic>Erwinia amylovora</italic> (Burr.) Winsl. et al. since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation, at official inspection carried out at least:</p><p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0073"><list-item><label>–</label><p>twice in the field at the most appropriate time, e.g. once during June to August and once during August to November; and</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>once in the said surrounding zone at the most appropriate time, e.g. during August to November, and</p></list-item></list> dd) from which plants were officially tested for latent infections in accordance with an appropriate laboratory method on samples officially drawn at the most appropriate period.</p><p>Between 1 April 2004 and 1 April 2005, these provisions shall not apply to plants moved into and within the protected zones listed in the right‐hand column which have been produced and maintained on fields located in officially designated ‘buffer zones’, according to the relevant requirements applicable before 1 April 2004</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">→ Ripňany (Topoľčany County), Kazimír, Luhyňa, Malý Horeš, Svätuše and Zatín (Trebišov County)), FI, UK (Northern Ireland: excluding the townlands of Ballinran Upper, Carrigenagh Upper, Ballinran, and Carrigenagh in County Down, and the Electoral Area of Dunmurry Cross in Belfast, County Antrim; Isle of Man and Channel Islands)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>21.1. Plants of <italic>Vitis</italic> L., other than fruit and</p><p>seeds</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the prohibition in Annex III(A)(15), on introducing plants of <italic>Vitis</italic> L. other than fruits from third countries (except Switzerland) into the Union, official statement that the plants:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0074"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p>originate in the protected zones listed in the right hand column;</p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><label>(b)</label><p> have been subjected to an appropriate treatment to ensure freedom from <italic>Daktulosphaira vitifoliae</italic> (Fitch) according to a specification approved in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 18(2).</p></list-item></list></p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CY</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.2. Fruits of <italic>Vitis</italic> L. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The fruits shall be free from leaves and</p><p>official statement that the fruits:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0075"><list-item><label>(a)</label><p>originate in an area known to be free from <italic>Daktulosphaira vitifoliae</italic> (Fitch);</p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><label>(b)</label><p>have been grown at a place of production which has been found free from <italic>Daktulosphaira vitifoliae</italic> (Fitch) on official inspections carried out during the last two complete cycles of vegetation; </p><p>or</p></list-item><list-item><label>(c)</label><p>have been subject to fumigation or other appropriate treatment against <italic>Daktulosphaira vitifoliae</italic> (Fitch)</p></list-item></list></p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CY</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>32. Plants of <italic>Vitis</italic> L., other than fruit and</p><p>seeds. </p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Without prejudice to the provisions applicable to the plants listed in Annex III(A)(15), IVA(II)17, and IVB21.1, official statement that:</p><p>(a) the plants originate and have been grown in a place of production in a country where Grapevine flavescence dorée MLO is not known to occur; </p><p>or</p><p>(b) the plants originate and have been grown in a place of production in an area free from Grapevine flavescence dorée MLO established by the national plant protection organisation in accordance with the relevant international standards; </p><p>or</p><p>(c) the plants originate and have been grown in either the Czech Republic, France (Alsace, Champagne‐Ardenne, Picardie (département de l'Aisne), Ile de France (communes de Citry, Nanteuil‐sur‐Marne et Saâcy‐sur‐Marne) and Lorraine) or Italy (Apulia, Basilicata and Sardinia); </p><p>or </p><p>(cc) the plants originate and have been grown in Switzerland (except the Canton of Ticino and the Misox Valley); </p><p>or</p><p>(d) the plants originate and have been grown in a place of production where:
<list list-type="alpha-lower"><list-item><p>(aa) no symptoms of Grapevine flavescence dorée MLO have been observed on the mother‐stock plants since the beginning of the last two complete cycles of vegetation;</p><p>and</p><p>(bb) either</p></list-item></list><list list-type="roman-lower" id="efs25929-list-0078"><list-item><p>no symptoms of Grapevine flavescence dorée MLO have been found on the plants in the place of production; or,</p></list-item><list-item><p>the plants have undergone hot water treatment of at least 50 °C for 45 minutes in order to eliminate the presence of Grapevine flavescence dorée MLO</p></list-item></list></p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>CZ, FR (Alsace, Champagne‐Ardenne, Picardie (département de</p><p>l'Aisne), Ile de France (communes de Citry, Nanteuil‐sur‐Marne et Saâcy‐sur‐Marne) and Lorraine), I (Apulia, Basilicata and Sardinia) </p></td></tr></tbody></table><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annex V</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects which must be subject to a plant health inspection (at the place of production if originating in the Community, before being moved within the Community – in the country of origin or the consignor country, if originating outside the Community) before being permitted to enter the Community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Part A</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects originating in the Community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects which are potential carriers of harmful organisms of relevance for the entire Community and which must be accompanied by a plant passport</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants, intended for planting, other than seeds, of <italic>Amelanchier</italic> Med., <italic>Chaenomeles</italic> Lindl., <italic>Cotoneaster</italic> Ehrh., <italic>Crataegus</italic> L., <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Eriobotrya</italic> Lindl., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., Mespilus L., <italic>Photinia davidiana</italic> (Dcne.) Cardot, <italic>Prunus</italic> L., other than <italic>Prunus laurocerasus</italic> L. and <italic>Prunus lusitanica</italic> L., <italic>Pyracantha</italic> Roem., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L. and <italic>Sorbus</italic> L.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Choisya</italic> Kunth, <italic>Fortunella</italic> Swingle, <italic>Poncirus</italic> Raf., and their hybrids, <italic>Casimiroa</italic> La Llave, <italic>Clausena</italic> Burm. f., <italic>Murraya</italic> J. Koenig ex L., <italic>Vepris</italic> Comm., <italic>Zanthoxylum</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L., other than fruits and seeds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Plants intended for planting, other than seeds, of the genera <italic>Abies</italic> Mill., <italic>Apium graveolens</italic> L., <italic>Argyranthemum</italic> spp., <italic>Asparagus officinalis</italic> L., <italic>Aster</italic> spp., <italic>Brassica</italic> spp., <italic>Castanea</italic> Mill., <italic>Cucumis</italic></p><p>spp., <italic>Dendranthema</italic> (DC.) Des Moul., <italic>Dianthus</italic> L. and hybrids, <italic>Exacum</italic> spp., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Gerbera</italic> Cass., <italic>Gypsophila</italic> L., all varieties of New Guinea hybrids of <italic>Impatiens</italic> L., <italic>Lactuca</italic> spp., <italic>Larix</italic> Mill., <italic>Leucanthemum</italic> L., <italic>Lupinus</italic> L., <italic>Pelargonium</italic> l'Hérit. Ex Ait., <italic>Picea</italic> A. Dietr., <italic>Pinus</italic> L., <italic>Platanus</italic> L., <italic>Populus</italic> L., <italic>Prunus laurocerasus</italic> L., <italic>Prunus lusitanica</italic> L., <italic>Pseudotsuga</italic> Carr., <italic>Quercus</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L., <italic>Spinacia</italic> L., <italic>Tanacetum</italic> L., <italic>Tsuga</italic> Carr., <italic>Ulmus</italic> L., <italic>Verbena</italic> L. and other plants of herbaceous species, other than plants of the family <italic>Gramineae</italic>, intended for planting, and other than bulbs, corms, rhizomes, seeds and tubers.</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">II.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Plants, plant products and other objects which are potential carriers of harmful organisms of relevance for certain protected zones, and which must be accompanied by a plant passport valid for the appropriate zone</p><p>when introduced into or moved within that zone</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants intended for planting, other than seeds, of <italic>Beta vulgaris</italic> L., <italic>Platanus</italic> L., <italic>Populus</italic> L., <italic>Prunus</italic> L. and <italic>Quercus</italic> spp., other than <italic>Quercus suber</italic> and <italic>Ulmus</italic> L.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants, other than fruit and seeds, of <italic>Amelanchier</italic> Med., <italic>Castanea</italic> Mill., <italic>Chaenomeles</italic> Lindl., <italic>Cotoneaster</italic> Ehrh., <italic>Crataegus</italic> L., <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Eriobotrya</italic> Lindl., <italic>Eucalyptus</italic> L'Herit., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., Mespilus L., <italic>Photinia davidiana</italic> (Dcne.) Cardot, <italic>Pyracantha</italic> Roem., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Sorbus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Live pollen for pollination of <italic>Amelanchier</italic> Med., <italic>Chaenomeles</italic> Lindl., <italic>Cotoneaster</italic> Ehrh., <italic>Crataegus</italic> L., <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Eriobotrya</italic> Lindl., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., Mespilus L., <italic>Photinia davidiana</italic> (Dcne.) Cardot, <italic>Pyracantha</italic> Roem., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L. and <italic>Sorbus</italic> L.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits (bolls) of <italic>Gossypium</italic> spp. and unginned cotton, fruits of <italic>Vitis</italic> L.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Part B</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects originating in territories, other than those territories referred to in Part A</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">I.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects which are potential carriers of harmful organisms of relevance for the entire Community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants, intended for planting, other than seeds but including seeds of <italic>Cruciferae</italic>,<italic> Gramineae</italic>,<italic> Trifolium</italic> spp., originating in Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Chile, New Zealand and Uruguay, genera <italic>Triticum</italic>,<italic> Secale</italic> and X <italic>Triticosecale</italic> from Afghanistan, India, Iran, Iraq, Mexico, Nepal, Pakistan, South Africa and the USA, <italic>Citrus</italic> L., <italic>Fortunella</italic> Swingle and <italic>Poncirus</italic> Raf., and their hybrids, <italic>Capsicum</italic> spp., <italic>Helianthus annuus</italic> L., <italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic> L., <italic>Medicago sativa</italic> L., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L., <italic>Oryza</italic> spp., <italic>Zea mays</italic> L., <italic>Allium ascalonicum</italic> L., <italic>Allium cepa</italic> L., <italic>Allium porrum</italic> L., <italic>Allium schoenoprasum</italic> L. and <italic>Phaseolus</italic> L.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parts of plants, other than fruits and seeds, of:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0079"><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Castanea</italic> Mill., <italic>Dendranthema</italic> (DC.) Des Moul., <italic>Dianthus</italic> L., <italic>Gypsophila</italic> L., <italic>Pelargonium</italic> l'Herit. ex Ait, <italic>Phoenix</italic> spp., <italic>Populus</italic> L., <italic>Quercus</italic> L., <italic>Solidago</italic> L. and cut flowers of <italic>Orchidaceae</italic>,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>conifers (<italic>Coniferales</italic>),</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Acer saccharum</italic> Marsh., originating in the USA and Canada,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Prunus</italic> L., originating in non‐European countries,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Cut flowers of <italic>Aster</italic> spp., <italic>Eryngium</italic> L., <italic>Hypericum</italic> L., <italic>Lisianthus</italic> L., <italic>Rosa</italic> L. and <italic>Trachelium</italic> L., originating in non‐European countries,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Leafy vegetables of <italic>Apium graveolens</italic> L., <italic>Ocimum</italic> L., <italic>Limnophila</italic> L. and <italic>Eryngium</italic> L.,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Leaves of <italic>Manihot esculenta</italic> Crantz,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Cut branches of <italic>Betula</italic> L. with or without foliage,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Cut branches of <italic>Fraxinus</italic> L., <italic>Juglans ailantifolia</italic> Carr., <italic>Juglans mandshurica</italic> Maxim., <italic>Ulmus davidiana</italic> Planch. and <italic>Pterocarya rhoifolia</italic> Siebold & Zucc., with or without foliage, originating in Canada, China, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Republic of Korea, Russia, Taiwan and USA,</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Amyris</italic> P. Browne, <italic>Casimiroa</italic> La Llave, <italic>Citropsis</italic> Swingle & Kellerman, <italic>Eremocitrus</italic> Swingle, <italic>Esenbeckia</italic> Kunth., <italic>Glycosmi</italic>s Corrêa, <italic>Merrillia</italic> Swingle, <italic>Naringi</italic> Adans., <italic>Tetradium</italic> Lour., <italic>Toddalia</italic> Juss. and <italic>Zanthoxylum</italic> L.</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits of:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0080"><list-item><label>–</label><p><italic>Annona</italic> L., <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Diospyros</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Mangifera</italic> L., <italic>Passiflora</italic> L., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Psidium</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L. <italic>Syzygium</italic> Gaertn., and <italic>Vaccinium</italic> L., originating in non‐European countries,</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Wood within the meaning of the first subparagraph of Article 2(2), where it:</p><p>(a) has been obtained in whole or part from one of the order, genera or species as described hereafter, except wood packaging material defined in Annex IV, Part A, Section I, Point 2:</p><p>[…]</p><p>— <italic>Amelanchier</italic> Medik., <italic>Aronia</italic> Medik., <italic>Cotoneaster</italic> Medik., <italic>Crataegus</italic> L., <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyracantha</italic> M. Roem., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L. and <italic>Sorbus</italic> L., including wood which has not kept its natural round surface, except sawdust or shavings, originating in Canada or the USA</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">II.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects which are potential carriers of harmful organisms of relevance for certain protected zones</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Without prejudice to the plants, plant products and other objects listed in I.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Live pollen for pollination of <italic>Amelanchier</italic> Med., <italic>Chaenomeles</italic> Lindl., <italic>Cotoneaster</italic> Ehrh., <italic>Crataegus</italic> L., <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Eriobotrya</italic> Lindl., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., Mespilus L., <italic>Photinia davidiana</italic> (Dcne.) Cardot, <italic>Pyracantha</italic> Roem., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L. and <italic>Sorbus</italic> L.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parts of plants, other than fruit and seeds, of <italic>Amelanchier</italic> Med., <italic>Chaenomeles</italic> Lindl., <italic>Cotoneaster</italic> Ehrh., <italic>Crataegus</italic> L., <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Eriobotrya</italic> Lindl., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Mespilus</italic> L., <italic>Photinia davidiana</italic> (Dcne.) Cardot, <italic>Pyracantha</italic> Roem., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L. and <italic>Sorbus</italic> L.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6a.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fruits of <italic>Vitis</italic> L.</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0030"><label>3.3.3</label><title>Legislation addressing vectors of the non‐EU phytoplasmas categorised here (Directive 2000/29/EC)</title><p>Some of the insects identified as competent vectors of some phytoplasmas categorised here (<italic>Bactericera cockerelli, Circulifer haematoceps, C. tenellus</italic>) are explicitly mentioned in the Directive 2000/29/EC, as detailed below:
<list list-type="bullet" id="efs25929-list-0004"><list-item><p><italic>Bactericera cockerelli</italic> is listed in Annex IAI, point (a) 6.1.</p></list-item><list-item><p><italic>Circulifer haematoceps</italic> is mentioned in Annex IIAII, point (a) 5:</p></list-item></list></p><p>Plants of <italic>Citrus</italic> L., <italic>Fortunella</italic> Swingle, <italic>Poncirus</italic> Raf., and their hybrids, other than fruit and seeds.</p><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25929-list-0005"><list-item><p><italic>Circulifer tenellus</italic> is mentioned in Annex IIAII, point (a) 6:</p></list-item></list></p><p>Plants of <italic>Citrus</italic> L., <italic>Fortunella</italic> Swingle, <italic>Poncirus</italic> Raf., and their hybrids, other than fruit and seeds.</p><p>The remaining insects identified as competent vectors (<italic>Amplicephalus funzaensis, Batracomorphus punctatus, Cacopsylla chinensis, Cacopsylla pyricola, Ceratagallia nitidula, Empoasca abrupta, Empoasca papayae, Exitianus atratus, Hishimonoides chinensis, Hishimonus sellatus, Macrosteles fascifrons, Orosius albicinctus, Orosius argentatus, Orosius cellulosa, Orosius orientalis, Orosius lotophagorum, Zeoliarus atkinsoni</italic> and <italic>Zeoliarus oppositus</italic>) are not mentioned in the Directive 2000/29/EC.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0031"><label>3.4</label><title>Entry, establishment and spread in the EU</title><sec id="efs25929-sec-0032"><label>3.4.1</label><title>Host range</title><p>The reported natural host range of the phytoplasmas categorised here varies from restricted (NAGYIII, PYLR and Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasmas) to wide (‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains, <italic>’Ca</italic>. P. australiense’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ and ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’). For each of these phytoplasmas, Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0011" ref-type="table">11</xref> and Appendix <xref rid="efs25929-sec-2003" ref-type="sec">C</xref> integrate data from the list of non‐EU phytoplasmas of the host plants (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0065" ref-type="ref">2020</xref>) with additional information on their natural hosts beside the host plants. Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0011" ref-type="table">11</xref> only lists other hosts listed by EPPO and other hosts that are regulated, while Appendix <xref rid="efs25929-sec-2003" ref-type="sec">C</xref> lists regulated and unregulated other hosts. However, in all cases there is uncertainty about the possible existence of additional natural hosts not reported so far.</p><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0011" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 11</label><caption><p>Host plants, other natural hosts from EPPO and regulated other natural hosts from a WoS search of the phytoplasmas categorised in the present opinion, together with the regulatory status and the associated uncertainties. Complete list of other other natural hosts is detailed in Appendix <xref rid="efs25929-sec-2003" ref-type="sec">C</xref></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytoplasma name, reference strain/ related strain name</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Host plants</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other hosts</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regulation addressing other hosts</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>‘</bold><italic><bold>Ca</bold></italic><bold>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains (pear decline Taiwan II, PDTWII; Crotalaria witches’ broom phytoplasma, CrWB; sweet potato little leaf, SPLL)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Fragaria</italic> (Streten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0237" ref-type="ref">2005c</xref>), <italic>Malus</italic> (Hashemi‐Tameh et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0108" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>),</p><p><italic>Prunus</italic> (Zirak et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0285" ref-type="ref">2009b</xref>, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0286" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>), <italic>Pyrus</italic> (Schneider and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0212" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>, Liu et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0149" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>), <italic>Vitis</italic> (Constable et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>; Ghayeb Zamharir et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0095" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). </p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>EPPO Mayor: <italic>Citrus</italic> (PHYPAF); <italic>Arachis hypogaea</italic> (PHYPAA); <italic>Ipomea batatas</italic> (PHYP39)</p><p>EPPO Incidental: <italic>Dendrocalamus strictus</italic>,<italic> Fallopia japonica</italic>,<italic> Vigna mungo</italic> (PHYPAF)</p><p>EPPO Unclassified: <italic>Fabaceae</italic> (PHYPAA)</p><p><italic>Allium cepa</italic> (Sharif et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0221" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>);</p><p><italic>Apium graveolens</italic> (Tran‐Nguyen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0244" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>);</p><p><italic>Beta vulgaris</italic> ssp. <italic>esculenta</italic> (Mirzaie et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0160" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>);</p><p><italic>Brassica chinensis</italic> (Davis and Tsatsia, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0059" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>);</p><p><italic>Brassica oleracea</italic> (Sharif et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0221" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>);</p><p><italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> (Sharma et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0222" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>);</p><p><italic>Cucumis sativus</italic> (Tazehkand et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0240" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>);</p><p><italic>Daucus carota</italic> (Al‐Subhi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>);</p><p><italic>Gerbera jamesonii</italic> (Siddique, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0223" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>);</p><p><italic>Gossypium hirsutum</italic> (Schneider et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0213" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>);</p><p><italic>Gypsophila paniculata</italic> (Gera et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0092" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>);</p><p><italic>Helianthus</italic> spp. (Mulpuri and Muddanuru, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0163" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>);</p><p><italic>Hibiscus rosa‐sinensis</italic> (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2009a</xref>);</p><p><italic>Lactuca sativa</italic> (Cai et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>);</p><p><italic>Manihot esculenta</italic> (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2009a</xref>);</p><p><italic>Medicago sativa</italic> (Al‐Subhi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>);</p><p><italic>Nicotiana tabacum</italic> (Schneider et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0214" ref-type="ref">1999</xref>);</p><p><italic>Passiflora edulis</italic>, (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2009a</xref>);</p><p><italic>Pelargonium capitatum</italic> (Lee et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0136" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>);</p><p><italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic> (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">2009b</xref>);</p><p><italic>Phoenix dactilifera</italic> (Omar et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0171" ref-type="ref">2018b</xref>);</p><p><italic>Rosa</italic> spp. (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>);</p><p><italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic> (Omar et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0170" ref-type="ref">2018a</xref>);</p><p><italic>Spinacia olearia</italic> (Al‐Subhi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>);</p><p><italic>Trifolium repens</italic> (Hosseini et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0117" ref-type="ref">2013b</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Allium cepa</italic>: IVAII 24.1, VAI 2.4, VBI 1;</p><p><italic>Apium</italic> spp.: IVAI 32.2; IVB 22; VAI 2.1, VBI 2;</p><p><italic>Beta vulgaris</italic>: IVAI 35.1, 35.2, IVAII 24.1, 25; IVB 23, 25, 27.1, 27.2; VAI 1.2; VAII 1.2, 1.6, 1.8; VBII 1, 5;</p><p><italic>Brassica</italic> spp.: IVAII 24.1, VAI 2.1;</p><p><italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> : IVAI 25.7; IVAII 18.7;</p><p><italic>Citrus</italic> spp.: IIIAI 16; IVAI 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5, 16.6, 18, 18.1; IVAII 10, 10.1, 30.1; IVB 31; VAI 1.5, 1.6; VBI 1, 3;</p><p><italic>Cucumis</italic> spp.: VAI 2.1;</p><p><italic>Daucus</italic> spp.: IVB 22;</p><p><italic>Gerbera</italic> spp.: VAI 2.1;</p><p><italic>Gossypium</italic> spp.: IVB 28, 28.1; VAII 1.8, 1.9; VBI 6;</p><p><italic>Gypsophila</italic> spp.: IVAI 32.2, 45.2, VAI 2.1, VBI 2;</p><p><italic>Helianthus</italic> spp.: IVAI 47, IVAII 26, VAI 2.4, VBI 1</p><p><italic>Hibiscus</italic> spp.: IVAI 45.1; IVB 24.3; VBI 2.1;</p><p><italic>Lactuca</italic> spp.: VAI 2.1;</p><p><italic>Manihot esculenta</italic>: VBI 2;</p><p><italic>Medicago sativa</italic>: IVAI 49.1, 49.2, IVAII 28.1, 28.2; IVB 2.4; VBI 1;</p><p><italic>Nicotiana tabacum</italic>: IVAI 25.7; IVAII 18.7;</p><p><italic>Passiflora</italic> spp.: VBI 3;</p><p><italic>Pelargonium</italic> spp.: IVAI 27.1, 27.2, 31; IVAII 20, VAI 2.1; VBI 2;</p><p><italic>Phaseolus</italic> spp.: IVAI 51; IVAII 29, IVB 2.4; VAII 1.8; VBI 1, 5;</p><p><italic>Phoenix</italic> spp.: IIB 17; IVAI 37.1; IVAII 19.1; IVB 21.4, 21.5; VAI 2.3.1; VAII 1.3.1; VBI 2;</p><p><italic>Rosa</italic> spp.: IIIA 9, IVAI 44, 45.2; VBI 2;</p><p><italic>Solanum</italic> spp.: IIIAI 10, 11, 12, 13; IVAI 25.1, 25.2, 25.3, 25.4, 25.4.1, 25.4.2, 25.5, 25.6, 25.7, 25.7.1, 25.7.2, 28.1, 36.2, 45.3, 48; IVAII 18.1, 18.1.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.3.1, 18.4, 18.5, 18.6, 18.6.1, 18.7, 26.1, 27; IVBI 20.1, 20.2; VAI 1.3, 2.4; VAII 1.5; VB 1, 3, 4;</p><p><italic>Spinacia</italic> spp. VAI 2.1;</p><p><italic>Trifolium</italic> spp.: VBI 1;</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The susceptibility of <italic>Fragaria</italic>,<italic> Malus</italic> and <italic>Vitis</italic> is uncertain (fewer than 6 plants in a single report for each species).</p><p>Natural hosts belong to different families. Additional natural hosts may exist</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. australiense’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Fragaria, Rubus,</italic></p><p><italic>Vitis</italic> (EPPO GD)</p><p><italic>Prunus</italic> (Jones et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0124" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>EPPO Major: <italic>Carica papaya</italic>,</p><p>EPPO Minor: <italic>Phormium cookianum</italic>,<italic> Phormium tenax</italic>,<italic> Solanum pseudocapsicum</italic></p><p>EPPO Unclassified: <italic>Apium graveolens</italic>,<italic> Solanum tuberosum</italic>.</p><p><italic>Cucumis myriocarpus</italic> (Saqib et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0211" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>);</p><p><italic>Medicago sativa</italic> (Liu et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0148" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>);</p><p><italic>Phaseolus</italic> spp. (Streten and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0235" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>);</p><p><italic>Trifolium pratense</italic> (Saqib et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0211" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Apium</italic> spp.: IVAI 32.2; IVB 22; VAI 2.1, VBI 2;</p><p><italic>Cucumis</italic> spp.: VAI 2.1;</p><p><italic>Medicago sativa:</italic> IVAI 49.1, 49.2, IVAII 28.1, 28.2; IVB 2.4; VBI 1;</p><p><italic>Phaseolus</italic> spp.: IVAI 51; IVAII 29, IVB 2.4; VAII 1.8; VBI 1, 5;</p><p><italic>Solanum</italic> spp.: IIIAI 10,11,12,13; IVAI 25.1, 25.2, 25.3, 25.4, 25.4.1, 25.4.2, 25.5, 25.6, 25.7, 25.7.1, 25.7.2, 28.1, 36.2, 45.3, 48; IVAII 18.1, 18.1.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.3.1, 18.4, 18.5, 18.6, 18.6.1, 18.7, 26.1, 27; IVBI 20.1, 20.2; VAI 1.3, 2.2, 2.4; VAII 1.5; VBI 1, 3, 4;</p><p><italic>Trifolium</italic> spp.: VBI 1;</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The susceptibility of <italic>Prunus</italic> needs to be confirmed (Jones et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0124" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>).</p><p>Natural hosts belong to different families. Additional natural hosts may exist</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. fraxini’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Fragaria</italic> (Fernandez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0081" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>)</p><p><italic>Prunus</italic> (Zunnoon‐Khan et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0288" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>)</p><p><italic>Vitis</italic> (Gajardo et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0089" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>; Ghayeb Zamharir et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0095" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>; Zambon et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0277" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>EPPO Major: <italic>Fraxinus</italic> spp.</p><p>EPPO Unclassified: <italic>Syringa</italic> spp.</p><p><italic>Phoenix dactylifera</italic> (Ghayeb Zamharir and Eslahi, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0094" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>);</p><p><italic>Medicago sativa</italic> (Conci et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0039" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Fraxinus</italic> spp.: IVAI 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 11.4; VBI 2, 6;</p><p><italic>Phoenix</italic> spp.: IIB 17; IVAI 37.1; IVAII 19.1; IVB 21.4, 21.5; VAI 2.3.1; VAII 1.3.1; VBI 2;</p><p><italic>Medicago sativa:</italic> IVAI 49.1, 49.2, IVAII 28.1, 28.2; IVB 2.4; VBI 1; </p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Natural hosts belong to different families. Additional natural hosts may exist</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. hispanicum’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fragaria</italic> (Jomantiene et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0122" ref-type="ref">1998a</xref>,<xref rid="efs25929-bib-0123" ref-type="ref">b</xref>; Fernandez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0083" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Brassica oleracea</italic> (Eckstein et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0063" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>);</p><p><italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0051" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Brassica</italic> spp.: IVAII 24.1; IVB 22; VAI 2.1;</p><p><italic>Solanum</italic> spp.: IIIAI 10,11,12,13; IVAI 25.1, 25.2, 25.3, 25.4, 25.4.1, 25.4.2, 25.5, 25.6, 25.7, 25.7.1, 25.7.2, 28.1, 36.2, 45.3, 48; IVAII 18.1, 18.1.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.3.1, 18.4, 18.5, 18.6, 18.6.1, 18.7, 26.1, 27; IVBI 20.1, 20.2; VAI 1.3, 2.2, 2.4; VAII 1.5; VBI 1, 3, 4.</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Natural hosts belong to different families. Additional natural hosts may exist</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pruni’‐related strain (North American grapevine yellows, NAGYIII)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitis</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0050" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">none</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pyri’‐related strain (peach yellow leaf roll, PYLR)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prunus</italic> (Marcone et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0153" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">none</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Despite the acknowledged high incidence of PYLR diseased peaches in orchards neighboured by pear trees, the presence of PYLR in pear has not been definitively assessed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. trifolii’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Fragaria</italic> (Hiruki and Wang, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0112" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>); <italic>Prunus</italic> (Zirak et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0286" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>);</p><p><italic>Vitis</italic> (Zambon et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0277" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>EPPO Unclassified: <italic>Medicago sativa</italic>,<italic> Melilotus albus, Nicotiana tabacum, Solanum</italic> spp.<italic>, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum tuberosum, Trifolium</italic> spp.</p><p><italic>Apium graveolens</italic> (Alfaro‐Fernandez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>);</p><p><italic>Brassica olearacea</italic> (Salehi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0204" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>);</p><p><italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> (Oksal et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0167" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>);</p><p><italic>Cucumis sativus</italic> (Zibadoost et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0283" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>);</p><p><italic>Hibiscus rosa‐sinensis</italic> (Khasa et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0133" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>);</p><p><italic>Lupinus polyphyllus</italic> (Girsova et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0097" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>);</p><p><italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic> (Lee et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0137" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>);</p><p><italic>Phoenix dactylifera</italic> (Ghayeb Zamharir and Eslahi, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0094" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>);</p><p><italic>Ulmus americana</italic> (Flower et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0087" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>);</p><p><italic>Vaccinium myrtillus</italic> (Borroto Fernandez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0030" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>);</p><p><italic>Zea mays</italic> (Zibadoost et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0283" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Apium</italic> spp.: IVAI 32.2; IVB 22; VAI 2.1, VBI 2;</p><p><italic>Brassica</italic> spp.: IVAII 24.1; IVB 22; VAI 2.1; <italic>Capsicum</italic> spp.: IVAI 16.6, 25.7, 36.3; IVAII 18.6.1, 18.7; VBI 1, 3;</p><p><italic>Cucumis</italic> spp.: VAI 2.1;</p><p><italic>Hibiscus</italic> spp.: IVAI 45.1; IVB 24.3; VBI 2.1;</p><p><italic>Lupinus</italic> spp.: VAI 2.1;</p><p><italic>Medicago sativa:</italic> IVAI 49.1, 49.2, IVAII 28.1, 28.2; IVB 2.4; VBI 1;</p><p><italic>Nicotiana</italic> spp.: IVAI 25.7; IVAII 18.7;</p><p><italic>Phaseolus</italic> spp.: IVAI 51; IVAII 29, IVB 2.4; VAII 1.8; VBI 1, 5;</p><p><italic>Phoenix</italic> spp.: IIB 17; IVAI 37.1; IVAII 19.1; IVB 21.4, 21.5; VAI 2.3.1; VAII 1.3.1; VBI 2;</p><p><italic>Solanum</italic> spp.: IIIAI 10,11,12,13; IVAI 25.1, 25.2, 25.3, 25.4, 25.4.1, 25.4.2, 25.5, 25.6, 25.7, 25.7.1, 25.7.2, 28.1, 36.2, 45.3, 48; IVAII 18.1, 18.1.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.3.1, 18.4, 18.5, 18.6, 18.6.1, 18.7, 26.1, 27; IVBI 20.1, 20.2; VAI 1.3, 2.2, 2.4; VAII 1.5; VBI 1, 3, 4.;</p><p><italic>Trifolium</italic> spp.: VBI 1;</p><p><italic>Ulmus</italic> spp.: IVAI 14; IVAII 8.1; VAI 2.1; VAII 1.2;</p><p><italic>Vaccinium</italic> spp.: VBI 3;</p><p><italic>Zea mays</italic>: IVAI 52; xVBI 1;</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Susceptibility of <italic>Prunus</italic> and <italic>Vitis</italic> is uncertain (fewer than 5 plants from one single report for each species).</p><p>Natural hosts belong to different families. Additional natural hosts may exist</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. ziziphi’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Malus</italic> (Li et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0141" ref-type="ref">2014a</xref>,<xref rid="efs25929-bib-0142" ref-type="ref">b</xref>) </p><p><italic>Prunus</italic> (Zhu et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0282" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>; Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0253" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>; Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0252" ref-type="ref">2018a</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Dianthus chinensis</italic> (Zhang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0278" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>)</p><p><italic>Diospyros kaki</italic> (Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0251" ref-type="ref">2015a</xref>);</p><p><italic>Trifolium subterraneum</italic>,<italic> Ulmus parvifolia</italic>, (Trivellone, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0246" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>); </p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Dianthus spp:</italic>. IVAI 27.1, 27.2, 29, 32.2; IVAII 20, 21.2; VAI 2.1; VBI 2;</p><p><italic>Diospyros kaki:</italic> VB 3;</p><p><italic>Medicago sativa:</italic> IVAI 49.1, 49.2, IVAII 28.1, 28.2; IVB 2.4; VBI 1;</p><p><italic>Trifolium</italic> spp.: VBI 1;</p><p><italic>Ulmus</italic> spp.: IVAI 14; IVAII 8.1; VAI 2.1; VAII 1.2;</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Natural hosts belong to different families. Additional natural hosts may exist</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Vitis</italic> (Constable et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0043" ref-type="ref">2002</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">none</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0033"><label>3.4.2</label><title>Entry</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25929-blkfxd-0104" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to enter into the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>YES</bold>. Phytoplasmas may enter into the EU with infected plants for planting of the host plants and in some cases plants for planting of other natural hosts, and/or vectors.</p></boxed-text></p><p>As of September 2019, there were no records of interception of non‐EU phytoplasmas of the host plants in the Europhyt database.</p><p>All the phytoplasmas of the host plants categorised here can be transmitted by vegetative propagation material. Therefore, plants for planting of the host species are the most important entry pathway. Moreover, some of these phytoplasmas have additional natural hosts that also are vegetatively propagated, thus providing additional entry pathways. No pollen and seed transmissions have been reported for the phytoplasmas categorised here.</p><p>The legislation shows discrepancies between the nomenclature of phytoplasmas used in Annex IAI (“<italic>Non‐European (…) virus‐like organisms”</italic> and mycoplasms) and the one used in the present pest categorisation (‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma species’). This discrepancy may generate confusion at entry points.</p><p>The current legislation prohibits entry in the EU of plants for planting of <italic>Cydonia</italic>,<italic> Malus</italic>,<italic> Prunus</italic>, and <italic>Pyrus</italic>, from non‐EU countries (Annex IIIAI 9), but introduction of dormant plants of these genera and of <italic>Fragaria</italic> is permitted from Mediterranean countries, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the continental states of the USA (Annex IIIAI 18). This means that the entry pathway regarding plants for planting is only partially regulated for those phytoplasmas present in the above‐mentioned countries (Mediterranean countries, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the continental states of the USA and Switzerland). The legislation prohibits entry in the EU of commercial plants of <italic>Vitis</italic> with the exception of plants coming from Switzerland (Annex IIIAI 15).</p><p>In the case of <italic>Ribes</italic> and <italic>Rubus,</italic> the current legislation does not prohibit entry in the EU from non‐EU countries of plants for planting of these genera. Although in Annex IVAI 19.2 an <italic>“official statement that no symptoms of diseases caused by the relevant harmful organisms”</italic> (e.g. non‐European viruses and virus‐like organisms) <italic>“have been observed on the plants at the place of production since the beginning of last complete cycle of vegetation”</italic> is requested. This measure is considered to have limited impact in preventing import of virus‐infected plants. Indeed, symptoms in the infected plants might not be obvious.</p><p>Annex VA lists all the potential hosts which must be checked and accompanied by a plant passport for movement within EU MS. This measure may impair the spread of phytoplasmas on listed genera and/or plant species<italic>,</italic> but has no effect on the dissemination of phytoplasmas on unregulated host plants.</p><p>Annexes VBI 1, 2 and VBII 3, 4 determine that plants for plantings of several host species (<italic>Cydonia, Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Rosa and Rubus</italic>) must be accompanied by a valid phytosanitary certificate in order to be introduced in the EU. Although this measure may prevent the introduction of the phytoplasmas explicitly mentioned in Annex IAI (Peach rosette, Peach X‐disease and Peach yellows mycoplasmas and Strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasm), it might not be effective for the phytoplasmas categorised here, which are not explicitly mentioned, and are only covered by the general definition of <italic>“Non‐European (…) virus‐like organism</italic>s”.</p><p>All phytoplasmas categorised here can also be transmitted by vectors (Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0004" ref-type="table">4</xref>). Vectors may thus act as entry pathway. Information on vector transmission is limited for some of the categorised phytoplasmas. The risk of introducing insects that have not yet been reported as competent vectors for these pathogens generates uncertainties on the entry pathways.</p><p>The majority of the phytoplasmas categorised here (‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains, <italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. australiense’, <italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’, <italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. pyri’‐related strain, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’) are transmitted by different species of Hemiptera insects which are not regulated, thus providing additional entry pathways. <italic>Bactericera cockerelli</italic>, vector of <italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’, is listed in Annex IAI, which bans the entry of this vector.</p><p>Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0012" ref-type="table">12</xref> provides an overview of the main potential entry pathways for the non‐EU phytoplasmas categorised here. In summary, the current legislation:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0006"><list-item><label>−</label><p>regulates the plants for planting entry pathway for some of the phytoplasmas categorised here (<italic>Cydonia</italic>,<italic> Fragaria, Malus</italic>,<italic> Prunus</italic>, and <italic>Pyrus</italic>) if coming from specific countries (excluding Mediterranean countries, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the continental states of the USA),</p></list-item><list-item><label>−</label><p>closes the <italic>Vitis</italic> plants pathway,</p></list-item><list-item><label>−</label><p>requires only visual inspection and an official declaration of absence of symptoms in the case of <italic>Ribes</italic> and <italic>Rubus</italic>.</p></list-item></list></p><p>For phytoplasmas with a wide host range, the plants for planting pathway is only partially regulated because these organisms may also enter in the EU through plants for planting of unregulated host species. The vector pathway is mainly not regulated.</p><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0012" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 12</label><caption><p>Main potential entry pathways for the non‐EU phytoplasmas categorised here</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytoplasma name, reference strain/related strain name</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants for planting of the host plants<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25929-note-0007">a</xref></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants for planting of other hosts<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25929-note-0007">a</xref></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Competent vectors<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25929-note-0007">a</xref></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>‘</bold><italic><bold>Ca</bold></italic><bold>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains (pear decline Taiwan II, PDTWII; Crotalaria witches’ broom phytoplasma, CrWB; sweet potato little leaf, SPLL)’</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway partially regulated by existing legislation (phytoplasma present in Australia, Turkey, Israel and Egypt)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25929-note-0008">b</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway partially regulated: existence of a wide range of unregulated hosts</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway open</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>– Geographical distribution</p><p>– Geographical distribution of competent vectors</p><p>– Existence of other vectors</p><p>– Existence of other natural hosts</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. australiense’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway partially regulated by existing legislation (phytoplasma present in Australia and New Zealand)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25929-note-0008">b</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway partially regulated: existence of a wide range of unregulated hosts</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway open</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>– Geographical distribution</p><p>– Geographical distribution of competent vectors</p><p>– Existence of other vectors</p><p>– Existence of other natural hosts</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. fraxini’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway partially regulated by existing legislation (phytoplasma present in Canada and USA)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25929-note-0008">b</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway partially regulated: existence of a wide range of unregulated hosts</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway open</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>– Geographical distribution</p><p>– Geographical distribution of competent vectors</p><p>– Existence of other vectors</p><p>– Existence of other natural hosts</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. hispanicum’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway partially regulated by existing legislation (phytoplasma present in Argentina, Canada, Chile and USA)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25929-note-0008">b</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway partially regulated: existence of a wide range of unregulated hosts</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Pathway regulated by current legislation.</p><p><italic>Bactericera cockerelli</italic> is listed in Annex IAI</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>– Geographical distribution</p><p>– Uncertain role of <italic>B. cockerelli</italic> as vector</p><p>– Existence of unreported vectors</p><p>– Existence of other natural hosts</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pruni’‐related strain (North American grapevine yellows, NAGYIII)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway closed by existing legislation</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway possibly open: other natural hosts may exist</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway possibly open: unknown vectors may exist</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>– Geographical distribution</p><p>– Existence of vectors</p><p>– Existence of other natural hosts</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pyri’‐related strain (peach yellow leaf roll, PYLR)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway partially regulated by existing legislation (PYLR is present in the USA)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25929-note-0008">b</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway possibly open: other natural hosts may exist</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway open</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>– Geographical distribution</p><p>– Geographical distribution of competent vectors</p><p>Existence of unreported vectors</p><p>– Existence of other natural hosts</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. trifolii’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway partially regulated by existing legislation (phytoplasma present in Australia, Canada, Lebanon and USA)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25929-note-0008">b</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway partially regulated: existence of a wide range of unregulated hosts</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway open</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>– Geographical distribution</p><p>– Geographical distribution of competent vectors</p><p>Existence of unreported vectors</p><p>– Existence of other natural hosts</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. ziziphi’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway closed by existing legislation</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway partially regulated: existence of a wide range of unregulated hosts</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway open</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>– Geographical distribution</p><p>– Geographical distribution of competent vectors</p><p>– Existence of unreported vectors</p><p>– Existence of other natural hosts</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway closed by existing legislation</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway possibly open: other natural hosts may exist</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pathway possibly open: unknown vectors may exist</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>– Geographical distribution</p><p>– Existence of vectors</p><p>– Existence of other natural hosts</p></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot id="efs25929-ntgp-0002"><fn id="efs25929-note-0007"><label>a</label><p><underline underline-style="single">Pathway open:</underline> only applicable if the pathway exists, open means that there is no regulation or ban that prevents entry via this pathway.</p><p><underline underline-style="single">Pathway closed:</underline> opposite of ‘pathway open’: there is a ban that rules out entry via the pathway.</p><p><underline underline-style="single">Pathway possibly open:</underline> the existence of the pathway, which is not closed by current legislation, is not supported by direct evidence regarding the biology of that phytoplasma. However, based on the lack of knowledge on other unknown competent vectors and natural hosts, the existence of the pathway cannot be excluded.</p><p><underline underline-style="single">Pathway partially regulated:</underline> the legislation does not cover all the possible paths (e.g. regulations exist for some hosts, but not for others; a ban exists for some third countries but not for all).</p></fn><fn id="efs25929-note-0008"><label>b</label><p>Import not banned from the listed countries.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap><p>The analysis of entry pathways is affected by uncertainties due to the transmission biology, host range and geographical distribution of the non‐EU phytoplasmas. Based on the above data and considerations, the entry pathways of the phytoplasmas categorised here are summarized as follows:
<list list-type="bullet" id="efs25929-list-0007"><list-item><p><underline underline-style="single">entry pathway involving plants for planting of the host plants:</underline> this pathway is closed for: ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pruni’–related strain (NAGYIII), ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ and Buckland Valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma. It is partially regulated for ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pyri’–related strain (PYLR) and ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ because these phytoplasmas are present in third countries from which the import of dormant host plants for planting is allowed.</p></list-item><list-item><p><underline underline-style="single">entry pathway involving other hosts:</underline> this pathway is partially regulated for other hosts of: ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ and ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ because of the existence of a wide range of unregulated hosts. It is possibly open for ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pruni’–related strain (NAGYIII), ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pyri’–related strain (PYLR) and Buckland Valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma because of the possible existence of unknown natural hosts.</p></list-item><list-item><p><underline underline-style="single">entry pathway involving infectious vectors:</underline> the pathway is open for <italic>‘Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pyri’–related strain (PYLR), ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ and ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ due to the unregulated status of their competent vectors. This pathway is possibly open for ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pruni’–related strain (NAGYIII) and Buckland Valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma because of the possible existence of unknown competent vectors. This pathway is regulated for ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’.</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0035"><label>3.4.3</label><title>Establishment</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25929-blkfxd-0105" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Are the pests able to become established in the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>YES,</bold> the host plants of the phytoplasmas under categorisation are widespread in the EU and climatic conditions are not limiting for phytoplasma development as long as they are suitable for host growth. The absence of vectors for some phytoplasmas may affect their establishment (see Section <xref rid="efs25929-sec-0039" ref-type="sec">3.4.4</xref>.).</p></boxed-text></p><sec id="efs25929-sec-0037"><label>3.4.3.1</label><title>EU distribution of main host plants</title><p>The host plants widely occur in the EU as commercial crops as well as wild plants. Details on the area of their production in individual EU MSs are provided in Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0013" ref-type="table">13</xref>, as mean values for the period 2014‐2018.</p><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0013" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 13</label><caption><p>Mean fruit area (cultivation/harvested/production) (1000 ha) of the host plants. Date of extraction from EUROSTAT 12/09/2019. Available data from the period 2014‐2018 were used for calculating the mean value</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top" colspan="1">Country</th><th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000" valign="top" rowspan="1">Mean (2014–2018)</th></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Strawberries (S000)</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pome fruits (F1100)</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stone fruits (F1200)</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Berries (Currants F3100; Black currants F3110; Red currants F3120; Gooseberries F3910; Raspberries F3200)</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Grapes (W1000)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Austria</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46,35</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Belgium</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,87</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16,19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,19</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bulgaria</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23,32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34,52</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Croatia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23,43</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cyprus</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,05</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,58</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Czechia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,89</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,83</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Denmark</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,85</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,76</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Estonia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Finland</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,86</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">France</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,32</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55,39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47,08</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">752,93</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34,69</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12,20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,77</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">na</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Greece</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68,55</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103,84</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hungary</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,76</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35,61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34,02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68,77</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ireland</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">128,46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126,99</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,56</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">677,55</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Latvia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lithuania</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,89</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,00</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Luxembourg</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,25</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malta</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,62</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Netherlands</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16,73</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,12</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poland</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51,00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">176,27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57,03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119,01</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,66</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Portugal</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27,84</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12,54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">178,92</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Romania</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,84</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59,97</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76,60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">173,56</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Slovenia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,82</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Slovakia</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,55</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56,50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">147,02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">940,31</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sweden</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,07</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0,05</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">United Kingdom</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,78</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17,86</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,33</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,95</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0038"><label>3.4.3.2</label><title>Climatic conditions affecting establishment</title><p>Phytoplasma multiplication rates may be influenced in opposite ways by temperature in vectors and plants (Galetto et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0090" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>; Salar et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0200" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>). Moreover, climate affects vector and host plant biological parameters (eg. synchronicity between egg hatching and inoculum availability). Therefore, foreseeing the influence of climate on the establishment of phytoplasma diseases is difficult, with a lack of data in the literature.</p><p>Nevertheless, it is expected that the phytoplasmas categorised here would be able to establish wherever their host plants are grown, unless the absence of vectors prevents their establishment. The host plants are widely cultivated in the EU. The Panel therefore considers that climatic conditions will not impair the ability of the phytoplasmas addressed here to establish in the EU. At the same time, symptom expression and severity may be affected by climatic conditions (e.g. temperature and light) (see Section <xref rid="efs25929-sec-0042" ref-type="sec">3.5</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0039"><label>3.4.4</label><title>Spread</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25929-blkfxd-0106" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to spread within the EU territory following establishment? How?</italic></p><p><bold>YES,</bold> all the categorised phytoplasmas can spread through the trade of host plants for planting, and by vectors, whenever these are present in the EU.</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Is spread mainly via specific plants for planting, rather than via natural spread or via movement of plant products or other objects?</italic></p><p><bold>YES</bold>, all the categorised phytoplasmas are spread mainly by the movement of infected plants for planting.</p></boxed-text></p><sec id="efs25929-sec-0041"><label>3.4.4.1</label><title>Vectors and their distribution in the EU</title><p>The presence and the geographic distribution in the EU of competent vectors of the non‐EU phytoplasmas categorised here are reported in Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0014" ref-type="table">14</xref>. Competent vectors of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pyri’‐related strain (peach yellow leafroll, PYLR), and ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ are described and known to be present in the EU, according to the EPPO GD, Fauna Europaea, Catalogue of Life and a WoS literature search. Competent vectors of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P hispanicum’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’, and ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ are described, but not reported to be present in the EU. No competent vectors are known for ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. pruni’‐related strain (NAGYIII) and Buckland Valley grapevine yellows phytoplasmas.</p><p>The possible unreported presence in the EU of known competent vectors of the phytoplasmas categorised here and the possibility that European phloem feeder insects may act as vectors of newly introduced phytoplasmas are sources of uncertainty in predicting the spread of non‐EU phytoplasmas.</p><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0014" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 14</label><caption><p>EU distribution of competent vectors of the non‐EU phytoplasmas categorised here</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytoplasma name, reference strain/ related strain name</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Competent vector</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU distribution (EPPO GD)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU distribution (Fauna europaea)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU distribution (Catalogue of Life)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU distribution (WoS search)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>‘</bold><italic><bold>Ca</bold></italic><bold>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains (pear decline Taiwan II, PDTWII; Crotalaria witches’ broom phytoplasma, CrWB; sweet potato little leaf, SPLL)’</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Orosius albicinctus, Orosius argentatus,</italic></p><p><italic>Orosius cellulosa, Orosius lotophagorum, Orosius orientalis, Empoasca papayae, Cacopsylla chinensis</italic></p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Orosius orientalis</italic>: Greece, Spain, Portugal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. australiense’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Zeoliarus oppositus, Zeoliarus atkinsoni</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. fraxini’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Amplicephalus funzaensis, Exitianus atratus</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. hispanicum’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Bactericera cockerelli</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pruni’‐related strain (North American grapevine yellows, NAGYIII)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None reported</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pyri’‐related strain (peach yellow leaf roll, PYLR)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cacopsylla pyricola</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, UK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. trifolii’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratagallia nitidula, Empoasca abrupta, Circulifer tenellus, Circulifer haematoceps, Orosius albicinctus, Macrosteles. fascifrons, Batracomorphus punctatus, Orosius argentatus, Orosius orientalis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Circulifer tenellus</italic>: France, Greece, Italy, Spain</p><p><italic>Circulifer haematoceps</italic>:</p><p>Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Circulifer tenellus</italic>: France, Greece, Italy, Spain</p><p><italic>Orosius orientalis</italic>: Greece, Spain, Portugal</p><p><italic>Circulifer haematoceps</italic>: Austria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain</p><p><italic>Macrosteles fascifrons</italic>: Finland, Sweden</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Circulifer haematoceps:</italic> Widespread in Europe: Mediterranean region, Canary Islands</p><p><italic>Macrosteles fascifrons:</italic> Widespread in Europe: Italy, Spain, UK, </p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. ziziphi’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hishimonus sellatus</italic>,<italic> Hishimonoides chinensis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None reported</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec></sec></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0042"><label>3.5</label><title>Impacts</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25929-blkfxd-0107" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>YES,</bold> the introduction in the EU of the phytoplasmas categorised here would have an economic impact.</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?</italic><xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25929-note-1011">5</xref></p><p><bold>YES,</bold> the pest presence would have an economic impact on the intended use of plants for planting.</p></boxed-text></p><p>Reported impacts caused by the phytoplasmas categorised here on the host plants are reported in Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0015" ref-type="table">15</xref>, those on other hosts are listed in Appendix <xref rid="efs25929-sec-2004" ref-type="sec">D</xref>. These phytoplasmas cause damage to the host plants in countries with environmental conditions similar to those present in the EU. They can be spread by infected plants for planting, therefore introduction of these pests in the EU is likely to impact the production of the host plants. Given that some of the pests also affect economically important crops beside the target host plants, their introduction in the EU may cause a broader damage. The susceptibility of <italic>Fragaria</italic>,<italic> Malus</italic>, and <italic>Vitis</italic> to ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains, of <italic>Prunus</italic> to ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’, and of <italic>Prunus</italic> and <italic>Vitis</italic> to<italic>’Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’, as well as the actual presence of ‘Ca. P. pyri’‐related strain (PYLR) in <italic>Pyrus</italic> are uncertain.</p><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0015" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 15</label><caption><p>Impacts caused by the non‐EU phytoplasmas categorised here on <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L., with relevant uncertainties</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytoplasma name, reference strain/ related strain name</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Impacts</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>‘</bold><italic><bold>Ca</bold></italic><bold>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains (pear decline Taiwan II, PDTWII; Crotalaria witches’ broom phytoplasma, CrWB; sweet potato little leaf, SPLL)’</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Based on 2012–2015 surveys in some orchards in Faraghe (Iran), 12.5% of the studied apricot trees showed symptoms (Rasoulpour et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0193" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>).</p><p>Disease severity observed in Australian pear orchard ranged from reduced bud viability to numerous dead limbs (Schneider and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0212" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The susceptibility of <italic>Fragaria</italic> (Streten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0237" ref-type="ref">2005c</xref>), <italic>Malus</italic> (Hashemi‐Tameh et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0108" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>) and <italic>Vitis</italic> (Ghayeb Zamharir et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0095" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>) is uncertain (fewer than 6 plants in a single report for each species</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. australiense’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ infection has been consistently reported on <italic>Fragaria</italic>,<italic> Rubus</italic>, and <italic>Vitis</italic> plants. Impacts on strawberry plants with little leaf and lethal yellows disease range from stunting to reduced leaf size, yellowing of younger leaves and occasional plant death. Impacts on grape range from irregular chlorosis or yellowing of leaves.</p><p>There is a single report of infection of <italic>Prunus</italic> (peach) in Bolivia (Jones et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0124" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The susceptibility of <italic>Prunus</italic> needs to be confirmed (only one disease note without details on number of infected plants) (Jones et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0124" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. fraxini’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ phytoplasma strains have been reported in <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> in Italy (Zambon et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0277" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>), Chile (Gajardo et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0089" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>) and Iran (Ghayeb Zamharir et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0095" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><p>Among the host plants, there are two reports in <italic>Prunus</italic> spp in China (Li et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0139" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>) and Iran (Zunnoon‐Khan et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0288" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>), and one in <italic>Fragaria</italic> in Argentina (Fernandez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0081" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>).</p><p>Infected <italic>Fragaria</italic> and <italic>Prunus</italic> show reduced fruit production, with lower quality</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. hispanicum’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ infects <italic>Fragaria</italic>, where the strawberry phyllody was found widely distributed with incidence levels up to 35% in Mexico (Avendano‐Benequen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0020" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). Strawberry varieties that are known as highly susceptible to the disease are Festival, Albion, Fortuna, Portola, San Andreas (Avendano‐Benequen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0020" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>), Rosa Linda, Carlsbad, and Oso Grande (Harrison et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0107" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pruni’‐related strain (North American grapevine yellows, NAGYIII)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NAGYIII phytoplasma strains have been detected in <italic>Vitis vinifera</italic> only. Infected plants exhibit symptoms similar to those caused by Flavescence dorée phytoplasma and may die within 3 to 4 years from infection. Highly susceptible cvs, Chardonnay (from 3 to 25% infection rates over a 6‐year period of infection), Pinot noir, Malbec, Riesling, as well as less susceptible ones (Cabernet franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon blanc, Petit Manseng, Viognier) are present in the EU (Wolf, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0267" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The susceptibility of other EU cvs is not known</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pyri’‐related strain (peach yellow leaf roll, PYLR)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Peach is the known host of the phytoplasma and well present in the EU. PYLR‐infected trees are severely and rapidly damaged. Yields of PYLR‐affected peach trees are drastically reduced by premature fruit drop (Marcone et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0153" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). Apricot, European plum and sweet cherry have failed to become infected by grafting with PYLR infected scions (Marcone et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0153" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). Marianna 2624 rootstock is probably resistant to the PYLR‐MLO (Uyemoto et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0249" ref-type="ref">1992</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The presence of PYLR in <italic>Pyrus</italic> has not been definitively assessed (Marcone et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0153" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. trifolii’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fragaria virginiana</italic> and <italic>F. chiloensis</italic> can be infected by ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’, and this phytoplasma can presumably infect the commercial hybrid <italic>F</italic>. x <italic>ananassa</italic> (Jomantiene et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0122" ref-type="ref">1998a</xref>). Impacts range from stunted to distorted and chlorotic leaves</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Susceptibility of <italic>Prunus</italic> and <italic>Vitis</italic> is uncertain (fewer than 5 plants from one single report for each species) (Zirak et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0286" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>); (Zambon et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0277" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. ziziphi’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>A month following the first appearance of the virescence symptoms on sweet cherry plants (<italic>Prunus avium</italic>), the diseased trees became wilted and eventually died (Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0253" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). The plants in a peach orchard in Northern Italy (identification made by RFLP and detected mixed infection with ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. solani’ and ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. asteris’) dried up and died in one to two weeks and sometimes sprouting of rootstock ‘GF 677’ was also observed; percentages of affected plants varied with cultivars and years: Cultivar ‘Silver King’ shows a stable symptom percentage of about 3%, cultivar ‘Spring Crest’ had 9% infected plants in 2001 and 2002, while in 2003 the percentage was 3%, cultivar ‘May Crest’ in 2001 had 3% infected plants but in the following years the disease presence was erratic (less than 1%) (Paltrinieri et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0179" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>).</p><p>The visual survey incidence of the disease on apple trees in China was about 3% (Li et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0142" ref-type="ref">2014b</xref>)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Infection of grapevines with this phytoplasma causes weakening of the plants, lack of winter hardening of the new shoots, shoot tip death and bunches shriveling and falling, hampering grape production and reducing the longevity of the plants (Gibb et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0096" ref-type="ref">1999</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">There is a gap of knowledge on the vectors of this phytoplasma and on the susceptibility of grapevine cvs other than Chardonnay (pers. comm., Fiona Constable, Agriculture Victoria Research, Australia, 30/01/2019)</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0044"><label>3.6</label><title>Availability and limits of mitigation measures</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25929-blkfxd-0108" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?</italic></p><p><bold>YES</bold>, measures are already in place (see Section <xref rid="efs25929-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref>) and potential additional measures for further regulating the identified pathways to limit entry, establishment, spread or impacts are listed in Section <xref rid="efs25929-sec-0046" ref-type="sec">3.6.1</xref>.</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Are there measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated?</italic></p><p><bold>YES</bold>, measures are already in place (see Section <xref rid="efs25929-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref>) and potential additional measures for further regulating the identified pathways to limit entry, establishment, spread or impacts are listed in Section <xref rid="efs25929-sec-0046" ref-type="sec">3.6.1</xref>.</p></boxed-text></p><sec id="efs25929-sec-0046"><label>3.6.1</label><title>Identification of additional measures</title><p>Phytosanitary measures are currently applied to <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L. (see Section <xref rid="efs25929-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref>). Potential additional measures to mitigate the risk of entry of the phytoplasmas categorised here may include:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0008"><list-item><label>–</label><p>explicitly list in the legislation the categorised pests as “phytoplasmas”, replacing “virus‐like organisms of the host plants” in Annex IAI;</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>extension of phytosanitary measures to specifically include hosts other than <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L. for the phytoplasmas categorised here, that may be introduced as plants for planting;</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>banning import of host plants for planting from the third countries where the phytoplasmas categorised here are reported;</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>extension of certification schemes, testing requirements and phytosanitary certificates to natural hosts other than <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L. for the phytoplasmas categorised here, that may be introduced as plants for planting.</p></list-item></list></p><sec id="efs25929-sec-0047"><label>3.6.1.1</label><title>Additional control measures</title><p>Potential additional control measures are listed in Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0016" ref-type="table">16</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0016" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 16</label><caption><p>Selected control measures (a full list is available in EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0067" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>) for pest entry/establishment/spread/impact in relation to currently unregulated hosts and pathways. Control measures are measures that have a direct effect on pest abundance</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Information sheet title (with hyperlink to information sheet if available)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control measure summary</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk component (entry/ establishment/ spread/impact)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Agents</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1175887">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1175887</ext-link></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Description of possible exclusion conditions that could be implemented to isolate the crop from pests and if applicable relevant vectors. E.g., a dedicated structure such as glass or plastic greehouses.</p><p>Insect‐proof greenhouses to isolate plants for planting from vectors</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spread</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Competent vector present in the EU: PYLR, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains, and possibly for all the others</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181442">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181442</ext-link></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Treatment of the waste (deep burial, composting, incineration, chipping, production of bio‐energy,…) in authorized facilities and official restriction on the movement of waste.</p><p>Removal of pruning material to reduce pathogen inoculum source and to avoid vector egg hatching</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Establishment and spread</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All phytoplasmas categorised here</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181436">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181436</ext-link></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Roguing is defined as the removal of infested plants and/or uninfested host plants in a delimited area, whereas pruning is defined as the removal of infested plant parts only, without affecting the viability of the plant.</p><p>Roguing of infested plants to reduce pathogen inoculum source. Pruning of symptomatic parts to reduce pathogen inoculum source in the case of woody hosts</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Establishment and spread</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All pests categorised here apart from ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’, as it infects only <italic>Fragaria</italic> among the host plants.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181640">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181640</ext-link></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Controlled temperature treatments aimed to kill or inactivate pests without causing any unacceptable prejudice to the treated material itself. The measures addressed in this information sheet are: autoclaving; steam; hot water; hot air; cold treatment</p><p>Hot treatment of propagation material to reduce/eliminate pathogen load and, possibly, vector egg viability.</p><p>Heat treatment can reduce phytoplasma inoculum on woody host</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Entry, establishment and spread</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All pests categorised here apart from ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’, as it infects only <italic>Fragaria</italic> among the host plants.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chemical treatments on crops including reproductive material</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Insecticide treatments of crops in the presence of the vector and according to its biology, to reduce risk of infection</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Establishment and spread</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Competent vectors present in the EU: PYLR, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Use of resistant and tolerant plant species/varieties</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Resistant plants are used to restrict the growth and development of a specified pest and/or the damage they cause when compared to susceptible plant varieties under similar environmental conditions and pest pressure.</p><p>It is important to distinguish resistant from tolerant species/varieties.</p><p>Use of tolerant/resistant varieties, when available, may help reducing the economic damage</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Establishment, spread and impact</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Known tolerant/ resistant varieties are available to: PYLR, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Post‐entry quarantine and other restrictions of movement in the importing country</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>This information sheet covers post‐entry quarantine of relevant commodities; temporal, spatial and end‐use restrictions in the importing country for import of relevant commodities; Prohibition of import of relevant commodities into the domestic country.</p><p>Relevant commodities are plants, plant parts and other materials that may carry pests, either as infection, infestation, or contamination.</p><p>Identifying phytoplasma–infected plants limits the risks of entry, establishment and spread in the EU</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Entry, establishment and spread</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All phytoplasmas categorised here</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0048"><label>3.6.1.2</label><title>Additional supporting measures</title><p>Potential additional supporting measures are listed in Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0017" ref-type="table">17</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0017" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 17</label><caption><p>Selected supporting measures (a full list is available in EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0067" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>) in relation to currently unregulated hosts and pathways. Supporting measures are organisational measures or procedures supporting the choice of appropriate risk reduction options that do not directly affect pest abundance</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Information sheet title (with hyperlink to information sheet if available)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supporting measure summary</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk component (entry/ establishment/ spread / impact)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Agent</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181430">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181430</ext-link></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Inspection is defined as the official visual examination of plants, plant products or other regulated articles to determine if pests are present or to determine compliance with phytosanitary regulations (ISPM 5).</p><p>The effectiveness of sampling and subsequent inspection to detect pests may be enhanced by including trapping and luring techniques.</p><p>As phytoplasma symptoms are usually specific, visual inspection of entry material may reduce the risk of entry of infected and symptomatic plants</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Entry</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All phytoplasmas categorised here, with the exception of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181213">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181213</ext-link></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Examination, other than visual, to determine if pests are present using official diagnostic protocols. Diagnostic protocols describe the minimum requirements for reliable diagnosis of regulated pests.</p><p>As universal phytoplasma primers are available, molecular detection of the pathogens according to a sampling strategy may identify the phytoplasmas independently of the presence of symptoms in the host</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Entry</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All phytoplasmas categorised here</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://xxxx">http://xxxx</ext-link></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>ISPM 5 defines a buffer zone as “an area surrounding or adjacent to an area officially delimited for phytosanitary purposes in order to minimize the probability of spread of the target pest into or out of the delimited area, and subject to phytosanitary or other control measures, if appropriate” (ISPM 5). The objectives for delimiting a buffer zone can be to prevent spread from the outbreak area and to maintain a pest free production place, site or area.</p><p>If the presence of the pathogen is restricted, a buffer zone (based on the flight capability of the vector) may help reduce the risk of contamination of infected entry material</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spread</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All phytoplasmas categorised here</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0049"><label>3.6.1.3</label><title>Biological or technical factors limiting the effectiveness of measures to prevent the entry, establishment and spread of the pest</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25929-list-0009"><list-item><p>Asymptomatic infection is reported for some agents (PYLR on <italic>Pyrus</italic>, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ on <italic>Carica papaya</italic>, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ on <italic>Fraxinus</italic>, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains on <italic>Prunus</italic> and <italic>Pyrus</italic>, and ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ on <italic>Ziziphus</italic> spp.);</p></list-item><list-item><p>The asymptomatic phase of phytoplasma infection hampers visual detection;</p></list-item><list-item><p>The low concentration and uneven distribution in the woody hosts impairs reliable detection;</p></list-item><list-item><p>There is a wide host range for some phytoplasmas (‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’, and ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi);</p></list-item><list-item><p>There is a lack of information on competent vectors for some agents (NAGYIII and Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasmas).</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0050"><label>3.6.1.4</label><title>Biological or technical factors limiting the ability to prevent the presence of the pest on plants for planting</title><p>Although Annex IV AI, at point 19.2, requires an<italic>”official statement that no symptoms of diseases caused by the relevant harmful organisms”</italic> (in our case non‐European virus‐like organisms, here non‐EU phytoplasmas) <italic>“have been observed on the plants at the place of production since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation”</italic>, this measure is considered to have limited impact in preventing import of infected plants of host plants intended for planting. This is because symptoms in the infected woody plants often appear one year after inoculation by the insect vector.</p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0051"><label>3.7</label><title>Uncertainty</title><p>For each phytoplasma, the specific uncertainties are reported in the conclusion tables below. Uncertainties affecting all the phytoplasmas characterised here are:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0010"><list-item><label>–</label><p>The categorised pests are referred to in Council Directive 2000/29/EC as “virus‐like organisms of the host plant” and not as “phytoplasmas”, which could have led to inconsistencies in disease naming in official databases and legislation;</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Disease names are based on symptomatology on the host where the disease was first described, but phytoplasma symptoms are not species‐specific, therefore issues in the classification could have led to inconsistencies in disease naming in official databases and legislation;</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Lack of biological information (competent vectors, host range, epidemiological details);</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Volume of imported plants for planting of the unregulated hosts;</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>Distribution of the pests both in and outside the EU.</p></list-item></list></p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0052"><label>4</label><title>Conclusions</title><p>The Panel conclusions on this pest categorisation of non‐EU phytoplasmas of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L. are:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0011"><list-item><label>–</label><p>All the phytoplasmas categorised here meet all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as potential Union quarantine pests.</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>All the phytoplasmas categorised here do not meet the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as potential RNQPs because they are non‐EU phytoplasmas.</p></list-item></list></p><p>These conclusions are associated with uncertainty for phytoplasmas for which information on distribution, biology and epidemiology is limited. As a consequence, the categorisation presented here might change for some phytoplasmas as new data become available. However, the following general conclusions can be drawn:
<list list-type="simple" id="efs25929-list-0012"><list-item><label>–</label><p>The identity of all the phytoplasmas categorised here is established and diagnostic techniques are available.</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>All these phytoplasmas could enter the EU, especially by movement of infected plants for planting. Were this to happen, they could become established, spread and lead to impacts on the host plants, but often also on other hosts.</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p>For all the phytoplasmas categorised here, phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry, establishment and spread in the EU.</p></list-item></list></p><p>The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column) are reported for each of the phytoplasmas categorised here in Tables <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0018" ref-type="table">18</xref>–<xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0026" ref-type="table">26</xref>.</p><sec id="efs25929-sec-0053"><label>4.1</label><title>‘Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’‐related strains (pear decline Taiwan II, PDTWII; Crotalaria witches’ broom phytoplasma, CrWB; sweet potato little leaf, SPLL)</title><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0018" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 18</label><caption><p>The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column) for ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma aurantifolia’‐related strains (pear decline Taiwan II, PDTWII; Crotalaria witches’ broom phytoplasma, CrWB; sweet potato little leaf, SPLL)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Key uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Identity of the pest (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0016" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.1</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains is established and diagnostic techniques are available. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains is established and diagnostic techniques are available. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0023" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.2</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains have been reported in the EU.</p><p>Reports from EU MS (Greece, Italy, Portugal, UK) refer to few infected plants. ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains are not considered to be widely present in the EU.</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains are known to be present in the EU, but only from some MS with a restricted distribution. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Reports from the EPPO GD in Greece and Portugal have no further details.</p><p>Reports from two EU MS refer to few infected plants (Italy) or a single location (UK). </p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0027" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.3</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains can be considered as regulated in Annex IAI as “Non‐European viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malu</italic>s Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L., and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.” </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains can be considered as regulated in Annex IAI as “Non‐European viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malu</italic>s Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L., and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.” </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains are not explicitly mentioned in Directive 2000/29/EC.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0031" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains are able to enter in the EU. The plant pathways (both host plants and other hosts) are partially regulated by existing legislation. The vector pathway is open. If ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains were to enter the EU, they could become established and spread.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants for planting are the main means of spread for ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The susceptibility of <italic>Malus</italic> and <italic>Vitis</italic> needs to be confirmed.</p><p>The host range is not fully known.</p><p>The vector ability of EU phloem feeder insects is uncertain. </p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0042" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.5</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The introduction and spread of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains would have a negative impact on <italic>Malus, Prunus, Pyrus</italic> and <italic>Vitis</italic> industries, as well as on other crops (e.g. <italic>Citrus</italic>). </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The presence of the ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains on plants for planting would have a negative impact on their intended use. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Impacts on <italic>Malus</italic> and <italic>Vitis</italic> industries need to be confirmed.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Available measures (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0044" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.6</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of establishment and spread of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains in the EU. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Certification of plants for planting material for susceptible hosts is by far the most efficient control measure. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conclusion on pest categorisation (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0052" ref-type="sec"><bold>4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains meet all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as a potential Union quarantine pest. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’–related strains are a non‐EU phytoplasma and thus do not meet all the EFSA criteria to qualify as a potential Union RNQP.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Aspects of assessment to focus on / scenarios to address in future if appropriate</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><p>The main knowledge gaps are listed in this table.</p><p>Given the limited information available, the development of a full PRA would not allow solving the uncertainties of the present categorisation until more data become available</p></td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0054"><label>4.2</label><title>‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma australiense’ (reference strain)</title><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0019" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 19</label><caption><p>The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column) for ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma australiense’ (reference strain)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Key uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Identity of the pest (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0016" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.1</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ is established and diagnostic techniques are available</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ is established and diagnostic techniques are available</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0023" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.2</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ is not known to be present in the EU. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ is not known to be present in the EU. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0027" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.3</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ can be considered as regulated in Annex IAI as “Non‐European viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malu</italic>s Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L., and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.” </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ can be considered as regulated in Annex IAI as “Non‐European viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L., and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.” </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ is not explicitly mentioned in Directive 2000/29/EC.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0031" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ is able to enter in the EU. The plant pathways (both host plants and other hosts) are partially regulated by existing legislation. The vector pathway is open. If ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ were to enter the EU territory, it could become established and spread. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants for planting are the main means of spread for ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The susceptibility of <italic>Prunus</italic> needs to be confirmed.</p><p>The host range is not fully known.</p><p>The potential vector ability of EU phloem feeder insects is uncertain.</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0042" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.5</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The introduction and spread of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ would have a negative impact on <italic>Vitis</italic>,<italic> Fragaria</italic>,<italic> Prunus</italic> and <italic>Rubus</italic> industries, as well as other crops (see section <xref rid="efs25929-sec-0032" ref-type="sec">3.4.1</xref>). </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The presence of the ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ on plants for planting would have a negative impact on their intended use. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Available measures (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0044" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.6</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry and spread of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ in the EU. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Certification of plants for planting material for susceptible host is by far the most efficient control measure. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conclusion on pest categorisation (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0052" ref-type="sec"><bold>4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ meets all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as a potential Union quarantine pest. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. australiense’ is a non‐EU phytoplasma and thus does not meet all the EFSA criteria to qualify as a potential Union RNQP.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Aspects of assessment to focus on/ scenarios to address in future if appropriate</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><p>The main knowledge gaps are listed in this table.</p><p>Given the limited information available, the development of a full PRA would not allow solving the uncertainties of the present categorisation until more data become available.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0055"><label>4.3</label><title>‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma fraxini’ (reference strain)</title><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0020" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 20</label><caption><p>The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column) for ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma fraxini’ (reference strain)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Key uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Identity of the pest (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0016" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.1</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ is established and diagnostic techniques are available</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ is established and diagnostic techniques are available</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0023" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.2</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ has been reported in the EU, but with a restricted distribution, as the pest has been reported only twice in Italy</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ is known to be present in the EU, but with a restricted distribution. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The reports from Italy were published by the same research group and were never confirmed.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0027" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.3</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ can be considered as regulated in Annex IAI as “Non‐European viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malu</italic>s Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L., and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.” </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ can be considered as regulated in Annex IAI as “Non‐European viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L., and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.” </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ is not explicitly mentioned in Directive 2000/29/EC.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0031" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ is able to enter in the EU. The plant pathways (both host and others) are partially regulated by existing legislation. The vector pathway is open. If ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ were to enter the EU territory, it could become established and spread</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants for planting are the main means of spread for ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The host range is not fully known.</p><p>The potential vector ability of EU phloem feeder insects is uncertain</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0042" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.5</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The introduction and spread of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ would have a negative impact on <italic>Fragaria, Prunus</italic> and <italic>Vitis</italic> industries, as well as other crops (see section <xref rid="efs25929-sec-0032" ref-type="sec">3.4.1</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The presence of the ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ on plants for planting would have a negative impact on their intended use</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Available measures (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0044" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.6</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of establishment and spread of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P fraxini’ in the EU</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Certification of plants for planting material for susceptible hosts is by far the most efficient control measure</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conclusion on pest categorisation (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0052" ref-type="sec"><bold>4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ meets all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as a potential Union quarantine pest</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ is a non‐EU phytoplasma and thus does not meet all the EFSA criteria to qualify as a potential Union RNQP</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Aspects of assessment to focus on/scenarios to address in future if appropriate</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><p>The main knowledge gaps are listed in this table.</p><p>Given the limited information available, the development of a full PRA would not allow solving the uncertainties of the present categorisation until more data become available</p></td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0056"><label>4.4</label><title>‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma hispanicum’ (reference strain)</title><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0021" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 21</label><caption><p>The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column) for ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma hispanicum’ (reference strain)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Key uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Identity of the pest (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0016" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.1</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ is established and diagnostic techniques are available. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ is established and diagnostic techniques are available. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The phytoplasma listed as Strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasm (SYWB00) in Annex IAI was detected before the development of molecular identification tools, therefore its designation as related strain of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ is uncertain</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0023" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.2</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ is not known to be present in the EU</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ is not known to be present in the EU</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0027" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.3</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ can be considered as regulated in Annex IAI as “Strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasm”</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ can be considered as regulated in Annex IAI as “Strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasm”</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ is not explicitly mentioned in Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p>There is uncertainty on the assignation of the Strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasm (regulated in Annex IAI) to ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0031" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ is able to enter in the EU. The plant pathways (both host plants and other hosts) are partially regulated by existing legislation. The vector pathway is regulated by current regulation. If ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ were to enter the EU, it could become established and spread</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants for planting are the main means of spread for ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The presence of the phytoplasma in Canada and Japan is uncertain.</p><p>The host range is not fully known.</p><p>There is uncertainty on the vector ability of <italic>B. cockerelli</italic>.</p><p>The potential vector ability of EU phloem feeder insects is unclear</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0042" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.5</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The introduction and spread of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ would have a negative impact on <italic>Fragaria</italic> industry, as well as other crops (see section <xref rid="efs25929-sec-0032" ref-type="sec">3.4.1</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The presence of the ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ on plants for planting would have a negative impact on their intended use</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Available measures (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0044" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.6</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry and spread of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ in the EU</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Certification of plants for planting material for susceptible host is by far the most efficient control measure</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conclusion on pest categorisation (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0052" ref-type="sec"><bold>4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ meets all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as a potential Union quarantine pest</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. hispanicum’ is a non‐EU phytoplasma</p><p>and thus does not meet all the EFSA criteria to qualify as a potential Union RNQP</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Aspects of assessment to focus on/scenarios to address in future if appropriate</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><p>The main knowledge gaps are listed in this table.</p><p>Given the limited information available, the development of a full PRA would not allow solving the uncertainties of the present categorisation until more data become available</p></td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0057"><label>4.5</label><title>‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma pruni’‐related strain (North American grapevine yellows, NAGYIII)</title><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0022" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 22</label><caption><p>The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column) for ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma pruni’‐related strain (North American grapevine yellows, NAGYIII)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Key uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Identity of the pest (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0016" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.1</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of NAGYIII is established and diagnostic techniques are available</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of NAGYIII is established and diagnostic techniques are available</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0023" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.2</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NAGYIII is not known to be present in the EU. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NAGYIII is not known to be present in the EU. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0027" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.3</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NAGYIII can be considered as regulated in Annex IAI as “Non‐European viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malu</italic>s Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L., and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.” </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NAGYIII can be considered as regulated in Annex IAI as “Non‐European viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L., and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.” </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NAGYIII is not explicitly mentioned in Directive 2000/29/EC</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0031" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NAGYIII is able to enter in the EU. The pathway of <italic>Vitis</italic> plant for planting is closed by existing legislation. Other potential pathways (other hosts and vectors) may be open. If NAGYIII were to enter the EU territory, it could become established and spread. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants for planting are the main means of spread of NAGYIII. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The geographical distribution and the host range are not fully known.</p><p>The potential vector ability of EU phloem feeder insects is unclear.</p><p>There is uncertainty about the presence of other unknown vectors</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0042" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.5</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The introduction and spread of NAGYIII would have a negative impact on <italic>Vitis</italic> industry</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The presence of the NAGYIII on plants for planting would have a negative impact on their intended use. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The magnitude of the impact of NAGYIII under EU conditions is unclear</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Available measures (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0044" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.6</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry and spread of NAGYIII in the EU. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Certification of plants for planting material for susceptible host is by far the most efficient control measure. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conclusion on pest categorisation (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0052" ref-type="sec"><bold>4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NAGYIII meets all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as a potential Union quarantine pest</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NAGYIII is a non‐EU phytoplasma and thus does not meet all the EFSA criteria to qualify as a potential Union RNQP</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Aspects of assessment to focus on/scenarios to address in future if appropriate</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><p>The main knowledge gaps are listed in this table.</p><p>Given the limited information available, the development of a full PRA would not allow solving the uncertainties of the present categorisation until more data become available</p></td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0058"><label>4.6</label><title>‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma pyri’‐related strain (peach yellow leaf roll, PYLR)</title><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0023" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 23</label><caption><p>The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column) for ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma pyri’‐related strain (peach yellow leaf roll, PYLR)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Key uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Identity of the pest (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0016" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.1</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of PYLR is established and diagnostic techniques are available</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of PYLR is established and diagnostic techniques are available</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0023" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.2</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PYLR is not known to be present in the EU. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PYLR is not known to be present in the EU. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0027" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.3</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PYLR can be considered as regulated in Annex IAI as “Non‐European viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malu</italic>s Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L., and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.” </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PYLR can be considered as regulated in Annex IAI as “Non‐European viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L., and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.” </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PYLR is not explicitly mentioned in Directive 2000/29/EC</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0031" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PYLR is able to enter in the EU. The pathway of <italic>Prunus</italic> plant for planting is partially regulated by existing legislation. Other potential pathways (other hosts) may be open. The vector pathway is open. If PYLR were to enter the EU territory, it could establish and spread. The PYLR vector, <italic>Cacopsylla pyricola</italic>, is already present in the EU. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants for planting are the main means of spread for PYLR. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The presence of PYLR in <italic>Pyrus</italic> has not been definitively assessed.</p><p>The host range is not fully known.</p><p>The potential vector ability of EU phloem feeder insects is uncertain, as well as the existence of other unknown vectors. </p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0042" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.5</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The introduction and spread of PYLR would have a negative impact on <italic>Prunus</italic> industry. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The presence of the PYLR on plants for planting would have a negative impact on their intended use.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The magnitude of the impacts of PYLR under EU conditions.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Available measures (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0044" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.6</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry and spread of PYLR in the EU.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Certification of plants for planting material for susceptible hosts is by far the most efficient control measure.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conclusion on pest categorisation (section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0052" ref-type="sec"><bold>4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PYLR meets all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as a potential Union quarantine pest. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PYLR is a non‐EU phytoplasma and thus does not meet all the EFSA criteria to qualify as a potential Union RNQP.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Aspects of assessment to focus on/scenarios to address in future if appropriate</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><p>The main knowledge gaps are listed in this table.</p><p>Given the limited information available, the development of a full PRA would not allow solving the uncertainties of the present categorisation until more data become available</p></td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0059"><label>4.7</label><title>‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma trifolii’ (reference strain)</title><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0024" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 24</label><caption><p>The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column) for ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma trifolii’ (reference strain)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Key uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Identity of the pest (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0016" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.1</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ is established and diagnostic techniques are available</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ is established and diagnostic techniques are available</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0023" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.2</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Yes, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ has been reported in the EU.</p><p>Reports from EU MS (Austria, Czech Republic, Italy, Spain) refer to few infected plants. ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ is not considered to be widely present in the EU</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes, ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ is known to be present in the EU, but only from some MS with a restricted distribution</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reports from four EU MS refer to few infected plants</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0027" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.3</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ can be considered as regulated in Annex IAI as “Non‐European viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malu</italic>s Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L., and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.” </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ can be considered as regulated in Annex IAI as “Non‐European viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L., and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.” </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ is not explicitly mentioned in Directive 2000/29/EC</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0031" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ is able to enter in the EU. The plant pathways (both host plants and other hosts) are partially regulated by existing legislation. The vector pathway is open. If ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ were to enter the EU territory, it could become established and spread</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants for planting are the main means of spread for ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The susceptibility of <italic>Prunus</italic> and <italic>Vitis</italic> needs to be confirmed.</p><p>The host range is not fully known.</p><p>The vector ability of EU phloem feeder insects is uncertain</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Potential for consequences in the EU territory (section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0042" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.5</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The introduction and spread of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ would have a negative impact on the <italic>Fragaria</italic> industry, as well as other crops (see section <xref rid="efs25929-sec-0032" ref-type="sec">3.4.1</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The presence of the ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ on plants for planting would have a negative impact on their intended use</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Impacts on <italic>Prunus</italic> and <italic>Vitis</italic> industries need to be confirmed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Available measures (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0044" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.6</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of establishment and spread of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ in the EU</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Certification of plants for planting material for susceptible host is by far the most efficient control measure</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conclusion on pest categorisation (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0052" ref-type="sec"><bold>4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ meets all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as a potential Union quarantine pest</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ is a non‐EU phytoplasma and thus does not meet all the EFSA criteria to qualify as a potential Union RNQP</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Aspects of assessment to focus on/scenarios to address in future if appropriate</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><p>The main knowledge gaps are listed in this table.</p><p>Given the limited information available, the development of a full PRA would not allow solving the uncertainties of the present categorisation until more data become available</p></td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0060"><label>4.8</label><title>‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma ziziphi’ (reference strain)</title><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0025" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 25</label><caption><p>The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column) for ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma ziziphi’ (reference strain)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Key uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Identity of the pest (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0016" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.1</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ is established and diagnostic techniques are available</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ is established and diagnostic techniques are available</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0023" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.2</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ has been reported in the EU (one MS).</p><p>Reports from Italy refer to few infected plants. ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ is not considered to be widely present in the EU</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ is known to be present in the EU, but only from Italy and with a restricted distribution</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reports from Italy involve mixed infections with ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. solani’ and ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. asteris’ and lack further characterisation beside PCR and RFLP analyses</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0027" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.3</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ can be considered as regulated in Annex IAI as “Non‐European viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malu</italic>s Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L., and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.”</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ can be considered as regulated in Annex IAI as “Non‐European viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malu</italic>s Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L., and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.”</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ is not explicitly mentioned in Directive 2000/29/EC.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0031" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ is able to enter in the EU. The pathways of <italic>Malus</italic> and <italic>Prunus</italic> plants are closed by existing legislation. The pathways for other hosts are partially regulated by existing legislation. The vector pathway is open. If ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ were to enter the EU territory, it could become established and spread</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants for planting are the main means of spread for ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The host range is not fully known.</p><p>The vector ability of EU phloem feeder insects is uncertain</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0042" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.5</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The introduction and spread of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ would have a negative impact on <italic>Malus</italic> and <italic>Prunus</italic> industries, as well as other crops (see section <xref rid="efs25929-sec-0032" ref-type="sec">3.4.1</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The presence of the ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ on plants for planting would have a negative impact on their intended use</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Available measures (section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0044" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.6</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of establishment and spread of ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ in the EU</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Certification of plants for planting material for susceptible hosts is by far the most efficient control measure</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conclusion on pest categorisation (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0052" ref-type="sec"><bold>4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ meets all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as a potential Union quarantine pest</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. ziziphi’ is a non‐EU phytoplasma and thus does not meet all the EFSA criteria to qualify as a potential Union RNQP</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Aspects of assessment to focus on/scenarios to address in future if appropriate</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><p>The main knowledge gaps are listed in this table.</p><p>Given the limited information available, the development of a full PRA would not allow solving the uncertainties of the present categorisation until more data become available</p></td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0061"><label>4.9</label><title>Unclassified Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma</title><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0026" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 26</label><caption><p>The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column) for Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Key uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Identity of the pest (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0016" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.1</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of the Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma is established and diagnostic techniques are available</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of the Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma is established and diagnostic techniques are available</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0023" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.2</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma is not known to be present in the EU</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma is not known to be present in the EU</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0027" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.3</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma can be considered as regulated in Annex IAI as “Non‐European viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malu</italic>s Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L., and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.” </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma can be considered as regulated in Annex IAI as “Non‐European viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L., and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.”</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma is not explicitly mentioned in Directive 2000/29/EC</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0031" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma is able to enter in the EU. The pathway of <italic>Vitis</italic> plant for planting is closed by existing legislation. Other potential pathways (other hosts and vectors) may be open. If the Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma were to enter the EU territory, it could establish and spread</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants for planting are the main means of spread for the Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The host range is not fully known.</p><p>The existence of competent vectors is unclear.</p><p>The potential vector ability of EU phloem feeder insects is uncertain</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Potential for consequences in the EU territory (section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0042" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.5</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The introduction and spread of Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma would have a negative impact on the <italic>Vitis</italic> industry</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The presence on plants for planting would have a negative impact on their intended use</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The magnitude of the impacts of the Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma under EU conditions is unclear</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Available measures (section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0044" ref-type="sec"><bold>3.6</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry and spread of Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma in the EU</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The certification of plants for planting material for susceptible hosts is by far the most efficient control measure</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conclusion on pest categorisation (Section </bold><xref rid="efs25929-sec-0052" ref-type="sec"><bold>4</bold></xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma meets all the criteria evaluated by EFSA to qualify as a potential Union quarantine pest. </td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma is a non‐EU phytoplasma and thus does not meet all the EFSA criteria to qualify as a potential Union RNQP.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Aspects of assessment to focus on/scenarios to address in future if appropriate</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><p>The main knowledge gaps are listed in this table.</p><p>Given the limited information available, the development of a full PRA would not allow solving the uncertainties of the present categorisation until more data become available</p></td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0062"><title>Glossary</title><p><def-list list-type="simple"><def-item><term>Containment (of a pest)</term><def><p>Application of phytosanitary measures in and around an infested area to prevent spread of a pest (FAO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0077" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0080" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Control (of a pest)</term><def><p>Suppression, containment or eradication of a pest population (FAO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0077" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0080" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Entry (of a pest)</term><def><p>Movement of a pest into an area where it is not yet present, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled (FAO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0080" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Eradication (of a pest)</term><def><p>Application of phytosanitary measures to eliminate a pest from an area (FAO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0080" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Establishment (of a pest)</term><def><p>Perpetuation, for the foreseeable future, of a pest within an area after entry (FAO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0080" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Impact (of a pest)</term><def><p>The impact of the pest on the crop output and quality and on the environment in the occupied spatial units</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Introduction (of a pest)</term><def><p>The entry of a pest resulting in its establishment (FAO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0080" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Measures</term><def><p>Control (of a pest) is defined in ISPM 5 (FAO <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0080" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>) as “Suppression, containment or eradication of a pest population” (FAO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0077" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>).
Control measures are measures that have a direct effect on pest abundance.
Supporting measures are organisational measures or procedures supporting the choice of appropriate Risk Reduction Options that do not directly affect pest abundance.</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Pathway</term><def><p>Any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest (FAO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0080" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Phytosanitary measures</term><def><p>Any legislation, regulation or official procedure having the purpose to prevent the introduction or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic impact of regulated non‐quarantine pests (FAO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0080" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Protected zones (PZ)</term><def><p>A Protected zone is an area recognised at EU level to be free from a harmful organism, which is established in one or more other parts of the Union.</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Quarantine pest</term><def><p>A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled (FAO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0080" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Regulated non‐quarantine pest</term><def><p>A non‐quarantine pest whose presence in plants for planting affects the intended use of those plants with an economically unacceptable impact and which is therefore regulated within the territory of the importing contracting party (FAO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0080" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Risk reduction option (RRO)</term><def><p>A measure acting on pest introduction and/or pest spread and/or the magnitude of the biological impact of the pest should the pest be present. An RRO may become a phytosanitary measure, action or procedure according to the decision of the risk manager</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Spread (of a pest)</term><def><p>Expansion of the geographical distribution of a pest within an area (FAO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0080" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item></def-list></p></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-0063"><title>Abbreviations</title><p><def-list list-type="simple"><def-item><term>AshY</term><def><p>Ash yellows</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>AWB</term><def><p>Alfalfa witches’‐broom</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>BLL</term><def><p>Brinjal little leaf</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>BLTV</term><def><p>Beet leafhopper‐transmitted virescence</p></def></def-item><def-item><term><italic>Ca</italic>. P.</term><def><p><italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>CABI</term><def><p>Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>CPC</term><def><p>Crop Protection Compendium</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>CrWB</term><def><p>Crotalaria witches’‐broom</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>EPPO</term><def><p>European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>FAO</term><def><p>Food and Agriculture Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>GD</term><def><p>Global Database</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>ILEY</term><def><p>Illinois elm yellows</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>IPPC</term><def><p>International Plant Protection Convention</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>IRPCM</term><def><p>International Research Programme on Comparative Mycoplasmology</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>ISPM</term><def><p>International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>LAMP</term><def><p>Loop mediated isothermal amplification</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>MLO</term><def><p>Mycoplasma‐like organism</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>MS</term><def><p>Member State</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>NAGYIII</term><def><p>North American Grapevine Yellows</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PCR</term><def><p>Polymerase Chain Reaction</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PD</term><def><p>Pear decline</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PDTWII</term><def><p>Pear decline Taiwan II</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PHYPAA</term><def><p><italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma australasia</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PHYPAF</term><def><p><italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma aurantifolia</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PHYPAU</term><def><p><italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma australiense</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PHYPFR</term><def><p><italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma fraxini</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PHYPPH</term><def><p><italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma phoenicium</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PHYPTR</term><def><p><italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma trifolii</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PHYPZI</term><def><p><italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma ziziphi</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PHYP01</term><def><p>Tomato big bud</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PHYP07</term><def><p><italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma hispanicum</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PHYP39</term><def><p>Sweet potato little leaf</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PHYP61</term><def><p>Willow witches’ broom phytoplasma</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PHYP62</term><def><p>Brinjal little leaf phytoplasma and Eggplant little leaf phytoplasma</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PHYP75</term><def><p>Strawberry multiplier disease phytoplasma</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PLH</term><def><p>Plant Health</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PYLR</term><def><p>Peach yellow leaf roll</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PWB</term><def><p>Potato witches’‐broom</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PZ</term><def><p>Protected Zone</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RFLP</term><def><p>Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RNQP</term><def><p>Regulated Non‐Quarantine Pest</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RRO</term><def><p>Risk reduction option</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>SPLL</term><def><p>Sweet potato little leaf</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>SYWB00</term><def><p>Strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasm</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>TBB</term><def><p>Tomato big bud</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>TFEU</term><def><p>Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>The host plants</term><def><p><italic>Cydonia, Fragaria, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Ribes, Rubus</italic> and <italic>Vitis</italic></p></def></def-item><def-item><term>ToR</term><def><p>Terms of Reference</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>WoS</term><def><p>Web of Science</p></def></def-item></def-list></p></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-2001"><title>Appendix A – Symptoms on plants other than <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.</title><sec id="efs25929-sec-0064"><label>1</label><p>Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0027" ref-type="table">A.1</xref> provides a synopsis of symptoms caused by the phytoplasmas categorised here on plants other than the host plants.</p><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0027" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table A.1</label><caption><p>Summary of symptoms of the categorised non‐EU phytoplasmas on plants other than the host plants</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytoplasma name, reference strain/related strain name</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Symptoms on plants other than <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>‘</bold><italic><bold>Ca</bold></italic><bold>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains (pear decline Taiwan II, PDTWII; Crotalaria witches’ broom phytoplasma, CrWB; sweet potato little leaf, SPLL)’</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Allium cepa</italic>: phyllody and virescence in onion inflorescence, axillary growth, yellowing and proliferation (Sharif et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0221" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>);</p><p><italic>Amaranthus</italic> spp.,: excessive stem and bud proliferation, mosaics and unusual coloration (Ochoa‐Sanchez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0166" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>);</p><p><italic>Apium graveolens</italic>: stunting, chlorosis and reddening of the leaf tips (Tran‐Nguyen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0244" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>);</p><p><italic>Beta vulgaris</italic> ssp. esculenta: narrow, misshapen and crinkled leaves with margins unevenly undulated, branching, shortening of internodes and growth of auxiliary buds, witches broom appearance, yellowing, stunting, and gradual reddening (Mirzaie et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0160" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>);</p><p><italic>Brassica chinensis</italic>: phyllody (Davis and Tsatsia, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0059" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>);</p><p><italic>Brassica juncea</italic>: stunting and curly leaf edges (Omar, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0169" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>);</p><p><italic>Brassica oleracea</italic>: thicker leaves, protracted thick shoots and failure to head formation (Sharif et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0221" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>), phyllody‐like symptoms leading to floral abnormalities (Cai et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>);</p><p><italic>Calendula officinalis</italic>: leaf size reduction, yellowing, phyllody, virescence, proliferation and sterility in the flower, proliferation of axillary buds along the stem, witches’ broom and stunting (Esmailzadeh‐Hosseini et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0073" ref-type="ref">2011a</xref>);</p><p><italic>Callistephus chinensis</italic>: emergence of new yellow leaves during the vegetative growth stage, followed by the leaf petiole turning upright with the clustering of leaves, and then the affected plant stops growing and it becomes stunted, at the later stage of plant growth, some flowers show green petals instead of their normal color (Win et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0265" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>);</p><p><italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>: phyllody, abnormal flower development, yellowing, reduced leaf size and short internodes (Sharma et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0222" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>), little leaf, chlorosis and phyllody (Tran‐Nguyen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0244" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>);</p><p><italic>Capsicum</italic> spp. and <italic>Solanum</italic> [Cyphomandra] <italic>betaceum</italic>: stunting, severe leaf mottling and bunching of small mottled leaves (Harling et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0106" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>);</p><p><italic>Cardaria draba</italic>: dwarfing, virescence, phyllody and infertile flowers (Esmailzadeh‐Hosseini et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0074" ref-type="ref">2011b</xref>);</p><p><italic>Carica papaya</italic>: shortening of internodes of the inner crown leaves, giving a bunchy appearance to the crown, leaf yellowing and crinkling, mosaic, stunting a marked reduction in latex flow, small fruits, no flowering or fruit production in the advanced stages, young plants with a bending of the apical growing point, and chlorosis of the crown leaves, followed by basipetal necrosis of the young leaf (Acosta et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0002" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>);</p><p><italic>Celosia argentea</italic>: stunting (shortening of internodes), twisting and flat stem (the fasciation of a stem), discoloration of petals, deformed flowers, and witches’ broom (Madhupriya et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0152" ref-type="ref">2017b</xref>), Little leaf and witches’ broom (Davis and Tsatsia, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0059" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>));</p><p><italic>Cicer arietinum</italic>: leaf deformation, ‘little leaf’, leaf and stem discoloration, stunting and dwarfism (Saqib et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0210" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>), floral virescence, phyllody and extensive proliferation of the branches (Akhtar et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>);</p><p><italic>Cichorium intybus</italic>: little leaf and phyllody (Tran‐Nguyen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0244" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>);</p><p><italic>Corchorus olitorius</italic>: phyllody, abnormal development of flowers, yellowing, reduced leaf size and short internodes (Ozdemir and Cagirgan, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0175" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>);</p><p><italic>Conocarpus erectus</italic>: leaf roll, little leaf, stem fasciation and plant exudation on leaves (Azimi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>);</p><p><italic>Crotalaria aegyptiaca</italic>: significant proliferation of shoots, reduced stem height, and an increased number of leaves compared to healthy plants; at the same time witches’ broom symptoms were observed with the progress of the disease symptoms (Al‐Subhi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>);</p><p><italic>Crotalaria juncea</italic>: chlorotic leaves, internodes shortening, leaves reduced in size, and shoot proliferation (Win et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0265" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>);</p><p><italic>Daucus carota</italic>: phyllody, hairy roots, shoot proliferation, and yellowish and purplish leaves (Sharif et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0221" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>);</p><p><italic>Dendrocalamus strictus</italic>: typical witches’ broom phenotype with severe proliferative branching at nodal regions and reduction in leaf size (Yadav et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0271" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>).</p><p><italic>Fallopia japonica</italic>: proliferation, shortened internodes and small leaves (Reeder et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0194" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>);</p><p><italic>Gerbera jamesonii</italic>: green deformed flowers with many small petals; the infected plants did not die after the infection, but continued to grow new suckers that produced green deformed flowers (Siddique, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0223" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>);</p><p><italic>Glycine max</italic>: shoot proliferation, reduced size of the leaflets and petiole, proliferation of axillary shoots with shortened internodes, phyllody, and virescence (Murithi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0164" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>);</p><p><italic>Gypsophila paniculata</italic>: small, narrow basal leaves, often yellow in color; shoot proliferation, excessive leaf growth (witches’ broom or ‘asparagus fern’) and poor flower set (Gera et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0092" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>);</p><p><italic>Helianthus</italic> spp.: phyllody‐like symptoms leading to floral abnormalities (Mulpuri and Muddanuru, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0163" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>)</p><p><italic>Jasminum sambac</italic>: witches broom yellowing, dieback of branches, reduced leaf size, short internodes and proliferation of axillary shoots as well as reduced overall size, resulting in a bushy plant; flowers of the diseased plants were also reduced in size and tended to bloom and then decline much faster than those of asymptomatic plants (Al‐Zadjali et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>);</p><p><italic>Lactuca sativa</italic>: leaf yellowing, chlorosis, and little leaf (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">2009b</xref>);</p><p><italic>Linum usitatissimum</italic>: floral virescence, phyllody, little leaf, stunting and stem fasciation (Akhtar et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>);</p><p><italic>Malvaviscus arborus</italic>,<italic> Codiaeum variegatum</italic>,<italic> Hibiscus rosa‐sinensis</italic>,<italic> Passiflora edulis</italic>: little leaf, chlorosis, and leaf yellowing and deformation (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2009a</xref>);</p><p><italic>Manihot esculenta</italic>: leaf yellowing, chlorosis, shortening of internodes, and slight stunting (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2009a</xref>);</p><p><italic>Manilkara zapota</italic>: leaf yellowing and witches’ broom (Acosta et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>);</p><p><italic>Matthiola incana</italic>: plants were stunted and rosetted, but the main symptoms, appearing at the flowering stage, were malformation of white flowers and virescence (Davino et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0047" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>);</p><p><italic>Medicago sativa</italic>: stunting, yellows, witches’ broom and phyllody (Omar, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0169" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>), witches’ broom, little leaf, leaf deformation, leaf reddening, stunting and flower malformation (Hosseini et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0116" ref-type="ref">2013a</xref>); proliferation of shoots and yellowing of leaves in 1‐ to 2‐year‐old plants and tillering of stems in 4‐ to 5‐year‐old plants (Khan et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0130" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>);</p><p><italic>Mirabilis jalapa</italic>: small yellow leaves with very short internodes and small‐sized flowers (Sobolev et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0232" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>);</p><p><italic>Parthenium hysterophorus</italic>: severe stunting, excessive proliferation of shoots, inflorescence‐clustering, green petal, small leaves and witches’‐broom (Li et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0144" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>), phyllody, yellowing of leaves (Bekele et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>);</p><p><italic>Petroselinum crispum</italic>: excessive development of short spindly shoots from crown buds, little leaf, yellowing, witches’ broom, stunting, flower virescence and phyllody (Salehi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0203" ref-type="ref">2016a</xref>);</p><p><italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic>: leaf yellowing, chlorosis, and little leaf (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">2009b</xref>);</p><p><italic>Praxelis clematidea</italic>: phyllody and witches’ broom (Yang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0274" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>);</p><p><italic>Prosopis farcta</italic>: small laves, shortened internodes, proliferation of axillary buds and bushy growing habit (Esmailzadeh‐Hosseini et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0074" ref-type="ref">2011b</xref>);</p><p><italic>Rosa</italic> spp.: leaf chlorosis, little leaf, yellowing, virescence, shortening of internodes, stunting, bud‐proliferation, phyllody, and witches’ broom (Madhupriya et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0150" ref-type="ref">2017a</xref>);</p><p><italic>Sesamum indicum</italic>: phyllody, virescence and witches’ broom symptoms (Khan et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0131" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>);</p><p><italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>: stunting, purpling, adventitious root formation, dwarfed, misshapen leaves, enlargement and elongation of stems and pedicels, and a proliferation of erect, enlarged, malformed buds accompanied by enlarged, malformed sepals and virescent petals (Testen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0241" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>), small leaves of lateral shoots, purplish top leaves, phyllody, enlarged pistils, hypertrophic calyxes and small and polygonal fruit (Xu et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0269" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>), stunting, proliferation of auxiliary shoots, purplish‐ or yellowish‐colored leaves of reduced size, and greening of flower petals or phyllody (Dong et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0062" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>);</p><p><italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic>: yellowing of leaves, stunting and little leaf (Hodgetts et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0114" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>);</p><p><italic>Stylosanthes</italic> spp.: floral virescence, phyllody and abortion (De La Rue et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0061" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>);</p><p><italic>Trifolium repens</italic>: little leaf and leaf reddening (Hosseini et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0117" ref-type="ref">2013b</xref>);</p><p><italic>Vicia faba</italic>: phyllody (Omar, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0169" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>);</p><p><italic>Zinnia elegans</italic>: phyllody, virescence, witches’ broom, little leaf and yellowing (Hemmati and Nikooei, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0109" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. australiense’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Coprosma</italic> spp.: abnormal interveinal chlorosis and yellowing of leaves, abnormal leaf reddening, slowing of growth, and shoot dieback (Liefting et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0146" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>);</p><p><italic>Cordyline australis</italic>: sometimes plant death (Liefting et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0146" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>);</p><p><italic>Liquidambar styraciflua</italic>: chronic patchy chlorosis of the crown and dieback of apical and lateral branches (Habili et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0105" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>);</p><p><italic>Phormium</italic> spp.: intense yellowing of older leaves and vascular damage in the rhizome, followed by plant collapse and death (Liefting et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0146" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>);</p><p><italic>Senna surattensis</italic>: stem fasciation and shoot proliferation (Wu et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0268" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>)</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. fraxini’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Fraxinus</italic> spp: slow growth, progressive loss of vitality, dieback and premature death (Sinclair et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0229" ref-type="ref">1996</xref>; Filgueira et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0084" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>); .</p><p><italic>Liquidambar styraciflua</italic>: crown deformation, yellowing, small leaves, tufted foliage, epicormic growth, and abnormal elongation of apical shoot (Franco‐Lara et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0088" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>);</p><p><italic>Medicago sativa</italic>: witches’ broom, shoot proliferation, severely reduced leaf size, chlorosis, general stunting and flower abortion (Conci et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0039" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>);</p><p><italic>Phoenix dactylifera</italic>: streak yellows (Zamharir and Eslahi, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0094" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>)</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. hispanicum’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Brassica oleracea</italic>: plant stunting, inflorescence malformation, reddening of the leaves and phloem necrosis (Eckstein et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0063" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>);</p><p><italic>Carica papaya</italic>: foliar chlorosis, curvature of the apex, shortening of the internodes leading to bunching of the crown leaves, necrosis of the young apical parts, leaf drop, and dieback (Melo et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0157" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>);</p><p><italic>Opuntia ficus‐indica</italic>: cladode, mosaic, yellowing, proliferation and deformation of fruits in the whole plant or part of it (Suaste Dzul et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0238" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>);</p><p><italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic>: purple discoloration (purple top) or yellowing of upper leaflets, apical leafroll, axillary buds, formation of aerial tubers, storage tubers from affected plants do not sprout, or the sprouting is of extremely weak stems deficient in chlorophyll giving the appearance of white threads (Santos‐Cervantes et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0209" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>)</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. trifolii’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Allium sativum</italic>: plant stunting, leaf yellowing, leaf malformation, and bright and “waxy” appearance of the leaves (Reveles‐Torres et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0196" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>);</p><p><italic>Carthamus tinctorius</italic>: floral virescence, phyllody and proliferation, proliferation of axillary buds along the stem and little leaf symptoms (Salehi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0205" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>);</p><p><italic>Centaurea solstitialis</italic>: witches’ broom, fasciations, abortion of buds and flower virescence (Faggioli et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0076" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>);</p><p><italic>Cota tinctoria</italic>: witches’ broom, stunting, twisting of the shoots and little leaf (Hemmati et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0110" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>);</p><p><italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic>: leafy petals (phyllody) and aborted seed pods resembling thin, twisted, and corrugated leaf‐like structures. Deformed sterile pods that were small, sickle‐shaped, upright, and leathery were also observed. The infected plants generally exhibited chlorosis, stunting, or bud proliferation from leaf axils (Lee et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0137" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>);</p><p><italic>Phoenix dactylifera</italic>: streak yellows in date palm leaves, elongated internodes, abnormal branches, and date leaf drying (Ghayeb Zamharir and Eslahi, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0094" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>);</p><p><italic>Physalis ixocarpa</italic>: yellowing, stunted growth, foliar deformation, and phyllody (Mauricio‐Castillo et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0155" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>);</p><p><italic>Portulaca grandiflora</italic>: bud proliferation, downward curling, and diminishing size of leaves, followed by overall stunted growth and yellowing of the whole plant from April to June, some plants also formed rosettes and a proliferation of axillary shoots resulting in a witches’‐broom appearance (Samad et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0207" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>);</p><p><italic>Rhododendron</italic> hybrids: shortened axillary shoots, reduced leaves with vein clearing and yellowing, undeveloped flowers, and general stunting (Pribylova et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0186" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>);</p><p><italic>Salix</italic> spp.: witches’ broom, little leaf, and yellowing (Shahryari and Allahverdipour, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0220" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>);</p><p><italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>: twisting, corrugated, yellowing, or reddening leaves. The sepals of the flowers acquired hypertrophied form, were fused, and created a bell‐shaped sterile bud: phyllody of green or anthocyanin color. The stems of the plants were lignified, and necrosis of the phloem was observed on stem cuts (Khalil et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0129" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>); severe fruit deformation, flower sterility, aerial rooting, purplish leaves and leaf rolling (Usta et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0247" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>); severe dwarfing, yellowing, and decreased flowering (Salas‐Munoz et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0202" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>); stunting, yellowing or purplish leaves, proliferation of laterals buds, hypertrophic calyxes and virescent flowers (Choueiri et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>);</p><p><italic>Solanum melongena</italic>: little leaf, phyllody, flower virescence, giant calyx, big bud and witches’ broom (Rao and Kumar, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0192" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>); small yellowish leaves that roll upward, stunted growth with shortened internodes and profuse branching that sometimes gave bushy structure to the plants. Infected plants of both species did not produce flowers (Siddique et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0224" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>);</p><p><italic>Solanum peruvianum</italic>: BLTVA strain induced two types of symptoms. Type I plants displayed growth vigor and leaf pigmentation similar to the healthy plants, but produced branched inflorescences bearing a greatly increased number of flowers or buds, flowers could occasionally show partly attached sepals or inflated buds reminiscent of big bud symptoms, or some signs of floral reversion. When the symptoms were more pronounced, buds were replaced by meristematic, cauliflower‐like structures, corresponding to a continuous branching and a perpetually delayed flower development. Type II plants showed a reduction in growth vigor, chlorosis at the margin of the leaflets and/or paleness of the leaves, and absence of flowers due to early growth arrest of the buds (buds remain smaller than 1 mm) (Garcion et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0091" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>);</p><p><italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic>: potato witches’‐broom disease including witches’‐broom, little leaf, stunting, yellowing and swollen shoots formation in tubers (Hosseini et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0115" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>);</p><p><italic>Suaeda aegyptiaca</italic>: witches’ broom, yellowing and little leaf (Seyahooei et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0219" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>);</p><p><italic>Ulmus americana</italic>: general yellowing of individual tree canopies, epinasty of foliage throughout the canopy, phloem discoloration, and on a subset of trees, a strong odor of methyl salicylate (Flower et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0087" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. ziziphi’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Dianthus chinensis</italic>: white leaves and stunt symptoms (Zhang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0278" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>);</p><p><italic>Diospyros kaki</italic>: stem fasciation (Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0251" ref-type="ref">2015a</xref>);</p><p><italic>Euonymus</italic> spp.: abnormal branches, small leaves and phyllody (Ren et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0195" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>);</p><p><italic>Liquidambar</italic> spp: crown deformation, yellowing, small leaves, tufted foliage, epicormic growth, abnormal elongation of apical shoots (Franco‐Lara et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0088" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>);</p><p><italic>Orychophragmus</italic> (Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0255" ref-type="ref">2015b</xref>): warfing and yellowing symptoms (Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0251" ref-type="ref">2015a</xref>);</p><p><italic>Spirea salicifolia</italic>: yellowed, dwarfed, deformed leaves (Li et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0143" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>);</p><p><italic>Ziziphus</italic> spp.: <italic>Z. nummularia</italic> shows rosetting, proliferation of axillary shoots, witches’ broom‐like appearance and little leaves malformed and golden yellow, while <italic>Z. jujuba</italic> exhibits severe rosetting, but little leaves remain green (Khan et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0132" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>)</p></td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-2002"><title>Appendix B – Distribution maps</title><sec id="efs25929-sec-0065"><label>1</label><p>The available distribution maps of the non‐EU phytoplasmas of the host plants (Source: EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>) are provided in Figures <xref rid="efs25929-fig-0001" ref-type="fig">B.1</xref>–<xref rid="efs25929-fig-0003" ref-type="fig">B.3</xref>.</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25929-fig-0001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure B.1</label><caption><p><styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EPPO</styled-content> distribution map for ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma australiense’</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-1" xlink:href="EFS2-18-e05929-g001"></graphic></fig><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25929-fig-0002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure B.2</label><caption><p><styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EPPO</styled-content> distribution map for ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma fraxini’</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-3" xlink:href="EFS2-18-e05929-g002"></graphic></fig><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25929-fig-0003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure B.3</label><caption><p><styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EPPO</styled-content> distribution map for ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma trifolii’</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-5" xlink:href="EFS2-18-e05929-g003"></graphic></fig></sec></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-2003"><title>Appendix C – List of other natural hosts</title><sec id="efs25929-sec-0066"><label>1</label><p>Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0028" ref-type="table">C.1</xref> provides a list of natural hosts other than the target host plants for the phytoplasmas categorised here.</p><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0028" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table C.1</label><caption><p>List of other natural hosts for the phytoplasmas categorised here</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytoplasma name, reference strain/related strain name</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other natural hosts</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>‘</bold><italic><bold>Ca</bold></italic><bold>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains (pear decline Taiwan II, PDTWII; Crotalaria witches’ broom phytoplasma, CrWB; sweet potato little leaf, SPLL)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Acacia salicina</italic> (Azimi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)<italic>,</italic></p><p><italic>Achyranthes aspera</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0056" ref-type="ref">2003b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Adenium obesum</italic> (Win et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0263" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>)<italic>,</italic></p><p><italic>Aeschynomene americana</italic> (Wilson et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0262" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>),</p><p><italic>Aeschynomene indica</italic> (Schneider et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0214" ref-type="ref">1999</xref>),</p><p><italic>Allium cepa</italic> (Sharif et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0221" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Alternanthera ficoidea</italic> (Azimi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Alysicarpus rugosus</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0058" ref-type="ref">1997b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Alysicarpus vaginalis</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0056" ref-type="ref">2003b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Amaranthus</italic> spp. (Ochoa‐Sanchez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0166" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>),</p><p><italic>Apium graveolens</italic> (Tran‐Nguyen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0244" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>),</p><p><italic>Arachis hypogaea</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Arachis pintoii</italic> (Schneider et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0214" ref-type="ref">1999</xref>),</p><p><italic>Araujia sericifera</italic> (Streten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0236" ref-type="ref">2005b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Beta vulgaris</italic> ssp. <italic>esculenta</italic> (Mirzaie et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0160" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>),</p><p><italic>Boeharvia</italic> spp. (Padovan and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0176" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>),</p><p><italic>Bougainvillea glabra</italic> (Gopala and Rao, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0100" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Brassica chinensis</italic> (Davis and Tsatsia, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0059" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>),</p><p><italic>Brassica juncea</italic> (Omar, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0169" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>),</p><p><italic>Brassica oleracea</italic> (Sharif et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0221" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Brugmansia candida</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0058" ref-type="ref">1997b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cajanus cajan</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0058" ref-type="ref">1997b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cajanus marmoratus</italic> (Padovan and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0176" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>),</p><p><italic>Calendula arvensis</italic> (Tolu et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0242" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>),</p><p><italic>Calendula officinalis</italic> (Esmailzadeh‐Hosseini et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0073" ref-type="ref">2011a</xref>),</p><p><italic>Callistephus chinensis</italic> (Win et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0265" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>),</p><p><italic>Callitris baileyi</italic> (Streten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0236" ref-type="ref">2005b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Canavalia</italic> spp. (Cai et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>),</p><p><italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> (Sharma et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0222" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cardaria draba</italic> (Esmailzadeh‐Hosseini et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0074" ref-type="ref">2011b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Carica papaya</italic> (Yang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0272" ref-type="ref">2016a</xref>),</p><p><italic>Catharanthus roseus</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0056" ref-type="ref">2003b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Celosia argentea</italic> (Madhupriya et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0152" ref-type="ref">2017b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Celosia christata</italic> (Azimi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cenchrus ciliaris</italic> (Tran‐Nguyen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0243" ref-type="ref">2000</xref>),</p><p><italic>Centrosema pascuorum</italic> (Wilson et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0262" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>),</p><p><italic>Chenopodium carinatum</italic> (Streten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0236" ref-type="ref">2005b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Chenopodium</italic> spp. (Tolu et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0242" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>),</p><p><italic>Chrysanthemum morifolium</italic> (Gopala and Rao, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0100" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Chrysanthemum</italic> spp. (Kumar et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0135" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cicer arietinum</italic> (Saqib et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0210" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cichorium intybus</italic> (Tran‐Nguyen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0244" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cinnamomum cassia</italic> (Yang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0273" ref-type="ref">2016b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Citrus</italic> spp. (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cleome viscosa</italic> (Li et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0141" ref-type="ref">2014a</xref>),</p><p><italic>Codiaeum variegatum</italic> (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2009a</xref>),</p><p><italic>Conocarpus erectus</italic> (Azimi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>),</p><p><italic>Conyza</italic> spp. (Streten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0236" ref-type="ref">2005b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Corchorus aestuans</italic> (Li and Chen, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0140" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Corchorus olitorius</italic> (Ozdemir and Cagirgan, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0175" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>),</p><p><italic>Crotalaria</italic> spp. (Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0256" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cucumis sativus</italic> (Tazehkand et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0240" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cucurbita maxima</italic> (Schneider et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0214" ref-type="ref">1999</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cucurbita pepo</italic> (Al‐Subhi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cyanthillium cinereum</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0056" ref-type="ref">2003b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cynodon dactylon</italic> (Tran‐Nguyen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0243" ref-type="ref">2000</xref>),</p><p><italic>Datura stramonium</italic> (Streten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0236" ref-type="ref">2005b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Daucus carota</italic> (Al‐Subhi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Dendrocalamus strictus</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Desmodium triflorum</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0056" ref-type="ref">2003b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Emilia sonchifolia</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0055" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>),</p><p><italic>Eragrostis falcata</italic> (Tran‐Nguyen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0243" ref-type="ref">2000</xref>),</p><p><italic>Eriachne obtusa</italic> (Tran‐Nguyen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0243" ref-type="ref">2000</xref>),</p><p><italic>Erimophyla</italic> spp. (Streten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0236" ref-type="ref">2005b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Eruca sativa</italic> (Al‐Subhi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Erysimum cheiri</italic> (Tazehkand et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0240" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>),</p><p><italic>Euphorbia millii</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0058" ref-type="ref">1997b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Fallopia japonica</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Foeniculum vulgare</italic> (Bhat et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>),</p><p><italic>Gerbera jamesonii</italic> (Siddique, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0223" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>),</p><p><italic>Glycine max</italic> (Murithi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0164" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>),</p><p><italic>Gomphocarpus physocarpus</italic> (Streten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0236" ref-type="ref">2005b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Gossypium hirsutum</italic> (Schneider et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0213" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>),</p><p><italic>Guizotia abyssinica</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0058" ref-type="ref">1997b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Gypsophila paniculata</italic> (Gera et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0092" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>),</p><p><italic>Helianthus</italic> spp. (Mulpuri and Muddanuru, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0163" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>),</p><p><italic>Hibiscus rosa‐sinensis</italic> (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2009a</xref>),</p><p><italic>Hibiscus trionum</italic> (Streten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0236" ref-type="ref">2005b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Indigofera colutea</italic> (Padovan and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0176" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>),</p><p><italic>Indigofera hirsuta</italic> (Padovan and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0176" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>),</p><p><italic>Indigofera linifolia</italic> (Padovan and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0176" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>),</p><p><italic>Ipomea</italic> spp. (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0057" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>),</p><p><italic>Ipomoea aquatica</italic> (Cai et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>),</p><p><italic>Ipomea batatas</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Jacksonia scoparia</italic> (Streten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0236" ref-type="ref">2005b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Jasminum sambac</italic> (Al‐Zadjali et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>),</p><p><italic>Lactuca sativa</italic> (Cai et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>),</p><p><italic>Linum usitatissimum</italic> (Akhtar et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>),</p><p><italic>Macroptilium atropurpureum</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0058" ref-type="ref">1997b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Macroptilium lathyroides</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0058" ref-type="ref">1997b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Malvaviscus arborus</italic> (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2009a</xref>),</p><p><italic>Manihot esculenta</italic> (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2009a</xref>),</p><p><italic>Manilkara zapota</italic> (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2009a</xref>),</p><p><italic>Matthiola incana</italic> (Davino et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0047" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>),</p><p><italic>Medicago polymorpha</italic> (Streten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0236" ref-type="ref">2005b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Medicago sativa</italic> (Al‐Subhi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Melaleuca citrine</italic> (Azimi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Mirabilis jalapa</italic> (Sobolev et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0232" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>; Kumar et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0135" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>),</p><p><italic>Mitracarpus hirtus</italic> (Wilson et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0262" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>),</p><p><italic>Mucuna pruriens</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0058" ref-type="ref">1997b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Nicotiana tabacum</italic> (Schneider et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0214" ref-type="ref">1999</xref>),</p><p><italic>Opuntia</italic> spp. (Li et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0145" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>),</p><p><italic>Pachyrhizus erosus</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0056" ref-type="ref">2003b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Parthenium hysterophorus</italic> (Gopala and Rao, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0100" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Passiflora edulis</italic> (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2009a</xref>),</p><p><italic>Pelargonium capitatum</italic> (Lee et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0136" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>),</p><p><italic>Petroselinum crispum</italic> (Salehi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0203" ref-type="ref">2016a</xref>),</p><p><italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic> (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">2009b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Phlox</italic> spp. (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0058" ref-type="ref">1997b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Phoenix dactilifera</italic> (Omar et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0171" ref-type="ref">2018b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Phyllanthus amarus</italic> (Tran‐Nguyen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0245" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>),</p><p><italic>Physalis ixocarpa</italic> (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>),</p><p><italic>Physalis minima</italic> (Padovan and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0176" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>),</p><p><italic>Picris hieracioides</italic> (Mitrovic et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0161" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>),</p><p><italic>Pilotus distans</italic> (Schneider et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0214" ref-type="ref">1999</xref>),</p><p><italic>Pisum sativum</italic> (Al‐Subhi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)<italic>,</italic></p><p><italic>Plantago lanceolata</italic> (Streten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0236" ref-type="ref">2005b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Podocarpus macrophyllus</italic> (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>),</p><p><italic>Polygala paniculata</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0055" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>),</p><p><italic>Praxelis clematidea</italic> (Yang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0274" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>),</p><p><italic>Prosopis farcta</italic> (Esmailzadeh‐Hosseini et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0074" ref-type="ref">2011b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Rhynchosia minima</italic> (Wilson et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0262" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>),</p><p><italic>Rosa</italic> spp. (Arocha et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>),</p><p><italic>Rynchosia minima</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0058" ref-type="ref">1997b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Saccharum officinarum</italic> (Tran‐Nguyen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0243" ref-type="ref">2000</xref>),</p><p><italic>Sarcochilus hartmanii</italic> x <italic>Sarcochilus falcatus</italic> (Gowanlock et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0101" ref-type="ref">1998</xref>),</p><p><italic>Sarcochilus hartmanii</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0058" ref-type="ref">1997b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Scaevola taccada</italic> (Al‐Zadjali et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>),</p><p><italic>Senna obtusifolia</italic> (Padovan and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0176" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>),</p><p><italic>Sesamum indicum</italic> (Madhupriya et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0151" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>; Al‐Subhi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Sesuvium portulacastrum</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0056" ref-type="ref">2003b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Sida cordifolia</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0058" ref-type="ref">1997b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic> (Al‐Subhi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Solanum melongena</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0058" ref-type="ref">1997b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Solanum nigrum</italic> (Streten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0236" ref-type="ref">2005b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic> (Omar et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0170" ref-type="ref">2018a</xref>),</p><p><italic>Spinacia olearia</italic> (Al‐Subhi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Stylosanthes</italic> spp. (Streten and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0235" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>),</p><p><italic>Tephrosia purpurea</italic> (Yadav et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0270" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>),</p><p><italic>Tridax procumbens</italic> (Padovan and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0176" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>),</p><p><italic>Trifolium repens</italic> (Hosseini et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0117" ref-type="ref">2013b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Vicia faba</italic> (Omar, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0169" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>),</p><p><italic>Vigna lanceolata</italic> (Padovan and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0176" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>),</p><p><italic>Vigna luteola</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0058" ref-type="ref">1997b</xref>)<italic>,</italic></p><p><italic>Vigna mungo</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Vigna radiata</italic> (Wilson et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0262" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>; Salehi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0206" ref-type="ref">2016b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Vigna trilobata</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0058" ref-type="ref">1997b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Vigna unguiculata</italic> (Win and Jung, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0264" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>),</p><p><italic>Washingtonia robusta</italic> (Omar et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0171" ref-type="ref">2018b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Zinnia elegans</italic> (Hemmati and Nikooei, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0109" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. australiense’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Apium graveolens</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Carica papaya</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Catharanthus roseus</italic> (Streten and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0235" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cenchrus setiger</italic> (Liu et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0148" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cenchrus setiger</italic> (Tran‐Nguyen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0243" ref-type="ref">2000</xref>),</p><p><italic>Coprosma robusta</italic> (Beever et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cordyline australis</italic> (Andersen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cucumis myriocarpus</italic> (Saqib et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0211" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cucurbita maxima</italic> (Streten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0233" ref-type="ref">2005a</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cucurbita moschata</italic> (Liu et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0148" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Gomphocarpus fruticosa</italic> (Streten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0236" ref-type="ref">2005b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Gomphocarpus physocarpus</italic> (Streten et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0236" ref-type="ref">2005b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Liquidambar styraciflua</italic> (Habili et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0105" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>),</p><p><italic>Medicago sativa</italic> (Liu et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0148" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Paulownia</italic> spp. (Bayliss et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>),</p><p><italic>Phaseolus</italic> spp. (Streten and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0235" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>),</p><p><italic>Phormium cookianum</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Phormium tenax</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Senna surattensis</italic> (Wu et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0268" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>),</p><p><italic>Solanum pseudocapsicum</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Trifolium pratense</italic> (Saqib et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0211" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>),</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. fraxini’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Artemisia annua</italic> (Conci et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0039" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>),</p><p><italic>Conyza bonariense</italic> (Conci et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0039" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>)<italic>,</italic></p><p><italic>Erigeron bonariensis</italic> (Flores et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0085" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>),</p><p><italic>Fraxinus</italic> spp. (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Liquidambar styraciflua</italic> (Franco‐Lara et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0088" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>),</p><p><italic>Medicago sativa</italic> (Conci et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0039" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>)<italic>,</italic></p><p><italic>Paeonia lactiflora</italic> (Arismendi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>)</p><p><italic>Phoenix dactylifera</italic> (Ghayeb Zamharir and Eslahi, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0094" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Syringa</italic> spp. (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Ugni molinae</italic> (Arismendi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>)<italic>,</italic></p><p><italic>Vernonia brasiliana</italic> (da Silva Fugita et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0225" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. hispanicum’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Brassica oleracea</italic> (Eckstein et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0063" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>),</p><p><italic>Carica papaya</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0051" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>),</p><p><italic>Catharanthus roseus</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0051" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>),</p><p><italic>Celosia argentea</italic> (Perez‐Lopez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0183" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>),</p><p><italic>Celosia spicata</italic> (Perez‐Lopez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0183" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>),</p><p><italic>Ipomea batatas</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0057" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>)</p><p><italic>Opuntia ficus‐indica</italic> (Suaste Dzul et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0238" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>),</p><p><italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic> (Davis et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0051" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>)</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pruni’‐related strain (North American grapevine yellows, NAGYIII)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None reported</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pyri’‐related strain (peach yellow leaf roll, PYLR)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None reported</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. trifolii’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Allamanda cathartica</italic> (Khasa et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0133" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>)<italic>,</italic></p><p><italic>Allium sativum</italic> (Reveles‐Torres et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0196" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Amaranthus blitoides</italic> (Alfaro‐Fernandez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>),</p><p><italic>Apium graveolens</italic> (Alfaro‐Fernandez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>),</p><p><italic>Araucaria heterophylla</italic> (Gupta et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0103" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>),</p><p><italic>Asclepias curassavica</italic> (Babaie et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>),</p><p><italic>Azadirachta indica</italic> (Venkataravanappa et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0250" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Brassica olearacea</italic> (Salehi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0204" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>),</p><p><italic>Calotropis gigantea</italic> (Priya et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0187" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cannabis sativa</italic> (Kumar et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0134" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>),</p><p><italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> (Oksal et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0167" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>),</p><p><italic>Carthamus tinctorius</italic> (Salehi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0205" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>),</p><p><italic>Celosia argentea</italic> (Babaie et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>),</p><p><italic>Centaurea solstitialis</italic> (Faggioli et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0076" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cicer arietinum (</italic>Girsova et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0097" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)<italic>,</italic></p><p><italic>Cota tinctoria</italic> (Hemmati et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0110" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Croton bonplandianum</italic> (Priya et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0188" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cucumis sativus</italic> (Zibadoost et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0283" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>),</p><p><italic>Datura inoxia</italic> (Raj et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0191" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>),</p><p><italic>Hibiscus rosa‐sinensis</italic> (Khasa et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0133" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>)<italic>,</italic></p><p><italic>Lactuca sativa</italic> (Gopala et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0099" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Lespedeza cyrtobotrya</italic> (Jung et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0127" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>),</p><p><italic>Lupinus polyphyllus</italic> (Girsova et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0097" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>),</p><p><italic>Medicago sativa</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Melilotus albus</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Nicotiana tabacum</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic> (Lee et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0137" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>),</p><p><italic>Phoenix dactylifera</italic> (Ghayeb Zamharir and Eslahi, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0094" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Physalis ixocarpa</italic> (Mauricio‐Castillo et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0155" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Portulaca grandiflora</italic> (Samad et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0207" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>),</p><p><italic>Portulaca oleracea</italic> (Kumar et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0134" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>),</p><p><italic>Potentilla fructicosa</italic> (Hiruki and Wang, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0113" ref-type="ref">1999</xref>),</p><p><italic>Rhododendron</italic> hybrids (Pribylova et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0186" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>),</p><p><italic>Salix alba</italic> (Ghayeb‐Zamharir, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0982" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Salix babylonica</italic> (Shahryari and Allahverdipour, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0220" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Salix bebbiana</italic> (Khadhair and Hiruki, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0128" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>),</p><p><italic>Salix discolor</italic> (Khadhair and Hiruki, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0128" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>),</p><p><italic>Salix exigua</italic> (Khadhair and Hiruki, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0128" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>),</p><p><italic>Salix petiolaris</italic> (Khadhair and Hiruki, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0128" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>),</p><p><italic>Saponaria officinalis</italic> (Khasa et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0133" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>),</p><p><italic>Sesamum indicum</italic> (Sertkaya et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0217" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>),</p><p><italic>Setaria adhaerens</italic> (Alfaro‐Fernandez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>),</p><p><italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Solanum</italic> spp. (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Suaeda aegyptiaca</italic> (Seyahooei et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0219" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>),</p><p><italic>Trifolium</italic> spp. (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Typha angustifolia</italic> (Azimi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Ulmus americana</italic> (Flower et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0087" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>),</p><p><italic>Vaccinium myrtillus</italic> (Borroto Fernandez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0030" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>),</p><p><italic>Vicia faba (</italic>Girsova et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0097" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)<italic>,</italic></p><p><italic>Withania somnifera</italic> (Samad et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0208" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>),</p><p><italic>Zea mays</italic> (Zibadoost et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0283" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>)</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. ziziphi’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p><italic>Amaranthus retroflexus</italic> (Yang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0275" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>),</p><p><italic>Camellia japonica</italic> (Trivellone, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0246" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Cichorium intybus</italic> (Trivellone, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0246" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Dianthus chinensis</italic> (Zhang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0278" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>),</p><p><italic>Diospyros kaki</italic> (Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0251" ref-type="ref">2015a</xref>),</p><p><italic>Euonymus bungeanus</italic> (Ren et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0195" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)<italic>,</italic></p><p><italic>Gleditsia sinensis</italic> (Trivellone, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0246" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Hovenia dulcis</italic> (Jung et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0127" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>),</p><p><italic>Ligustrum</italic> spp. (Jung et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0127" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>),</p><p><italic>Liquidambar styraciflua</italic> (Franco‐Lara et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0088" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>),</p><p><italic>Medicago sativa</italic> (Trivellone, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0246" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Olea europaea</italic> (Trivellone, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0246" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Orychophragmus violaceus</italic> (Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0255" ref-type="ref">2015b</xref>),</p><p><italic>Robinia pseudoacacia</italic> (Ren et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0195" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>),</p><p><italic>Sophora japonica</italic> cv. golden (Ren et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0195" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>),</p><p><italic>Spiraea salicifolia</italic> (Li et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0143" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>),</p><p><italic>Trifolium subterraneum</italic> (Trivellone, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0246" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Ulmus parvifolia</italic> (Trivellone, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0246" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>),</p><p><italic>Ziziphus mauritania</italic> (Jin and Gao, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0121" ref-type="ref">1984</xref>),</p><p><italic>Zizyphus jujuba</italic> (Jung et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0126" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>),</p><p><italic>Zizyphus nummularia</italic> (Khan et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0132" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>)</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None reported</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec id="efs25929-sec-2004"><title>Appendix D – Impacts on other natural hosts</title><sec id="efs25929-sec-0067"><label>1</label><p>Table <xref rid="efs25929-tbl-0029" ref-type="table">D.1</xref> provides a summary of reported impacts on hosts other than the target host plants for the phytoplasmas categorised here.</p><table-wrap id="efs25929-tbl-0029" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table D.1</label><caption><p>Synopsys of reported impacts on other natural hosts for the phytoplasmas categorised here</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytoplasma name, reference strain/related strain name</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Impacts</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>‘</bold><italic><bold>Ca</bold></italic><bold>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strains (pear decline Taiwan II, PDTWII; Crotalaria witches’ broom phytoplasma, CrWB; sweet potato little leaf, SPLL)’</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. aurantifolia’‐related strain (16SrII‐D) disease incidence in Egypt ranged between 1% (squash fields) and 15% (eggplant and tomato fields) of the inspected fields (Omar and Foissac, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0172" ref-type="ref">2012</xref>).</p><p>Disease incidence in Saudi Arabia ranged from about 3% in alfalfa crop fields 1 year after cultivation to about 77% in 3‐year‐old fields. In Saudi Arabia carrot fields disease incidence ranged from about 3% to 100% after 7 months of cultivation, and in faba bean up to about 47% (Omar, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0169" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). Annual losses due to alfalfa witches broom are estimated at more than US$ 23 million (Khan et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0130" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>).</p><p>Incidence of diseased tomato plants in each field in Tanzania (0.2 to 0.4 ha) was low, approximately 1% (Testen et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0241" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>). Incidence of diseased soybean plants in Tanzanian field was up to 50% (Murithi et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0164" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>).</p><p>During 2011‐2013, 7‐55% incidence of sesame phyllody and witches’ broom symptoms were observed on sesame plants in nine states of India (Madhupriya et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0151" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>).</p><p>Incidence of diseased tomato plants in China was up to 10% of the affected fields (Dong et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0062" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>).</p><p>Incidence of diseased chilli and tamarillo plants in Indonesia was up to 100% of plants affected (Harling et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0106" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>).</p><p>The incidence of tenweeks stock symptomatic plants in Sicily (Italy) was about 65% (Davino et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0047" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>).</p><p>The incidence of <italic>Gypsophila</italic> symptomatic plants in Arava valley (Israel) was about 80% (Gera et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0092" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>).</p><p>Up to 35% of the <italic>Beta vulgaris</italic> plants in the surveyed fields in Iran were infected, and approximately 10% of the infected plants with severely dwarfed and yellowish foliage died (Mirzaie et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0160" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>).</p><p>All of the <italic>Stylosanthes</italic> taxa analysed in a field trial in Australia were found to be susceptible to phytoplasma disease except <italic>Stylosanthes hamata</italic> cv. Verano and ‘‘<italic>Stylosanthes seabrana</italic>’’ cv. Unica (De La Rue et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0061" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>).</p><p>The incidence of papaya diseased plants in Australian plantation was about 16% (Padovan and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0176" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>)</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. australiense’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The phytoplasma also infects several horticultural, forage crops, and ornamental (both herbaceous and woody plants) species.</p><p>In case of papaya becoming cultivated in Southern EU, it should be considered that papaya cultivation may be severely affected by this pathogen. In Malaysia, especially the new variety, named <italic>C. papaya</italic> L. var. Eksotika, is threatened by papaya dieback disease which affects approximately 800 hectares of plantation, destroyed approximately 1 million trees nationwide with total losses estimated at US$ 58 million between 2003 and 2018 (Sekeli et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0216" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>). The papaya dieback disease is most severe in southern and central Quensland and can cause complete destruction of papaya plantations. In 2002, 100% losses were experienced on some properties in West Australia, causing many growers to discontinue papaya production (reviewed in (Streten and Gibb, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0235" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>))</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. fraxini’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. fraxini’ phytoplasma strains have been consistently reported in <italic>Fraxinus</italic> spp, and <italic>Syringa</italic> spp. Infected <italic>Fraxinus</italic> spp. exhibit severe decline symptoms and may die because of the infection. Tolerant <italic>Fraxinus</italic> genotypes are available both for scions and rootstocks (Sinclair et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0230" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>).</p><p>The phytoplasma also infects forest trees and shrubs, forage crops, and ornamental (both herbaceous and woody plants) species.</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. hispanicum’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The phytoplasma also infects horticultural (<italic>Solanum, Brassica</italic> and <italic>Ipomea</italic>) and ornamental (<italic>Celosia</italic> spp., <italic>Catharanthus roseus</italic>) plants, and it has also been reported in <italic>Opuntia ficus‐indica</italic> and <italic>Carica papaya</italic>.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pruni’‐related strain (North American grapevine yellows, NAGYIII)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The phytoplasma is not reported to infect other hosts.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. pyri’‐related strain (peach yellow leaf roll, PYLR)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The phytoplasma is not reported to infect other hosts</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. trifolii’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Incidence of the disease caused by ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ in <italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic> varied between 0.2 and 40% in Mexico, Lebanon, and Syria, depending on the region and weather conditions (Salas‐Munoz et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0202" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>) (Choueiri et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>); (Khalil et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0129" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>). Up to 15% of the ‘Galilea’ and ‘Gardinian’ tomato varieties may be infected in commercial fields (Salas‐Munoz et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0202" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>); (Anfoka et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2003</xref>), and infected plants showed about 70% fruit yield reduction (Khalil et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0129" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>).</p><p>A strain‐dependent resistance/tolerance of the PI128655 accession of <italic>Solanum peruvianum</italic> (USDA‐ARS Plant Genetic Resource Unit) to two BLTVA is known, but the same plant accession is not resistant to all BLTVA strains (Garcion et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0091" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>).</p><p>Severe disease symptoms are reported in Lebanon on <italic>Capsicum annum</italic> (20 to 27% of the pepper fields with 1–4% of the plants affected) (Choueiri et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>), and on chili plants (Rao and Kumar, <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0192" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><p>‘<italic>Ca</italic>. P. trifolii’ infection shows incidences of 40% in <italic>Allium sativum</italic> (Reveles‐Torres et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0196" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>), 12% of <italic>Physalis ixocarpa</italic> plants (from 25 ha of commercial crops) (Mauricio‐Castillo et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0155" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>), and up to 4% in <italic>Apium graveolens</italic> (Alfaro‐Fernandez et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><p><italic>Ulmus americana</italic> can also be infected with rapid onset of symptoms (up to 60 infected trees across two elm research plantations) (Flower et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0087" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><bold>‘Ca.</bold></italic><bold>P. ziziphi’ (reference strain)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Approximately 5% of Chinese pink Dianthus with symptoms resembling infections of phytoplasmas were observed (Zhang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0278" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>).</p><p>The pest kills 3‐5% or even more jujube trees each year in many orchards (Zhao et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0281" ref-type="ref">2009b</xref>), but several resistant accessions of <italic>Ziziphus jujuba</italic> are available (Liu et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0983" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>; Tian et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0985" ref-type="ref">2000</xref>). The ‘Lizao’ and ‘Dongzao’ jujube varieties appear to be susceptible to phytoplasma infection (Tian et al., 2000; Peng et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0984" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>). Production of phytoplasma‐free plants of Chinese jujube can be achieved by cryopreservation (Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25929-bib-0251" ref-type="ref">2015a</xref>,<xref rid="efs25929-bib-0255" ref-type="ref">2015b</xref>)</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Buckland valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The phytoplasma is not reported to infect other hosts</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec></sec></body><back><fn-group id="efs25929-ntgp-0003"><title>Notes</title><fn id="efs25929-note-1007"><label>1</label><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC of 8 May 2000 on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community. OJ L 169/1, 10.7.2000, p. 1–112.</p></fn><fn id="efs25929-note-1008"><label>2</label><p>Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament of the Council of 26 October 2016 on protective measures against pests of plants. OJ L 317, 23.11.2016, p. 4–104.</p></fn><fn id="efs25929-note-1009"><label>3</label><p>Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. OJ L 31/1, 1.2.2002, p. 1–24.</p></fn><fn id="efs25929-note-1010"><label>4</label><p>Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament of the Council of 26 October 2016 on protective measures against pests of plants, amending Regulations (EU) 228/2013, (EU) 652/2014 and (EU) 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directives 69/464/EEC, 74/647/EEC, 93/85/EEC, 98/57/EC, 2000/29/EC, 2006/91/EC and 2007/33/EC. 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