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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Pest categorisation of <italic>Sternochetus mangiferae</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Di Serio, Francesco" sort="Di Serio, Francesco" uniqKey="Di Serio F" first="Francesco" last="Di Serio">Francesco Di Serio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonthier, Paolo" sort="Gonthier, Paolo" uniqKey="Gonthier P" first="Paolo" last="Gonthier">Paolo Gonthier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacques, Marie Gnes" sort="Jacques, Marie Gnes" uniqKey="Jacques M" first="Marie-Agnès" last="Jacques">Marie-Agnès Jacques</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" sort="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" uniqKey="Jaques Miret J" first="Josep Anton" last="Jaques Miret">Josep Anton Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Justesen, Annemarie Fejer" sort="Justesen, Annemarie Fejer" uniqKey="Justesen A" first="Annemarie Fejer" last="Justesen">Annemarie Fejer Justesen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Magnusson, Christer Sven" sort="Magnusson, Christer Sven" uniqKey="Magnusson C" first="Christer Sven" last="Magnusson">Christer Sven Magnusson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Milonas, Panagiotis" sort="Milonas, Panagiotis" uniqKey="Milonas P" first="Panagiotis" last="Milonas">Panagiotis Milonas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navas Ortes, Juan A" sort="Navas Ortes, Juan A" uniqKey="Navas Ortes J" first="Juan A" last="Navas-Cortes">Juan A. Navas-Cortes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reignault, Philippe Lucien" sort="Reignault, Philippe Lucien" uniqKey="Reignault P" first="Philippe Lucien" last="Reignault">Philippe Lucien Reignault</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thulke, Hans Ermann" sort="Thulke, Hans Ermann" uniqKey="Thulke H" first="Hans-Hermann" last="Thulke">Hans-Hermann Thulke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Wopke" sort="Van Der Werf, Wopke" uniqKey="Van Der Werf W" first="Wopke" last="Van Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vicent Civera, Antonio" sort="Vicent Civera, Antonio" uniqKey="Vicent Civera A" first="Antonio" last="Vicent Civera">Antonio Vicent Civera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yuen, Jonathan" sort="Yuen, Jonathan" uniqKey="Yuen J" first="Jonathan" last="Yuen">Jonathan Yuen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zappala, Lucia" sort="Zappala, Lucia" uniqKey="Zappala L" first="Lucia" last="Zappalà">Lucia Zappalà</name></author><author><name sortKey="Czwienczek, Ewelina" sort="Czwienczek, Ewelina" uniqKey="Czwienczek E" first="Ewelina" last="Czwienczek">Ewelina Czwienczek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32625718</idno><idno type="pmc">7009599</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7009599</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7009599</idno><idno type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5439</idno><date when="2018">2018</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000654</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000654</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Pest categorisation of <italic>Sternochetus mangiferae</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Bragard, Claude" sort="Bragard, Claude" uniqKey="Bragard C" first="Claude" last="Bragard">Claude Bragard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" sort="Dehnen Chmutz, Katharina" uniqKey="Dehnen Chmutz K" first="Katharina" last="Dehnen-Schmutz">Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Di Serio, Francesco" sort="Di Serio, Francesco" uniqKey="Di Serio F" first="Francesco" last="Di Serio">Francesco Di Serio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonthier, Paolo" sort="Gonthier, Paolo" uniqKey="Gonthier P" first="Paolo" last="Gonthier">Paolo Gonthier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacques, Marie Gnes" sort="Jacques, Marie Gnes" uniqKey="Jacques M" first="Marie-Agnès" last="Jacques">Marie-Agnès Jacques</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" sort="Jaques Miret, Josep Anton" uniqKey="Jaques Miret J" first="Josep Anton" last="Jaques Miret">Josep Anton Jaques Miret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Justesen, Annemarie Fejer" sort="Justesen, Annemarie Fejer" uniqKey="Justesen A" first="Annemarie Fejer" last="Justesen">Annemarie Fejer Justesen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Magnusson, Christer Sven" sort="Magnusson, Christer Sven" uniqKey="Magnusson C" first="Christer Sven" last="Magnusson">Christer Sven Magnusson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Milonas, Panagiotis" sort="Milonas, Panagiotis" uniqKey="Milonas P" first="Panagiotis" last="Milonas">Panagiotis Milonas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navas Ortes, Juan A" sort="Navas Ortes, Juan A" uniqKey="Navas Ortes J" first="Juan A" last="Navas-Cortes">Juan A. Navas-Cortes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parnell, Stephen" sort="Parnell, Stephen" uniqKey="Parnell S" first="Stephen" last="Parnell">Stephen Parnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Potting, Roel" sort="Potting, Roel" uniqKey="Potting R" first="Roel" last="Potting">Roel Potting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reignault, Philippe Lucien" sort="Reignault, Philippe Lucien" uniqKey="Reignault P" first="Philippe Lucien" last="Reignault">Philippe Lucien Reignault</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thulke, Hans Ermann" sort="Thulke, Hans Ermann" uniqKey="Thulke H" first="Hans-Hermann" last="Thulke">Hans-Hermann Thulke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, Wopke" sort="Van Der Werf, Wopke" uniqKey="Van Der Werf W" first="Wopke" last="Van Der Werf">Wopke Van Der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vicent Civera, Antonio" sort="Vicent Civera, Antonio" uniqKey="Vicent Civera A" first="Antonio" last="Vicent Civera">Antonio Vicent Civera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yuen, Jonathan" sort="Yuen, Jonathan" uniqKey="Yuen J" first="Jonathan" last="Yuen">Jonathan Yuen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zappala, Lucia" sort="Zappala, Lucia" uniqKey="Zappala L" first="Lucia" last="Zappalà">Lucia Zappalà</name></author><author><name sortKey="Czwienczek, Ewelina" sort="Czwienczek, Ewelina" uniqKey="Czwienczek E" first="Ewelina" last="Czwienczek">Ewelina Czwienczek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Macleod, Alan" sort="Macleod, Alan" uniqKey="Macleod A" first="Alan" last="Macleod">Alan Macleod</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">EFSA Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1831-4732</idno><imprint><date when="2018">2018</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Abstract</title><p>The European Commission requested <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> to conduct a pest categorisation of <italic>Sternochetus mangiferae</italic> (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a monophagous pest weevil whose larvae exclusively feed on mango seeds, whereas adults feed on mango foliage. <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> is a species with reliable methods available for identification. It is regulated in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> by Council Directive 2000/29/<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EC</styled-content> where it is listed in Annex <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">IIB</styled-content> as a harmful organism whose introduction into <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> Protected Zones (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">PZ</styled-content>) (Alentejo, Algarve and Madeira in Portugal, and Granada and Malaga in Spain) is banned. <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> is native to South East Asia and has spread to other mango‐growing areas in Africa, South America and Oceania, causing significant damage. Larvae of <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> have been detected several times in mango fruit imported into the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>. In 2013, an outbreak was declared in one <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">PZ</styled-content> in Spain. Official measures taken achieved eradication, which was officially declared in January 2018. The <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> Plant Health Panel concludes that <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> could establish again and spread in the mango‐growing areas of southern <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>. Considering the criteria within the remit of <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> to assess the status as a potential Union quarantine pest (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">QP</styled-content>), as a potential protected zone quarantine pest (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">PZQP</styled-content>) or as a potential regulated non‐quarantine pest (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">RNQP</styled-content>), <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> meets with no uncertainties the criteria for consideration as a potential Union <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">QP</styled-content>, as it is absent from the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>, potential pathways for entry exist, and its establishment would cause an economic impact. The criterion of the pest being present in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>, which is a prerequisite for <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">RNQP</styled-content> and <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">PZ QP</styled-content>, is not met.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">EFSA J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1002/(ISSN)1831-4732</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">EFS2</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>EFSA Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1831-4732</issn><publisher><publisher-name>John Wiley and Sons Inc.</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Hoboken</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32625718</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7009599</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5439</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">EFS25439</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="article-subject-classification"><subject>Plant Health</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="overline"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Scientific Opinion</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Pest categorisation of <italic>Sternochetus mangiferae</italic></article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0001" contrib-type="author"><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH)</collab></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0002" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>Claude</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0003" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>Katharina</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0004" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Di Serio</surname><given-names>Francesco</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0005" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gonthier</surname><given-names>Paolo</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0006" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jacques</surname><given-names>Marie‐Agnès</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0007" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>Josep Anton</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0008" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Justesen</surname><given-names>Annemarie Fejer</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0009" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Magnusson</surname><given-names>Christer Sven</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0010" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Milonas</surname><given-names>Panagiotis</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0011" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Navas‐Cortes</surname><given-names>Juan A</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0012" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>Stephen</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0013" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>Roel</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0014" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reignault</surname><given-names>Philippe Lucien</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0015" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thulke</surname><given-names>Hans‐Hermann</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0016" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>Wopke</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0017" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vicent Civera</surname><given-names>Antonio</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0018" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yuen</surname><given-names>Jonathan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0019" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zappalà</surname><given-names>Lucia</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0020" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Czwienczek</surname><given-names>Ewelina</given-names></name></contrib><contrib id="efs25439-cr-0021" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>Alan</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="correspondenceTo"><bold>Correspondence: </bold><email>alpha@efsa.europa.eu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>10</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>10</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>10</issue><issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/efs2.2018.16.issue-10</issue-id><elocation-id>e05439</elocation-id><permissions><pmc-comment> © European Food Safety Authority </pmc-comment>
<copyright-statement content-type="article-copyright">© 2018 European Food Safety Authority. <italic>EFSA Journal</italic> published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.</copyright-statement><license license-type="creativeCommonsBy-nd"><license-p>This is an open access article under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/</ext-link> License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="file:EFS2-16-e05439.pdf"></self-uri><abstract id="efs25439-abs-0001"><title>Abstract</title><p>The European Commission requested <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> to conduct a pest categorisation of <italic>Sternochetus mangiferae</italic> (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a monophagous pest weevil whose larvae exclusively feed on mango seeds, whereas adults feed on mango foliage. <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> is a species with reliable methods available for identification. It is regulated in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> by Council Directive 2000/29/<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EC</styled-content> where it is listed in Annex <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">IIB</styled-content> as a harmful organism whose introduction into <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content> Protected Zones (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">PZ</styled-content>) (Alentejo, Algarve and Madeira in Portugal, and Granada and Malaga in Spain) is banned. <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> is native to South East Asia and has spread to other mango‐growing areas in Africa, South America and Oceania, causing significant damage. Larvae of <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> have been detected several times in mango fruit imported into the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>. In 2013, an outbreak was declared in one <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">PZ</styled-content> in Spain. Official measures taken achieved eradication, which was officially declared in January 2018. The <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> Plant Health Panel concludes that <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> could establish again and spread in the mango‐growing areas of southern <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>. Considering the criteria within the remit of <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EFSA</styled-content> to assess the status as a potential Union quarantine pest (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">QP</styled-content>), as a potential protected zone quarantine pest (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">PZQP</styled-content>) or as a potential regulated non‐quarantine pest (<styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">RNQP</styled-content>), <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> meets with no uncertainties the criteria for consideration as a potential Union <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">QP</styled-content>, as it is absent from the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>, potential pathways for entry exist, and its establishment would cause an economic impact. The criterion of the pest being present in the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EU</styled-content>, which is a prerequisite for <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">RNQP</styled-content> and <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">PZ QP</styled-content>, is not met.</p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-generated"><kwd id="efs25439-kwd-0001">European Union</kwd><kwd id="efs25439-kwd-0002">pest risk</kwd><kwd id="efs25439-kwd-0003">plant health</kwd><kwd id="efs25439-kwd-0004">plant pest</kwd><kwd id="efs25439-kwd-0005">quarantine</kwd><kwd id="efs25439-kwd-0006">mango</kwd><kwd id="efs25439-kwd-0007">mango seed weevil</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="1"></fig-count><table-count count="10"></table-count><page-count count="24"></page-count><word-count count="12033"></word-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>source-schema-version-number</meta-name><meta-value>2.0</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>cover-date</meta-name><meta-value>October 2018</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta><meta-name>details-of-publishers-convertor</meta-name><meta-value>Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.7.5 mode:remove_FC converted:21.01.2020</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><p content-type="self-citation"><mixed-citation publication-type="self-citation" id="efs25439-cit-1001"><bold>Suggested citation: </bold><collab collab-type="authors">EFSA Plant Health Panel</collab>, <string-name><surname>Bragard</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dehnen‐Schmutz</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Di Serio</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gonthier</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jacques</surname><given-names>M‐A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jaques Miret</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Justesen</surname><given-names>AF</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Magnusson</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Milonas</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Navas‐Cortes</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Potting</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Reignault</surname><given-names>PL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Thulke</surname><given-names>H‐H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van der Werf</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Vicent Civera</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Yuen</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Zappalà</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Czwienczek</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name> and <string-name><surname>MacLeod</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <year>2018</year><article-title>Scientific opinion on the pest categorisation of<italic> Sternochetus mangiferae</italic></article-title>. <source xml:lang="en">EFSA Journal</source> 2018;16(10):5439, 24 pp. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5439</pub-id></mixed-citation></p><fn-group id="efs25439-ntgp-0001"><fn id="efs25439-note-1001"><p><bold>Requestor:</bold> European Commission</p></fn><fn id="efs25439-note-1002"><p><bold>Question number:</bold> EFSA‐Q‐2018‐00023</p></fn><fn id="efs25439-note-1003"><p><bold>Panel members:</bold> Claude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen‐Schmutz, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie‐Agnès Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod, Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A. Navas‐Cortes, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe Lucien Reignault, Hans‐Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent Civera, Jonathan Yuen and Lucia Zappalà.</p></fn><fn id="efs25439-note-1004"><p>Adopted: 27 September 2018</p></fn><fn id="efs25439-note-1005"><p>Reproduction of the images listed below is prohibited and permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder:</p><p>Figure 1: © EPPO</p></fn></fn-group></notes></front><body id="efs25439-body-0001"><sec id="efs25439-sec-0002"><label>1</label><title>Introduction</title><sec id="efs25439-sec-0003"><label>1.1</label><title>Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor</title><sec id="efs25439-sec-0004"><label>1.1.1</label><title>Background</title><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25439-note-1006">1</xref> on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community establishes the present European Union plant health regime. The Directive lays down the phytosanitary provisions and the control checks to be carried out at the place of origin on plants and plant products destined for the Union or to be moved within the Union. In the Directive's 2000/29/EC annexes, the list of harmful organisms (pests) whose introduction into or spread within the Union is prohibited, is detailed together with specific requirements for import or internal movement.</p><p>Following the evaluation of the plant health regime, the new basic plant health law, Regulation (EU) 2016/2031<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25439-note-1007">2</xref> on protective measures against pests of plants, was adopted on 26 October 2016 and will apply from 14 December 2019 onwards, repealing Directive 2000/29/EC. In line with the principles of the above mentioned legislation and the follow‐up work of the secondary legislation for the listing of EU regulated pests, EFSA is requested to provide pest categorisations of the harmful organisms included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC, in the cases where recent pest risk assessment/pest categorisation is not available.</p></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0005"><label>1.1.2</label><title>Terms of Reference</title><p>EFSA is requested, pursuant to Article 22(5.b) and Article 29(1) of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002<xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25439-note-2003">3</xref>, to provide scientific opinion in the field of plant health.</p><p>EFSA is requested to prepare and deliver a pest categorisation (step 1 analysis) for each of the regulated pests included in the appendices of the annex to this mandate. The methodology and template of pest categorisation have already been developed in past mandates for the organisms listed in Annex II Part A Section II of Directive 2000/29/EC. The same methodology and outcome is expected for this work as well.</p><p>The list of the harmful organisms included in the annex to this mandate comprises 133 harmful organisms or groups. A pest categorisation is expected for these 133 pests or groups and the delivery of the work would be stepwise at regular intervals through the year as detailed below. First priority covers the harmful organisms included in Appendix 1, comprising pests from Annex II Part A Section I and Annex II Part B of Directive 2000/29/EC. The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 1 is June 2018. The second priority is the pests included in Appendix 2, comprising the group of <italic>Cicadellidae</italic> (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), the group of <italic>Tephritidae</italic> (non‐EU), the group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms, the group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L. and the group of <italic>Margarodes</italic> (non‐EU species). The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 2 is end 2019. The pests included in Appendix 3 cover pests of Annex I part A section I and all pests categorisations should be delivered by end 2020.</p><p>For the above mentioned groups, each covering a large number of pests, the pest categorisation will be performed for the group and not the individual harmful organisms listed under “such as” notation in the Annexes of the Directive 2000/29/EC. The criteria to be taken particularly under consideration for these cases, is the analysis of host pest combination, investigation of pathways, the damages occurring and the relevant impact.</p><p>Finally, as indicated in the text above, all references to ‘non‐European’ should be avoided and replaced by ‘non‐EU’ and refer to all territories with exception of the Union territories as defined in Article 1 point 3 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031.</p><sec id="efs25439-sec-0006"><label>1.1.2.1</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 1</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-1" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aleurocantus</italic> spp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Numonia pyrivorella</italic> (Matsumura)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus bisignifer</italic> (Schenkling)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Oligonychus perditus</italic> Pritchard and Baker</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus signatus</italic> (Say)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pissodes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Aschistonyx eppoi</italic> Inouye</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips aurantii</italic> Faure</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Carposina niponensis</italic> Walsingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scirtothrips</italic> citri (Moultex)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia packardi</italic> (Zeller)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scolytidae</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Enarmonia prunivora</italic> Walsh</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scrobipalpopsis solanivora</italic> Povolny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Grapholita inopinata</italic> Heinrich</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Tachypterellus quadrigibbus</italic> Say</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hishomonus phycitis</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Toxoptera citricida</italic> Kirk.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leucaspis japonica</italic> Ckll.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Unaspis citri</italic> Comstock</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Listronotus bonariensis</italic> (Kuschel)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus variegated chlorosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xanthomonas campestris</italic> pv. <italic>oryzae</italic> (Ishiyama) Dye and pv. <italic>oryzicola</italic> (Fang. et al.) Dye</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Erwinia stewartii</italic> (Smith) Dye</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Alternaria alternata</italic> (Fr.) Keissler (non‐EU pathogenic isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Elsinoe</italic> spp. Bitanc. and Jenk. Mendes</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anisogramma anomala</italic> (Peck) E. Müller</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp<italic>. albedinis</italic> (Kilian and Maire) Gordon</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Apiosporina morbosa</italic> (Schwein.) v. Arx</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia piricola</italic> (Nosa) Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis virescens</italic> (Davidson) Moreau</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Puccinia pittieriana</italic> Hennings</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercoseptoria pini‐densiflorae</italic> (Hori and Nambu) Deighton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Stegophora ulmea</italic> (Schweinitz: Fries) Sydow & Sydow</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cercospora angolensis</italic> Carv. and Mendes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Venturia nashicola</italic> Tanaka and Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(d) Virus and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet curly top virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Little cherry pathogen (non‐ EU isolates)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Black raspberry latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naturally spreading psorosis</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blight and blight‐like</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Palm lethal yellowing mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cadang‐Cadang viroid</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Satsuma dwarf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Citrus tristeza virus (non‐EU isolates)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tatter leaf virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Leprosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Witches’ broom (MLO)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIB</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insect mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anthonomus grandis</italic> (Boh.)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips cembrae</italic> Heer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cephalcia lariciphila</italic> (Klug)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips duplicatus</italic> Sahlberg</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendroctonus micans</italic> Kugelan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips sexdentatus</italic> Börner</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gilphinia hercyniae</italic> (Hartig)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips typographus</italic> Heer</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gonipterus scutellatus</italic> Gyll.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sternochetus mangiferae</italic> Fabricius</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ips amitinus</italic> Eichhof</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens</italic> (Hedges) Collins and Jones</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Glomerella gossypii</italic> Edgerton</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hypoxylon mammatum</italic> (Wahl.) J. Miller</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gremmeniella abietina</italic> (Lag.) Morelet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0007"><label>1.1.2.2</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 2</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested per group. The list below follows the categorisation included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.</p><p><table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-2" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of Cicadellidae (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by <italic>Xylella fastidiosa</italic>), such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Carneocephala fulgida</italic> Nottingham</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Graphocephala atropunctata</italic> (Signoret)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Draeculacephala minerva</italic> Ball</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of Tephritidae (non‐EU) such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Anastrepha fraterculus</italic> (Wiedemann)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) <italic>Pardalaspis cyanescens</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Anastrepha ludens</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13) <italic>Pardalaspis quinaria</italic> Bezzi</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Anastrepha obliqua</italic> Macquart</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14) <italic>Pterandrus rosa</italic> (Karsch)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) <italic>Anastrepha suspensa</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15) <italic>Rhacochlaena japonica</italic> Ito</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) <italic>Dacus ciliatus</italic> Loew</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16) <italic>Rhagoletis completa</italic> Cresson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) <italic>Dacus curcurbitae</italic> Coquillet</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17) <italic>Rhagoletis fausta</italic> (Osten‐Sacken)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) <italic>Dacus dorsalis</italic> Hendel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18) <italic>Rhagoletis indifferens</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) <italic>Dacus tryoni</italic> (Froggatt)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19) <italic>Rhagoletis mendax</italic> Curran</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) <italic>Dacus tsuneonis</italic> Miyake</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20) <italic>Rhagoletis pomonella</italic> Walsh</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) <italic>Dacus zonatus</italic> Saund.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21) <italic>Rhagoletis suavis</italic> (Loew)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) <italic>Epochra canadensis</italic> (Loew)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Andean potato latent virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Potato black ringspot virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Andean potato mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Potato virus T</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Arracacha virus B, oca strain</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) non‐EU isolates of potato viruses A, M, S, V, X and Y (including Yo, Yn and Yc) and Potato leafroll virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia</italic> Mill., <italic>Fragaria</italic> L., <italic>Malus</italic> Mill., <italic>Prunus</italic> L., <italic>Pyrus</italic> L., <italic>Ribes</italic> L., <italic>Rubus</italic> L. and <italic>Vitis</italic> L., such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) Blueberry leaf mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8) Peach yellows mycoplasm</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) Cherry rasp leaf virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9) Plum line pattern virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) Peach mosaic virus (American)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10) Raspberry leaf curl virus (American)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4) Peach phony rickettsia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11) Strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasma</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5) Peach rosette mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12) Non‐EU viruses and virus‐like organisms of <italic>Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L</italic>. and <italic>Vitis L</italic>.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6) Peach rosette mycoplasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7) Peach X‐disease mycoplasm</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IIAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Group of <italic>Margarodes</italic> (non‐EU species) such as:</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1) <italic>Margarodes vitis</italic> (Phillipi)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3) <italic>Margarodes prieskaensis</italic> Jakubski</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2) <italic>Margarodes vredendalensis</italic> de Klerk</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0008"><label>1.1.2.3</label><title>Terms of Reference: Appendix 3</title><p>List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.<table-wrap id="nlm-table-wrap-3" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><table frame="void" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAI</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Acleris</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Longidorus diadecturus</italic> Eveleigh and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Amauromyza maculosa</italic> (Malloch)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Monochamus</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Anomala orientalis</italic> Waterhouse</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Myndus crudus</italic> Van Duzee</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arrhenodes minutus</italic> Drury</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Nacobbus aberrans</italic> (Thorne) Thorne and Allen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Choristoneura</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Naupactus leucoloma</italic> Boheman</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Conotrachelus nenuphar</italic> (Herbst)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Premnotrypes</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Dendrolimus sibiricus</italic> Tschetverikov</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus</italic> (Zimmermann)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica barberi</italic> Smith and Lawrence</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Pseudopityophthorus pruinosus</italic> (Eichhoff)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi</italic> Barber</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Scaphoideus luteolus</italic> (Van Duzee)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata</italic> Mannerheim</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera eridania</italic> (Cramer)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diabrotica virgifera zeae</italic> Krysan & Smith</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera frugiperda</italic> (Smith)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Diaphorina citri</italic> Kuway</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Spodoptera litura</italic> (Fabricus)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Heliothis zea</italic> (Boddie)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thrips palmi</italic> Karny</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Hirschmanniella</italic> spp., other than <italic>Hirschmanniella gracilis</italic> (de Man) Luc and Goodey</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema americanum</italic> Cobb sensu lato (non‐EU populations)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza sativae</italic> Blanchard</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Xiphinema californicum</italic> Lamberti and Bleve‐Zacheo</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ceratocystis fagacearum</italic> (Bretz) Hunt</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella larici‐leptolepis</italic> Ito et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli</italic> Dietel</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Mycosphaerella populorum</italic> G. E. Thompson</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phoma andina</italic> Turkensteen</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Endocronartium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Phyllosticta solitaria</italic> Ell. and Ev.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Guignardia laricina</italic> (Saw.) Yamamoto and Ito</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Septoria lycopersici</italic> Speg. var.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Gymnosporangium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>malagutii</italic> Ciccarone and Boerema</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Inonotus weirii</italic> (Murril) Kotlaba and Pouzar</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Thecaphora solani</italic> Barrus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora farlowii</italic> (Arthur) Davis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Trechispora brinkmannii</italic> (Bresad.) Rogers</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tobacco ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pepper mild tigré virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tomato ringspot virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Squash leaf curl virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bean golden mosaic virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Euphorbia mosaic virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cowpea mild mottle virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Florida tomato virus</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lettuce infectious yellows virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(d) Parasitic plants</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Arceuthobium</italic> spp. (non‐EU)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IAII</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Meloidogyne fallax</italic> Karssen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Popillia japonica</italic> Newman</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Rhizoecus hibisci</italic> Kawai and Takagi</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Bacteria</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Clavibacter michiganensis</italic> (Smith) Davis et al. ssp. <italic>sepedonicus</italic> (Spieckermann and Kotthoff) Davis et al.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ralstonia solanacearum</italic> (Smith) Yabuuchi et al.</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(c) Fungi</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Melampsora medusae</italic> Thümen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Synchytrium endobioticum</italic> (Schilbersky) Percival</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><underline underline-style="single"><italic toggle="yes"><bold>Annex IB</bold></italic></underline></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</italic> Say</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Liriomyza bryoniae</italic> (Kaltenbach)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><bold>(b) Viruses and virus‐like organisms</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beet necrotic yellow vein virus</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0009"><label>1.2</label><title>Interpretation of the Terms of Reference</title><p><italic>Sternochetus mangiferae</italic> is one of a number of pests listed in the Appendices to the Terms of Reference (ToR) to be subject to pest categorisation to determine the criteria it fulfils informing its status as a regulated pest, i.e. quarantine pest (QP), or regulated non‐quarantine pest (RNQP) for the area of the EU excluding Ceuta, Melilla and the outermost regions of Member States (MS) referred to in Article 355(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), other than Madeira and the Azores, or a protected zone (PZ) pest for specified regions within the EU.</p><p>Unusually for a pest that is not present in the EU, <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> is specifically regulated in some PZs, (Alentejo, Algarve and Madeira in Portugal, and Granada and Malaga in Spain). This categorisation will explore whether the pest fulfils the criteria set in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union QP, RNQP and protected zone quarantine pest (PZQP) status, and which are within the remit for EFSA to assess.</p><p>Regarding the name of the pest, <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> (Fabricius), the brackets around the authority are not present in the ToR. Fabricius originally named and described the organism as <italic>Curculio mangiferae</italic> in 1775. Warner (<xref rid="efs25439-bib-0930" ref-type="ref">1956</xref>) moved the organism into the genus <italic>Sternochetus</italic> to create a new combination which stands as the valid name. Therefore, the current valid name and authority is <italic>Sternochetus mangiferae</italic> (Fabricius).</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0010"><label>2</label><title>Data and methodologies</title><sec id="efs25439-sec-0011"><label>2.1</label><title>Data</title><sec id="efs25439-sec-0012"><label>2.1.1</label><title>Literature search</title><p>A literature search on <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> was conducted at the beginning of the categorisation in the ISI Web of Science bibliographic database, using the scientific name of the pest as search term. Relevant papers were reviewed and further references and information were obtained from experts, as well as from citations within the references and grey literature.</p></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0013"><label>2.1.2</label><title>Database search</title><p>Pest information, on host(s) and distribution, was retrieved from the European and Mediterranean Plan Protection Organization (EPPO) Global Database (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">2018a</xref>,<xref rid="efs25439-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">b</xref>) and relevant publications.</p><p>Data about the import of commodity types that could potentially provide a pathway for the pest to enter the EU and about the area of hosts grown in the EU were obtained from EUROSTAT (Statistical Office of the European Communities).</p><p>The Europhyt database was consulted for pest‐specific notifications on interceptions and outbreaks. Europhyt is a web‐based network run by the Directorate General for Health and Food Safety (DG SANTÉ) of the European Commission, and is a subproject of PHYSAN (Phyto‐Sanitary Controls) specifically concerned with plant health information. The Europhyt database manages notifications of interceptions of plants or plant products that do not comply with EU legislation, as well as notifications of plant pests detected in the territory of the MS and the phytosanitary measures taken to eradicate or avoid their spread.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0014"><label>2.2</label><title>Methodologies</title><p>The Panel performed the pest categorisation for <italic>S. mangiferae</italic>, following guiding principles and steps in the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No 11 (FAO, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0012" ref-type="ref">2013</xref>) and No 21 (FAO, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0011" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>) and EFSA PLH Panel (<xref rid="efs25439-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>).</p><p>This work was initiated following an evaluation of the EU plant health regime. Therefore, to facilitate the decision‐making process, in the conclusions of the pest categorisation, the Panel addresses explicitly each criterion for a Union QP and for a Union RNQP in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants, and includes additional information required in accordance with the specific terms of reference received by the European Commission. In addition, for each conclusion, the Panel provides a short description of its associated uncertainty.</p><p>Table <xref rid="efs25439-tbl-0001" ref-type="table">1</xref> presents the Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 pest categorisation criteria on which the Panel bases its conclusions. All relevant criteria have to be met for the pest to potentially qualify either as a QP or as a RNQP. If one of the criteria is not met, the pest will not qualify. A pest that does not qualify as a QP may still qualify as a RNQP that needs to be addressed in the opinion. For the pests regulated in the PZs only, the scope of the categorisation is the territory of the PZ; thus, the criteria refer to the protected zone instead of the EU territory.</p><p>It should be noted that the Panel's conclusions are formulated respecting its remit and particularly with regard to the principle of separation between risk assessment and risk management (EFSA founding regulation (EU) No 178/2002); therefore, instead of determining whether the pest is likely to have an unacceptable impact, the Panel will present a summary of the observed pest impacts. Economic impacts are expressed in terms of yield and quality losses and not in monetary terms, whereas addressing social impacts is outside the remit of the Panel.</p><table-wrap id="efs25439-tbl-0001" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Pest categorisation criteria under evaluation, as defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding protected zone quarantine pest (articles 32–35)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Identity of the pest (Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0016" ref-type="sec">3.1</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0023" ref-type="sec">3.2</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest present in the EU territory?</p><p>If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU? Describe the pest distribution briefly!</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a protected zone quarantine organism.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest present in the EU territory? If not, it cannot be a regulated non‐quarantine pest. (A regulated non‐quarantine pest must be present in the risk assessment area)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regulatory status (Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">If the pest is present in the EU but not widely distributed in the risk assessment area, it should be under official control or expected to be under official control in the near future.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>The protected zone system aligns with the pest free area system under the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC).</p><p>The pest satisfies the IPPC definition of a quarantine pest that is not present in the risk assessment area (i.e. protected zone).</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest regulated as a quarantine pest? If currently regulated as a quarantine pest, are there grounds to consider its status could be revoked?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0030" ref-type="sec">3.4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the EU territory? If yes, briefly list the pathways!</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is the pest able to enter into, become established in, and spread within, the protected zone areas?</p><p>Is entry by natural spread from EU areas where the pest is present possible?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Is spread mainly via specific plants for planting, rather than via natural spread or via movement of plant products or other objects?</p><p>Clearly state if plants for planting is the main pathway!</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0039" ref-type="sec">3.5</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the protected zone areas?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Available measures (Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0041" ref-type="sec">3.6</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the protected zone areas such that the risk becomes mitigated?</p><p>Is it possible to eradicate the pest in a restricted area within 24 months (or a period longer than 24 months where the biology of the organism so justifies) after the presence of the pest was confirmed in the protected zone?</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Are there measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated?</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conclusion of pest categorisation (Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0046" ref-type="sec">4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential quarantine pest were met and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as potential protected zone quarantine pest were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A statement as to whether (1) all criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential regulated non‐quarantine pest were met, and (2) if not, which one(s) were not met</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap><p>The Panel will not indicate in its conclusions of the pest categorisation whether to continue the risk assessment process, but following the agreed two‐step approach, will continue only if requested by the risk managers. However, during the categorisation process, experts may identify key elements and knowledge gaps that could contribute significant uncertainty to a future assessment of risk. It would be useful to identify and highlight such gaps so that potential future requests can specifically target the major elements of uncertainty, perhaps suggesting specific scenarios to examine.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0015"><label>3</label><title>Pest categorisation</title><sec id="efs25439-sec-0016"><label>3.1</label><title>Identity and biology of the pest</title><sec id="efs25439-sec-0017"><label>3.1.1</label><title>Identity and taxonomy</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25439-blkfxd-0001" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the identity of the pest established, or has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>,<italic> S. mangiferae</italic> is a well‐defined insect species in the order Coleoptera (beetles), family Curculionidae (weevils)</p></boxed-text></p><p>The mango stone weevil, also known as mango seed weevil, mango weevil, and mango nut weevil (Smith et al., <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>), <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an insect originally described as <italic>Curculio mangiferae</italic> by Fabricius in 1775. Other former scientific names include: <italic>Acryptorhynchus mangiferae</italic> (Fabricius), <italic>Cryptorhynchus ineffectus</italic> Walker, <italic>C. mangiferae</italic> (Fabricius), <italic>C. monachus</italic> Boisduval, <italic>Rhynchaenus mangiferae</italic> (Fabricius), <italic>Sternochetus ineffectus</italic> (Walker), and <italic>Sternochetus olivieri</italic> Faust (Australian Government‐DAFF, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0002" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>; Woodruff and Fasulo, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>; EPPO, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>).</p><p>The EPPO standard diagnostic protocol for <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> provides detailed morphological descriptions of this species, as well as a key for its identification to species level (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>).</p><p>According to Smith et al. (<xref rid="efs25439-bib-0025" ref-type="ref">1997</xref>) <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> can be confused with two closely related species also developing in mangoes: <italic>S. olivieri</italic> (Faust) and <italic>Sternochetus frigidus</italic> (Fabricius). Like <italic>S. mangiferae</italic>,<italic> S. olivieri</italic> develops in mango stones while <italic>S. frigidus</italic> develops in the fruit pulp. In their native ranges in Asia, <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> occurs from the Arabian Peninsula to the south of the Indian subcontinent and into Myanmar and Malaysia, whereas <italic>S. olivieri</italic> occurs further east, and <italic>S. frigidus</italic> can be found from north‐east India (Assam) and Bangladesh across Indochina to Indonesia and the western Philippines. Keys for the identification of these species exist (Unahawutti et al., <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0026" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0019"><label>3.1.2</label><title>Biology of the pest</title><p>According to Woodruff and Fasulo (<xref rid="efs25439-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>), the literature on <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> is contradictory on several aspects of its biology and this can be attributed to confusion with the two closely related sympatric species mentioned above (see Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0017" ref-type="sec">3.1.1</xref>). Therefore, and following these authors, the description of the biology of <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> will be mostly based on Balock and Kozuma (<xref rid="efs25439-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">1964</xref>), who studied this weevil in Hawaii, where these two close relatives are not known to occur.</p><p><italic>S. mangiferae</italic> is a univoltine and monophagous species which completes its life cycle, from egg to adult, within the mango seed. Upon completion of the immature development adults (typical weevil morphology with a curved rostrum, compact, dark in colour and up to 10 mm long) cut their way out of the naked seed with their mouthparts, usually within a month or two after the fruit falls and decays. On rare occasions, weevils may emerge from the seed before fruit fall and eat their way through the flesh of the ripe fruit, ruining it completely. Adults can live for more than two years if provided with fresh mangoes and water (Follett, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0015" ref-type="ref">2002</xref>). Those emerging late during the fruiting period, which extends from May to September in southern EU, can enter a diapause associated with the long‐day photoperiod prevailing at that time. Diapausing weevils can be found under loose bark on mango tree trunks and on crevices in or near mango trees. Diapause finishes in coincidence with the break of the short‐day photoperiod at the onset of the regular mango fruiting season (winter‐early spring in southern Europe). At that time, adults become active, aggregate and begin feeding on leaves and tender shoots of mangoes. They are nocturnal and usually mate and oviposit from late afternoon to dusk. Females lay eggs (elliptical, 0.8 × 0.3 mm, creamy‐white in colour) singly on the skin of immature to ripe fruit, mostly on the sinus of the fruit (the area close to the terminal lateral beak typical of mango fruit) (Shukla et al., <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0024" ref-type="ref">1985</xref>), but also on the stems. Females carve out a boat‐shaped cavity in the skin where they deposit the egg. This is immediately covered by a brown exudate produced by the wound (Follett, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0015" ref-type="ref">2002</xref>). Females may lay up to 15 eggs daily, with a maximum of around 300 eggs during a 3‐month period in the laboratory (Balock and Kozuma, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">1964</xref>). Hatching takes place in 5–7 days. After hatching, larvae burrow through the flesh and into the seed. It is not clear whether there are 4 or 5 larval instars, with size increasing from 1.4 to 8.0 mm long. Larvae are legless and white with a black head not retracted into the prothorax, as typical of most curculionids. As fruit and seed develop, the tunnel and seed entry are completely obliterated so that in time it becomes quite difficult to distinguish infested from non‐infested seeds unless they are cut open (Balock and Kozuma, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">1964</xref>). Complete larval development, which takes about from one month to more than two months, depending on the season and temperatures, usually occurs within the maturing seed, but also very occasionally within the flesh (Hansen et al., <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0018" ref-type="ref">1989</xref>). Larvae feed within the seed and pupate in the seed cavity (Follett, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0015" ref-type="ref">2002</xref>). Most infested seeds have one or two weevils but higher numbers can be found. Upon maturation, the adults rapidly leave the seeds crawling through the fruit (often rotten), and seek hiding places by crawling short distances rather than flying (Shukla and Tandon, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">1985</xref>). Therefore, adults most often remain near the parent mango tree and high infestations regularly appear at the same locations, whereas new outbreaks may occur in nearby orchards.</p></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0020"><label>3.1.3</label><title>Intraspecific diversity</title><p>No intraspecific diversity has been described for this species.</p></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0021"><label>3.1.4</label><title>Detection and identification of the pest</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25439-blkfxd-0002" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Are detection and identification methods available for the pest?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, EPPO produced a standard addressing the detection and identification of <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>).</p></boxed-text></p><p><underline underline-style="single">Detection and monitoring:</underline></p><p>According to CABI (<xref rid="efs25439-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>), infested fruits are usually easy to distinguish from uninfested ones by the hardened, amber‐coloured secretion often sculptured with two small angled tails at one end, which remains attached to the site of oviposition. This is especially recognisable when <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> populations are high. To detect these oviposition scars, fruits should be examined with a pocket lens, focusing on the sinus of fruit. However, according to EPPO diagnostic standard (2011), such fruits are difficult to detect since there is usually no damage visible externally (see Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0019" ref-type="sec">3.1.2</xref>). Because internally infested fruits rot from the outer surface of the stone, which show holes with the cotyledons turning black and becoming a rotten mass, inspection should include the opening of mango fruit and seed dissection with a knife (CABI, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>).</p><p>Although adults have been caught in different types of trap (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>), none of them have been routinely used to monitor the adults of <italic>S. mangiferae</italic>, which are considered poor flyers.</p><p><underline underline-style="single">Identification</underline>:</p><p>According to EPPO PM 7/106(1) (EPPO <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0007" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>), the identification of <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> should be based on the morphology of adult weevils. Examination under binocular and light microscopes is required. Adults have a compact body (up to 10 mm long) and are black and covered with black, greyish or yellowish scales. Their pronotum is subparallel‐sided in the basal third only. Interstices 3, 5 and 7 of the elytra are strongly carinate. They show an indistinct oblique pale humeral stripe on the elytra which is elongate and gradually declivous behind. Femora have a single large tooth ventrally. The fore femora are stout, and distinctly clavate. The tarsal claws are simple and free. Males and females can be separated because the latter have an elevated ridge at the pygidial apex, which is absent in males.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0023"><label>3.2</label><title>Pest distribution</title><sec id="efs25439-sec-0024"><label>3.2.1</label><title>Pest distribution outside the EU</title><p><italic>S. mangiferae</italic> has been reported from all biogeographic regions where mangoes are grown with the exception of the Palearctic and the Nearctic regions (Figure <xref rid="efs25439-fig-0001" ref-type="fig">1</xref>; Table <xref rid="efs25439-tbl-0002" ref-type="table">2</xref>).</p><fig fig-type="Figure" xml:lang="en" id="efs25439-fig-0001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Global distribution map for <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> (extracted from the <styled-content style="fixed-case" toggle="no">EPPO</styled-content> Global Database accessed on 5/7/2018)</p></caption><graphic id="nlm-graphic-1" xlink:href="EFS2-16-e05439-g001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="efs25439-tbl-0002" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Current distribution of <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> outside Europe based on the information from the EPPO Global Database, accessed on 6 July 2018</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Region</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Occurence</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><bold>Africa</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Central African Republic, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Reunion, Seychelles, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present, no details</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present, restricted distribution</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1"><bold>America</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Barbados, Dominica, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Saint Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United States of America (Hawaii), Virgin Islands (British), Virgin Islands (US)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present, no details</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil (general), Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present, few occurrences</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chile, United States of America (general)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present, restricted distribution</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Martinique</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present, widespread</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><bold>Asia</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bangladesh, Bhutan, India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Manipur, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal), Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Indonesia (Java), Malaysia, Malaysia (Sabah, West), United Arab Emirates, Viet Nam</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present, no details</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India (general), Yemen</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present, widespread</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><bold>Oceania</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland), Fiji, Guam, New Caledonia, Northern Mariana Islands, Tonga, Wallis and Futuna Islands</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present, no details</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia (general), French Polynesia</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present, restricted distribution</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0025"><label>3.2.2</label><title>Pest distribution in the EU</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25439-blkfxd-0003" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest present in the EU territory? If present, is the pest widely distributed within the EU?</italic></p><p><bold>No</bold>,<italic> S. mangiferae</italic> is not known to occur in the EU. It was detected in 2013 in southern Spain, from where it was considered as successfully eradicated in 2018.</p></boxed-text></p><table-wrap id="efs25439-tbl-0003" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Current distribution of <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> in the 28 EU MS based on information from the EPPO Global Database (accessed on 6 July 2018) and other sources if relevant</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">EPPO Global Database Last update: Date accessed:</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other sources</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Austria</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Belgium</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Bulgaria</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Croatia</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cyprus</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Czech Republic</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Denmark</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Estonia</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Finland</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent, intercepted only</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>France</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Germany</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Greece</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Hungary</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ireland</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Italy</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Latvia</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lithuania</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Luxembourg</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Malta</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Netherlands</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Poland</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Portugal</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent, confirmed by survey</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Romania</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Slovak Republic</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Slovenia</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Spain</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absent, pest eradicated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pest found present, but eradicated (Europhyt notifications outbreaks n. ‐197</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sweden</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>United Kingdom</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot id="efs25439-ntgp-0002"><fn id="efs25439-note-0006"><p>‘–’: no information available.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0027"><label>3.3</label><title>Regulatory status</title><sec id="efs25439-sec-0028"><label>3.3.1</label><title>Council Directive 2000/29/EC</title><p><italic>S. mangiferae</italic> is listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC. Details are presented in Tables <xref rid="efs25439-tbl-0003" ref-type="table">3</xref> and <xref rid="efs25439-tbl-0004" ref-type="table">4</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="efs25439-tbl-0004" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p><italic>S. mangiferae</italic> in Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex II</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><bold>Harmful organisms whose introduction into, and spread within, all member states shall be banned if they are present on certain plants or plant products</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Part B</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><bold>Harmful organisms whose introduction into, and whose spread within, certain protected zones shall be banned if they are present on certain plants or plant products</bold></td></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(a)</td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Subject of contamination</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protected zone(s)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">9. <italic>Sternochetus mangiferae</italic> Fabricius</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds of <italic>Mangifera</italic> spp. originating in third countries</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">E (Granada and Malaga), P (Alentejo, Algarve and Madeira)</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0029"><label>3.3.2</label><title>Legislation addressing the hosts of <italic>S. mangiferae</italic></title><table-wrap id="efs25439-tbl-0005" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>EC Regulated hosts and commodities that may involve <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> in Annexes, IV and V of Council Directive 2000/29/EC</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex IV, Part B</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><bold>Special requirements which shall be laid down by all member states for the introduction and movement of plants, plant products and other objects into and within certain protected zones</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Special requirements</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protected zone(s)</td></tr><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>29</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seeds of <italic>Mangifera</italic> spp.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Official statement that the seeds originate in areas known to be free from <italic>Sternochetus mangiferae</italic> Fabricius.</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">E (Granada and Malaga), P (Alentejo, Algarve and Madeira)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Annex V</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects which must be subject to a plant health inspection (at the place of production if originating in the community, before being moved within the community — in the country of origin or the consignor country, if originating outside the community) before being permitted to enter the community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Part B</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects originating in territories, other than those territories referred to in Part A</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>I</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Plants, plant products and other objects which are potential carriers of harmful organisms of relevance for the entire Community</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>3</bold></td><td align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">Fruits of <italic>Mangifera</italic> L., originating in non‐European countries</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0030"><label>3.4</label><title>Entry, establishment and spread in the EU</title><sec id="efs25439-sec-0031"><label>3.4.1</label><title>Host range</title><p><italic>S. mangiferae</italic> has not been reported to complete development in any host except mango (<italic>Mangifera indica</italic>). In the laboratory, oviposition has been reported on potatoes, peach, litchi, plum, string beans, and several cultivars of apple (CABI, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>). However, none of the resulting larvae reached maturity (Woodruff and Fasulo, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0031" ref-type="ref">2009</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0032"><label>3.4.2</label><title>Entry</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25439-blkfxd-0004" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to enter into the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the pest has been intercepted several times on fresh mango fruit. Furthermore, an outbreak was detected in southern Spain in 2013.</p></boxed-text></p><p>Searching EUROPHYT for notifications between 9/7/2009 and 6/7/2018, the PLHP found that there were 25 interceptions of <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> notified to the European Commission. The majority (22 of 25) of notifications were notified by Italy. Most interceptions were from Sri Lanka (Table <xref rid="efs25439-tbl-0006" ref-type="table">6</xref>). All notifications refer to fresh mango fruit (Europhyt code 140, ‘fruit & vegetables’)</p><table-wrap id="efs25439-tbl-0006" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>EU notifications of interceptions of <italic>Sternochetus mangiferae</italic> 2009 – 2018 (Source: Europhyt)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country or origin</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2011</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2013</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2014</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2018</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sum</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>LK (Sri Lanka)</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>UG (Uganda)</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>CM (Cameroon)</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>GH (Ghana)</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>IN (India)</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>KE (Kenya)</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sum</bold></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap><p>Entry via contaminated fresh mango fruit is considered the main entry pathway into the EU and PZs within the EU. EU import of mango fruit (HS 08045020) is shown in Table <xref rid="efs25439-tbl-0007" ref-type="table">7</xref>.</p><table-wrap id="efs25439-tbl-0007" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 7</label><caption><p>EU member states import of mango fruits 2013–2017, ranked in descending order of mean annual import quantity 2013–2017 (Eurostat, accessed on 6/7/2018). Quantity in 100 kg</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Partner/Period</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2013</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2014</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">900,652</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">993,140</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,111,954</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,149,230</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,228,447</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">United States of America</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">116,462</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">113,432</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">74,138</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">122,534</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">111,873</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">60,382</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,558</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">24,775</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">43,290</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">54,216</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ghana</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">16,200</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">23,828</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">26,558</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">36,107</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">35,284</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South Africa</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,965</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,917</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,819</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,101</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">22,870</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guinea</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">8,201</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,127</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,588</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,599</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,196</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indonesia</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,398</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,039</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,304</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,976</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,024</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bangladesh</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">534</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,114</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,985</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,520</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">558</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sri Lanka</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,328</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,878</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,021</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,272</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,039</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vietnam</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,064</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">914</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,526</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,203</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,273</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malaysia</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">382</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">674</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">329</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">328</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">250</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Grenada</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">449</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">406</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">379</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">459</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">253</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dominica</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">107</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">194</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,396</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">St Lucia</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">313</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">662</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">321</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">391</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chile</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">184</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">459</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">471</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">448</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uganda</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">123</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">177</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">293</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">664</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kenya</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">252</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">145</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">260</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">242</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Madagascar</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">74</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">201</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">247</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">107</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tanzania</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">United Arab Emirates</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">109</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">French Polynesia</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nepal</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nigeria</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zambia</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mauritius</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gabon</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mozambique</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trinidad and Tobago</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Myanmar</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="char" char="." rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap><p>Mango fruits from non‐European countries are subject to a plant health inspection before being permitted to enter the community (2000/29 EC, Annex V B 3).</p><p>Present EU regulations allow the import of mango seeds into EU protected zones only if they originate in pest free areas, i.e. areas free from <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> (Annexes II B 9 and IV B 29). No data could be found regarding EU import of mango seed.</p><p>Commercial mangoes are propagated vegetatively, meaning that trees are reproduced via asexual reproduction by grafting onto rootstock, which can be grown from seed. Mango fruit used as a seed source, deviating from the fruits intended use as fruit for consumption or processing, could provide a pathway.</p><p>Free living adults could also enter the EU on plants for planting (excluding seeds), bark, and cut branches. However, in these cases, the pest is usually visible at the naked eye.</p></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0034"><label>3.4.3</label><title>Establishment</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25439-blkfxd-0005" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Is the pest able to become established in the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>,<italic> S. mangiferae</italic> is a monophagous pest developing on mangoes only. An outbreak was detected in Spain in 2013 and declared eradicated in 2018. Other mango‐growing areas in southern EU are also likely to be suitable for the establishment of this pest.</p></boxed-text></p><sec id="efs25439-sec-0036"><label>3.4.3.1</label><title>EU distribution of main host plants</title><p>Mangoes can be grown outdoors in several southern states of the EU, including Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal and Spain (Canarius, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0005" ref-type="ref">2011</xref>). However, Italy and Spain are the only European countries with any commercial production of these subtropical fruits. In the Iberian Peninsula, this production concentrates in the Andalusian Mediterranean coast, in the provinces of Malaga and Granada, where 5,000 ha with an annual production of 22,000 tonnes are located (Fresh Plaza, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0017" ref-type="ref">2015</xref>; MAGRAMA, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0020" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>). In Italy, production concentrates in Sicily (provinces of Catania, Messina and Palermo), with about 55 ha (Agronotizie, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0001" ref-type="ref">2016</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0037"><label>3.4.3.2</label><title>Climatic conditions affecting establishment</title><p>Mango is a subtropical crop occurring in southern EU (see Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0036" ref-type="sec">3.4.3.1</xref>) and <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> has co‐evolved with this crop in its area of origin. Therefore, establishment could occur in EU areas growing mango. In November 2013, <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> was detected for the first time in the EU on mangoes in the municipality of Velez‐Malaga (included in the Spanish protected zone of Malaga). The pest was found in one plot of approximately 1 ha where more than 70% of the mangoes were damaged. A demarcated area was established and eradication measures were put in place. However, <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> was detected again in the same plot in 2015. Additional measures were taken and because since 2016, <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> has not been detected again, the Spanish NPPO considered the pest eradicated in 2018 (EPPO, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0008" ref-type="ref">2018a</xref>,<xref rid="efs25439-bib-0009" ref-type="ref">b</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0038"><label>3.4.4</label><title>Spread</title><p>Although this weevil can fly, it is considered a poor flyer. Individuals often remain within the vicinity of the original mango tree on which they developed (see Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0019" ref-type="sec">3.1.2</xref>). This can be inferred from the aggregated distribution patterns observed in infested areas. Therefore, <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> spreads over long distances mostly by transportation of infested symptomless fruits since this weevil develops within the mango seed and thus remains most often unnoticed until adult emergence (CABI, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0039"><label>3.5</label><title>Impacts</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25439-blkfxd-0006" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Would the pests’ introduction have an economic or environmental impact on the EU territory?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes,</bold> should <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> enter and establish in the EU, economic impacts on mango production would be expected.</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Does the presence of the pest on plants for planting have an economic impact, as regards the intended use of those plants for planting?</italic><xref ref-type="fn" rid="efs25439-note-1008">4</xref></p><p><italic>RNQP not relevant as pest is absent from EU</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, the presence of <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> in mango seeds, usually precludes its germination. Therefore, infested seeds are not usable for mango rootstock roduction.</p></boxed-text></p><p><italic>S. mangiferae</italic> damage may result in reduction in yield from premature fruit drop (Verghese et al., <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0028" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>), fruits being downgraded (Peng and Christian, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>) and reduction in seed viability for seedling production (Follett and Gabbard, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0016" ref-type="ref">2000</xref>). However, its greatest significance as a pest is to interfere with the export of mango fruit because of quarantine restrictions imposed by large mango‐importing countries (Peng and Christian <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0823" ref-type="ref">2007</xref>).</p><p>When <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> was detected in Spain in 2013, the eradication programme had an economic impact for growers (70% affected fruit in the outbreak orchard), nurserymen and the regional plant health administration in charge of the eradication programme.</p></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0041"><label>3.6</label><title>Availability and limits of mitigation measures</title><p><boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="box" id="efs25439-blkfxd-0007" orientation="portrait"><p><italic>Are there measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated?</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, measures against <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> are available to reduce the likelihood of its introduction into the EU protected zones (see Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref>: source mango seeds and fruit from PFA; subject mango fruit and seed imports to plant health inspection). Further control measures are available to hamper introduction into the EU as a whole (see section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0043" ref-type="sec">3.6.1</xref>).</p><p><italic>RNQPs: Are there measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated?</italic></p><p><italic>RNQP not relevant as pest is absent from EU</italic></p><p><bold>Yes</bold>, measures could be to source mango seeds from pest free areas (as per 2000/29 EC, Annexes II B 9 and IV B 29).</p></boxed-text></p><sec id="efs25439-sec-0043"><label>3.6.1</label><title>Identification of additional measures</title><p>Phytosanitary measures are currently applied to mango seeds, whose introduction into EU protected zones is banned unless originating from a PFA. Phytosanitary measures also applied to mango fruits from third countries, which are subject to a plant health inspection before being permitted to enter the community (see Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.3</xref>).</p><p>Extending the measure against seed to the whole of the EU rather than just the PZs, and the requirement to source fruit from a PFA would reduce likelihood of pest entry into the EU as a whole.</p><p>The following potential additional control measures (control measures have a direct effect on pest abundance) were identified (for more detailed information, refer to Table <xref rid="efs25439-tbl-0008" ref-type="table">8</xref>):
<list list-type="bullet" id="efs25439-list-0001"><list-item><p>Preharvest measures:
</p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25439-list-0002"><list-item><label>–</label><p> Chemical treatments targeting diapausing adult populations</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p> Sanitation and proper disposal of waste material</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p> Use of resistant cultivars</p></list-item><list-item><label>–</label><p> Conservation biological control.</p></list-item></list></list-item><list-item><p>Post‐harvest measures:
</p><list list-type="simple" id="efs25439-list-0003"><list-item><label>–</label><p> Fruit irradiation.</p></list-item></list></list-item></list></p><p>The following potential additional supporting measures (supporting measures are organisational measures or procedures supporting the choice of appropriate risk reduction options that do not directly affect pest abundance) were identified (for more detailed information, refer to Table <xref rid="efs25439-tbl-0009" ref-type="table">9</xref>):
<list list-type="bullet" id="efs25439-list-0004"><list-item><p>Inspection</p></list-item><list-item><p>Laboratory testing</p></list-item><list-item><p>Sampling</p></list-item><list-item><p>Plant health inspection</p></list-item><list-item><p>Certified and approved premises for export</p></list-item><list-item><p>Certification of mango seeds</p></list-item><list-item><p>Establishment of demarcated areas and buffer zones</p></list-item><list-item><p>Surveillance.</p></list-item></list></p><table-wrap id="efs25439-tbl-0008" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 8</label><caption><p>Selected control measures (a full list is available in EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>) for pest entry, establishment, spread and impact in relation to currently unregulated hosts and pathways</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Information sheet title (with hyperlink to information sheet if available)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk Reduction Option (RRO) summary</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk component (entry/establishment/spread/impact)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chemical treatments on crops including reproductive material (Work in progress, not yet available)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chemical control has been used against this pest (Shukla and Tandon, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0023" ref-type="ref">1985</xref>; de Villiers, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0029" ref-type="ref">1987</xref>). Diapausing adults are targeted by trunk applications and foliar sprays at the time of oviposition</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Entry, establishment, impact</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1176195">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1176195</ext-link></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Irradiation is the most effective method of killing or sterilising weevils within fruit (Follett, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0014" ref-type="ref">2001</xref>). An irradiation dose of 300 Gy is approved for control of mango seed weevil in mangoes exported from Hawaii to the continental USA (US Federal Register, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0027" ref-type="ref">2002</xref>). In South Africa, irradiation of ripe, marketable fruit protected it from damage and prevented adult emergence (Kok, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">1979</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Entry, spread</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181442">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181442</ext-link></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treatment of the waste (e.g. deep burial, composting, incineration, chipping, production of bio‐energy) in authorised facilities and official restriction on the movement of waste</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Entry, establishment, spread, impact (linked to waste from roguing and pruning)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Use of resistant and tolerant plant species/varieties (Work in progress, not yet available)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Some mango cultivars are not infested by the weevil (CABI, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0004" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>). In the case of the Itamaraca cultivar, larvae cannot penetrate the seed (Balock and Kozuma, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0003" ref-type="ref">1964</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Entry, establishment, spread, impact</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181436">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181436</ext-link></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Good orchard sanitation is an effective way to reduce adult populations, and this involves the destruction of all the fallen fruit, stones and fruits with seed weevil damage during and immediately after mango harvest (Wheatley, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0030" ref-type="ref">1961</xref>; Kok, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0019" ref-type="ref">1979</xref>; de Villiers, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0029" ref-type="ref">1987</xref>; Peng and Christian, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Entry, establishment, spread, impact</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biological control and behavioural manipulation (Work in progress, not yet available)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The ant <italic>Oecophylla smaragdina</italic> is an effective biocontrol agent of <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> adults (Peng and Christian, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0021" ref-type="ref">2004</xref>, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0022" ref-type="ref">2005</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Establishment, spread, impact</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap><table-wrap id="efs25439-tbl-0009" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 9</label><caption><p>Selected supporting measures (a full list is available in EFSA PLH Panel, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0006" ref-type="ref">2018</xref>) to mitigate the likelihood and magnitude of pest entry, establishment, spread and, or impact in relation to currently unregulated hosts and pathways</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Information sheet (with hyperlink to information sheet if available)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Supporting measure summary</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk component (entry/establishment/spread/impact)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181430">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181430</ext-link></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Refer to EPPO standard on <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> diagnostics (EPPO PM 7/106)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Entry</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181213">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181213</ext-link></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Refer to EPPO standard on <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> diagnostics (EPPO PM 7/106)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Entry</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sampling (Work in progress, not yet available)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">According to ISPM 31, it is usually not feasible to inspect entire consignments, so phytosanitary inspection is performed mainly on samples obtained from a consignment</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Entry, establishment</p><p>However, no sampling plan presently available for this pest</p></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Phytosanitary certificate and plant passport (Work in progress, not yet available)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Refer to IPPC model phytosanitary certificate (ISPM 5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Entry, spread</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1180845">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1180845</ext-link></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mango orchards exporting to the EU could be subject to this procedure</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Entry</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Certification of reproductive material (voluntary/official) (Work in progress, not yet available)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mango seeds could be subject to this procedure</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Entry, spread</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1180597">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1180597</ext-link></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ISPM 5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spread (should the pest re‐enter the EU)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Surveillance (Work in progress, not yet available)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Could be applied outside within the EU outside current PZs</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>Entry, establishment</p><p>Surveillance has been used by MS (e.g. Spain)</p></td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap><sec id="efs25439-sec-0044"><label>3.6.1.1</label><title>Biological or technical factors limiting the feasibility and effectiveness of measures to prevent the entry, establishment and spread of the pest</title><p><list list-type="bullet" id="efs25439-list-0005"><list-item><p>Infested fruit is often symptomless;</p></list-item><list-item><p>Phytotoxicity of some quarantine treatments such as heat.</p></list-item></list></p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0045"><label>3.7</label><title>Uncertainty</title><p>Although pest categorisation by its very nature of being a rapid process contains uncertainties, in this case, there is no uncertainty affecting the conclusions of the pest categorisation of <italic>S. mangiferae</italic>.</p></sec></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0046"><label>4</label><title>Conclusions</title><p><italic>S. mangiferae</italic> meets with no uncertainties the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as a potential Union QP (it is absent from the EU, potential pathways exist, and its establishment would cause an economic impact). The criterion of the pest being present in the EU, which is a prerequisite for RNQP and PZQP status, is not met.</p><table-wrap id="efs25439-tbl-0010" xml:lang="en" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 10</label><caption><p>The Panel's conclusions on the pest categorisation criteria defined in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 on protective measures against pests of plants (the number of the relevant sections of the pest categorisation is shown in brackets in the first column)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><col style="border-right:solid 1px #000000" span="1"></col><thead valign="top"><tr style="border-bottom:solid 1px #000000"><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Criterion of pest categorisation</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding protected zone quarantine pest (articles 32–35)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Panel's conclusions against criterion in Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 regarding Union regulated non‐quarantine pest</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Key uncertainties</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Identity of the pest (Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0016" ref-type="sec">3.1</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of the pest is established. <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> is a weevil for which EPPO produced a standard on detection and identification</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of the pest is established. <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> is a weevil for which EPPO produced a standard on detection and identification</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The identity of the pest is established. <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> is a weevil for which EPPO produced a standard on detection and identification</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No uncertainties</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Absence/presence of the pest in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0023" ref-type="sec">3.2</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. mangiferae</italic> is not known to occur in the EU territory</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. mangiferae</italic> is not known to occur in the EU territory. Therefore, this pest does not fulfil this criterion of being present in the EU to qualify for PZ QP status</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. mangiferae</italic> is not known to occur in the EU territory. Therefore, this pest does not fulfil the criterion of being present in the EU to qualify for RNQP status</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No uncertainties</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regulatory status (Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0027" ref-type="sec">3.2</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. mangiferae</italic> is presently regulated under Annex IIB and is not known to occur in the EU</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Although the pest is presently regulated as a PZQP, it is not present in the EU, a usual feature of an EU PZ pest</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. mangiferae</italic> is not regulated as a RNQP and there are no grounds to consider this status as it is not present in the EU</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No uncertainties</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pest potential for entry, establishment and spread in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0030" ref-type="sec">3.4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. mangiferae</italic> has been intercepted several times at EU borders. It was eradicated from Spain in 2018. Fresh fruit and seeds are the main two pathways for this monophagous species. Free living adults could also enter on plants for planting other than seeds, bark, and cut branches</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. mangiferae</italic> has been recently (2018) eradicated from a PZ in Spain, where it was found in 2013. Its introduction should most probably be related to movement of infested material (either seeds or fruit) rather than natural spread</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spread is mainly via plants for planting (seeds) rather than via natural spread</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No uncertainties</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Potential for consequences in the EU territory (Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0039" ref-type="sec">3.5</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The introduction of <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> into the EU would most probably have an economic impact in the areas where mango commercial orchards exist (i.e. Andalusia and Sicily)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The introduction of <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> into the EU PZ would most probably have an economic impact in these areas (Granada and Malaga in Spain, and Alentejo, Algarve and Madeira in Portugal)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The presence of <italic>S. mangiferae</italic> on plants for planting (seeds) has an economic impact, as regards to the intended use of those plants for planting</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No uncertainties</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Available measures (Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0041" ref-type="sec">3.6</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">There are measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU such that the risk becomes mitigated (i.e. sourcing fruit and seeds from PFA, plant health certificate prior to import)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><p>There are measures available to prevent the entry into, establishment within or spread of the pest within the EU PZ such that the risk becomes mitigated (i.e. sourcing fruit and seeds from PFA, plant health certificate prior to import)</p><p>The outbreak of this pest declared in a PZ in Spain in 2013 took 5 years to get eradicated</p></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">There are measures available to prevent pest presence on plants for planting such that the risk becomes mitigated (i.e. sourcing fruit and seeds from PFA, plant health certificate prior to import)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No uncertainties</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Conclusion on pest categorisation (Section <xref rid="efs25439-sec-0046" ref-type="sec">4</xref>)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential quarantine pest were met</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as potential protected zone quarantine pest were not met. The criterion of the pest being present in the EU is not met</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All criteria assessed by EFSA above for consideration as a potential regulated non‐quarantine pest were not met. The criterion of the pest being present in the EU is not met</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No uncertainties</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aspects of assessment to focus on/scenarios to address in future if appropriate</td><td align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Due to the lack of uncertainty within this categorisation, the PLH Panel do not feel the need to draw attention to particular aspects of risk that warrant further attention in a more detailed assessment</td></tr></tbody></table><permissions><copyright-holder>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</copyright-holder></permissions></table-wrap></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0047"><title>Abbreviations</title><p><def-list list-type="simple"><def-item><term>DG SANTÉ</term><def><p>Directorate General for Health and Food Safety</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>EPPO</term><def><p>European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>FAO</term><def><p>Food and Agriculture Organization</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>IPPC</term><def><p>International Plant Protection Convention</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>ISPM</term><def><p>International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>MS</term><def><p>Member State</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PFA</term><def><p>Pest Free Areas</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PLH</term><def><p>EFSA Panel on Plant Health</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PZ</term><def><p>Protected Zone</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>PZQP</term><def><p>protected zone quarantine pest</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>QP</term><def><p>quarantine pest</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>RNQP</term><def><p>regulated non‐quarantine pest</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>TFEU</term><def><p>Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>ToR</term><def><p>Terms of Reference</p></def></def-item></def-list></p></sec><sec id="efs25439-sec-0048"><title>Glossary</title><p>(The definition of terms are from ISPM 5 unless indicated by +)</p><p><def-list list-type="simple"><def-item><term>Containment (of a pest)</term><def><p>Application of phytosanitary measures in and around an infested area to prevent spread of a pest (FAO, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0010" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Control (of a pest)</term><def><p>Suppression, containment or eradication of a pest population (FAO, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0010" ref-type="ref">1995</xref>, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Control measures<sup><bold>+</bold></sup></term><def><p>Measures that have a direct effect on pest abundance</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Entry (of a pest)</term><def><p>Movement of a pest into an area where it is not yet present, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled (FAO, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Eradication (of a pest)</term><def><p>Application of phytosanitary measures to eliminate a pest from an area (FAO, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Establishment (of a pest)</term><def><p>Perpetuation, for the foreseeable future, of a pest within an area after entry (FAO, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Impact (of a pest)</term><def><p>The impact of the pest on the crop output and quality and on the environment in the occupied spatial units</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Introduction (of a pest)</term><def><p>The entry of a pest resulting in its establishment (FAO, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Supporting measures<sup><bold>+</bold></sup></term><def><p>Organisational measures or procedures supporting the choice of appropriate Risk Reduction Options that do not directly affect pest abundance</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Pathway</term><def><p>Any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest (FAO, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Phytosanitary measures</term><def><p>Any legislation, regulation or official procedure having the purpose to prevent the introduction or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic impact of regulated non‐quarantine pests (FAO, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Protected zones (PZ)</term><def><p>A Protected zone is an area recognised at EU level to be free from a harmful organism, which is established in one or more other parts of the Union</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Quarantine pest</term><def><p>A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled (FAO, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Regulated non‐quarantine pest (RNQP)</term><def><p>A non‐quarantine pest whose presence in plants for planting affects the intended use of those plants with an economically unacceptable impact and which is therefore regulated within the territory of the importing contracting party (FAO, <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Risk reduction option (RRO)</term><def><p>A measure acting on pest introduction and/or pest spread and/or the magnitude of the biological impact of the pest should the pest be present. A RRO may become a phytosanitary measure, action or procedure according to the decision of the risk manager</p></def></def-item><def-item><term>Spread (of a pest)</term><def><p>Expansion of the geographical distribution of a pest within an area (FAO <xref rid="efs25439-bib-0013" ref-type="ref">2017</xref>)</p></def></def-item></def-list></p></sec></body><back><fn-group id="efs25439-ntgp-0003"><title>Notes</title><fn id="efs25439-note-1006"><label>1</label><p>Council Directive 2000/29/EC of 8 May 2000 on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community. OJ L 169/1, 10.7.2000, p. 1–112.</p></fn><fn id="efs25439-note-1007"><label>2</label><p>Regulation (EU) 2016/2031 of the European Parliament of the Council of 26 October 2016 on protective measures against pests of plants. 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