Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Pest categorisation of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</title><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Di Serio, Francesco" sort="Di Serio, Francesco" uniqKey="Di Serio F" first="Francesco" last="Di Serio">Francesco Di Serio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonthier, Paolo" sort="Gonthier, Paolo" uniqKey="Gonthier P" first="Paolo" last="Gonthier">Paolo Gonthier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacques, Marie Gnes" sort="Jacques, Marie Gnes" uniqKey="Jacques M" first="Marie-Agnès" last="Jacques">Marie-Agnès Jacques</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" sort="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" uniqKey="Jaques Miret J" first="Josep Anton" last="Jaques Miret">Josep Anton Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Justesen, Annemarie Fejer" sort="Justesen, Annemarie Fejer" uniqKey="Justesen A" first="Annemarie Fejer" last="Justesen">Annemarie Fejer Justesen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Magnusson, Christer Sven" sort="Magnusson, Christer Sven" uniqKey="Magnusson C" first="Christer Sven" last="Magnusson">Christer Sven Magnusson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Milonas, Panagiotis" sort="Milonas, Panagiotis" uniqKey="Milonas P" first="Panagiotis" last="Milonas">Panagiotis Milonas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navas Ortes, Juan A" sort="Navas Ortes, Juan A" uniqKey="Navas Ortes J" first="Juan A" last="Navas-Cortes">Juan A. Navas-Cortes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reignault, Philippe Lucien" sort="Reignault, Philippe Lucien" uniqKey="Reignault P" first="Philippe Lucien" last="Reignault">Philippe Lucien Reignault</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thulke, Hans Ermann" sort="Thulke, Hans Ermann" uniqKey="Thulke H" first="Hans-Hermann" last="Thulke">Hans-Hermann Thulke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Wopke" sort="Van Der Werf, Wopke" uniqKey="Van Der Werf W" first="Wopke" last="Van Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vicent Civera, Antonio" sort="Vicent Civera, Antonio" uniqKey="Vicent Civera A" first="Antonio" last="Vicent Civera">Antonio Vicent Civera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yuen, Jonathan" sort="Yuen, Jonathan" uniqKey="Yuen J" first="Jonathan" last="Yuen">Jonathan Yuen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zappala, Lucia" sort="Zappala, Lucia" uniqKey="Zappala L" first="Lucia" last="Zappalà">Lucia Zappalà</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boberg, Johanna" sort="Boberg, Johanna" uniqKey="Boberg J" first="Johanna" last="Boberg">Johanna Boberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jeger, Mike" sort="Jeger, Mike" uniqKey="Jeger M" first="Mike" last="Jeger">Mike Jeger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pautasso, Marco" sort="Pautasso, Marco" uniqKey="Pautasso M" first="Marco" last="Pautasso">Marco Pautasso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32625789</idno><idno type="pmc">7009642</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7009642</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7009642</idno><idno type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5512</idno><date when="2018">2018</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000665</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000665</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Pest categorisation of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</title><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Di Serio, Francesco" sort="Di Serio, Francesco" uniqKey="Di Serio F" first="Francesco" last="Di Serio">Francesco Di Serio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonthier, Paolo" sort="Gonthier, Paolo" uniqKey="Gonthier P" first="Paolo" last="Gonthier">Paolo Gonthier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacques, Marie Gnes" sort="Jacques, Marie Gnes" uniqKey="Jacques M" first="Marie-Agnès" last="Jacques">Marie-Agnès Jacques</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" sort="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" uniqKey="Jaques Miret J" first="Josep Anton" last="Jaques Miret">Josep Anton Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Justesen, Annemarie Fejer" sort="Justesen, Annemarie Fejer" uniqKey="Justesen A" first="Annemarie Fejer" last="Justesen">Annemarie Fejer Justesen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Magnusson, Christer Sven" sort="Magnusson, Christer Sven" uniqKey="Magnusson C" first="Christer Sven" last="Magnusson">Christer Sven Magnusson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Milonas, Panagiotis" sort="Milonas, Panagiotis" uniqKey="Milonas P" first="Panagiotis" last="Milonas">Panagiotis Milonas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navas Ortes, Juan A" sort="Navas Ortes, Juan A" uniqKey="Navas Ortes J" first="Juan A" last="Navas-Cortes">Juan A. Navas-Cortes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reignault, Philippe Lucien" sort="Reignault, Philippe Lucien" uniqKey="Reignault P" first="Philippe Lucien" last="Reignault">Philippe Lucien Reignault</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thulke, Hans Ermann" sort="Thulke, Hans Ermann" uniqKey="Thulke H" first="Hans-Hermann" last="Thulke">Hans-Hermann Thulke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Wopke" sort="Van Der Werf, Wopke" uniqKey="Van Der Werf W" first="Wopke" last="Van Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vicent Civera, Antonio" sort="Vicent Civera, Antonio" uniqKey="Vicent Civera A" first="Antonio" last="Vicent Civera">Antonio Vicent Civera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yuen, Jonathan" sort="Yuen, Jonathan" uniqKey="Yuen J" first="Jonathan" last="Yuen">Jonathan Yuen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zappala, Lucia" sort="Zappala, Lucia" uniqKey="Zappala L" first="Lucia" last="Zappalà">Lucia Zappalà</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boberg, Johanna" sort="Boberg, Johanna" uniqKey="Boberg J" first="Johanna" last="Boberg">Johanna Boberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jeger, Mike" sort="Jeger, Mike" uniqKey="Jeger M" first="Mike" last="Jeger">Mike Jeger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pautasso, Marco" sort="Pautasso, Marco" uniqKey="Pautasso M" first="Marco" last="Pautasso">Marco Pautasso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">EFSA Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1831-4732</idno><imprint><date when="2018">2018</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Abstract</title><p>Following a request from the European Commission, the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>), a well‐defined and distinguishable group of fungal plant pathogens of the family Pucciniaceae affecting woody species. Many different <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species are recognised, of which at least 14 species are considered not to be native in the European Union. All the non‐<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU </styled-content><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species are not known to be present in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> and are regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EC</styled-content> (Annex <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">IAI</styled-content>) as harmful organisms whose introduction into the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> is banned. <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. are biotrophic obligate plant pathogens. These rust fungi are heteroecious as they require <italic>Juniperus, Libocedrus, Callitropsis, Chamaecyparis</italic> or <italic>Cupressus</italic> (telial hosts) and rosaceous plants of subfamily Pomoideae (aecial hosts) to complete their life cycle. The pathogens could enter the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> via host plants for planting (including artificially dwarfed woody plants) and cut branches. They could establish in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>, as climatic conditions are favourable and hosts are common. They would be able to spread following establishment by movement of host plants for planting and cut branches, as well as by natural dispersal. Should <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>) be introduced in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>, impacts can be expected in orchards, ornamental trees and nurseries. On telial hosts, these pathogens cause galls on stems, twigs and branches, and fusiform swellings on stems. Foliar infections on aecial hosts may lead to severe defoliations. The main knowledge gap concerns the limited available information on the biology, distribution range and impact of several non‐<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU </styled-content><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>) as potential quarantine pests are met, while, for regulated non‐quarantine pests, the criterion on the pest presence in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> is not met.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aldwinckle, Hs" uniqKey="Aldwinckle H">HS Aldwinckle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, Im" uniqKey="Smith I">IM Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, Im" uniqKey="Smith I">IM Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, Im" uniqKey="Smith I">IM Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, Im" uniqKey="Smith I">IM Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, Im" uniqKey="Smith I">IM Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1002/(ISSN)1831-4732</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">EFS2</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>EFSA Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1831-4732</issn><publisher><publisher-name>John Wiley and Sons Inc.</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Hoboken</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32625789</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7009642</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5512</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">EFS25512</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="overline"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Pest categorisation of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0001" contrib-type="author"><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA Panel on Plant Health (EFSA PLH Panel)</collab></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0002" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>Claude</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0003" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Di Serio</surname><given-names>Francesco</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0004" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gonthier</surname><given-names>Paolo</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0005" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jacques</surname><given-names>Marie‐Agnès</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0006" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>Josep Anton</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0007" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Justesen</surname><given-names>Annemarie Fejer</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0008" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>Alan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0009" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Magnusson</surname><given-names>Christer Sven</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0010" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Milonas</surname><given-names>Panagiotis</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0011" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Navas‐Cortes</surname><given-names>Juan A</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0012" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>Stephen</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0013" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>Roel</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0014" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reignault</surname><given-names>Philippe Lucien</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0015" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thulke</surname><given-names>Hans‐Hermann</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0016" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>Wopke</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0017" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vicent Civera</surname><given-names>Antonio</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0018" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yuen</surname><given-names>Jonathan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0019" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zappalà</surname><given-names>Lucia</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0020" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boberg</surname><given-names>Johanna</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0021" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jeger</surname><given-names>Mike</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0022" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pautasso</surname><given-names>Marco</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25512-cr-0023" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>Katharina</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="correspondenceTo"><bold>Correspondence: </bold><email>alpha@efsa.europa.eu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>12</issue><issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/efs2.2018.16.issue-12</issue-id><elocation-id>e05512</elocation-id><permissions><pmc-comment> © European Food Safety Authority </pmc-comment>
<copyright-statement content-type="article-copyright">© 2018 European Food Safety Authority. <italic>EFSA Journal</italic> published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.</copyright-statement><license license-type="creativeCommonsBy-nd"><license-p>This is an open access article under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/</ext-link> License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="file:EFS2-16-e05512.pdf"></self-uri><abstract id="efs25512-abs-0001"><title>Abstract</title><p>Following a request from the European Commission, the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>), a well‐defined and distinguishable group of fungal plant pathogens of the family Pucciniaceae affecting woody species. Many different <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species are recognised, of which at least 14 species are considered not to be native in the European Union. All the non‐<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU </styled-content><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species are not known to be present in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> and are regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EC</styled-content> (Annex <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">IAI</styled-content>) as harmful organisms whose introduction into the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> is banned. <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. are biotrophic obligate plant pathogens. These rust fungi are heteroecious as they require <italic>Juniperus, Libocedrus, Callitropsis, Chamaecyparis</italic> or <italic>Cupressus</italic> (telial hosts) and rosaceous plants of subfamily Pomoideae (aecial hosts) to complete their life cycle. The pathogens could enter the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> via host plants for planting (including artificially dwarfed woody plants) and cut branches. They could establish in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>, as climatic conditions are favourable and hosts are common. They would be able to spread following establishment by movement of host plants for planting and cut branches, as well as by natural dispersal. Should <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>) be introduced in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>, impacts can be expected in orchards, ornamental trees and nurseries. On telial hosts, these pathogens cause galls on stems, twigs and branches, and fusiform swellings on stems. Foliar infections on aecial hosts may lead to severe defoliations. The main knowledge gap concerns the limited available information on the biology, distribution range and impact of several non‐<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU </styled-content><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>) as potential quarantine pests are met, while, for regulated non‐quarantine pests, the criterion on the pest presence in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> is not met.</p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated"><kwd id="efs25512-kwd-0001">bonsai</kwd><kwd id="efs25512-kwd-0002">European Union</kwd><kwd id="efs25512-kwd-0003">latent infection</kwd><kwd id="efs25512-kwd-0004">pest risk</kwd><kwd id="efs25512-kwd-0005">plant health</kwd><kwd id="efs25512-kwd-0006">plant pest</kwd><kwd id="efs25512-kwd-0007">quarantine</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="3"></fig-count><table-count count="8"></table-count><page-count count="28"></page-count><word-count count="13796"></word-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>source-schema-version-number</meta-name><meta-value>2.0</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>cover-date</meta-name><meta-value>December 2018</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>details-of-publishers-convertor</meta-name><meta-value>Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.7.5 mode:remove_FC converted:21.01.2020</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><p content-type="self-citation"><mixed-citation publication-type="self-citation" id="efs25512-cit-1001"><bold>Suggested citation: </bold><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA PLH Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Health)</collab>, <string-name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Di Serio</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gonthier</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jacques</surname><given-names>M‐A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Justesen</surname><given-names>AF</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Magnusson</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Milonas</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Navas‐Cortes</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Reignault</surname><given-names>PL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Thulke</surname><given-names>H‐H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Vicent Civera</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Yuen</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Zappalà</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Boberg</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jeger</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pautasso</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <year>2018</year><article-title>Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">EFSA Journal</source> 2018;16(12):5512, 28 pp. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5512</pub-id></mixed-citation></p><fn-group id="efs25512-ntgp-0001"><fn id="efs25512-note-1001"><p><bold>Requestor:</bold> European Commission</p></fn><fn id="efs25512-note-1002"><p><bold>Question number:</bold> EFSA‐Q‐2018‐00036</p></fn><fn id="efs25512-note-1003"><p><bold>Panel members:</bold> Claude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen‐Schmutz, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie‐Agnès Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod, Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A. Navas‐Cortes, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe L. Reignault, Hans‐Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent, Jonathan Yuen and Lucia Zappalà.</p></fn><fn id="efs25512-note-1004"><p><bold>Acknowledgements:</bold> The Panel thanks the following for the support provided to this scientific output: Ciro Gardi, Alpha Unit, EFSA.</p></fn><fn id="efs25512-note-1005"><p>Adopted: 22 November 2018</p></fn><fn id="efs25512-note-1006"><p>Reproduction of the images listed below is prohibited and permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder:</p><p>Figure 2: © European Union; Figure 3: © Jason Hollinger</p></fn></fn-group></notes></front><body id="efs25512-body-0001"><sec id="efs25512-sec-0002"><label>1</label><title>Introduction</title><sec id="efs25512-sec-0003"><label>1.1</label><title>Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor</title><sec id="efs25512-sec-0004"><label>1.1.1</label><title>Background</title><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25512-note-1007">1</xref> on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community establishes the present European Union plant health regime. The Directive lays down the phytosanitary provisions and the control checks to be carried out at the place of origin on plants and plant products destined for the Union or to be moved within the Union. In the Directive's 2000/29/EC annexes, the list of harmful organisms (pests) whose introduction into or spread within the Union is prohibited, is detailed together with specific requirements for import or internal movement.</p><p>Following the evaluation of the plant health regime, the new basic plant health law, Regulation (EU) 2016/2031<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25512-note-1008">2</xref> on protective measures against pests of plants, was adopted on 26 October 2016 and will apply from 14 December 2019 onwards, repealing Directive 2000/29/EC. In line with the principles of the above mentioned legislation and the follow‐up work of the secondary legislation for the listing of EU regulated pests, EFSA is requested to provide pest categorizations of the harmful organisms included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC, in the cases where recent pest risk assessment/pest categorisation is not available.</p></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0005"><label>1.1.2</label><title>Terms of Reference</title><p>EFSA is requested, pursuant to Article 22(5.b) and Article 29(1) of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25512-note-2003">3</xref>, to provide scientific opinion in the field of plant health.</p><p>EFSA is requested to prepare and deliver a pest categorisation (step 1 analysis) for each of the regulated pests included in the appendices of the annex to this mandate. The methodology and template of pest categorisation have already been developed in past mandates for the organisms listed in Annex II Part A Section II of Directive 2000/29/EC. The same methodology and outcome is expected for this work as well.</p><p>The list of the harmful organisms included in the annex to this mandate comprises 133 harmful organisms or groups. A pest categorisation is expected for these 133 pests or groups and the delivery of the work would be stepwise at regular intervals through the year as detailed below. First priority covers the harmful organisms included in Appendix 1, comprising pests from Annex II Part A Section I and Annex II Part B of Directive 2000/29/EC. The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 1 is June 2018. The second priority is the pests included in Appendix 2, comprising the group of <italic>Cicadellidae</italic> (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), the group of <italic>Tephritidae</italic> (non‐EU), the group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms, the group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L. and the group of <italic>Margarodes</italic> (non‐EU species). The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 2 is end 2019. The pests included in Appendix 3 cover pests of Annex I part A section I and all pests categorisations should be delivered by end 2020.</p><p>For the above mentioned groups, each covering a large number of pests, the pest categorisation will be performed for the group and not the individual harmful organisms listed under “such as” notation in the Annexes of the Directive 2000/29/EC. The criteria to be taken particularly under consideration for these cases, is the analysis of host pest combination, investigation of pathways, the damages occurring and the relevant impact.</p><p>Finally, as indicated in the text above, all references to ‘non‐European’ should be avoided and replaced by ‘non‐EU’ and refer to all territories with exception of the Union territories as defined in Article 1 point 3 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031.</p><sec id="efs25512-sec-0006"><label>1.1.2.1</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 1</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-1" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aleurocanthus</italic> spp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Numonia pyrivorella</italic> (Matsumura)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus bisignifer</italic> (Schenkling)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Oligonychus perditus</italic> Pritchard and Baker</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus signatus</italic> (Say)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pissodes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic> Inouye</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips aurantii</italic> Faure</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carposina niponensis</italic> Walsingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips</italic> citri (Moultex)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia packardi</italic> (Zeller)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scolytidae</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia prunivora</italic> Walsh</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scrobipalpopsis solanivora</italic> Povolny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Grapholita inopinata</italic> Heinrich</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tachypterellus quadrigibbus</italic> Say</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hishomonus phycitis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> Kirk.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leucaspis japonica</italic> Ckll.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Unaspis citri</italic> Comstock</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Listronotus bonariensis</italic> (Kuschel)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus variegated chlorosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xanthomonas campestris</italic> pv. <italic>oryzae</italic> (Ishiyama) Dye and pv. <italic>oryzicola</italic> (Fang. et al.) Dye</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Erwinia stewartii</italic> (Smith) Dye</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Alternaria alternata</italic> (Fr.) Keissler (non‐EU pathogenic isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Elsinoe</italic> spp. Bitanc. and Jenk. Mendes</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anisogramma anomala</italic> (Peck) E. Müller</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp<italic>. albedinis</italic> (Kilian and Maire) Gordon</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Apiosporina morbosa</italic> (Schwein.) v. Arx</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia piricola</italic> (Nosa) Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis virescens</italic> (Davidson) Moreau</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Puccinia pittieriana</italic> Hennings</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercoseptoria pini‐densiflorae</italic> (Hori and Nambu) Deighton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stegophora ulmea</italic> (Schweinitz: Fries) Sydow & Sydow</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercospora angolensis</italic> Carv. and Mendes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Venturia nashicola</italic> Tanaka and Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(d) Virus and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet curly top virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Little cherry pathogen (non‐ EU isolates)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black raspberry latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naturally spreading psorosis</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blight and blight‐like</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palm lethal yellowing mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cadang‐Cadang viroid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Satsuma dwarf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus tristeza virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tatter leaf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leprosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Witches’ broom (MLO)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIB</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insect mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus grandis</italic> (Boh.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips cembrae</italic> Heer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cephalcia lariciphila</italic> (Klug)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips duplicatus</italic> Sahlberg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendroctonus micans</italic> Kugelan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips sexdentatus</italic> Börner</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gilphinia hercyniae</italic> (Hartig)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips typographus</italic> Heer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gonipterus scutellatus</italic> Gyll.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sternochetus mangiferae</italic> Fabricius</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips amitinus</italic> Eichhof</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens</italic> (Hedges) Collins and Jones</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Glomerella gossypii</italic> Edgerton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hypoxylon mammatum</italic> (Wahl.) J. Miller</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gremmeniella abietina</italic> (Lag.) Morelet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0007"><label>1.1.2.2</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 2</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested per group. The list below follows the categorisation included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-2" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of Cicadellidae (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Carneocephala fulgida</italic> Nottingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Graphocephala atropunctata</italic> (Signoret)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Draeculacephala minerva</italic> Ball</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of Tephritidae (non‐EU) such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Anastrepha fraterculus</italic> (Wiedemann)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) <italic>Pardalaspis cyanescens</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Anastrepha ludens</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13) <italic>Pardalaspis quinaria</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Anastrepha obliqua</italic> Macquart</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14) <italic>Pterandrus rosa</italic> (Karsch)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) <italic>Anastrepha suspensa</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15) <italic>Rhacochlaena japonica</italic> Ito</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) <italic>Dacus ciliatus</italic> Loew</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16) <italic>Rhagoletis completa</italic> Cresson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) <italic>Dacus curcurbitae</italic> Coquillet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17) <italic>Rhagoletis fausta</italic> (Osten‐Sacken)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) <italic>Dacus dorsalis</italic> Hendel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18) <italic>Rhagoletis indifferens</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) <italic>Dacus tryoni</italic> (Froggatt)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19) <italic>Rhagoletis mendax</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) <italic>Dacus tsuneonis</italic> Miyake</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20) <italic>Rhagoletis pomonella</italic> Walsh</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) <italic>Dacus zonatus</italic> Saund.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21) <italic>Rhagoletis suavis</italic> (Loew)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) <italic>Epochra canadensis</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Andean potato latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Potato black ringspot virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Andean potato mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Potato virus T</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Arracacha virus B, oca strain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) non‐EU isolates of potato viruses A, M, S, V, X and Y (including Yo, Yn and Yc) and Potato leafroll virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L., such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Blueberry leaf mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) Peach yellows mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Cherry rasp leaf virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) Plum line pattern virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Peach mosaic virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) Raspberry leaf curl virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Peach phony rickettsia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) Strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Peach rosette mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) Non‐EU viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) Peach rosette mycoplasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) Peach X‐disease mycoplasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><italic><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group of <italic>Margarodes</italic> (non‐EU species) such as:</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Margarodes vitis</italic> (Phillipi)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Margarodes prieskaensis</italic> Jakubski</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Margarodes vredendalensis</italic> de Klerk</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0008"><label>1.1.2.3</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 3</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-3" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acleris</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Longidorus diadecturus</italic> Eveleigh and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Amauromyza maculosa</italic> (Malloch)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Monochamus</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anomala orientalis</italic> Waterhouse</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myndus crudus</italic> Van Duzee</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arrhenodes minutus</italic> Drury</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nacobbus aberrans</italic> (Thorne) Thorne and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Choristoneura</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Naupactus leucoloma</italic> Boheman</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Conotrachelus nenuphar</italic> (Herbst)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Premnotrypes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendrolimus sibiricus</italic> Tschetverikov</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus</italic> (Zimmermann)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica barberi</italic> Smith and Lawrence</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus pruinosus</italic> (Eichhoff)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi</italic> Barber</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scaphoideus luteolus</italic> (Van Duzee)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata</italic> Mannerheim</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera eridania</italic> (Cramer)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica virgifera zeae</italic> Krysan & Smith</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera frugiperda</italic> (Smith)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diaphorina citri</italic> Kuway</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera litura</italic> (Fabricus)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Heliothis zea</italic> (Boddie)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thrips palmi</italic> Karny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hirschmanniella</italic> spp., other than <italic>Hirschmanniella gracilis</italic> (de Man) Luc and Goodey</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema americanum</italic> Cobb <italic>sensu</italic> lato (non‐EU populations)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza sativae</italic> Blanchard</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> Lamberti and Bleve‐Zacheo</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis fagacearum</italic> (Bretz) Hunt</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella larici‐leptolepis</italic> Ito et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli</italic> Dietel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella populorum</italic> G. E. Thompson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phoma andina</italic> Turkensteen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Endocronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta solitaria</italic> Ell. and Ev.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia laricina</italic> (Saw.) Yamamoto and Ito</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Septoria lycopersici</italic> Speg. var. <italic>malagutii</italic> Ciccarone and Boerema</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thecaphora solani</italic> Barrus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Inonotus weirii</italic> (Murril) Kotlaba and Pouzar</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Trechispora brinkmannii</italic> (Bresad.) Rogers</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora farlowii</italic> (Arthur) Davis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tobacco ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pepper mild tigré virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tomato ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Squash leaf curl virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bean golden mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Euphorbia mosaic virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cowpea mild mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Florida tomato virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lettuce infectious yellows virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(d) Parasitic plants</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arceuthobium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAII</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Meloidogyne fallax</italic> Karssen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhizoecus hibisci</italic> Kawai and Takagi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Popillia japonica</italic> Newman</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Clavibacter michiganensis</italic> (Smith) Davis et al. ssp. <italic>sepedonicus</italic> (Spieckermann and Kotthoff) Davis et al.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ralstonia solanacearum</italic> (Smith) Yabuuchi et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora medusae</italic> Thümen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Synchytrium endobioticum</italic> (Schilbersky) Percival</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex I B</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</italic> Say</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza bryoniae</italic> (Kaltenbach)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet necrotic yellow vein virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0009"><label>1.2</label><title>Interpretation of the Terms of Reference</title><p><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) is one of a number of pests listed in the Appendices to the Terms of Reference (ToR) to be subject to pest categorisation to determine whether it fulfils the criteria of a quarantine pest or those of a regulated non‐quarantine pest (RNQP) for the area of the EU.</p><p>The term ‘non‐EU’ is interpreted to refer to those <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. native outside of the EU and, if introduced in the EU, with restricted distribution and under official control. Therefore, the European native <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species <italic>Gymnosporangium amelanchieris</italic>,<italic> Gymnosporangium clavariiforme</italic>,<italic> Gymnosporangium confusum</italic>,<italic> Gymnosporangium cornutum</italic>,<italic> Gymnosporangium fuscum</italic>,<italic> Gymnosporangium fusisporum, Gymnosporangium minus, Gymnosporangium orientale, Gymnosporangium sabinae, Gymnosporangium torminali‐juniperum</italic> and <italic>Gymnosporangium tremelloides</italic> (Helfer, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>; Lāce, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0053" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>; Fernández, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>), although in some cases reported from outside the EU (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>), are not considered non‐EU and are not part of this pest categorisation. Likewise, <italic>Gymnosporangium atlanticum</italic>, which has been reported from Morocco, Spain and China (Fernández et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>; Fernández, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>), is not considered to be non‐EU (as Spain is likely part of the native range of that species) and is not part of this pest categorisation.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0010"><label>2</label><title>Data and methodologies</title><sec id="efs25512-sec-0011"><label>2.1</label><title>Data</title><sec id="efs25512-sec-0012"><label>2.1.1</label><title>Literature search</title><p>A literature search on <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. was conducted at the beginning of the categorisation in the ISI Web of Science bibliographic database, using the scientific name of the pest as search term. Relevant papers were reviewed and further references and information were obtained from experts, as well as from citations within the references and grey literature.</p></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0013"><label>2.1.2</label><title>Database search</title><p>Pest information, on host(s) and distribution, was retrieved from the European and Mediterranean Plan Protection Organization (EPPO) Global Database (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>) and relevant publications.</p><p>Data about the import of commodity types that could potentially provide a pathway for the pest to enter the EU and about the area of hosts grown in the EU were obtained from EUROSTAT (Statistical Office of the European Communities).</p><p>The Europhyt database was consulted for pest‐specific notifications on interceptions and outbreaks. Europhyt is a web‐based network run by the Directorate General for Health and Food Safety (DG SANTÉ) of the European Commission, and is a subproject of PHYSAN (Phyto‐Sanitary Controls) specifically concerned with plant health information. The Europhyt database manages notifications of interceptions of plants or plant products that do not comply with EU legislation, as well as notifications of plant pests detected in the territory of the Member States (MS) and the phytosanitary measures taken to eradicate or avoid their spread.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0014"><label>2.2</label><title>Methodologies</title><p>The Panel performed the pest categorisation for <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) following guiding principles and steps presented in the EFSA guidance on quantitative pest risk assessment (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0020" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>) and as defined in the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No 11 (FAO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0034" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>) and No 21 (FAO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0033" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>).</p><p>This work was started following an evaluation of the EU plant health regime. Therefore, to facilitate the decision‐making process, in the conclusions of the pest categorisation, the Panel addresses explicitly each criterion for a Union quarantine pest and for a Union RNQP in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants, and includes additional information required in accordance with the specific terms of reference received by the European Commission. In addition, for each conclusion, the Panel provides a short description of its associated uncertainty.</p><p>Table <xref rid="efs25512-tbl-0001" ref-type="table">1</xref> presents the Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 pest categorisation criteria on which the Panel bases its conclusions. All relevant criteria have to be met for the pest to potentially qualify either as a quarantine pest or as a RNQP. If one of the criteria is not met, the pest will not qualify. A pest that does not qualify as a quarantine pest may still qualify as a RNQP that needs to be addressed in the opinion. For the pests regulated in the protected zones only, the scope of the categorisation is the territory of the protected zone; thus, the criteria refer to the protected zone instead of the EU territory.</p><p>It should be noted that the Panel's conclusions are formulated respecting its remit and particularly with regard to the principle of separation between risk assessment and risk management (EFSA founding regulation (EU) No 178/2002); therefore, instead of determining whether the pest is likely to have an unacceptable impact, the Panel will present a summary of the observed pest impacts. Economic impacts are expressed in terms of yield and quality losses and not in monetary terms, whereas addressing social impacts is outside the remit of the Panel.</p><table-wrap id="efs25512-tbl-0001" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Pest categorisation criteria under evaluation, as defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding protected zone quarantine pest (articles 32–35)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Identity of the pest (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0016" ref-type="sec">3.1</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0023" ref-type="sec">3.2</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest present in the EU territory?</p><p>If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU? Describe the pest distribution briefly!</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a protected zone quarantine organism</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a RNQP. (A RNQP must be present in the risk assessment area)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">If the pest is present in the EU but not widely distributed in the risk assessment area, it should be under official control or expected to be under official control in the near future.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The protected zone system aligns with the pest free area system under the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC).</p><p>The pest satisfies the IPPC definition of a quarantine pest that is not present in the risk assessment area (i.e. protected zone)</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest regulated as a quarantine pest? If currently regulated as a quarantine pest, are there grounds to consider its status could be revoked?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0030" ref-type="sec">3.4</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the EU territory? If yes, briefly list the pathways!</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the protected zone areas?</p><p>Is entry by natural spread from EU areas where the pest is present possible?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is spread mainly via specific plants for planting, rather than via natural spread or via movement of plant products or other objects?</p><p>Clearly state if plants for planting is the main pathway!</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0040" ref-type="sec">3.5</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the protected zone areas?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Available measures (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0042" ref-type="sec">3.6</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the protected zone areas such that the risk becomes mitigated?</p><p>Is it possible to eradicate the pest in a restricted area within 24 months (or a period longer than 24 months where the biology of the organism so justifies) after the presence of the pest was confirmed in the protected zone?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conclusion of pest categorisation (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0050" ref-type="sec">4</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential quarantine pest were met and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as potential protected zone quarantine pest were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential RNQP were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap><p>The Panel will not indicate in its conclusions of the pest categorisation whether to continue the risk assessment process, but following the agreed two‐step approach, will continue only if requested by the risk managers. However, during the categorisation process, experts may identify key elements and knowledge gaps that could contribute significant uncertainty to a future assessment of risk. It would be useful to identify and highlight such gaps so that potential future requests can specifically target the major elements of uncertainty, perhaps suggesting specific scenarios to examine.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0015"><label>3</label><title>Pest categorisation</title><sec id="efs25512-sec-0016"><label>3.1</label><title>Identity and biology of the pest</title><sec id="efs25512-sec-0017"><label>3.1.1</label><title>Identity and taxonomy</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25512-blkfxd-0001" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the identity of the pest is established.</p></boxed-text></p><p><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. are fungi of the family Pucciniaceae.</p><p>Based on the results of a phylogenetic study, the split of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species from the genus <italic>Ravenelia</italic> occurred at the Eocene epoch of the Palaeogene period in the Cenozoic era, approximately 51.7–44.3 million years ago (Zhao et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0082" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>). Many different <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species are now recognised (Table <xref rid="efs25512-tbl-0002" ref-type="table">2</xref>). Index fungorum (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/names.asp">http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/names.asp</ext-link>) lists 66 accepted species (accessed September 2018).</p><p>Eighteen <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species are listed in the EPPO Global Database (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>; accessed September 2018). Considering the information provided by EPPO (<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>) (Table <xref rid="efs25512-tbl-0002" ref-type="table">2</xref>), at least 14 <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species are non‐EU. Five of these non‐EU species were recommended for regulation in the EPPO region: <italic>Gymnosporangium asiaticum</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">1997a</xref>), <italic>Gymnosporangium clavipes</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0024" ref-type="ref">1997b</xref>), <italic>Gymnosporangium globosum</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1997c</xref>), <italic>Gymnosporangium juniperi‐virginianae</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">1997d</xref>) and <italic>Gymnosporangium yamadae</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">1997e</xref>). Some other non‐EU <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species have been reported in North America (Aldwinckle, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>): <italic>Gymnosporangium kernianum</italic>,<italic> Gymnosporangium libocedri</italic> and <italic>Gymnosporangium nelsonii</italic>, (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>). For many more <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species that have been reported from outside the EU, there are no available reports from the EU (Table <xref rid="efs25512-tbl-0002" ref-type="table">2</xref>).</p><p>Two new species of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> have been described from South Korea: <italic>Gymnosporangium monticola</italic> and <italic>Gymnosporangium unicorne</italic> (Yun et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0079" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0029" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>). In addition, the following new species were described from China: <italic>Gymnosporangium huanglongense</italic> (Cao et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0012" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>) and <italic>Gymnosporangium przewalskii</italic> (Cao et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). <italic>Gymnosporangium corniforme</italic> and <italic>Gymnosporangium niitakayamense</italic> sp. nov. have been reported in Taiwan (Shen et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0065" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0019"><label>3.1.2</label><title>Biology of the pest</title><p><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. are biotrophic obligate plant pathogens. These rust fungi are heteroecious as they require plants of either <italic>Juniperus</italic> or <italic>Libocedrus</italic> as telial hosts and rosaceous plants of subfamily Pomoideae as aecial hosts to complete their life cycle (Kern, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0049" ref-type="ref">1973b</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>). The genus <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> had long been supposed to lack the uredinial stage; however that stage was later described for some species of the genus (e.g. <italic>Gymnosporangium gaeumannii</italic>,<italic> Gymnosporangium nootkatense</italic>) (Kern, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0047" ref-type="ref">1970</xref> and references therein).</p><p>As a general rule, telia are produced on twigs and branches of the telial host in the spring. In moist conditions, the telia germinate <italic>in situ</italic> and produce basidiospores which are dispersed and are able to infect leaves of nearby alternate host plants. After infection of the aecial host, spermagonia develop on the upper surface of leaves or occasionally on fruits; they are visible from late spring to early summer. The most favourable conditions for infection have been reported for some of the species. For instance for <italic>G. clavipes</italic>, an extended wetting period (over 48 h) with a mean temperature over 10°C between the tight cluster and late pink bud stages is deemed favourable for infections to occur (Aldwinckle, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0024" ref-type="ref">1997b</xref>). Later, aeciospores are produced inside tubular protective sheaths (peridia) on the underside of leaves. The wind‐borne aeciospores are released and dispersed over long distances. After germinating on the telial host, an overwintering latent mycelium is produced. The pathogen does not persist in the aecial host once the infected leaves or fruits have fallen.</p><p>Depending on the pathogen species, infections on the telial host may be either annual or known to be persistent for more than one year. In the former case the pathogen produces only one batch of teliospores, thus implying that fresh infections of the host are needed every year for the life cycle to be maintained (Peterson, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0061" ref-type="ref">1967</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">1997d</xref>). In the latter case, the pathogen may be able to release basidiospores over many years (Aldwinckle, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">1997a</xref>). Infections can be latent during winter (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">1997a</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0024" ref-type="ref">b</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">c</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">d</xref>–<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">e</xref>). In addition, infection may also have remained latent on the plants in the previous growing season (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">1997a</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0024" ref-type="ref">b</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">c</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">d</xref>–<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">e</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="efs25512-tbl-0002" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>List of currently recognised <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species compiled from Index Fungorum (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/names.asp">http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/names.asp</ext-link>), EPPO Global Database (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>), and other sources. ‘X’ in the EPPO Global Database column implies presence in that database. ‘–’ implies no information available</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Accepted species name in Index Fungorum</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EPPO GD</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Presence in the EU</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Origin and/or distribution according to EPPO GD</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Origin and/or distribution according to other sources</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium amelanchieris</italic> E. Fisch. ex F. Kern</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Europe, Asia, North Africa (Helfer, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>), Spain (Vila et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0074" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>), Turkey (Bahcecïoglu, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium asiaticum</italic> Miyabe ex G. Yamada<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25512-note-0007">a</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China, Japan, North and South Korea, Russia, USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium atlanticum</italic> Guyot & Malençon</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China, Morocco, Spain (Tarragona, Zarazoga and Huesca) (Fernández et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>; Fernández, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium aurantiacum</italic> Syd. & P. Syd.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium bermudianum</italic> Earle</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alabama (Stone, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0069" ref-type="ref">1909</xref>), Bermuda Islands and Mississippi, US (Underwood and Earle, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0071" ref-type="ref">1896</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium bethelii</italic> F. Kern</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alberta, Canada (Brandt, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0010" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>); Rocky Mountains, US (Peterson, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0061" ref-type="ref">1967</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium biseptatum</italic> Ellis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Hampshire (Baldwin, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">1961</xref>); Maine, US (Bessette et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium clavariiforme</italic> (Wulfen) DC.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25512-note-0008">b</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Europe, Middle East, Asia,</p><p>Canada, USA</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium clavipes</italic> Cooke & Peck</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canada, Guatemala, Mexico, USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium confusum</italic> Plowr.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Europe, Asia, USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Europe, Africa, Asia (Helfer, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>; Fernández, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium connersii</italic> Parmelee</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canada (Parmelee, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0059" ref-type="ref">1965</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium corniculans</italic> F. Kern</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canada (McDowall et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0057" ref-type="ref">1967</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium corniforme</italic> Sawada</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan (Shen et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0065" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium cornutum</italic> Arthur ex F. Kern</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Europe,</p><p>Asia (areas of Archangel to Kamchatka), western China, Japan</p><p>and North America</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Europe, Africa, Asia and North America (Helfer, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium cunninghamianum</italic> Barclay</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guatemala, Mexico, USA (Peterson, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0063" ref-type="ref">1982</xref>), Nepal (Balfour‐Browne, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">1968</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium cupressi</italic> Long & Goodd.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arizona and California, US (Long and Goodding, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0055" ref-type="ref">1940</xref>; Peterson, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0062" ref-type="ref">1968</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium davisii</italic> F. Kern</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maine and Wisconsin, US (Kern, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0044" ref-type="ref">1908</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium dobrozrakovae</italic> Mitrof.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Turkey (Dervis et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0016" ref-type="ref">2010</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium effusum</italic> F. Kern</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Washington, D.C., USA (Long, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0054" ref-type="ref">1945</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium ellisii</italic> (Berk.) Berk.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North America (Kreisel, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0052" ref-type="ref">1973</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium exiguum</italic> F. Kern</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Texas (Kern, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0044" ref-type="ref">1908</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium exterum</italic> Arthur & F. Kern</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kentucky, US (Arthur and Kern, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">1908</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium floriforme</italic> Thaxt.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alabama and Arkansas, US (Kern, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0044" ref-type="ref">1908</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium formosanum</italic> Hirats. f. & Hashioka</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan (Hiratsuka and Hashioka, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0043" ref-type="ref">1935</xref>), Japan (Hiratsuka, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0042" ref-type="ref">1937</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium fraternum</italic> F. Kern</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Jersey, US (Dodge, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">1915</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium fusisporum</italic> E. Fisch.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Africa, Moldova, Switzerland, Ukraine (Helfer, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>), China (Xu et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0078" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>) and France (Fernández, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium gaeumannii</italic> H. Zogg</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alberta, Canada (Parmelee, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0060" ref-type="ref">1969</xref>), China (Xu et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0078" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>), Switzerland (Zogg, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0083" ref-type="ref">1949</xref>), Austria, Bulgaria and France (Fernández, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium gjaerumii</italic> Korbonsk. & Azbukina</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tajikistan (Azbukina, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium globosum</italic> (Farl.) Farl.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canada, Mexico, USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium gracile</italic> Pat.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Northern Africa, Southern North America, Europe (Bulgaria, France, Greece, Italy, Spain) (Helfer, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium gracilens</italic> (Peck) F. Kern & Bethel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">New Mexico, US (Standley, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0068" ref-type="ref">1916</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium harknessianum</italic> F. Kern ex Arthur</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rocky Mountains, US (Peterson, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0061" ref-type="ref">1967</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium hemisphaericum</italic> Hara</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan (Hiratsuka, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0042" ref-type="ref">1937</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium huanglongense</italic> Y.M. Liang & B. Cao</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China (Cao et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0012" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium hyalinum</italic> (Cooke) F. Kern</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Florida and South Carolina (Kern and West, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0050" ref-type="ref">1947</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium inconspicuum</italic> F. Kern</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rocky Mountains, US (Peterson, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0061" ref-type="ref">1967</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium juniperi‐virginianae</italic> Schwein.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canada, USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium kernianum</italic> Bethel<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25512-note-0009">c</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium libocedri</italic> (Henn.) F. Kern</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25512-note-0010">d</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium meridissimum</italic> Crowell</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guatemala (Wagener, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0075" ref-type="ref">1948</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium mespili</italic> F. Kern<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25512-note-0009">c</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium minus</italic> Crowell</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Greece (Crowell, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0015" ref-type="ref">1940</xref>; Helfer, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium miyabei</italic> G. Yamada & I. Miyake</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan (Hiratsuka, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0042" ref-type="ref">1937</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium monticola</italic> H.Y. Yun</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Korea</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium multiporum</italic> F. Kern</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorado, US (Kern, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0045" ref-type="ref">1909</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium nelsonii</italic> Arthur</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25512-note-0010">d</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium nidus‐avis</italic> Thaxt.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nevada, US (Peterson, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0061" ref-type="ref">1967</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium niitakayamense</italic> Y. M. Shen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan (Shen et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0065" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium nootkatense</italic> (Trel.) Arthur</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alaska, US (Hennon, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0041" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium orientale</italic> P. Syd. & Syd.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Greece (Simtems and Bornmüller, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0066" ref-type="ref">1891</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium padmarense</italic> Balf.‐Browne</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nepal (Balfour‐Browne, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">1968</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium paraphysatum</italic> Vienn.‐Bourg.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vietnam (Viennot‐Bourgin, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0073" ref-type="ref">1960</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium przewalskii</italic> Y.M. Liang & B. Cao</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China (Cao et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium sabinae</italic> (Dicks.) G. Winter</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Europe, Asia and North Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium shiraianum</italic> Hara</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25512-note-0100">e</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japan (Hara, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0039" ref-type="ref">1919</xref>; cited in Hiratsuka, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0042" ref-type="ref">1937</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium sorbi</italic> (Arthur) F. Kern</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium speciosum</italic> Peck</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colorado (Bethel, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">1911</xref>), Nevada, US (Peterson, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0061" ref-type="ref">1967</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium taianum</italic> F. Kern</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China (Kern, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0046" ref-type="ref">1964</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium tianschanicum</italic> Z.Y. Zhao & J.Y. Zhuang</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China (Zhao and Zhuang, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0081" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium torminali‐juniperini</italic> E. Fisch.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25512-note-0012">f</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Europe (Austria, Britain, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland), North Africa (Helfer, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>; Fernández, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium trachysorum</italic> F. Kern</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alabama, North Carolina and Louisiana, US (Arthur, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0002" ref-type="ref">1910</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium tremelloides</italic> R. Hartig</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Europe, North‐west Africa, China and western North America</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium tsingchenense</italic> C.T. Wei</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium turkestanicum</italic> Tranzschel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China (Xu et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0078" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium unicorne</italic> H.Y. Yun</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Republic of Korea</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan (Shen et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0065" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium vauqueliniae</italic> Long & Goodd.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arizona, US (Goodding, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0038" ref-type="ref">1935</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium yamadae</italic> Miyabe ex G. Yamada</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">X</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China, Japan, North and South Korea, USA</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">In addition: Canada, Russian Far East and Taiwan (CABI, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot id="efs25512-ntgp-0002"><fn id="efs25512-note-0007"><label>a</label><p>EPPO (<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>) lists <italic>Gymnosporangium haraeanum</italic> separately, but Index Fungorum reports it as a synonym of <italic>G. asiaticum</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="efs25512-note-0008"><label>b</label><p>EPPO (<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>) lists <italic>Gymnosporangium juniperinum</italic> separately, but Index Fungorum reports it as a synonym of <italic>G. clavariiforme</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="efs25512-note-0009"><label>c</label><p>Reported as synonym of <italic>G. confusum</italic> in EPPO (<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>).</p></fn><fn id="efs25512-note-0010"><label>d</label><p>EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>.</p></fn><fn id="efs25512-note-0100"><label>e</label><p>Reported in EPPO (<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0030" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>) as formerly <italic>G. shiraianum</italic>.</p></fn><fn id="efs25512-note-0012"><label>f</label><p>Reported as <italic>Gymnosporangium torminalis‐juniperum</italic> by Fernández (<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0020"><label>3.1.3</label><title>Intraspecific diversity</title><p>For most of the non‐EU <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species there is little information on the degree of intraspecific diversity. Sakuma (<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0064" ref-type="ref">1992</xref>) described two races of <italic>G. asiaticum</italic>, differentiated by their behaviour on cultivars of <italic>Pyrus pyrifolia</italic>;<italic> Pyrus communis</italic> cv. ‘Bartlett’ gave a resistant reaction to both. A <italic>forma specialis</italic> of <italic>G. asiaticum</italic> (f. sp. <italic>crataegicola</italic>) was described in China on <italic>Crataegus</italic> (Wang et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0076" ref-type="ref">1993</xref>). However, it is not clear whether strict specificity to <italic>Crataegus</italic> has been confirmed (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">1997a</xref>). Low genetic diversity was detected based on microsatellite markers in populations of <italic>G. yamadae</italic> in China (Tao et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>). Races of <italic>G. juniperi‐virginianae</italic> that vary in virulence to various apple cultivars are known, but no comparable information is available regarding the reactions of juniper hosts (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0067" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0021"><label>3.1.4</label><title>Detection and identification of the pest</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25512-blkfxd-0002" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Are detection and identification methods available for the pest?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes,</bold> detection and identification methods are available for some (but not all) <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp.</p></boxed-text></p><p>A diagnostic standard for the detection and identification of non‐EU <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species <italic>G. asiaticum</italic>,<italic> G. clavipes</italic>,<italic> G. globosum</italic>,<italic> G. juniperi‐virginianae</italic> and <italic>G. yamadae,</italic> based on spore morphology and symptoms on telial and aecial hosts, is available (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>).</p><p>Descriptions of other non‐EU <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species useful for diagnostics purposes are also available (e.g. Cao et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0012" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>; Shen et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0065" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>). The non‐EU <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species can be confused with the European <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species <italic>G. fuscum</italic>,<italic> G. clavariiforme</italic>,<italic> G. confusum</italic>,<italic> G. cornutum</italic> and <italic>G. tremelloides</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>). This increases the uncertainty of the geographical distribution of the various <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species. However, identification keys for the <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species present in Europe are available (Fernández, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0036" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>).</p><p>Little information on molecular markers for diagnostic purposes of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. has been reported (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>; Fernández et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0037" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>; Tao et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0070" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>). However, a phylogenetic tree of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. using the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU) rRNA partial gene has been published (Cao et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0023"><label>3.2</label><title>Pest distribution</title><sec id="efs25512-sec-0024"><label>3.2.1</label><title>Pest distribution outside the EU</title><p><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) are present in North and Central America and Asia (Table <xref rid="efs25512-tbl-0002" ref-type="table">2</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>). The known distribution of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) outside the EU is shown in Figure <xref rid="efs25512-fig-0001" ref-type="fig">1</xref>.</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25512-fig-0001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Global distribution map for <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (based on Table <xref rid="efs25512-tbl-0002" ref-type="table">2</xref> and EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>)</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-1" xlink:href="EFS2-16-e05512-g001"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0025"><label>3.2.2</label><title>Pest distribution in the EU</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25512-blkfxd-0003" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest present in the EU territory? If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU?</italic></p><p><bold>No</bold>,<italic> Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) are not reported to be present in the EU.</p></boxed-text></p><p><italic>G. asiaticum</italic> is reported as absent in the Netherlands (confirmed by survey, 2018) and in France (intercepted only, 1992) (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>). <italic>G. clavipes, G. globosum, G. juniperi‐virginianae</italic> and <italic>G. yamadae</italic> are reported as absent in Slovenia (no pest record, 2017) and in the Netherlands (confirmed by survey, 2018) (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>). The UK (Plant Health Risk Register, accessed September 2018, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/phiw/riskRegister/">https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/phiw/riskRegister/</ext-link>) reports the absence of <italic>G. asiaticum, G. clavipes, G. globosum, G. juniperi‐virginianae, G. libocedri, G. monticola</italic> and <italic>G. tremelloides</italic>. With the exception of the Netherlands, there are no reports of absence confirmed by survey available to the Panel.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0027"><label>3.3</label><title>Regulatory status</title><sec id="efs25512-sec-0028"><label>3.3.1</label><title>Council Directive 2000/29/EC</title><p><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) are listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC. Details are presented in Tables <xref rid="efs25512-tbl-0003" ref-type="table">3</xref> and <xref rid="efs25512-tbl-0004" ref-type="table">4</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="efs25512-tbl-0003" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) in Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annex I, Part A</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Harmful organisms whose introduction into, and spread within, all Member States shall be banned</th></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Section I</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Harmful organisms not known to occur in any part of the community and relevant for the entire Community</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(c)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fungi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐European)</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0029"><label>3.3.2</label><title>Legislation addressing the hosts of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</title><table-wrap id="efs25512-tbl-0004" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Regulated hosts and commodities that may involve <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) in Annexes III, IV and V of Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex III, Part A</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>Plants, plant products and other objects the introduction of which shall be prohibited in all Member States</bold></td></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Description</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country of origin</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Abies</italic> Mill., <italic>Cedrus</italic> Trew, <italic>Chamaecyparis</italic> Spach, <italic>Juniperus</italic> L., <italic>Larix</italic> Mill., <italic>Picea</italic> A. Dietr., <italic>Pinus</italic> L., <italic>Pseudotsuga</italic> Carr. and <italic>Tsuga</italic> Carr., other than fruit and seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non‐European countries</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Chaenomeles</italic> Ldl., <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Crataegus</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., and <italic>Rosa</italic> L., intended for planting, other than dormant plants free from leaves, flowers and fruit</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Non‐European countries</td></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L. and <italic>Pyrus</italic> L. and their hybrids, […]., intended for planting, other than seeds</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Without prejudice to the prohibitions applicable to the plants listed in Annex III A (9), where appropriate, non‐European countries, other than Mediterranean countries, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the continental states of the USA</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex V</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>Plants, plant products and other objects which must be subject to a plant health inspection (at the place of production if originating in the Community, before being moved within the Community<italic>—</italic>in the country of origin or the consignor country, if originating outside the Community) before being permitted to enter the Community</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Part A</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects originating in the Community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Section I</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects which are potential carriers of harmful organisms of relevance for the entire Community and which must be accompanied by a plant passport</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1.</td><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Plants, intended for planting, other than seeds, of <italic>Amelanchier</italic> Med., <italic>Chaenomeles</italic> Lindl., <italic>Cotoneaster</italic> Ehrh., <italic>Crataegus</italic> L., <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Eriobotrya</italic> Lindl., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Mespilus</italic> L., <italic>Photinia davidiana</italic> (Dcne.) Cardot, <italic>Prunus</italic> L., other than <italic>Prunus laurocerasus</italic> L. and <italic>Prunus lusitanica</italic> L., <italic>Pyracantha</italic> Roem., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L. and <italic>Sorbus</italic> L.</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0030"><label>3.4</label><title>Entry, establishment and spread in the EU</title><sec id="efs25512-sec-0031"><label>3.4.1</label><title>Host range</title><p>The host range of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) includes genera in the family Cupressaceae (telial hosts) and rosaceous plants of the subfamily Pomoideae (aecial hosts) (Kern, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0048" ref-type="ref">1973a</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>).</p><p>The list of telial hosts of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) includes the following (Aldwinckle, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>; Yun et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0079" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>; Cao et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0012" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>): <italic>Juniperus</italic> spp., <italic>Juniperus chinensis</italic>,<italic> Juniperus communis</italic>,<italic> Juniperus occidentalis</italic>,<italic> Juniperus pachyphlea</italic>,<italic> Juniperus przewalskii</italic>,<italic> Juniperus rigida</italic>,<italic> Juniperus scopulorum</italic>,<italic> Juniperus utahensis, Juniperus virginiana</italic>. The telial host of <italic>G. libocedri</italic> is <italic>Libocedrus decurrens</italic>. <italic>Cupressus</italic> species are reported as hosts of <italic>Gymnosporangium cunninghamianum</italic>,<italic> Gymnosporangium cupressi</italic> and <italic>Gymnosporangium taianum</italic> (Peterson, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0062" ref-type="ref">1968</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0063" ref-type="ref">1982</xref>). Telial hosts of non‐EU <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. also include <italic>Chamaecyparis</italic> spp. and <italic>Callitropsis</italic> spp. (Novick, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0058" ref-type="ref">2008</xref>).</p><p>The list of aecial hosts rated as major hosts includes (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>): <italic>Crataegus</italic> spp., <italic>Cydonia oblonga, Malus domestica</italic> and <italic>Pyrus pyrifolia</italic>.</p><p>EPPO (<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>) lists as minor aecial hosts: <italic>Malus</italic> spp., <italic>Malus baccata</italic>,<italic> Malus halliana</italic>,<italic> Malus prunifolia</italic>,<italic> Malus pumila</italic> and <italic>Malus toringa</italic>.</p><p>Other incidental aecial hosts or known aecial hosts not rated for their susceptibility include (Aldwinckle, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>; Helfer, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0040" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>; Yun et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0079" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>; Xu et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0078" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>; Cao et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0012" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>; Shen et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0065" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>): <italic>Amelanchier</italic> spp., <italic>Aronia</italic> spp., <italic>Chaenomeles</italic> spp., <italic>Cotoneaster</italic> spp., <italic>Malus sylvestris</italic>,<italic> Mespilus</italic> spp., <italic>Photinia</italic> spp., <italic>Photinia niitakayamensis</italic>,<italic> Pyrus</italic> spp., <italic>Pyrus calleryana</italic>,<italic> P. communis</italic>,<italic> Pyrus ussuriensis</italic>,<italic> Sorbus</italic> spp., <italic>Sorbus alnifolia</italic> and <italic>Sorbus</italic> <italic>koehneana</italic>.</p><p><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) (i.e. <italic>G. asiaticum</italic>) have also been observed, and reported as interceptions, on <italic>Pseudocydonia</italic> spp. and <italic>Pyracantha</italic> spp. (see Section <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0032" ref-type="sec">3.4.2</xref>).</p><p>For some <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species (i.e. <italic>G. unicorne</italic>), the aecial stage was not observed in nature, however several rosaceous hosts (<italic>Crataegus pinnatifida</italic>,<italic> Chaenomeles speciosa</italic>,<italic> Pseudocydonia sinensis</italic>,<italic> Pyrus pyrifolia</italic> var. <italic>culta</italic>,<italic> P. ussuriensis</italic>) could produce the aecial stage after artificial inoculation with teliospores (Yun et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0079" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>). Likewise, <italic>Sorbus randaiensis</italic> was demonstrated to be an aecial host of <italic>G. corniforme</italic> based on molecular analyses and inoculation experiments (Shen et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0065" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>).</p><p>In Council Directive 2000/29/EC, the pest is not regulated on a particular host or commodity; its introduction into the EU is banned (Annex IAI).</p></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0032"><label>3.4.2</label><title>Entry</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25512-blkfxd-0004" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to enter into the EU territory? If yes, identify and list the pathways!</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>,<italic> Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) could enter the EU on host plants for planting and cut branches.</p></boxed-text></p><p>The main pathways of entry (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>) are:
<list list-type="bullet" id="efs25512-list-0001"><list-item><p>plants for planting (including artificially dwarfed plants)</p></list-item><list-item><p>and cut branches</p></list-item></list></p><p>of host species, including <italic>Chaenomeles</italic> spp., <italic>Crataegus</italic> spp., <italic>Cydonia oblonga</italic>,<italic> Juniperus</italic> spp., <italic>Malus</italic> spp., <italic>Pyrus</italic> spp., <italic>Sorbus</italic> spp. (for both plants for planting and cut branches) and <italic>Photinia</italic> spp. (plants for planting).</p><p>In international trade, telial hosts plants, and especially artificially dwarfed plants (see below), may carry the disease. <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. can be latent during winter (the probable importing period) and may not be detectable at pre‐export phytosanitary certification. Infection may also have remained latent on the plants in the previous growing season. It is unlikely that infection from the telial stage could be carried on packing materials, at least for some non‐EU <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">1997d</xref>).</p><p>Introduction of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) on commercial imports of aecial host plants is unlikely for the following reasons: infected leaves are not persistent in the dormant stage of host plants, and fruits are either not infected or it is very unlikely that infected fruits would be harvested or meet quality standards for export (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">1997a</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0024" ref-type="ref">b</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">c</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">d</xref>–<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">e</xref>).</p><p>The <italic>Juniperus</italic> plant pathway is regulated by EU legislation banning the import from non‐European countries (see Section <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0029" ref-type="sec">3.3.2</xref>; Matthews‐Berry, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0056" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>). There is also a ban on importing plants of <italic>Chaenomeles</italic>,<italic> Crataegus</italic>,<italic> Malus</italic> and <italic>Pyrus</italic>, but dormant plants without leaves of these genera are not banned (see Section <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0029" ref-type="sec">3.3.2</xref>).</p><p>Based on Matthews‐Berry (<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0056" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>), there were five interceptions at two UK nurseries in 2008 on Junipers brought in from Japan under the derogation for the import of naturally and artificially dwarfed plants. These plants all originated from the same nursery in Japan and these interceptions resulted in the destruction of all plants which had been imported into the UK from that nursery. <italic>G. asiaticum</italic> has been intercepted in the UK in 1974 and 1982 on dwarf bonsai juniper (<italic>J. chinensis</italic>) trees from Japan. There has also been an interception in France in 1988 and again on <italic>J. chinensis</italic> bonsai plants (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">1974</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">1988</xref>).</p><p>Between January 2005 and August 2018, there were the following records of interception of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) in the Europhyt database: one record of <italic>G. asiaticum</italic> on <italic>J. chinensis</italic> bonsai from Japan in 2008, four records and one record of <italic>G. asiaticum</italic> on <italic>J. chinensis</italic> and <italic>J. rigida</italic> bonsai, respectively, from Japan in 2009, three records of <italic>G. asiaticum</italic> on <italic>J. chinensis, Pseudocydonia</italic> sp. and <italic>Pyracantha</italic> sp. bonsai from the Republic of Korea in 2011, four records of <italic>G. asiaticum</italic> on <italic>J. chinensis</italic> bonsai from Japan in 2015 and one record of <italic>G. asiaticum</italic> on <italic>Juniperus</italic> sp. bonsai from Japan in 2016.</p></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0034"><label>3.4.3</label><title>Establishment</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25512-blkfxd-0005" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to become established in the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the pest could establish in the EU, as hosts are present and favourable climatic conditions are common.</p></boxed-text></p><sec id="efs25512-sec-0036"><label>3.4.3.1</label><title>EU distribution of main host plants</title><p>The main telial and aecial host species of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) (see Section <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0031" ref-type="sec">3.4.1</xref>) are common as native and/or cultivated plants, including ornamentals, in the EU. The most common telial native species <italic>J. communis</italic> is widespread throughout the EU, with the exception of the most south‐western and southern areas (Figure <xref rid="efs25512-fig-0002" ref-type="fig">2</xref>).</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25512-fig-0002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Distribution map of <italic>Juniperus communis</italic>, from Caudullo et al. (<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-3" xlink:href="EFS2-16-e05512-g002"></graphic></fig><p>Apples, which are major aecial hosts of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU), are widely grown in the EU (Table <xref rid="efs25512-tbl-0005" ref-type="table">5</xref>), as previously reported (EFSA PLH Panel et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="efs25512-tbl-0005" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Area cultivated with apples in the EU between 2013 and 2017 (in 1,000 ha). Source: Eurostat (code: tag00120), data extracted in September 2018</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU Member States<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25512-note-0013">a</xref></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2013</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2014</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EU28</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">538</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">524</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">538</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">524</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">524</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poland</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">162</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">163</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">165</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">163</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Romania</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Italy</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">France</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hungary</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Germany</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">United Kingdom</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Portugal</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Greece</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lithuania</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot id="efs25512-ntgp-0003"><fn id="efs25512-note-0013"><label>a</label><p>Only Member States growing more than 10,000 ha are reported.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap><p>Apples are also grown, but to a lesser extent, in the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Croatia, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Latvia, Slovenia, Denmark, Sweden, Estonia, Cyprus, Ireland, Finland and Luxembourg (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p><p>Over the period 2006–2010, the average area of production of <italic>Cydonia oblonga</italic> in the EU28 was about 3,700 ha (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>).</p><p>Starting from the 1990s, the cultivation of Asian pears has been promoted for commercial production and for ornamental purposes in the EU, as reported by EFSA PLH Panel (<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>). There are, however, no data concerning the abundance and distribution of these host plants in the risk assessment area, although enterprises producing plants for planting and fresh fruit of Asian pears are currently present in the EU (EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0037"><label>3.4.3.2</label><title>Climatic conditions affecting establishment</title><p>The distribution of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) in their native range covers a wide variety of climates, including those found throughout the EU regions with presence of hosts. Climate is thus assumed not to be a limiting factor for the establishment in the EU.</p><p>For the UK, Matthews‐Berry (<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0056" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>) scored the risk of establishment of <italic>G. asiaticum</italic> as moderately likely outdoors and likely under protection.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0038"><label>3.4.4</label><title>Spread</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25512-blkfxd-0006" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to spread within the EU territory following establishment? How?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes,</bold> by movement of host plants for planting and cut branches, as well as dispersal of spores.</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Is spread mainly via specific plants for planting, rather than via natural spread or via movement of plant products or other objects?</italic></p><p><bold>No</bold>, spread is not mainly via plants for planting, as it can also occur by movement of cut branches and by natural dispersal of spores.</p></boxed-text></p><p>Under natural conditions, spread of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) occurs by means of basidiospores to rosaceous hosts, and by wind‐borne aeciospores to the telial hosts. For <italic>G. asiaticum</italic>, it has been reported that aecial hosts within 100 m from telial hosts are at high risk of infection, and up to 1,000 m in windy situations (Unemoto et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0072" ref-type="ref">1989</xref>).</p><p>Over long distances, telial hosts plants, and especially artificially dwarfed plants (see Section <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0032" ref-type="sec">3.4.2</xref>), may carry the disease. As pointed out in the Entry (Section <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0032" ref-type="sec">3.4.2</xref>), <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. can be latent during winter (the most probable importing period) and may not be detectable at pre‐export phytosanitary certification. Infection may also have remained latent on the plants in the previous growing season.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0040"><label>3.5</label><title>Impacts</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25512-blkfxd-0007" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the introduction of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) would have economic impacts in orchards, ornamentals and nurseries.</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?</italic><xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25512-note-1009">4</xref></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the presence of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) would have an economic impact on their intended use.</p></boxed-text></p><p><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) are responsible, on telial hosts and depending on the pathogen species, for the production of telia on leaves and green stems, of galls on stems, twigs and branches, and of fusiform swellings on stems (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">1997a</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0024" ref-type="ref">b</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">c</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">d</xref>–<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">e</xref>). On aecial hosts, these pathogens develop spermagonia and aecia on leaves. Small yellow‐orange lesions may appear on the upper surface of the leaves and petioles. Foliar infections on aecial hosts may lead to severe defoliations (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">1997a</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0024" ref-type="ref">b</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">c</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">d</xref>–<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">e</xref>).</p><p><italic>G. juniperi‐virginianae</italic> is responsible for a serious disease on apples in North America, and has been reported as the most important of the North American <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (Aldwinckle, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>). The disease is one of the few to have triggered legislation for the purpose of disease suppression (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0067" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>). The disease has the potential to cause severe crop reduction through fruit infections and premature defoliation of trees (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0067" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>). It also causes problems on <italic>Juniperus virginiana</italic>, which is an important timber and amenity tree in North America (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">1997d</xref>) (Figure <xref rid="efs25512-fig-0003" ref-type="fig">3</xref>).</p><p><italic>G. asiaticum</italic> is reported to be a serious pathogen of <italic>Pyrus pyrifolia</italic> and one of the most important pests of urban ornamentals (<italic>J. chinensis</italic>) in China (Zhang, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0080" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>). In Japan, this pathogen is reported as causing one of the most important diseases affecting Japanese pear cultivation, with frequent outbreaks in some areas of Japan since 2008 due to the emergence of fungicide resistance (Kikuhara et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0051" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>). However, it has been reported that there is no indication that <italic>G. asiaticum</italic> has any practical importance in North America, nor that it causes significant disease of any rosaceous host other than <italic>P. pyrifolia</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">1997a</xref>; Matthews‐Berry, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0056" ref-type="ref">2014</xref>).</p><p><italic>G. globosum</italic> can lead to severe damage on <italic>Crataegus</italic> seedlings in nurseries. Nevertheless, Aldwinckle (<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>) rates it as a minor pathogen of fruit crops, compared with <italic>G. clavipes</italic> and <italic>G. juniperi‐virginianae</italic>. In a study of field susceptibility of apple cultivars to three <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (Warner, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0077" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>), <italic>G. globosum</italic> caused only minor leaf symptoms and was much less severe than <italic>G. juniperi‐virginianae</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">1997d</xref>). Nevertheless, <italic>G. globosum</italic> has been reported to be able to cause problems on <italic>Juniperus virginiana</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1997c</xref>).</p><p>On susceptible apple cultivars, <italic>G. yamadae</italic> has been reported to cause very severe defoliations (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">1997e</xref>).</p><p>Little information is available about the impact of other non‐EU <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp., with the exception of <italic>G. libocedri</italic>, which may cause premature drop of fruits, a disease occasionally reported as serious on pears in the western USA (Sinclair and Lyon, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0067" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>).</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25512-fig-0003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p><italic>Gymnosporangium juniperi‐virginianae</italic>, Smoky Mountains, North Carolina, <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">US</styled-content>. Photo by Jason Hollinger. Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/</ext-link> File:Gymnosporangium_juniperi‐virginianae_‐_Flickr_‐_pellaea.jpg</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-5" xlink:href="EFS2-16-e05512-g003"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0042"><label>3.6</label><title>Availability and limits of mitigation measures</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25512-blkfxd-0008" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, see Sections <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref> and <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0044" ref-type="sec">3.6.1</xref>.</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Are there measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, production of host plants for planting in pest free areas and observation of the consignments in quarantine over the growing season are available measures to prevent pest presence on plants for planting (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">1997d</xref>). However, EPPO (<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">1997d</xref>) recommends an import ban of this commodity. See Section <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0047" ref-type="sec">3.6.1.3</xref> for latent infection as a limiting factor for these mitigation measures.</p></boxed-text></p><sec id="efs25512-sec-0044"><label>3.6.1</label><title>Identification of additional measures</title><p>Phytosanitary measures (import ban) are currently applied to <italic>Juniperus</italic> plants (see Section <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0029" ref-type="sec">3.3.2</xref>). However, there are various other hosts on which non‐EU <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. may be introduced into the EU (see Section <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0031" ref-type="sec">3.4.1</xref>).</p><sec id="efs25512-sec-0045"><label>3.6.1.1</label><title>Additional control measures</title><p>Potential additional control measures are listed in Table <xref rid="efs25512-tbl-0006" ref-type="table">6</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="efs25512-tbl-0006" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Selected control measures (a full list is available in EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0020" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>) for pest entry/establishment/spread/impact in relation to currently unregulated hosts and pathways. Control measures are measures that have a direct effect on pest abundance</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Information sheet title (with hyperlink to information sheet if available)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control measure summary</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk component (entry/establishment/spread/impact)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chemical treatments on crops including reproductive material</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Successful control may be possible with routine fungicide applications (e.g. dithiocarbamates, sterol‐inhibiting fungicides) (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">1997a</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0024" ref-type="ref">b</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">c</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">d</xref>–<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">e</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Establishment/Spread</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Use of resistant and tolerant plant species/varieties</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Varietal differences in susceptibility are known for non‐EU <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (Warner, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0077" ref-type="ref">1990</xref>), and resistant cultivars exist (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">1997a</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0024" ref-type="ref">b</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">c</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">d</xref>–<xref rid="efs25512-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">e</xref>).</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Establishment/Spread</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181436">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181436</ext-link></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Suppression of the alternate host within a certain radius of orchards is recommended, but may be difficult as alternate hosts may be present in private gardens (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">1997a</xref>; CABI, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>).</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spread/Impact</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181717">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181717</ext-link></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">It is not recommended to plant telial hosts close to aecial hosts orchards, for the sake of either host (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1997c</xref>).</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Impact</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0046"><label>3.6.1.2</label><title>Additional supporting measures</title><p>Potential additional supporting measures are listed in Table <xref rid="efs25512-tbl-0007" ref-type="table">7</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="efs25512-tbl-0007" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 7</label><caption><p>Selected supporting measures (a full list is available in EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0020" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>) in relation to currently unregulated hosts and pathways. Supporting measures are organisational measures or procedures supporting the choice of appropriate risk reduction options that do not directly affect pest abundance</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Information sheet title (with hyperlink to information sheet if available)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supporting measure summary</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk component (entry/establishment/spread/impact)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181430">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181430</ext-link></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Consignments from infested areas should be kept in quarantine over the growing season and found free from <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">1997d</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Entry</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0047"><label>3.6.1.3</label><title>Biological or technical factors limiting the feasibility of measures to prevent the entry, establishment and spread of the pest</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25512-list-0002"><list-item><p>Based on symptoms, <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) may be confused with native European <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Latent infections of telial hosts, with infections that may also have remained latent on the plants in the previous growing season, may hamper a prompt detection of the pest.</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0048"><label>3.6.1.4</label><title>Biological or technical factors limiting the ability to prevent the presence of the pest on plants for planting</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25512-list-0003"><list-item><p>Latent infections of telial hosts may hamper a prompt detection of the pest on infected plants for planting.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The emergence of resistance for fungicides previously able to control Japanese pear rust has been reported for <italic>G. asiaticum</italic> in Japan (Kikuhara et al., <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0051" ref-type="ref">2019</xref>).</p></list-item></list></p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0049"><label>3.7</label><title>Uncertainty</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25512-list-0004"><list-item><p>The area of origin and geographic distribution of most (non‐EU and EU) <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. is uncertain.</p></list-item><list-item><p>For most non‐EU <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp., there is limited information on their biology.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Based on symptoms, <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) may be confused with native European <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2006</xref>).</p></list-item><list-item><p>There is little information of the impact of several non‐EU <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp.</p></list-item></list></p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0050"><label>4</label><title>Conclusions</title><p><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species (non‐EU) meet the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as potential quarantine pests (Table <xref rid="efs25512-tbl-0008" ref-type="table">8</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="efs25512-tbl-0008" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 8</label><caption><p>The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Key uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Identity of the pest (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0016" ref-type="sec">3.1</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) as a group of species is clear</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) as a group of species is clear</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0023" ref-type="sec">3.2</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The non‐EU <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. are not reported to be present in the EU</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The non‐EU <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. are not reported to be present in the EU</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The area of origin and geographic distribution of most non‐EU <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. is uncertain</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Regulatory status (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) are regulated by Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI) as harmful organisms whose introduction into, and spread within, all Member States shall be banned</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) are regulated by Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IAI) as harmful organisms whose introduction into, and spread within, all Member States shall be banned</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0030" ref-type="sec">3.4</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Entry: the pest could enter the EU via host plants for planting and cut branches.</p><p>Establishment: hosts are common and climatic conditions are favourable in the risk assessment area.</p><p>Spread: the pest could spread following establishment by movement of host plants for planting and cut branches, as well as natural spread</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants for planting are not the main pathway of spread, given the potential contribution of cut branches and natural spread</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The area of origin and geographic distribution of most non‐EU <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. is uncertain</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0040" ref-type="sec">3.5</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The introduction of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) would have economic and environmental impacts in orchards, ornamental trees and nurseries</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The introduction of the pest could have an impact on the intended use of plants for planting</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">There is little information of the impact of several non‐EU <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Available measures (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0042" ref-type="sec">3.6</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Import prohibition of host plants, locating nurseries far away from infected stands, and selecting resistant host varieties are available measures</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Production of plants for planting in pest free areas can prevent pest presence on plants for planting</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Conclusion on pest categorisation (Section</bold> <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0050" ref-type="sec">4</xref><bold>)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The criteria assessed by the Panel for consideration of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU) as potential quarantine pests are met</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The criterion on the pest presence in the EU is not met</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Aspects of assessment to focus on/scenarios to address in future if appropriate</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">The main knowledge gap is the limited available information on the biology, distribution range and impact of several non‐EU <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0051"><title>Glossary</title><p><def-list list-type="simple"><def-item><term>Containment (of a pest)</term><def><p>Application of phytosanitary measures in and around an infested area to prevent spread of a pest (FAO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0032" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Control (of a pest)</term><def><p>Suppression, containment or eradication of a pest population (FAO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0032" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Entry (of a pest)</term><def><p>Movement of a pest into an area where it is not yet present, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled (FAO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Eradication (of a pest)</term><def><p>Application of phytosanitary measures to eliminate a pest from an area (FAO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Establishment (of a pest)</term><def><p>Perpetuation, for the foreseeable future, of a pest within an area after entry (FAO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Impact (of a pest)</term><def><p>The impact of the pest on the crop output and quality and on the environment in the occupied spatial units</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Introduction (of a pest)</term><def><p>The entry of a pest resulting in its establishment (FAO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Measures</term><def><p>Control (of a pest) is defined in ISPM 5 (FAO <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>) as “Suppression, containment or eradication of a pest population” (FAO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0032" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>).
Control measures are measures that have a direct effect on pest abundance.
Supporting measures are organisational measures or procedures supporting the choice of appropriate Risk Reduction Options that do not directly affect pest abundance.</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Pathway</term><def><p>Any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest (FAO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Phytosanitary measures</term><def><p>Any legislation, regulation or official procedure having the purpose to prevent the introduction or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic impact of regulated non‐quarantine pests (FAO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Protected zones (PZ)</term><def><p>A Protected zone is an area recognised at EU level to be free from a harmful organism, which is established in one or more other parts of the Union.</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Quarantine pest</term><def><p>A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled (FAO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Regulated non‐quarantine pest</term><def><p>A non‐quarantine pest whose presence in plants for planting affects the intended use of those plants with an economically unacceptable impact and which is therefore regulated within the territory of the importing contracting party (FAO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Risk reduction option (RRO)</term><def><p>A measure acting on pest introduction and/or pest spread and/or the magnitude of the biological impact of the pest should the pest be present. A RRO may become a phytosanitary measure, action or procedure according to the decision of the risk manager</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Spread (of a pest)</term><def><p>Expansion of the geographical distribution of a pest within an area (FAO, <xref rid="efs25512-bib-0035" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item></def-list></p></sec><sec id="efs25512-sec-0052"><title>Abbreviations</title><p><def-list list-type="simple"><def-item><term>DG SANTÉ</term><def><p>Directorate General for Health and Food Safety</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>EPPO</term><def><p>European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>FAO</term><def><p>Food and Agriculture Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>IPPC</term><def><p>International Plant Protection Convention</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>ISPM</term><def><p>International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>ITS</term><def><p>internal transcribed spacers</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>LSU</term><def><p>large subunit</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>MS</term><def><p>Member State</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PLH</term><def><p>EFSA Panel on Plant Health</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PZ</term><def><p>Protected Zone</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>ToR</term><def><p>Terms of Reference</p></def></def-item></def-list></p></sec></body><back><fn-group id="efs25512-ntgp-0004"><title>Notes</title><fn id="efs25512-note-1007"><label>1</label><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC of 8 May 2000 on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community. OJ L 169/1, 10.7.2000, p. 1–112.</p></fn><fn id="efs25512-note-1008"><label>2</label><p>Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament of the Council of 26 October 2016 on protective measures against pests of plants. OJ L 317, 23.11.2016, p. 4–104.</p></fn><fn id="efs25512-note-2003"><label>3</label><p>Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. OJ L 31/1, 1.2.2002, p. 1–24.</p></fn><fn id="efs25512-note-1009"><label>4</label><p>See Section <xref rid="efs25512-sec-0011" ref-type="sec">2.1</xref> on what falls outside EFSA's remit.</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list content-type="cited-references" id="efs25512-bibl-0001"><title>References</title><ref id="efs25512-bib-0001"><mixed-citation publication-type="book" id="efs25512-cit-0001"><string-name><surname>Aldwinckle</surname><given-names>HS</given-names></string-name>, <year>1990</year><chapter-title>Rust diseases</chapter-title> In: <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>Aldwinckle</surname><given-names>HS</given-names></name></person-group> and <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jones</surname><given-names>AL</given-names></name></person-group> (eds.). <source xml:lang="en">Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases</source>. <publisher-name>American Phytopathological Society</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>St. Paul, US</publisher-loc> pp. <fpage>10</fpage>–<lpage>14</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0002"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0002"><string-name><surname>Arthur</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></string-name>, <year>1910</year><article-title>Cultures of Uredineae in 1909</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Mycologia</source>, <volume>2</volume>, <fpage>213</fpage>–<lpage>240</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0003"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0003"><string-name><surname>Arthur</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Kern</surname><given-names>FD</given-names></string-name>, <year>1908</year><article-title>Type of Gymnosporangium exterum Arthur & F.Kern [family Pucciniaceae]</article-title>. The William and Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, 1908/04/10. Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.ny00053746">https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.ny00053746</ext-link> [Accessed: September 2018]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0004"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0004"><string-name><surname>Azbukina</surname><given-names>ZM</given-names></string-name>, <year>1997</year><article-title>A new species of genus <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> (Uredinales) from Tadzhikistan</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya</source>, <volume>31</volume>, <fpage>3</fpage>–<lpage>4</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0005"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0005"><string-name><surname>Bahcecïoglu</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></string-name>, <year>2001</year><article-title>New records of Pucciniaceae from Turkey</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Plant Disease Research</source>, <volume>16</volume>, <fpage>17</fpage>–<lpage>22</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0006"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0006"><string-name><surname>Baldwin</surname><given-names>HI</given-names></string-name>, <year>1961</year><article-title>Further notes on <italic>Chamaecyparis thyoides</italic> in New Hampshire</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Rhodora</source>, <volume>63</volume>, <fpage>281</fpage>–<lpage>285</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0007"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0007"><string-name><surname>Balfour‐Browne</surname><given-names>FL</given-names></string-name>, <year>1968</year><article-title>Fungi of recent Nepal expeditions</article-title>. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Botany, 4, 3, 97–141.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0008"><mixed-citation publication-type="book" id="efs25512-cit-0008"><string-name><surname>Bessette</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bessette</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Neill</surname><given-names>WJ</given-names></string-name>, <year>2001</year><source xml:lang="en">Mushrooms of Cape Cod and the national seashore</source>. <publisher-name>Syracuse University Press</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>Syracuse, NY, USA</publisher-loc>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0009"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0009"><string-name><surname>Bethel</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <year>1911</year><article-title>Notes on some species of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> in Colorado</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Mycologia</source>, <volume>3</volume>, <fpage>156</fpage>–<lpage>160</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0010"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0010"><string-name><surname>Brandt</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></string-name>, <year>1995</year><article-title>Forest insect and disease conditions in west‐central Canada in 1994 and predictions for 1995</article-title>. Canadian Forest Service, Northwest Region, Northern Forestry Centre. 57 pp. Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/bookstore_pdfs/11635.pdf">http://www.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/bookstore_pdfs/11635.pdf</ext-link> [Accessed: September 2018]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0011"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0011"><collab collab-type="authors">CABI</collab>(Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International), <year>2018</year><article-title>Gymnosporangium yamadae (Japanese apple rust)</article-title>. CABI Invasive Species Compendium. Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/26238">https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/26238</ext-link> [Accessed: September 2018]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0012"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0012"><string-name><surname>Cao</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Tian</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Liang</surname><given-names>YM</given-names></string-name>, <year>2016</year><article-title><italic>Gymnosporangium huanglongense</italic> sp. nov. from western China</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Mycotaxon</source>, <volume>131</volume>, <fpage>375</fpage>–<lpage>383</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0013"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0013"><string-name><surname>Cao</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>FZ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Tian</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Liang</surname><given-names>YM</given-names></string-name>, <year>2017</year><article-title><italic>Gymnosporangium przewalskii</italic> sp. nov. (Pucciniales, Basidiomycota) from China and its life cycle</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Phytotaxa</source>, <volume>311</volume>, <fpage>67</fpage>–<lpage>76</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0014"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0014"><string-name><surname>Caudullo</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Welk</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>San‐Miguel‐Ayanz</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <year>2017</year><article-title>Chorological maps for the main European woody species</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Data in Brief</source>, <volume>12</volume>, <fpage>662</fpage>–<lpage>666</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28560272</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0015"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0015"><string-name><surname>Crowell</surname><given-names>IH</given-names></string-name>, <year>1940</year><article-title>New species of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Canadian Journal of Research</source>, <volume>18</volume>, <fpage>10</fpage>–<lpage>12</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0016"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0016"><string-name><surname>Dervis</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dixon</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Doğanlar</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Rossman</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <year>2010</year><article-title>Gall production on hawthorns caused by <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. in Hatay province, Turkey</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Phytoparasitica</source>, <volume>38</volume>, <fpage>391</fpage>–<lpage>400</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0017"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0017"><string-name><surname>Dodge</surname><given-names>BO</given-names></string-name>, <year>1915</year><article-title>The effect of the host on the morphology of certain species of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</source>, <volume>42</volume>, <fpage>519</fpage>–<lpage>542</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0018"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0018"><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA PLH Panel</collab>(EFSA Panel on Plant Health), <year>2014</year><article-title>Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of <italic>Erwinia amylovora</italic> (Burr.) Winsl. et al.</article-title><source xml:lang="en">EFSA Journal</source> 2014;<volume>12</volume>(<issue>12</issue>):<fpage>3922</fpage>, 37 pp. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3922</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0019"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0019"><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA PLH Panel</collab>(EFSA Panel on Plant Health), <string-name><surname>Jeger</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Caffier</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Candresse</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chatzivassiliou</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gilioli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gregoire</surname><given-names>J‐C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Navajas Navarro</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Niere</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rafoss</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Urek</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van Bruggen</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>West</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Winter</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Armengol Forti</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Vloutoglou</surname><given-names>I</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bottex</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <year>2017</year><article-title>Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of <italic>Botryosphaeria kuwatsukai</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">EFSA Journal</source> 2017;<volume>15</volume>(<issue>11</issue>):<fpage>5035</fpage>, 26 pp. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5035</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0020"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0020"><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA PLH Panel</collab>(EFSA Panel on Plant Health), <string-name><surname>Jeger</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Caffier</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Candresse</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chatzivassiliou</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gregoire</surname><given-names>J‐C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Navajas Navarro</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Niere</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rafoss</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Urek</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van</surname><given-names>Bruggen A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van Der Werf</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>West</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Winter</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hart</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Schans</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Schrader</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Suffert</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kertesz</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kozelska</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Mannino</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Mosbach‐Schulz</surname><given-names>O</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pautasso</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Stancanelli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Tramontini</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Vos</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Gilioli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <year>2018</year><article-title>Guidance on quantitative pest risk assessment</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">EFSA Journal</source> 2018;<volume>16</volume>(<issue>8</issue>):<fpage>5350</fpage>, 86 pp. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5350</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0021"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0021"><collab collab-type="authors">EPPO</collab>(European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization), <year>1974</year><article-title>EPPO Reporting Service no.01‐1974</article-title>. Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://gd.eppo.int/reporting/Rse-1974-01">https://gd.eppo.int/reporting/Rse-1974-01</ext-link> [Accessed: September 2018]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0022"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0022"><collab collab-type="authors">EPPO</collab>(European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization), <year>1988</year><article-title>EPPO Reporting Service no.06‐1988</article-title>. Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://gd.eppo.int/reporting/Rse-1988-06">https://gd.eppo.int/reporting/Rse-1988-06</ext-link> [Accessed: September 2018]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0023"><mixed-citation publication-type="book" id="efs25512-cit-0023"><collab collab-type="authors">EPPO</collab>(European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization), <year>1997a</year><chapter-title>Data sheets on quarantine pests: <italic>Gymnosporangium asiaticum</italic></chapter-title> In: <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>IM</given-names></name></person-group>, <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>McNamara</surname><given-names>DG</given-names></name></person-group>, <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>Scott</surname><given-names>PR</given-names></name></person-group> and <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>Holderness</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group> (eds.). <source xml:lang="en">Quarantine Pests for Europe</source>, 2nd Edition. <publisher-name>CABI/EPPO</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>Wallingford</publisher-loc><fpage>1425</fpage> pp.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0024"><mixed-citation publication-type="book" id="efs25512-cit-0024"><collab collab-type="authors">EPPO</collab>(European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization), <year>1997b</year><chapter-title>Data sheets on quarantine pests: <italic>Gymnosporangium clavipes</italic></chapter-title> In: <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>IM</given-names></name></person-group>, <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>McNamara</surname><given-names>DG</given-names></name></person-group>, <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>Scott</surname><given-names>PR</given-names></name></person-group> and <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>Holderness</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group> (eds.). <source xml:lang="en">Quarantine Pests for Europe</source>, 2nd Edition. <publisher-name>CABI/EPPO</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>Wallingford</publisher-loc><fpage>1425</fpage> pp.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0025"><mixed-citation publication-type="book" id="efs25512-cit-0025"><collab collab-type="authors">EPPO</collab>(European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization), <year>1997c</year><chapter-title>Data sheets on quarantine pests: <italic>Gymnosporangium globosum</italic></chapter-title> In: <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>IM</given-names></name></person-group>, <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>McNamara</surname><given-names>DG</given-names></name></person-group>, <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>Scott</surname><given-names>PR</given-names></name></person-group> and <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>Holderness</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group> (eds.). <source xml:lang="en">Quarantine Pests for Europe</source>, 2nd Edition. <publisher-name>CABI/EPPO</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>Wallingford</publisher-loc><fpage>1425</fpage> pp.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0026"><mixed-citation publication-type="book" id="efs25512-cit-0026"><collab collab-type="authors">EPPO</collab>(European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization), <year>1997d</year><chapter-title>Data sheets on quarantine pests: <italic>Gymnosporangium juniper‐virginianae</italic></chapter-title> In: <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>IM</given-names></name></person-group>, <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>McNamara</surname><given-names>DG</given-names></name></person-group>, <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>Scott</surname><given-names>PR</given-names></name></person-group>, <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>Holderness</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group> (eds.). <source xml:lang="en">Quarantine Pests for Europe</source>, 2nd Edition. <publisher-name>CABI/EPPO</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>Wallingford</publisher-loc><fpage>1425</fpage> pp.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0027"><mixed-citation publication-type="book" id="efs25512-cit-0027"><collab collab-type="authors">EPPO</collab>(European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization), <year>1997e</year><chapter-title>Data sheets on quarantine pests: <italic>Gymnosporangium yamadae</italic></chapter-title> In: <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>IM</given-names></name></person-group>, <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>McNamara</surname><given-names>DG</given-names></name></person-group>, <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>Scott</surname><given-names>PR</given-names></name></person-group> and <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>Holderness</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group> (eds.). <source xml:lang="en">Quarantine Pests for Europe</source>, 2nd Edition. <publisher-name>CABI/EPPO</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>Wallingford</publisher-loc><fpage>1425</fpage> pp.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0028"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0028"><collab collab-type="authors">EPPO</collab>(European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization), <year>2006</year><article-title>Gymnosporangium spp. (non‐European)</article-title>. PM 7/73 (1). EPPO Bulletin, 36, 441‐446.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0029"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0029"><collab collab-type="authors">EPPO</collab>(European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization), <year>2013</year><article-title>New data on quarantine pests and pests of the EPPO Alert List</article-title>. EPPO Reporting Service no. 02‐2013. Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://gd.eppo.int/reporting/article-2503">https://gd.eppo.int/reporting/article-2503</ext-link> [Accessed: September 2018]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0030"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0030"><collab collab-type="authors">EPPO</collab>(European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization), <year>2017</year><article-title>EPPO A1 and A2 lists of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests</article-title>. EPPO Standards PM 1/2(26). Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://gd.eppo.int/download/standard/2/pm1-002-26-en.pdf">https://gd.eppo.int/download/standard/2/pm1-002-26-en.pdf</ext-link> [Accessed: September 2018]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0031"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0031"><collab collab-type="authors">EPPO</collab>(European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization), <year>2018</year><article-title>EPPO Global Database</article-title>. Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://gd.eppo.int">https://gd.eppo.int</ext-link> [Accessed: September 2018]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0032"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0032"><collab collab-type="authors">FAO</collab>(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), <year>1995</year><article-title>ISPM (International standards for phytosanitary measures) No 4</article-title>. Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas. Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ippc.int/en/publications/614/">https://www.ippc.int/en/publications/614/</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0033"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0033"><collab collab-type="authors">FAO</collab>(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), <year>2004</year><article-title>ISPM (International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures) 21—Pest risk analysis of regulated non‐quarantine pests</article-title>. FAO, Rome, 30 pp. Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ippc.int/sites/default/files/documents//1323945746_ISPM_21_2004_En_2011-11-29_Refor.pdf">https://www.ippc.int/sites/default/files/documents//1323945746_ISPM_21_2004_En_2011-11-29_Refor.pdf</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0034"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0034"><collab collab-type="authors">FAO</collab>(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), <year>2013</year><article-title>ISPM (International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures) 11—Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests</article-title>. FAO, Rome, 36 pp. Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ippc.int/sites/default/files/documents/20140512/ispm_11_2013_en_2014-04-30_201405121523-494.65%20KB.pdf">https://www.ippc.int/sites/default/files/documents/20140512/ispm_11_2013_en_2014-04-30_201405121523-494.65%20KB.pdf</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0035"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0035"><collab collab-type="authors">FAO</collab>(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), <year>2017</year><article-title>ISPM (International standards for phytosanitary measures) No 5</article-title>. Glossary of phytosanitary terms. Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ippc.int/en/publications/622/">https://www.ippc.int/en/publications/622/</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0036"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0036"><string-name><surname>Fernández</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></string-name>, <year>2018</year><article-title>Claves de identificación de <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> en España y Europa</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Boletín de la Sociedad Micológica de Madrid</source>, <volume>42</volume>, <fpage>79</fpage>–<lpage>90</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0037"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0037"><string-name><surname>Fernández</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Llorens</surname><given-names>I</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Alvarado</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <year>2016</year><article-title>Evidence for <italic>Gymnosporangium atlanticum</italic> in Europe</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Mycotaxon</source>, <volume>131</volume>, <fpage>357</fpage>–<lpage>366</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0038"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0038"><string-name><surname>Goodding</surname><given-names>LN</given-names></string-name>, <year>1935</year><article-title>Isotype of Gymnosporangium vauqueliniae Long & Goodding [family Pucciniaceae]</article-title>. Arthur Herbarium Purdue University, 1935/11/01. Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.pur000126">https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.pur000126</ext-link> [Accessed: September 2018]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0039"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0039"><string-name><surname>Hara</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <year>1919</year><article-title>Studies on “Mikata‐Akahoshibyo” of pear caused by <italic>Gymnosporangium shiraianum</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Journal of Plant Protection</source>, <volume>6</volume>, <fpage>681</fpage>–<lpage>687</lpage> and 751‐756.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0040"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0040"><string-name><surname>Helfer</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <year>2005</year><article-title>Overview of the rust fungi (Uredinales) occurring on Rosaceae in Europe</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Nova Hedwigia</source>, <volume>81</volume>, <fpage>325</fpage>–<lpage>370</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0041"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0041"><string-name><surname>Hennon</surname><given-names>PE</given-names></string-name>, <year>1990</year><article-title>Fungi on <italic>Chamaecyparis nootkatensis</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Mycologia</source>, <volume>82</volume>, <fpage>59</fpage>–<lpage>66</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0042"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0042"><string-name><surname>Hiratsuka</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <year>1937</year><article-title><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> of Japan. V</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">The Botanical Magazine</source>, <volume>51</volume>, <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>8</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0043"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0043"><string-name><surname>Hiratsuka</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Hashioka</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <year>1935</year><article-title>Uredinales Collected in Formosa III</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">The Botanical Magazine</source>, <volume>49</volume>, <fpage>19</fpage>–<lpage>26</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0044"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0044"><string-name><surname>Kern</surname><given-names>FD</given-names></string-name>, <year>1908</year><article-title>Studies in the genus <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</source>, <volume>35</volume>, <fpage>499</fpage>–<lpage>511</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0045"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0045"><string-name><surname>Kern</surname><given-names>FD</given-names></string-name>, <year>1909</year><article-title>A notable species of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> from Colorado</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Mycologia</source>, <volume>1</volume>, <fpage>208</fpage>–<lpage>210</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0046"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0046"><string-name><surname>Kern</surname><given-names>FD</given-names></string-name>, <year>1964</year><article-title>Lists and keys of the cedar rusts of the world</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden</source>, <volume>10</volume>, <fpage>305</fpage>–<lpage>326</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0047"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0047"><string-name><surname>Kern</surname><given-names>FD</given-names></string-name>, <year>1970</year><article-title>The uredial stage in <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</source>, <volume>97</volume>, <fpage>159</fpage>–<lpage>161</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0048"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0048"><string-name><surname>Kern</surname><given-names>FD</given-names></string-name>, <year>1973a</year><article-title>A host survey of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicate</source>, <volume>51</volume>, <fpage>99</fpage>–<lpage>101</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0049"><mixed-citation publication-type="book" id="efs25512-cit-0049"><string-name><surname>Kern</surname><given-names>FD</given-names></string-name>, <year>1973b</year><source xml:lang="en">A revised taxonomic account of Gymnosporangium</source>. <publisher-name>Pennsylvania State University Press</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>University Park, PA, USA</publisher-loc>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0050"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0050"><string-name><surname>Kern</surname><given-names>FD</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>West</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <year>1947</year><article-title>Another gymnosporangial connection</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Mycologia</source>, <volume>39</volume>, <fpage>120</fpage>–<lpage>125</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20283550</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0051"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0051"><string-name><surname>Kikuhara</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Iiyama</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Matsumoto</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Furuya</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <year>2019</year><article-title>First report on DMI fungicide resistance in Gymnosporangium asiaticum, the causal agent of Japanese pear rust, in Japan</article-title>. Journal of General Plant Pathology, in press. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10327-018-0820-5</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0052"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0052"><string-name><surname>Kreisel</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <year>1973</year><article-title>Bibliographie der Verbreitungskarten von Pilzen II. Hemi‐und Phragmobasidiomyceten 1917–1971</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Feddes Repertorium</source>, <volume>83</volume>, <fpage>741</fpage>–<lpage>755</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0053"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0053"><string-name><surname>Lāce</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <year>2017</year><article-title><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species – an important issue of plant protection</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences B</source>, <volume>71</volume>, <fpage>95</fpage>–<lpage>102</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0054"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0054"><string-name><surname>Long</surname><given-names>WH</given-names></string-name>, <year>1945</year><article-title>Notes on four eastern species of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences</source>, <volume>35</volume>, <fpage>182</fpage>–<lpage>188</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0055"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0055"><string-name><surname>Long</surname><given-names>WH</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Goodding</surname><given-names>LN</given-names></string-name>, <year>1940</year><article-title>Notes on <italic>Gymnosporangium cupressi</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Mycologia</source>, <volume>32</volume>, <fpage>489</fpage>–<lpage>492</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0056"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0056"><string-name><surname>Matthews‐Berry</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <year>2014</year><article-title>Rapid pest risk analysis for Gymnosporangium asiaticum</article-title>. The Food & Environment Research Agency, UK. Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/phiw/riskRegister/downloadExternalPra.cfm?id=3833">https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/phiw/riskRegister/downloadExternalPra.cfm?id=3833</ext-link> [Accessed: September 2018]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0057"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0057"><string-name><surname>McDowall</surname><given-names>LL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Campbell</surname><given-names>AE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Mortensen</surname><given-names>KL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Arthurs</surname><given-names>JW</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Tidsbury</surname><given-names>RC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Devlin</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>McLeod</surname><given-names>BB</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Crawford</surname><given-names>WB</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rentz</surname><given-names>CL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Still</surname><given-names>GN</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Homann</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></string-name>, <year>1967</year><article-title>Annual district reports ‐ forest insect and disease survey ‐ Manitoba‐Saskatchewan region 1966</article-title>. Forest Research Station, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/pdfs/23234.pdf">http://www.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/pdfs/23234.pdf</ext-link> [Accessed: September 2018]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0058"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0058"><string-name><surname>Novick</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></string-name>, <year>2008</year><article-title>Phylogeny, taxonomy, and life cycle evolution in the cedar rust fungi (Gymnosporangium)</article-title>. PhD Dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, USA.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0059"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0059"><string-name><surname>Parmelee</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>, <year>1965</year><article-title>The genus <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> in eastern Canada</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Canadian Journal of Botany</source>, <volume>43</volume>, <fpage>239</fpage>–<lpage>267</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0060"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0060"><string-name><surname>Parmelee</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>, <year>1969</year><article-title><italic>Gymnosporangium gaeumannii</italic> in North America</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Mycologia</source>, <volume>61</volume>, <fpage>401</fpage>–<lpage>404</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0061"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0061"><string-name><surname>Peterson</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></string-name>, <year>1967</year><article-title>Studies of juniper rusts in the West</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Madrono</source>, <volume>19</volume>, <fpage>79</fpage>–<lpage>91</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0062"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0062"><string-name><surname>Peterson</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></string-name>, <year>1968</year><article-title>The life cycle of <italic>Gymnosporangium cupressi</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">The Southwestern Naturalist</source>, <volume>13</volume>, <fpage>102</fpage>–<lpage>103</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0063"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0063"><string-name><surname>Peterson</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></string-name>, <year>1982</year><article-title>Rust fungi (Uredinales) on Cupressaceae</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Mycologia</source>, <volume>74</volume>, <fpage>903</fpage>–<lpage>910</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0064"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0064"><string-name><surname>Sakuma</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <year>1992</year><article-title>Pathogenic races of <italic>Gymnosporangium asiaticum</italic> on Japanese pear and pathogenicity to some species in genus <italic>Pyrus</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Bulletin of the Fruit Tree Research Station</source>, <volume>22</volume>, <fpage>67</fpage>–<lpage>78</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0065"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0065"><string-name><surname>Shen</surname><given-names>YM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chung</surname><given-names>WH</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>TC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rodeva</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Hung</surname><given-names>TH</given-names></string-name>, <year>2018</year><article-title>Unveiling <italic>Gymnosporangium corniforme</italic>,<italic> G. unicorne</italic>, and <italic>G. niitakayamense</italic> sp. nov. in Taiwan</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Mycoscience</source>, <volume>59</volume>, <fpage>218</fpage>–<lpage>228</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0066"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0066"><string-name><surname>Simtems</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Bornmüller</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <year>1891</year><article-title>Isotype of Gymnosporangium orientale Syd. [family Pucciniaceae]</article-title>. Arthur Herbarium Purdue University, 1891/08/01. Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.pur000125">https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.pur000125</ext-link> [Accessed: September 2018]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0067"><mixed-citation publication-type="book" id="efs25512-cit-0067"><string-name><surname>Sinclair</surname><given-names>WA</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Lyon</surname><given-names>HH</given-names></string-name>, <year>2005</year><source xml:lang="en">Diseases of Trees and Shrubs</source>, <edition designator="2">2nd edition</edition><publisher-name>Cornell University Press</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>Ithaca, NY</publisher-loc> p. <fpage>660</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0068"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0068"><string-name><surname>Standley</surname><given-names>PC</given-names></string-name>, <year>1916</year><article-title>Fungi of New Mexico</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Mycologia</source>, <volume>8</volume>, <fpage>142</fpage>–<lpage>177</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0069"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0069"><string-name><surname>Stone</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></string-name>, <year>1909</year><article-title>Species of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> in southern Alabama</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Torreya</source>, <volume>9</volume>, <fpage>114</fpage>–<lpage>117</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0070"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0070"><string-name><surname>Tao</surname><given-names>SQ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Cao</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Tian</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Liang</surname><given-names>YM</given-names></string-name>, <year>2018</year><article-title>Development and characterization of novel genic‐SSR markers in apple‐juniper rust pathogen <italic>Gymnosporangium yamadae</italic> (Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae) using next‐generation sequencing</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</source>, <volume>19</volume>, <fpage>1178</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0071"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0071"><string-name><surname>Underwood</surname><given-names>LM</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Earle</surname><given-names>FS</given-names></string-name>, <year>1896</year><article-title>The distribution of the species of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> in the South</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Botanical Gazette</source>, <volume>22</volume>, <fpage>255</fpage>–<lpage>258</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0072"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0072"><string-name><surname>Unemoto</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Murata</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Nagai</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <year>1989</year><article-title>Dispersal of Japanese pear rust fungus, <italic>Gymnosporangium asiaticum</italic> Miyabe ex Yamada</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan</source>, <volume>55</volume>, <fpage>250</fpage>–<lpage>253</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0073"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0073"><string-name><surname>Viennot‐Bourgin</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <year>1960</year><article-title><italic>Gymnosporangium paraphysatum</italic> sp. nov. sur le <italic>Heyderia macrolepis</italic> au Viet‐Nam</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Revue de Mycologie</source>, <volume>25</volume>, <fpage>293</fpage>–<lpage>305</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0074"><mixed-citation publication-type="miscellaneous" id="efs25512-cit-0074"><string-name><surname>Vila</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Llimona</surname><given-names>X</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Cortés</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hoyo</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Alentorn</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></string-name>, <year>2004</year><article-title>Els fongs de la vall d'Alinyà (primeres dades)</article-title>. In: Germain J (ed.). Els sistemes naturals de la vall d'Alinyà. Institució Catalana d'Història Natural, Barcelona, Spain. Treballs de la Institució Catalana d'Història Natural, 14, 167–196. Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://ichn.iec.cat/pdf/Alinya/06_Fongs.pdf">https://ichn.iec.cat/pdf/Alinya/06_Fongs.pdf</ext-link> [Accessed: September 2018]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0075"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0075"><string-name><surname>Wagener</surname><given-names>WW</given-names></string-name>, <year>1948</year><article-title>Diseases of cypresses</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany</source>, <volume>1</volume>, <fpage>255</fpage>–<lpage>321</lpage>. Available online: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol1/iss1/3">http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol1/iss1/3</ext-link> [Accessed: September 2018]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0076"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0076"><string-name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bai</surname><given-names>JK</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Deng</surname><given-names>GY</given-names></string-name>, <year>1993</year><article-title>Identification and biological characteristics of <italic>Gymnosporangium asiaticum</italic> Miyabe ex Yamada f. sp. <italic>crataegicola</italic> infecting hawthorn</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Acta Phytopathologica Sinica</source>, <volume>23</volume>, <fpage>187</fpage>–<lpage>192</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0077"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0077"><string-name><surname>Warner</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <year>1990</year><article-title>Field susceptibility of scab‐resistant apple cultivars and selections to cedar apple rust, quince rust and hawthorn rust</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Fruit Varieties Journal</source>, <volume>44</volume>, <fpage>216</fpage>–<lpage>224</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0078"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0078"><string-name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>ZY</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Zhuang</surname><given-names>JY</given-names></string-name>, <year>2013</year><article-title>Rust fungi hitherto known from Xinjiang (Sinkiang), northwestern China</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Mycosistema</source>, <volume>32</volume>, <fpage>170</fpage>–<lpage>189</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0079"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0079"><string-name><surname>Yun</surname><given-names>HY</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hong</surname><given-names>SG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rossman</surname><given-names>AY</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>SK</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>KJ</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Bae</surname><given-names>KS</given-names></string-name>, <year>2009</year><article-title>The rust fungus <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> in Korea including two new species, <italic>G. monticola</italic> and <italic>G. unicorne</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Mycologia</source>, <volume>101</volume>, <fpage>790</fpage>–<lpage>809</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19927745</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0080"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0080"><string-name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>NT</given-names></string-name>, <year>1990</year><article-title>Report of a national survey on diseases of urban ornamental plants</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Forest Pest and Disease</source>, <volume>1</volume>, <fpage>44</fpage>–<lpage>46</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0081"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0081"><string-name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Zhuang</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <year>2007</year><article-title>A new species of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> (Uredinales) occurring upon <italic>Sabina vulgaris</italic> Antoine (Cupressaceae)</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Mycosystema</source>, <volume>26</volume>, <fpage>321</fpage>–<lpage>323</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0082"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0082"><string-name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>YM</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>Cai</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <year>2016</year><article-title>Inferring phylogeny and speciation of <italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> species, and their coevolution with host plants</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Scientific Reports</source>, <volume>6</volume>, <fpage>29339</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27385413</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="efs25512-bib-0083"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal" id="efs25512-cit-0083"><string-name><surname>Zogg</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <year>1949</year><article-title>On a new, uredo‐forming <italic>Gymnosporangium: Gymnosporangium gaeumanni</italic> n. sp</article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft</source>, <volume>59</volume>, <fpage>421</fpage>–<lpage>426</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Bois/explor/MelampsoraV2/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000665 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000665 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Bois
|area= MelampsoraV2
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.38. |  |